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McMickens CL, Jackson N, Williams K, Reese L, Hardeman LS, Vinson SY. Justice-Involved Youth: Support for Community and Family Interventions. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2024; 33:557-571. [PMID: 39277312 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Justice-involved youth have high rates of mental health symptoms and diagnoses. Unaddressed mental health needs are associated with exposure to adversity and trauma, as well as unidentified or mislabeled symptoms that may be present early in life. Justice-involved youth disproportionately come from low-income families and minoritized populations. Community-based interventions that address family and community factors associated with justice involvement are key to improving mental health and life trajectory outcomes for youth. Policies and interventions that address unmet educational needs, support families, and promote early identification of youth in need of social, educational, and mental health services are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L McMickens
- Division of Child/Family Mental Health & Community Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2608 Erwin Road, Suite 300, Durham, NC 27705-4597, USA; Lorio Forensics, 675 Seminole Avenue Northeast, Unit T-03, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA.
| | - Nicole Jackson
- Lorio Forensics, 675 Seminole Avenue Northeast, Unit T-03, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive Southwest, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Kamille Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive Southwest, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - LeRoy Reese
- Lorio Forensics, 675 Seminole Avenue Northeast, Unit T-03, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | - Loren S Hardeman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive Southwest, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Sarah Y Vinson
- Lorio Forensics, 675 Seminole Avenue Northeast, Unit T-03, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive Southwest, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
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Maurer JM, Anderson NE, Allen CH, Kiehl KA. Examining the Association between Psychopathic Traits and Fearlessness among Maximum-Security Incarcerated Male Adolescents. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:65. [PMID: 38255377 PMCID: PMC10814550 DOI: 10.3390/children11010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Studies have reported positive associations between youth psychopathy scores and measures of 'fearlessness'. However, prior studies modified fearlessness items to be age appropriate, shifting from assessing hypothetical, extreme forms of physical risk-taking (e.g., flying an airplane) to normative risk-taking (e.g., riding bicycles downhill). We hypothesize that associations between youth psychopathy scores and alternative forms of sensation seeking (i.e., Disinhibition) have been conflated under a false fearlessness label. We tested this hypothesis among incarcerated male adolescents, investigating whether youth psychopathy scores were significantly associated with two different forms of sensation seeking: Disinhibition and Thrill and Adventure Seeking (TAS). Youth psychopathic traits were assessed using the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV), Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD), Child Psychopathy Scale (CPS), Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits (ICU), and Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI). Disinhibition and fearlessness (i.e., TAS) were assessed using an unmodified version of the Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scales (SSS). Consistent with hypotheses, youth psychopathy scores were associated with higher Disinhibition and lower TAS scores. Our results contribute to a growing body of literature suggesting that psychopathic traits, including among adolescents, are not concomitant with physical risk-taking and descriptions of psychopathy including fearlessness distort a precise understanding of psychopathy's core features.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Michael Maurer
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; (J.M.M.)
| | - Nathaniel E. Anderson
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; (J.M.M.)
| | - Corey H. Allen
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; (J.M.M.)
| | - Kent A. Kiehl
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; (J.M.M.)
- Departments of Psychology, Neuroscience and Law, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
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Vieira A, Sheerin KM, Williamson-Butler S, Pederson CA, Thompson EC, Soriano S, Wolff JC, Spirito A, Kemp K. Non-suicidal Self-Injury, Suicidal Behaviors, and Mental Health Symptoms among Sexual Minority Youth with Juvenile Justice System Involvement. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2023; 155:107196. [PMID: 37982096 PMCID: PMC10653268 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Sexual minority youth have long remained an understudied population within the juvenile justice system, despite emerging evidence suggesting that sexual minority youth are overrepresented. Recent literature indicates that system-involved sexual minority youth may have more behavioral health concerns than their heterosexual counterparts. Even so, more work is needed to elucidate the unique needs of sexual minority youth who become involved in the system, especially as it pertains to suicidal behaviors and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). The present study provided a descriptive evaluation of the prevalence of sexual minority youth making early system contact and their mental health concerns. Of the 218 justice-involved youth from a Northeastern family court in the sample, over a quarter identified as a sexual minority (n = 58). Our findings indicated that these youth evidenced significantly higher scores on a mental health screener compared to their heterosexual counterparts, evidencing greater symptomology on scales indicative of depression/anxiety, thought disturbance, etc. Further, sexual minority youth reported higher rates of lifetime, past year, and past month NSSI as well as lifetime and past year suicide attempts. These findings highlight the need to support the well-being of sexual minority youth in the juvenile justice system by screening for and addressing their mental health needs in this unique setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Vieira
- Rhode Island Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bradley Hasbro Children’s Research Center, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Kaitlin M. Sheerin
- Rhode Island Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bradley Hasbro Children’s Research Center, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Shannon Williamson-Butler
- Rhode Island Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bradley Hasbro Children’s Research Center, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Casey A. Pederson
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics Adolescent Behavioral Health, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Elizabeth C. Thompson
- Rhode Island Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bradley Hasbro Children’s Research Center, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Sheiry Soriano
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Jennifer C. Wolff
- Rhode Island Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bradley Hasbro Children’s Research Center, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Anthony Spirito
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Kathleen Kemp
- Rhode Island Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bradley Hasbro Children’s Research Center, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
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Ryan-Pettes SR, Morrison M, Randall J, Halliday C, Ledgerwood DM, Cunningham PB. Juvenile Probation Officer Perception of Contingency Management to Target Caregiver Engagement and Training Outcomes. JOURNAL OF OFFENDER REHABILITATION 2023; 62:315-335. [PMID: 38046203 PMCID: PMC10688515 DOI: 10.1080/10509674.2023.2213692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Few community-based substance use treatment programs are available or skilled in treating justice-involved youth, highlighting the need to equip juvenile probation officers with the skills to deliver evidence-based substance use treatment. Contingency management (CM) is evidence-based for treating substance use and shows promise for juvenile probation officers' successful uptake (positive opinions and trainability). However, research has not examined whether probation officers' positive beliefs and trainability generalize to target behaviors beyond those displayed by youth, but that nevertheless affect youth outcomes. This study examined probation officers' perceptions of using CM to engage caregivers and assessed probation officers' CM knowledge and CM delivery after training in a protocol-specific CM program for caregivers of substance-using youth on probation. Results showed probation officers were ambivalent about CM for caregivers. Results also showed that age, training format and how competency is assessed may be essential to consider. Implications for the dissemination of CM and future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy R. Ryan-Pettes
- Baylor University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, One Bear Place 97334, Waco, Texas 76798
| | - Meghan Morrison
- Baylor University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, One Bear Place 97334, Waco, Texas 76798
| | - Jeff Randall
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Global and Community Health, Family Services Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 176 Croghan Spur Rd., Ste 104, Charleston, SC 29407
| | - Colleen Halliday
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Global and Community Health, Family Services Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 176 Croghan Spur Rd., Ste 104, Charleston, SC 29407
| | - David M. Ledgerwood
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Tolan Park, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Phillippe B. Cunningham
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Global and Community Health, Family Services Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 176 Croghan Spur Rd., Ste 104, Charleston, SC 29407
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Kemp K, Yurasek AM, Poindexter B, Webb M, Tolou-Shams M. Suicide Screening Among Youth at First Court Contact. Arch Suicide Res 2022; 26:748-760. [PMID: 33076766 PMCID: PMC8053719 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2020.1833795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Youth involved in the juvenile justice system are at elevated risk for suicide and co-occurring mental health symptoms. This study aims to examine the suicide risk and treatment needs of court-involved, non-incarcerated (CINI) youth, and to understand the acceptability and effectiveness of implementing a mental health screening procedure at time of first court contact. By embedding a forensic mental health screening tool into the intake process of a family court diversionary program, a total of 891 youth (aged 12-18) were assessed using the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument-2 (MAYSI-2). Analysis of screening responses revealed 12.5% of youth indicated risk for suicide with risk levels differentiated by youth sex, race and ethnicity. Suicide ideation was also significantly associated with flagging, an indication of clinical risk, on all other scales of the MAYSI-2, as well as subsequent referrals to treatment. Screening for suicide at first point of court contact within an existing diversionary program may serve as a critical and effective point of intervention for youth in need.
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Dembo R, Wareham J, Schmeidler J, Wolff J. Assessing the Validity of Self-Reports of Marijuana Use among Adolescents Entering the Juvenile Justice System: Gender Differences. Subst Use Misuse 2022; 57:145-156. [PMID: 34766537 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1995757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Scant research exists on the validity of self-reported marijuana use using biological assays among adolescents involved in the juvenile justice system. This exploratory study examined gender (sex) differences in underreporting of marijuana use and the impact of age, race/ethnicity, living situation, depression, family problems, sexual risk behaviors, previous drug treatment, and juvenile justice placement. Methods: Self-reports of past year marijuana use were validated with urinalysis, and those testing positive for marijuana use were selected for study. The sample was 256 females and 885 males, aged 12 to 18, entering an urban juvenile assessment center in a southeastern U.S. state between 2017 and 2019. Results: Results indicated significant differences in marijuana underreporting (tested positive but self-reported no use), with 37% of females and 55% of males underreporting use. For males, Hispanic ethnicity, African American race, sexually transmitted infection (STI), and secure detention placement increased the odds of underreporting, while having an incarcerate parent and previous drug treatment decreased the odds. For females, number of sexual partners decreased the odds of underreporting of marijuana use. Conclusion: These findings imply use of collateral information, such as urine tests, as a recommendation for juvenile justice intake to corroborate self-reports and guide risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Dembo
- Criminology Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer Wareham
- Criminology and Criminal Justice Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - James Schmeidler
- Psychiatry Department, Mt. Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica Wolff
- Agency for Community Treatment Services, Inc., Tampa, FL, USA
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Güler Aksu G, Kütük MÖ, Tufan AE, Sanberk S, Güzel E, Dağ P, Tan ME, Akyol B, Toros F. Correlates and predictors of re-incarceration among Turkish adolescent male offenders: A single-center, cross-sectional study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2022; 80:101726. [PMID: 34924111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2021.101726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents involved in the legal system are known to be under elevated risk for repeat offending. There may be many reasons for recidivism. Specifically, we aim to investigate the clinical, socio-demographic, and familial factors and psychopathology among adolescents in a penal institution and to determine risk factors for re-incarceration. METHODS This single-center cross-sectional survey was conducted at Tarsus Closed Penal Institution for Children and Youth. This institution is for males only, and all male adolescents detained at the center within the study period were evaluated with semi-structured interviews (K-SADS-PL). The adolescents completed Meaning and Purpose of Life Scale, The EPOCH measure of Adolescent Well-being, Family Sense of Belonging Scale, Children's Alexithymia Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for themselves. Descriptive and inferential analyses were used. P was set at 0.05. RESULTS Ninety adolescent offenders with a mean age of 16.6 years (S·D = 0.7) were enrolled. Mean age at first offense was 14.6 years (S·D = 2.1). The most common reason for offenses was reported as as being with peers who were offenders, too (57.8%). Most common diagnoses were substance use (36.7%), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (33.3%), and conduct disorder (26.7%). Rates of offending and conviction in first-degree relatives were 62.2% and 60.0%, respectively, and most of the adolescents had at least one peer with a criminal record (n = 71, 78.9%). Re-incarcerated adolescents had lower education, committed more violent crimes, and reported elevated use of substances, suicide attempts, and psychopathology. However, in regression analysis, age of onset was the sole predictor of re-incarceration. CONCLUSION Turkish male adolescents in forensic settings may be screened for externalizing disorders and referred for treatment. Re-incarcerated Turkish youth may be more susceptible to peer influence, substance use and externalizing disorders. It may be prudent to systematically screen offending youth for psychiatric disorders regardless of the individual's request for treatment and refer identified cases to treatment. Integration of child and adolescent psychiatrists with penal institutions serving youth may help in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülen Güler Aksu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mersin University School of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Meryem Özlem Kütük
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Başkent University School of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ali Evren Tufan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Satı Sanberk
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, Private Practice, Adana, Turkey
| | - Esra Güzel
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, Private Practice, Adana, Turkey
| | - Pelin Dağ
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mersin City Training and Research Hospital, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Emin Tan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kırşehir Training and Research Hospital, kırşehir, Turkey
| | - Betül Akyol
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Başkent University School of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Fevziye Toros
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mersin University School of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
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Whitley K, Tastenhoye C, Downey A, Rozel JS. Mental Health Care of Detained Youth Within Juvenile Detention Facilities. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2022; 31:31-44. [PMID: 34801154 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Mental health treatment of juvenile offenders and undocumented immigrant youth in detention provides a unique opportunity for treatment providers. Although the work may be challenging, the clinical needs and opportunities for early and meaningful interventions are significant. One of the best clinical experiences a psychiatrist can have is working with extremely high-risk youth to help them find safer and better developmental pathways. Few settings can offer such an opportunity to leverage clinical skills to improve the lives and futures of children and adolescents as are afforded to those professionals lucky enough to work in juvenile justice settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Whitley
- Southwood Psychiatric Hospital, 2575 Boyce Plaza Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15241, USA
| | - Camille Tastenhoye
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Western Psychiatric Hospital, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Amanda Downey
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Suite 245, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - John S Rozel
- University of Pittsburgh, resolve Crisis Services of UPMC Western Psychiatric Hospital, 333 N Braddock Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15208, USA.
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9
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Kemp K, Webb M, Vieira A, Pederson CA, Spirito A. Do suicidal thoughts and behavior persist following juvenile justice involvement? Suicide Life Threat Behav 2021; 51:1148-1158. [PMID: 34382696 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examines suicidal ideation and behavior of youth in the 3 months following their initial diversion appointment in the juvenile justice system. METHOD Participants were 99 adolescents (72.7% female; 65% racial minority) between the ages of 12 and 18 (Mage = 15.06, SD = 1.35) and a parent/caregiver (80% female; 54% racial minority; Mage = 42.7 years, SD = 8.9 years). Participants were eligible if they endorsed two or more suicide items on a mental health screener (MAYSI-2) and were able to be contacted 3 months following initial court appointment. Youth and parent/caregiver responded to questionnaires assessing SI/SA, psychiatric symptoms, treatment motivation and engagement. RESULTS Three months post-initial court appointment, more than half of youth (55.5%) continued to flag on the Suicide Ideation subscale of the MAYSI-2, though mean scores decreased from baseline to 3-months (t[97] = 5.74, p < 0.000, 95% CI [-0.79, 1.62] Cohen's d = 0.77). There were no significant differences in parent/youth treatment motivation or engagement regardless of SI at 3 months. CONCLUSIONS Persistence of suicidal thoughts and behaviors beyond initial legal involvement highlights the importance of targeted suicide prevention interventions (beyond screening and referral to treatment) with justice-involved youth, even at first court contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Kemp
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Margaret Webb
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Alyssa Vieira
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Casey Anne Pederson
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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10
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Xiong H, Berkovsky S, Romano M, Sharan RV, Liu S, Coiera E, McLellan LF. Prediction of anxiety disorders using a feature ensemble based bayesian neural network. J Biomed Inform 2021; 123:103921. [PMID: 34628061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2021.103921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are common among youth, posing risks to physical and mental health development. Early screening can help identify such disorders and pave the way for preventative treatment. To this end, the Youth Online Diagnostic Assessment (YODA) tool was developed and deployed to predict youth disorders using online screening questionnaires filled by parents. YODA facilitated collection of several novel unique datasets of self-reported anxiety disorder symptoms. Since the data is self-reported and often noisy, feature selection needs to be performed on the raw data to improve accuracy. However, a single set of selected features may not be informative enough. Consequently, in this work we propose and evaluate a novel feature ensemble based Bayesian Neural Network (FE-BNN) that exploits an ensemble of features for improving the accuracy of disorder predictions. We evaluate the performance of FE-BNN on three disorder-specific datasets collected by YODA. Our method achieved the AUC of 0.8683, 0.8769, 0.9091 for the predictions of Separation Anxiety Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Social Anxiety Disorder, respectively. These results provide initial evidence that our method outperforms the original diagnostic scoring function of YODA and several other baseline methods for three anxiety disorders, which can practically help prioritizing diagnostic interviews. Our promising results call for investigation of interpretable methods maintaining high predictive accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xiong
- Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Shlomo Berkovsky
- Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mia Romano
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Roneel V Sharan
- Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sidong Liu
- Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Enrico Coiera
- Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lauren F McLellan
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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11
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Kuranga AT, Yussuf AD. Psychiatric morbidity amongst adolescents in a Nigerian juvenile correctional facility. S Afr J Psychiatr 2021; 27:1590. [PMID: 34522436 PMCID: PMC8424729 DOI: 10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v27i0.1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The high occurrence of psychiatric disorders amongst adolescents within the Juvenile Justice System (JJS) has been confirmed. Most of the available data are from developed countries and some of them focus on just a single psychiatric disorder which may not be representative of the situation in low-income countries, hence the need for more studies in developing countries, including Nigeria. Aim The study aimed to determine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders amongst adolescent residents of a correctional facility. Setting The study was carried out at a Borstal Institution in North-Central Nigeria. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used. One hundred and twenty adolescents were assessed using the socio-demographic pro forma questionnaire designed by the researcher and the Kiddies Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (KSADS-PL). Data were analysed using EPI-INFO 4.06 d version 6.04 software. Results A total of 62.5% of the male respondents were older than 15 years. The percentage of respondents with a psychiatric disorder was 82.5%. The rate of psychiatric disorders was high with disruptive behaviour disorders being the most common at 40.8%, others were substance use disorders (15.8%), anxiety disorders (14.2%), psychosis (6.7%) and mood disorders (5%). Conclusion This study has established a high prevalence rate of psychiatric disorders amongst incarcerated adolescents. This is in line with the findings of numerous studies worldwide. This study has identified the need to increase awareness and knowledge about the high morbidity of mental disorders in growing juvenile detainee populations. This will allow early identification of adolescents at risk of psychiatric disorders and ensure efficient resource distribution of both JJS service and mental healthcare. Effective and appropriate interventions have shown to improve overall health, quality of life and reduce the rate of recidivism amongst incarcerated juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amudalat T Kuranga
- Department of Behavioural Science, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Abdullahi D Yussuf
- Department of Behavioural Science, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Kwara State, Nigeria
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12
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The unspecified residual category of the DSM-5: The challenges of a catch-all diagnosis. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Teplin LA, Potthoff LM, Aaby DA, Welty LJ, Dulcan MK, Abram KM. Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Continuity of Psychiatric Disorders in a 15-Year Longitudinal Study of Youths Involved in the Juvenile Justice System. JAMA Pediatr 2021; 175:e205807. [PMID: 33818599 PMCID: PMC8022269 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.5807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Importance Previous studies have found that one-half to three-quarters of youths detained in juvenile justice facilities have 1 or more psychiatric disorders. Little is known about the course of their disorders as they age. Objective To examine the prevalence, comorbidity, and continuity of 13 psychiatric disorders among youths detained in a juvenile justice facility during the 15 years after detention up to a median age of 31 years, with a focus on sex and racial/ethnic differences. Design, Setting, and Participants The Northwestern Juvenile Project is a longitudinal cohort study of health needs and outcomes of 1829 randomly selected youths in a temporary juvenile detention center in Cook County, Illinois. Youths aged 10 to 18 years were interviewed in detention from November 20, 1995, through June 14, 1998. Participants were reinterviewed up to 12 times during the 15-year study period through February 2015, for a total of 16 372 interviews. The sample was stratified by sex, race/ethnicity (Black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White), age (10-13 years or 14-18 years), and legal status (processed in juvenile or adult court). Data analysis was conducted from February 2014, when data preparation began, to March 2020. Exposures Detention in a juvenile justice facility. Main Outcomes and Measures Psychiatric disorders, assessed by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, version 2.3 at the baseline interviews. Follow-up interviews were conducted using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, version IV; the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, version IV; and the World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview (beginning at the 6-year follow-up interview). Results The study included 1829 youths sampled at baseline (1172 males and 657 females; mean [SD] age, 14.9 [1.4] years). Although prevalence and comorbidity of psychiatric disorders decreased as the 1829 participants aged, 52.3% of males and 30.9% of females had at least 1 or more psychiatric disorders 15 years postdetention. Among participants with a disorder at baseline, 64.3% of males and 34.8% of females had a disorder 15 years later. Compared with females, males had 3.37 times the odds of persisting with a psychiatric disorder 15 years after baseline (95% CI, 1.79-6.35). Compared with Black participants and Hispanic participants, non-Hispanic White participants had 1.6 times the odds of behavioral disorders (odds ratio, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.27-1.91 and odds ratio, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.23-2.05, respectively) and greater than 1.3 times the odds of substance use disorders (odds ratio, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.55-2.33 and odds ratio, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.11-1.73, respectively) throughout the follow-up period. Behavioral disorders and substance use disorders were the most prevalent 15 years after detention. Conclusions and Relevance This study's findings suggest that persistent psychiatric disorders may complicate the transition from adolescence to adulthood, which is already challenging for youths involved in the juvenile justice system, many of whom are from racial/ethnic minority groups and low-income backgrounds. The pediatric health community should advocate for early identification and treatment of disorders among youths in the justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A. Teplin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lauren M. Potthoff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David A. Aaby
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Leah J. Welty
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mina K. Dulcan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Karen M. Abram
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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McLellan LF, Kangas M, Rapee RM, Iverach L, Wuthrich VM, Hudson JL, Lyneham HJ. The Youth Online Diagnostic Assessment (YODA): Validity of a New Tool to Assess Anxiety Disorders in Youth. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2021; 52:270-280. [PMID: 32440754 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-020-01007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study developed an online diagnostic tool for anxiety disorders in youth, and evaluated its reliability and validity amongst 297 children aged 6-16 years (Mage = 9.34, 46% male). Parents completed the online tool, the Youth Online Diagnostic Assessment (YODA), which is scored either using a fully-automated algorithm, or combined with clinician review. In addition, parents and children completed a clinician-administered diagnostic interview and self-report measures of internalizing and externalizing symptoms and wellbeing. The fully-automated YODA demonstrated relatively weak agreement with the diagnostic interview for identifying the presence of any anxiety disorder and specific anxiety disorders, apart from separation anxiety (which had moderate agreement). The clinician-reviewed YODA showed better agreement than fully-automated scoring, particularly for identifying the presence of any anxiety disorder. The YODA demonstrated good agreement with parent-reported measures of symptoms/interference. The YODA offers a fully or largely automated method to determine the presence of anxiety disorders in youth, with particular value in situations where low-resource assessments are needed. While it currently requires further research and improvement, the YODA provides a promising start to the development of such a tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren F McLellan
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Maria Kangas
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Ronald M Rapee
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Lisa Iverach
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Viviana M Wuthrich
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Hudson
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Heidi J Lyneham
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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15
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Hartsell EN. The relationship between psychological symptom ratings and crime in juvenile justice system involved young people. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2021; 31:13-30. [PMID: 33026131 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Prior research has not adequately examined the relationship between psychological state and offending. Limitations include over-reliance on criminal convictions as the dependent variable, failure to examine a comprehensive set of psychological states, the limited nature of measures and the frequent use of cross-sectional data that cannot ensure temporal ordering. AIMS To explore the relationship between five self-reported psychological states-anxiety, depression, hostility, paranoia and psychoticism-and three types of offending-violent, non-violent and marijuana use-reported 6 months later in a sample of justice system involved young people. METHODS Data were acquired from the publicly available Pathways to Desistance dataset, a longitudinal study of 1262 young people (86% male) involved in the criminal justice system. Measures of psychological state were self-reported using the Brief Symptom Inventory at project entry and self-report offending measures 6 months later. RESULTS No psychological states were significantly associated with reports of marijuana use and depression was not related to offending. Anger and paranoia each predicted an increased variety of violent and non-violent offending, while anxiety and psychoticism each increased the variety of violent but not non-violent offending. Clinically significant states on one or more sub-scales were related to variety of both violent and non-violent offending. IMPLICATIONS These results suggest that early screening of psychological state may help identify young people at risk for offending. Further research might be directed at clarifying the extent of actual disorder and the nature of interventions that would best help not only those with a diagnosable disorder, but also those with aspects of their psychological state which trouble them, but which may not actually amount to disorder.
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Kemp K, Webb M, Wolff J, Affleck K, Casamassima J, Weinstock L, Spirito A. Screening and Brief Intervention for Psychiatric and Suicide Risk in the Juvenile Justice System: Findings from an Open Trial. EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN CHILD AND ADOLESCENT MENTAL HEALTH 2021; 6:410-419. [PMID: 34693005 PMCID: PMC8528172 DOI: 10.1080/23794925.2021.1908190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Court-involved non-incarcerated (CINI) youth endorse higher rates of lifetime suicide ideation (SI) and attempts than youth in the community. Brief intervention programs to address SI and related psychiatric symptoms upon entry into the juvenile justice system are rare. The current study reports the results of a pilot trial on a brief, coping intervention for CINI youth. Fifteen CINI youth (and caregivers) were eligible for participation based on youth report of SI or endorsing symptoms on a mental health screening tool. Youth completed a Coping Plan intervention with a master's-level counselor and received a 1-week follow-up call. Follow-up assessments were conducted at 1 and 3-months post-intervention. Participants were also interviewed about intervention acceptability. About half of the sample screened into the study based on SI and half screened in based on psychiatric symptoms on the Anxious/Depressed and Angry/Irritable subscales of the MAYSI-2. A reduction in SI and psychiatric symptoms was observed at 3-months post-intervention. Youth and caregivers reported the brief coping intervention was useful. This study highlights that intervening with youth with SI and psychiatric symptoms upon entry into the juvenile justice system can be successfully conducted with a population who historically has difficulty accessing mental health resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Kemp
- Rhode Island Hospital, 1 Hoppin St., Coro Building West, Suite 204, Providence, RI 02903
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Duncan Building, Providence, RI 02906
| | - Margaret Webb
- Rhode Island Hospital, 1 Hoppin St., Coro Building West, Suite 204, Providence, RI 02903
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Duncan Building, Providence, RI 02906
| | - Jennifer Wolff
- Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital, 1011 Veterans Memorial Pkwy, Riverside, RI 02915
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Duncan Building, Providence, RI 02906
| | - Katelyn Affleck
- Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital, 1011 Veterans Memorial Pkwy, Riverside, RI 02915
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Duncan Building, Providence, RI 02906
| | - Joseph Casamassima
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Duncan Building, Providence, RI 02906
| | - Lauren Weinstock
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Duncan Building, Providence, RI 02906
| | - Anthony Spirito
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Duncan Building, Providence, RI 02906
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Beaudry G, Yu R, Långström N, Fazel S. An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-regression Analysis: Mental Disorders Among Adolescents in Juvenile Detention and Correctional Facilities. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 60:46-60. [PMID: 32035113 PMCID: PMC8222965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To synthesize evidence on the prevalence of mental disorders in adolescents in juvenile detention and correctional facilities and examine sources of heterogeneity between studies. METHOD Electronic databases and relevant reference lists were searched to identify surveys published from January 1966 to October 2019 that reported on the prevalence of mental disorders in unselected populations of detained adolescents. Data on the prevalence of a range of mental disorders (psychotic illnesses, major depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], conduct disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD]) along with predetermined study characteristics were extracted from the eligible studies. Analyses were reported separately for male and female adolescents, and findings were synthesized using random-effects models. Potential sources of heterogeneity were examined by meta-regression and subgroup analyses. RESULTS Forty-seven studies from 19 countries comprising 28,033 male and 4,754 female adolescents were identified. The mean age of adolescents assessed was 16 years (range, 10-19 years). In male adolescents, 2.7% (95% CI 2.0%-3.4%) had a diagnosis of psychotic illness; 10.1% (95% CI 8.1%-12.2%) major depression; 17.3% (95% CI 13.9%-20.7%) ADHD; 61.7% (95% CI 55.4%-67.9%) conduct disorder; and 8.6% (95% CI 6.4%-10.7%) PTSD. In female adolescents, 2.9% (95% CI 2.4%-3.5%) had a psychotic illness; 25.8% (95% CI 20.3%-31.3%) major depression; 17.5% (95% CI 12.1%-22.9%) ADHD; 59.0% (95% CI 44.9%-73.1%) conduct disorder; and 18.2% (95% CI 13.1%-23.2%) PTSD. Meta-regression found higher prevalences of ADHD and conduct disorder in investigations published after 2006. Female adolescents had higher prevalences of major depression and PTSD than male adolescents. CONCLUSION Consideration should be given to reviewing whether health care services in juvenile detention can address these levels of psychiatric morbidity.
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18
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Trouble de stress post-traumatique en milieu pénitentiaire. Encephale 2020; 46:493-499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2020.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Huang S, Gardner S, Piper KN, Coleman AS, Becan JE, Robertson AA, Elkington KS. Bridging Systems to Implement HIV/STI Programming Within the Juvenile Justice System: Strengths and Challenges of a Local Change Team Approach. AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR AIDS EDUCATION 2020; 32:432-453. [PMID: 33112673 DOI: 10.1521/aeap.2020.32.5.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Justice-involved youth are at risk for HIV/STIs but do not access services. The complex challenges of improving the delivery of health-related services within juvenile justice (JJ) settings warrant exploration of strategies to close this service gap. This study describes the successes and challenges of utilizing a local change team (LCT) strategy comprising JJ and health agency staff to implement HIV/STI programming in JJ settings, across six counties in six states in the U.S. Five focus groups comprising n = 28 JJ and health agency staff who served as LCT members were conducted. Results demonstrated the structured nature of the collaborative process and strength of commitment among LCT members were necessary for successful implementation of HIV/STI programming. The use of LCTs comprising membership of JJ and (behavioral) health systems has broader applicability to other health and behavioral health issues faced by youth on probation that JJ staff may feel ill equipped to address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Huang
- Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Sheena Gardner
- Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
| | - Kaitlin N Piper
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ashley S Coleman
- Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
| | | | - Angela A Robertson
- Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
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Vinson SY, Coffey TT, Jackson N, McMickens CL, McGregor B, Leifman S. Two Systems, One Population:: Achieving Equity in Mental Healthcare for Criminal Justice and Marginalized Populations. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2020; 43:525-538. [PMID: 32773079 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mental health system is often not readily accessible, culturally responsive, or a reliable source of effective interventions for society's most vulnerable populations. Modern-era studies estimate the number of persons diagnosed with serious mental illness in correctional facilities is more than 3 times the amount in hospitals. Understanding mass incarceration and the criminalization of mental illness is imperative to address mental health inequities. This article examines the interplay of mental health and criminal justice inequities, the historical context for the prevailing extant approaches to correctional mental health treatment, and programmatic approaches to addressing these inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Y Vinson
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Lorio Forensics, 675 Seminole Avenue Northeast Unit T-03, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA.
| | - Timothy T Coffey
- Eleventh Judicial Circuit of Florida, Criminal Mental Health Project 1351 Northwest 12th Street Room 226, Miami, FL 33125, USA
| | - Nicole Jackson
- Lorio Forensics, 675 Seminole Avenue Northeast Unit T-03, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | | | - Brian McGregor
- Kennedy Satcher Center for Mental Health Equity, Satcher Health Leadership Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive Southwest, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Steven Leifman
- Miami-Dade County Court Eleventh Judicial Circuit of Florida, 1351 Northwest 12th Street Room 617, Miami, FL 33125, USA
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21
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Elkington KS, O'Grady MA, Tross S, Wilson P, Watkins J, Lebron L, Cohall R, Cohall A. A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of a cross-systems service delivery model to improve identification and care for HIV, STIs and substance use among justice-involved young adults. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2020; 8:20. [PMID: 32797292 PMCID: PMC7427909 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-020-00121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Justice-involved young adults (JIYA) aged 18-24 are at significant risk for HIV and problematic substance use (SU) but are unlikely to know their HIV status or be linked to HIV or SU treatment and care. Intensive efforts to increase screening and improve linkage to HIV and SU services for JIYA are needed that address youth as well as justice and health/behavioral health system-level barriers. METHODS MoveUp is a four-session intervention that integrates evidence-based protocols to promote HIV and STI testing, HIV and SU behavioral risk reduction and engagement in treatment for JIYA. MoveUp is delivered onsite at an alternative sentencing program (ASP) by HIV testing outreach workers from a youth-focused medical and HIV treatment program. N = 450 youth are randomized following baseline assessment into two groups: MoveUp or standard of care. Youth are followed for 12 months following the intervention; unprotected sexual behavior, substance use, HIV and STI testing as well as treatment linkage will be assessed at 3, 6, 9 and 12-months. DISCUSSION This study is one of the first to systematically test an integrated screen/testing, prevention intervention and linkage-to-care services program (MoveUp), using evidence-based approaches to address the overlapping HIV/STI and substance use epidemics in JIYA by providing on-site services to identify HIV/STI and SU risk and treatment need within justice-settings as well as linkage to services in the community. This approach, capitalizing on health and justice partnerships, represents an innovation that can capitalize on missed opportunities for engaging JIYA in health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Elkington
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
- Clinical Medical Psychology, HIV Center of Clinical and Behavioral Studies, 1051 Riverside Drive, #15, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Megan A O'Grady
- University of Connecticut, School of Medicine Department of Public Health Sciences, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030-6325, USA
| | - Susan Tross
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrick Wilson
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jillian Watkins
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Renee Cohall
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alwyn Cohall
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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Smith DM, Blake JJ, Luo W, Keith VM, Gilreath T. Subtypes of Girls Who Engage in Serious Delinquency and Their Young Adult Outcomes. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0361684320918243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Girls are increasingly becoming involved with the juvenile justice system; however, what brings girls to engage in delinquency or what obstacles these girls face later in life resulting from adolescent criminal behavior is understudied. In the present study, we used latent class analysis to identify subtypes of risks among adolescent girls ( N = 1,174) who have engaged in delinquent behaviors and mixture modeling to determine what distal psychological, social, educational, and economic outcomes in young adulthood are associated with each subtype. Four adolescent subtypes were identified, which were distinguished primarily based on the severity of their self-reported victimization experiences and mental health concerns. Classes with higher levels of victimization experiences tended to report more engagement with delinquent behavior in adolescence and had a larger proportion of Black and Hispanic girls than lower-victimization classes. Identified classes differed from each other on distal (i.e., young adulthood) measures of economic instability, educational attainment, drug use, depression, and adult arrests. Generally, latent classes which were characterized by higher rates of victimization and mental health concerns and lower educational performance in adolescence fared worse in young adulthood. Implications for those who care for girls who engage in delinquency, including suggestions for using trauma and culture informed screening, prevention, and intervention services, and directions for future research are discussed. Additional online materials for this article are available on PWQ’s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/0361684320918243 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M. Smith
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente San Jose Medical Center, CA, USA
| | - Jamilia J. Blake
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Wen Luo
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Verna M. Keith
- Department of Sociology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Tameka Gilreath
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
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Palines PA, Rabbitt AL, Pan AY, Nugent ML, Ehrman WG. Comparing mental health disorders among sex trafficked children and three groups of youth at high-risk for trafficking: A dual retrospective cohort and scoping review. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 100:104196. [PMID: 31575432 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals at high-risk for trafficking are often subject to preexisting complex trauma that only intensifies during the trafficking experience. This greatly increases their risk of mental illness, although the actual prevalence of mental health disorders in children who are sex trafficked remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To examine the prevalence of mental health diagnoses among a sample of youth identified as being sex trafficked, and to discuss these rates in relation to other high-risk groups reported in the literature. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING 143 female and male child trafficking victims in Wisconsin. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed individual medical records, identifying mental health diagnoses and behaviors. The results were compared to summarized prevalence data for mental health disorders in sex trafficked, runaway children, juvenile offenders, and foster care children identified via a scoping review. RESULTS We observed significantly higher rates of ADHD (52.4%, p < 0.0001), bipolar disorder (26.6%, p < 0.0001), and PTSD (19.6%, p < 0.05 to p < 0.0001) in our sample of trafficked youth compared to all high-risk groups, as well as for depression (45.5%), anxiety (19.6%), conduct disorder (19.6%), ODD (25.9%), and psychosis (14.0%) relative to multiple groups individually. CONCLUSIONS The complex trauma suffered by child survivors of sex trafficking can impart numerous effects with overlapping symptomatology of many mental health disorders. Survivors' adaptive responses to complex trauma may lead to improper diagnosis and treatment of mental health disorders at the expense of prompt access to trauma-focused therapies. Alternative diagnoses and treatments of this complex dysfunction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Palines
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53213, USA
| | - Angela L Rabbitt
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53213, USA.
| | - Amy Y Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53213, USA
| | - Melodee L Nugent
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53213, USA
| | - Wendi G Ehrman
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53213, USA
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Elkington KS, Lee J, Brooks C, Watkins J, Wasserman GA. Falling between two systems of care: Engaging families, behavioral health and the justice systems to increase uptake of substance use treatment in youth on probation. J Subst Abuse Treat 2020; 112:49-59. [PMID: 32199546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Justice-involved youth (JIY) in the US have high rates of substance use (SU) problems, yet 50%-80% of these youth do not receive necessary services. There has been no systematic exploration of the use of treatment services for JIY that examines viewpoints across stakeholders in justice- and treatment-systems as well as the families. We conducted qualitative interviews and focus groups with n = 58, youth, their caregivers, SU treatment providers and probation officers in a Northeastern state. Interviews explored how families, staff- and system-level factors influence uptake of and retention in SU treatment services in youth on probation. We conducted a thematic analysis of all interview texts. Caregiver engagement is essential for youth treatment uptake and retention. Difficulties achieving caregiver engagement and agreement that treatment was necessary stemmed from distrust in the "system"; denial or minimization of youth's SU problem; relational barriers; and overburden and chaos within the family system. Structural barriers to service uptake were lack of available treatment options, SU agency practices and policies, and interagency collaboration between SU treatment agencies and probation. Enhancing family engagement at the point of referral to SU treatment is essential. Improvements in interagency collaboration and communication between SU treatment and probation agencies are necessary. Implications for policy and intervention are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Elkington
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, United States of America.
| | - Jacqueline Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, United States of America
| | - Catherine Brooks
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, United States of America
| | - Jillian Watkins
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, United States of America
| | - Gail A Wasserman
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, United States of America
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Borschmann R, Janca E, Carter A, Willoughby M, Hughes N, Snow K, Stockings E, Hill NTM, Hocking J, Love A, Patton GC, Sawyer SM, Fazel S, Puljević C, Robinson J, Kinner SA. The health of adolescents in detention: a global scoping review. LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 5:e114-e126. [PMID: 31954434 PMCID: PMC7025881 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(19)30217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents detained within the criminal justice system are affected by complex health problems, health-risk behaviours, and high rates of premature death. We did a global synthesis of the evidence regarding the health of this population. We searched Embase, PsycINFO, Education Resources Information Center, PubMed, Web of Science, CINCH, Global Health, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Campbell Library, the National Criminal Justice Reference System Abstract Database, and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed journal articles, including reviews, that reported the prevalence of at least one health outcome (physical, mental, sexual, infectious, and neurocognitive) in adolescents (aged <20 years) in detention, and were published between Jan 1, 1980, and June 30, 2018. The reference lists of published review articles were scrutinised for additional relevant publications. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, and three reviewed full texts of relevant articles. The protocol for this Review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42016041392). 245 articles (204 primary research articles and 41 reviews) were included, with most primary research (183 [90%]) done in high-income countries. A high lifetime prevalence of health problems, risks, and conditions was reported in detained adolescents, including mental disorders (0–95%), substance use disorders (22–96%), self-harm (12–65%), neurodevelopmental disabilities (2–47%), infectious diseases (0–34%), and sexual and reproductive conditions (pregnant by age 19 years 20–37%; abnormal cervical screening test result 16%). Various physical and mental health problems and health-risk behaviours are more common among adolescents in detention than among their peers who have not been detained. As the social and structural drivers of poor health overlap somewhat with factors associated with exposure to the criminal justice system, strategies to address these factors could help to reduce both rates of adolescent detention and adolescent health inequalities. Improving the detection of mental and physical disorders, providing appropriate interventions during detention, and optimising transitional health care after release from detention could improve the health outcomes of these vulnerable young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Borschmann
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Emilia Janca
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Annie Carter
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa Willoughby
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nathan Hughes
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Sociological Studies, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kathryn Snow
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for International Child Health, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emily Stockings
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jane Hocking
- Sexual Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander Love
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - George C Patton
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Susan M Sawyer
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Seena Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Cheneal Puljević
- Centre for Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jo Robinson
- Orygen Youth Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Maurer JM, Steele VR, Vincent GM, Rao V, Calhoun VD, Kiehl KA. Adolescent Psychopathic Traits Negatively Relate to Hemodynamic Activity within the Basal Ganglia during Error-Related Processing. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 47:1917-1929. [PMID: 31104203 PMCID: PMC6842671 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-019-00560-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Youth with elevated psychopathic traits exhibit a number of comparable neurocognitive deficits as adult psychopathic offenders, including error-related processing deficits. Subregions of the basal ganglia play an important, though indirect, role in error-related processing through connections with cortical areas including the anterior cingulate cortex. A number of recent structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (s/fMRI) studies have associated basal ganglia dysfunction in youth with elevated psychopathic traits, but these studies have not examined whether dysfunction occurring within subregions of the basal ganglia help contribute to error-related processing deficits previously observed in such at-risk youth. Here, we investigated error-related processing using a response inhibition Go/NoGo fMRI experimental paradigm in a large sample of incarcerated male adolescent offenders (n = 182). In the current report, psychopathy scores (measured via the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV)) were negatively related to hemodynamic activity within input nuclei of the basal ganglia (i.e., the caudate and nucleus accumbens), as well as intrinsic/output nuclei (i.e., the globus pallidus and substantia nigra) and related nuclei (i.e., the subthalamic nucleus) during error-related processing. This is the first evidence to suggest that error-related dysfunction previously observed in youth with elevated psychopathic traits may be related to underlying abnormalities occurring within subregions of the basal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Maurer
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
- The Mind Research Network (MRN) & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Vaughn R Steele
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gina M Vincent
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Vikram Rao
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network (MRN) & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Kent A Kiehl
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- The Mind Research Network (MRN) & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Umbach R, Leonard NR, Luciana M, Ling S, Laitner C. THE IOWA GAMBLING TASK IN VIOLENT AND NONVIOLENT INCARCERATED MALE ADOLESCENTS. CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND BEHAVIOR 2019; 46:1611-1629. [PMID: 32981980 PMCID: PMC7518041 DOI: 10.1177/0093854819847707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have found impaired affective decision-making, as measured by the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), in various antisocial populations. This is the first study to compare the IGT in violent and nonviolent incarcerated American youth. The IGT was administered to 185 incarcerated adolescent male offenders charged with either nonviolent (38.4%) or violent (61.6%) crimes. General linear mixed models and t tests were used to assess differences between the groups. The full sample performed worse than if they had selected from the decks at random. The violent offenders performed more poorly than the nonviolent offenders overall, primarily because they preferred "disadvantageous" Deck B to a greater degree; however, they did demonstrate some degree of learning by the final block of the task. Adolescent offenders demonstrate impaired affective decision-making. Behavior suggested preferential attention to frequency of loss and amount of gain and inattention to amount of loss.
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Gunn A, Menzies RG, Onslow M, O'Brian S, Packman A, Lowe R, Helgadóttir FD, Jones M. Phase I trial of a standalone internet social anxiety treatment for adolescents who stutter: iBroadway. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2019; 54:927-939. [PMID: 31364252 DOI: 10.1111/1460-6984.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND iGlebe is a fully automated internet treatment program for adults who stutter that has been shown, in some cases, to reduce anxiety and effectively manage social anxiety disorder for many participants. No such automated internet treatment program exists for adolescents who stutter. AIMS The present paper reports a Phase I trial of an adolescent version of the adult program: iBroadway. METHODS & PROCEDURES Participants were 29 adolescents in the age range 12-17 years who were seeking cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) for anxiety associated with stuttering. The design was a non-randomized Phase I trial with outcome assessments at pre-treatment and immediately post-treatment after 5 months of access to the program. No contact by a clinical psychologist occurred during participant use of the program. Outcomes were a range of psychological, quality-of-life and stuttering severity measures. OUTCOMES & RESULTS The compliance rate for the seven iBroadway modules over 5 months was extremely favourable for internet CBT, at 52.4%. There was evidence of treatment effects for (1) the number of DSM-IV mental health diagnoses with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children; (2) the Unhelpful Thoughts and Beliefs About Stuttering scale; (3) the Subjective Units of Distress Scale; and (4) parent-reported speech satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS Further development of iBroadway, the adolescent version of iGlebe, with Phase II trialling is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Gunn
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Science, Australian Stuttering Research Centre, Lidcombe, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ross G Menzies
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Science, Australian Stuttering Research Centre, Lidcombe, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Onslow
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Science, Australian Stuttering Research Centre, Lidcombe, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sue O'Brian
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Science, Australian Stuttering Research Centre, Lidcombe, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ann Packman
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Science, Australian Stuttering Research Centre, Lidcombe, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robyn Lowe
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Science, Australian Stuttering Research Centre, Lidcombe, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fjóla Dögg Helgadóttir
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Science, Australian Stuttering Research Centre, Lidcombe, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Jones
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
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D’Amico EJ, Parast L, Osilla KC, Seelam R, Meredith LS, Shadel WG, Stein BD. Understanding Which Teenagers Benefit Most From a Brief Primary Care Substance Use Intervention. Pediatrics 2019; 144:peds.2018-3014. [PMID: 31296568 PMCID: PMC6746575 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-3014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The primary care (PC) setting provides an opportunity to address adolescent alcohol and marijuana use. We examined moderators of effectiveness for a PC brief motivational intervention on adolescents' alcohol and marijuana use and consequences 1 year later. METHODS We conducted a randomized controlled trial in 4 PC clinics from April 2013 to November 2015 and followed adolescents using Web-based surveys. We examined whether demographic factors and severity of use moderated 12-month outcomes. Adolescents aged 12 through 18 were screened by using the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Screening Guide. Those identified as at risk were randomly assigned to the intervention (CHAT) or to usual care (UC). RESULTS The sample (n = 294) was 58% female, 66% Hispanic, 17% African American, 12% white, and 5% multiethnic or of other race with an average age of 16 years. After controlling for baseline values of outcomes, teens in CHAT who reported more negative consequences from drinking or had an alcohol use disorder at baseline reported less alcohol use, heavy drinking, and consequences 1 year later compared with teens in UC. Similarly, teens in CHAT with more negative consequences from marijuana use at baseline reported less marijuana use 1 year later compared with teens in UC; however, teens in CHAT who reported fewer marijuana consequences at baseline reported greater marijuana use 1 year later compared with teens in UC. CONCLUSIONS A brief intervention can be efficacious over the long-term for adolescents who report problems from alcohol and marijuana use. Findings emphasize the importance of both screening and intervention in at-risk adolescents in PC.
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Scott CK, Dennis ML, Grella CE, Funk RR, Lurigio AJ. Juvenile justice systems of care: results of a national survey of community supervision agencies and behavioral health providers on services provision and cross-system interactions. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2019; 7:11. [PMID: 31201642 PMCID: PMC6717998 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-019-0093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth involved in the juvenile justice (JJ) system have high needs for behavioral health services, especially related to substance use and mental disorders. This study aimed to understand the extent to which elements in the cascade model of behavioral health services for JJ-involved youth are provided to youth by Community Supervision (CS) and/or Behavioral Health (BH) providers. In order to understand interactions across CS and BH systems, this study used a multistage probabilistic survey design to sample CS agencies and their primary BH service providers of substance use and mental health treatment in the United States. Parallel surveys were administered to both CS and BH providers regarding: characteristics of youth served, BH services available, whether services were provided directly and/or by referral, use of evidence-based practices (EBPs), and methods of collaboration, referral, and information exchange across CS and BH providers. RESULTS The findings from weighted national estimates demonstrate that youth referred from CS to the BH programs represent a more severe sub-group of youth under CS supervision. There are established cross-system relationships for assessment and referral for substance use and mental health treatment, but less so for prevention services. Most CS programs refer youth to BH providers for these services, which typically utilize more highly trained staff to provide EBPs to a majority of the youth served. More intensive substance use and mental health treatment, aftercare, and recovery support services were limited in availability. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that although many elements in a cascade model of BH services for JJ-involved youth have been implemented within local systems of care through collaboration between CS and BH providers, there are several underdeveloped areas and potential for attrition across the service cascade. Greater attention to providing services to youth with higher levels of severity, aftercare services, and recovery support is warranted within a multi-systemic framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy K Scott
- Chestnut Health Systems, 221 W. Walton St., Chicago, IL, 60610, USA.
| | - Michael L Dennis
- Chestnut Health Systems, 221 W. Walton St., Chicago, IL, 60610, USA
| | | | - Rodney R Funk
- Chestnut Health Systems, 221 W. Walton St., Chicago, IL, 60610, USA
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Grigorenko EL, Hart L, Hein S, Kovalenko J, Naumova OY. Improved Educational Achievement as a Path to Desistance. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2019; 2019:111-135. [PMID: 31026115 PMCID: PMC6677270 DOI: 10.1002/cad.20290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this article we present a summary of the literature on the associations between learning difficulties/disabilities and juvenile delinquency. This literature is almost a hundred years old, but, although reportedly demonstrating the low academic achievement-delinquency connection, contains numerous unanswered questions regarding the frequency, strength, direction, stability, and causality of these associations. We then use this literature to contextualize the research taking place at the Houston Learning Disabilities (LD) Hub, a member of the LD Centers and Hubs Network, supported by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). In doing so, we present our previous studies and our current research. We conclude by discussing a number of shortcomings in the literature, some-but far from all-of which we hope to address in our ongoing work.
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Tillman KS, Prazak MD. Trauma in Forensic Adolescent Females: Predictors, Correlates and Mental Health Outcomes. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2018; 11:401-409. [PMID: 32318164 PMCID: PMC7163881 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-018-0216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the demographic predictors of trauma in adolescent females. The role of trauma in the outcomes of psychopathology were examined. Additionally, alcohol and substance use were examined as a product of trauma and leading cause of forensic status. Finally, the mental health of the present sample was compared to paired national averages. Participants included 35 adolescent females currently in the juvenile justice system. Results indicate that the present forensic sample demonstrated significantly worse mental health than non-forensic youth. Additionally, those with a history of trauma showed worse outcomes than youth with fewer traumas experienced. Several demographic factors were predictors of trauma, and trauma in turn predicted alcohol abuse. Those with a history of trauma showed significantly poorer behavioral and academic functioning in addition to mental health difficulties. Implications for the juvenile justice system and mental health treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S. Tillman
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Community Services, University of North Dakota, 231 Centennial Drive, Stop 8255, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA
| | - Michael D. Prazak
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Community Services, University of North Dakota, 231 Centennial Drive, Stop 8255, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA
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Buyle-Bodin S, Amad A, Medjkane F, Bourion-Bedes S, Thomas P, Fovet T. [Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of adolescents hospitalized in French units for inmates: Results of a cross-sectional study]. Encephale 2018; 45:207-213. [PMID: 30340780 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In France, on the first of January 2018, 772 underage persons were in jail or about 1.1 % of the incarcerated population. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among those inmates is high. As a result psychiatric care (and particularly full-time hospitalization) is essential for this population. The unités hospitalières spécialement aménagées (UHSA) are full-time inpatient hospitalization units for inmates in France. Adults but also underage inmates can be admitted to UHSA for voluntary or involuntary hospitalization. However, no study about the characteristics of young patients admitted to UHSA is currently available. The aim of this study is to describe the population of children and adolescent patients hospitalized in these facilities and to evaluate the care provided. METHOD We conducted a retrospective study, including all the patients under 18 years of age, who have been hospitalized in UHSA since its creation in 2010 until 31 December 2016. Anonymized data concerning socio-demographic profile, clinical symptoms and care provided have been collected from the medical records of each patient. RESULTS Overall 80 underage patients were included, for 120 hospitalisations in UHSA. Those patients are mainly male (80%) with a mean age of 16.7 years. They are mostly hospitalized with their consent (59%) for stays of about 50 days and frequently after self-harm behaviours. The main diagnoses are anxiety disorders (26%) and psychotic disorders (25%). At the end, 86% of the patients are prescribed a psychotropic drug treatment and 40% of those medical drugs are prescribed outside the guidelines. Finally, several specific problems were identified. Especially, contact with families and educators or access to education programs are very challenging. CONCLUSION This study highlights the current difficulties encountered in the management of inmate underage patients in full-time psychiatric hospitalization. In this paper, we propose areas for improvement through (1) specific arrangements to receive young patients (specific service's management in order to reinforce the observation of those young people, to facilitate contact with their families, to improve the access to education programs, etc.); (2) specific arrangements in the treatment offered to young patients in UHSA (specific training course for nurses, specific therapeutic programs, etc.); (3) the development of networks working with psychiatric services inside and outside the prison, educators, families and prison services, in order to promote the continuity of cares.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Buyle-Bodin
- Unité hospitalière spécialement aménagée, pôle de psychiatrie, CHU Lille, chemin du Bois de l'hôpital, 59113 Seclin, France.
| | - A Amad
- Unité hospitalière spécialement aménagée, pôle de psychiatrie, CHU Lille, chemin du Bois de l'hôpital, 59113 Seclin, France; CNRS UMR 9193, laboratoire de sciences cognitives et sciences affectives (SCALab-PsyCHIC), université Lille, BP 60149, 59653 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France
| | - F Medjkane
- Service de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, hôpital Fontan 1, CHU Lille, rue Henri-Ghesquière, 59000 Lille, France
| | - S Bourion-Bedes
- SMPR de Metz, centre hospitalier Lorquin, 5, rue due Général de Gaulle, 57790 Lorquin, France; EA4360 APEMAC, université de Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - P Thomas
- Unité hospitalière spécialement aménagée, pôle de psychiatrie, CHU Lille, chemin du Bois de l'hôpital, 59113 Seclin, France; CNRS UMR 9193, laboratoire de sciences cognitives et sciences affectives (SCALab-PsyCHIC), université Lille, BP 60149, 59653 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France
| | - T Fovet
- Unité hospitalière spécialement aménagée, pôle de psychiatrie, CHU Lille, chemin du Bois de l'hôpital, 59113 Seclin, France; CNRS UMR 9193, laboratoire de sciences cognitives et sciences affectives (SCALab-PsyCHIC), université Lille, BP 60149, 59653 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France
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Parast L, Meredith LS, Stein BD, Shadel WG, D'Amico EJ. Identifying adolescents with alcohol use disorder: Optimal screening using the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism screening guide. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2018; 32:508-516. [PMID: 29975071 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) screening guide (SG) uses a 2-question screening process to identify adolescents at risk for alcohol use. The aim of this study was to identify the optimal screening rule in terms of identifying adolescents with alcohol use disorder (AUD) using the NIAAA questions by examining whether the cutpoint should vary by gender, race/ethnicity, grade, and/or age. Youth aged 12 through 18 years (N = 1,573; 27% Black, 51% Hispanic) were screened using the NIAAA SG, and then completed a survey. We used receiver operating characteristic curve analyses to identify the optimal cutpoint for the NIAAA screener question on self-use with AUD as the outcome. We compared the resulting screening rule with the NIAAA SG rule. We found that the optimal cutpoint depended on age and grade of adolescents. The resulting screening rule was the same as the NIAAA SG, and thus independently validated the NIAAA SG, with the exception of screening for adolescents 18 years of age, for which a lower cutpoint was indicated. The performance of both screening rules was highly similar when applied to the study sample, with a sensitivity of 0.89 for the optimal screening rule and a sensitivity of 0.87 for the NIAAA SG. In settings in which the cost of a false positive is relatively low (depending on available resources and cost of the intervention), lower cutpoints for older adolescents should be considered, as this may increase sensitivity of identifying these individuals at risk for AUD. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Ghazali SR, Chen YY, Aziz HA. Childhood Maltreatment and Symptoms of PTSD and Depression Among Delinquent Adolescents in Malaysia. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2018; 11:151-158. [PMID: 32318145 PMCID: PMC7163867 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-017-0196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents in the juvenile justice system are known to suffer from various psychological disorders. Less is known about how childhood psychological trauma is related to psychological disorders among delinquent adolescents in Malaysia. This study investigated the relationship between childhood maltreatment and depressive and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Of 327 adolescents 96% were exposed to at least one childhood victimization. Significant differences were found for all types of victimization (i.e. maltreatment, sexual abuse, severe assault, neglect, and family victimization) between delinquent and non-delinquent adolescents. Females were more likely to be involved in family victimization, while males were more likely to experience severe assault and crime victimization. Delinquent adolescents reported depressive and PTSD symptoms significantly more than non-delinquent adolescents. The prevalence of PTSD and depressive symptoms among delinquents was 20.8 and 52.7% respectively. Highly victimized delinquent adolescents and/or those victimized in family-related events were at significantly higher risk to develop psychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Raudzah Ghazali
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, 94300 Sarawak Malaysia
| | - Yoke Yong Chen
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, 94300 Sarawak Malaysia
| | - Hafizah Abdul Aziz
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, 94300 Sarawak Malaysia
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Costa NDR, Silva PRFD. Mental health care for Brazilian juvenile offenders. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2018; 22:1467-1478. [PMID: 28538918 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232017225.33562016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper analyzes the use of psychoactive drugs by juvenile offenders in Brazil in socio-educational facilities (USEs). It describes the guidelines of the national public policy and the quality of mental healthcare coordination by subnational public governments. This work draws on the hypothesis that USEs vertical governance is associated with the use of psychoactive medication. This is comparative study of two cases in Rio Grande do Sul and Minas Gerais. Data resulted from a sample of medical records and interviews with key informants. The paper shows that vertical governance observed in Rio Grande do Sul is directly associated with high prevalence of mental health disorder diagnosis, use of psychoactive medication and psychiatric medicalization by juvenile offenders deprived of liberty. These findings indicate that sanctions of imprisonment for illegal acts are producing a set of medicalization decisions that undermine juveniles' health rights. The national mental health policy guidelines encourage cautious decisions. Psychotherapies and rehabilitation actions are the advocated first-line interventions. The poor management of the psychopharmacological intervention favors multiple prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilson do Rosário Costa
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fiocruz. R. Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, Manguinhos. 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil.
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Feder KA, McCart MR, Kahn G, Mauro PM, Sheidow AJ, Letourneau EJ. Association of Mental Health Symptoms and Peer Behaviors with Risk for Substance Use and Condomless Sex among Youth in Juvenile Drug Court. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2018; 27:133-145. [PMID: 33867782 DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2018.1430642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile drug courts are a growing response to adolescent substance use, but a better understanding of modifiable risk factors is needed to improve program outcomes. Youth's mental health symptoms and peers' activities may impede the effectiveness of these "therapeutic" courts. In a unique longitudinal sample of 105 adolescents involved in juvenile drug court, we find elevated internalizing symptoms and deviant behavior of peers were each associated with increased risk of alcohol and marijuana use. Similar effects were seen on risk for condomless sex. Mental health and peer behaviors should be intervention targets for evidence-based juvenile drug court programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Feder
- Predoctoral Student, Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 415 N Washington St., Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Michael R McCart
- Senior Research Scientist, Oregon Social Learning Center, 10 Shelton McMurphey Blvd., Eugene, Oregon 97401
| | - Geoffrey Kahn
- Predoctoral Student, Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 415 N Washington St., Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Pia M Mauro
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ashli J Sheidow
- Family Services Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 176 Croghan Spur Road, Suite 104, Charleston, South Carolina 29407; United States
| | - Elizabeth J Letourneau
- Associate Professor, Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 415 N Washington St., Baltimore, MD 21231
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Lansing A, Plante WY, Fennema-Notestine C, Golshan S, Beck AN. Psychotic-spectrum symptoms, cumulative adversity exposure and substance use among high-risk girls. Early Interv Psychiatry 2018; 12:74-86. [PMID: 29282872 PMCID: PMC5788710 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Psychotic-spectrum symptoms are linked to trauma, substance/alcohol use (SAU), criminality/violence and poor functional outcomes, supporting the need for early detection in vulnerable populations. To better understand high-risk girls' mental health, we assessed: (1) psychotic-spectrum symptoms; (2) cumulative trauma, adversity and loss exposures (C-TALE) and adversity-indicators (symptoms, maladaptive coping, stressor-reactivity); and SAU risk-factors; and (3) relationships among psychotic-spectrum symptoms, adversity-indicators and SAU risk-factors. METHODS We administered the Structured Clinical Interviews for Psychotic Spectrum, and Trauma and Loss Spectrum to 158 adolescent delinquent girls. RESULTS Girls' psychotic-spectrum profiles were similar to previously reported adult psychotic patients and characterized by typical symptoms (hallucinations/delusions, reported largely SAU-independent), interpersonal sensitivity, schizoid traits and paranoia (over-interpretation, anger over-reactivity, hypervigilance). Auditory/visual hallucinations (55.7%), delusions (92.4%), ideas of reference (96.8%) and adversity (90.0% ≥10/24 C-TALE-types) were common. Mean loss (4) and trauma (8) onset-age occurred before SAU-onset (12). Significant positive correlations were found among psychotic-spectrum symptoms, stressor-reactivity, C-TALE, adversity-indicators; and number of SAU-types; and a negative correlation occurred between psychotic-spectrum symptoms and earlier alcohol use onset. After controlling for number of SAU-types, stressor-reactivity and adversity-related numbing individually had the largest associations with total psychotic-spectrum symptoms (b = 2.6-4.3). Girls averaged more than 4 maladaptive coping strategies (e.g., 24.8% attempted suicide) in response to adversity, amplifying potential health-disparities. No racial/ethnic differences emerged on psychotic-spectrum symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This symptom constellation during adolescence likely interferes with social and academic functioning. Whether representing a prodromal phase, trauma-response or cross-diagnostic psychopathology, accurate early detection and appropriate treatment of psychotic-spectrum symptoms are warranted to improve functional outcomes in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Lansing
- Department of Psychiatry; University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Sociology, San Diego State University
| | - Wendy Y. Plante
- Department of Psychiatry; University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Sociology, San Diego State University
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry; University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Radiology; University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Shahrokh Golshan
- Department of Psychiatry; University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Maurer JM, Steele VR, Fink BC, Vincent GM, Calhoun VD, Kiehl KA. Investigating error-related processing in incarcerated adolescents with self-report psychopathy measures. Biol Psychol 2018; 132:96-105. [PMID: 29180243 PMCID: PMC6047355 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Disparate results have been found in previous reports when incorporating both interview-based and self-report measures of psychopathic traits within the same sample, suggesting such assessments should not be used interchangeably. We previously found Total and Facet 4 scores from Hare's Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV) were negatively related to amplitude of the error-related positivity (Pe) event-related potential (ERP) component. Here, we investigated using the same previously published sample whether scores on four different self-report measures of adolescent psychopathic traits (the Antisocial Process Screening Device [APSD], Child Psychopathy Scale [CPS], Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits [ICU], and Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory [YPI]) were similarly associated with reduced Pe amplitude. Unlike our previous results, adolescent self-report psychopathy scores were not associated with reduced Pe amplitude in multiple regression analyses. Results obtained in the current report support previous research observing incongruent findings when incorporating different assessment types within the same sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Maurer
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; The Mind Research Network (MRN) & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, United States.
| | - Vaughn R Steele
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brandi C Fink
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Gina M Vincent
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network (MRN) & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, United States; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Kent A Kiehl
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; The Mind Research Network (MRN) & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, United States.
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Youngstrom EA, Van Meter A, Frazier TW, Hunsley J, Prinstein MJ, Ong M, Youngstrom JK. Evidence‐based assessment as an integrative model for applying psychological science to guide the voyage of treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Winkelman TNA, Genao I, Wildeman C, Wang EA. Emergency Department and Hospital Use Among Adolescents With Justice System Involvement. Pediatrics 2017; 140:peds.2017-1144. [PMID: 28970370 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adolescents with justice system involvement have high rates of physical and behavioral health disorders and are potentially high users of costly health care services. We examined emergency department (ED) and hospital use among a national sample of adolescents with various levels of justice involvement. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis using the 2009 to 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. We included adolescents aged 12 to 17 and used multivariable logistic and negative binomial regression models, adjusting for sociodemographic and health differences, to compare ED and hospital use among adolescents with and without justice involvement. RESULTS Our sample included 1375 adolescents with past year arrest, 2450 with past year probation or parole, 1324 with past year juvenile detention, and 97 976 without past year justice involvement. In adjusted analyses, adolescents with any justice system involvement, compared to those without, were more likely to have used the ED (38.5%-39.5% vs 31.0%; P < .001) or been hospitalized in the past 12 months (7.1%-8.8% vs 4.8%; P < .01). After adjustment, adolescents with justice involvement also had more ED visits per 100 person-years (77.7-92.9 vs 62.8; P < .01) and hospital nights per 100 person-years (43.3-53.7 vs 18.0; P < .01). Use was highest among adolescents with justice involvement who reported fair or poor health, an illicit drug use disorder, or a mood disorder. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents with justice involvement had substantially higher rates of ED and hospital use. Providing comprehensive support services to adolescents with justice involvement may improve health care use patterns and reduce health care spending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler N A Winkelman
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota; .,Center for Patient and Provider Experience, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Christopher Wildeman
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Emily A Wang
- Section of General Medicine and.,Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; and
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Rhew IC, Fleming CB, Stoep AV, Nicodimos S, Zheng C, McCauley E. Examination of cumulative effects of early adolescent depression on cannabis and alcohol use disorder in late adolescence in a community-based cohort. Addiction 2017; 112:1952-1960. [PMID: 28600897 PMCID: PMC5633491 DOI: 10.1111/add.13907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although they often co-occur, the longitudinal relationship between depression and substance use disorders during adolescence remains unclear. This study estimated the effects of cumulative depression during early adolescence (ages 13-15 years) on the likelihood of cannabis use disorder (CUD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) at age 18. DESIGN Prospective cohort study of youth assessed at least annually between 6th and 9th grades (~ age 12-15) and again at age 18. Marginal structural models based on a counterfactual framework that accounted for both potential fixed and time-varying confounders were used to estimate cumulative effects of depressive symptoms over early adolescence. SETTING The sample originated from four public middle schools in Seattle, Washington, USA. PARTICIPANTS The sample consisted of 521 youth (48.4% female; 44.5% were non-Hispanic White). MEASUREMENTS Structured in-person interviews with youth and their parents were conducted to assess diagnostic symptom counts of depression during early adolescence; diagnoses of CUD and AUD at age 18 was based the Voice-Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. Cumulative depression was defined as the sum of depression symptom counts from grades 7-9. FINDINGS The past-year prevalence of cannabis and alcohol use disorder at the age 18 study wave was 20.9 and 19.8%, respectively. A 1 standard deviation increase in cumulative depression during early adolescence was associated with a 50% higher likelihood of CUD [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.50; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07, 2.10]. Although similar in direction, there was no statistically significant association between depression and AUD (PR = 1.41; 95% CI = 0.94, 2.11). Further, there were no differences in associations according to gender. CONCLUSIONS Youth with more chronic or severe forms of depression during early adolescence may be at elevated risk for developing cannabis use disorder compared with otherwise similar youth who experience fewer depressive symptoms during early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac C. Rhew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charles B. Fleming
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ann Vander Stoep
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Semret Nicodimos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cheng Zheng
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Elizabeth McCauley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
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Zachrison L, Ruchkin V, Stickley A, Koposov R. Inhalant Use and Mental Health Problems in Russian Juvenile Delinquents. Subst Use Misuse 2017; 52:1616-1623. [PMID: 28557594 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2017.1293106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhalant use by children and adolescents has been linked to an increased risk of multiple drug use, mental health problems and antisocial behavior. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine the association between the frequency of inhalant use and psychiatric diagnoses among incarcerated delinquent youths in Russia. METHODS A total of 370 incarcerated delinquents from a juvenile correction center in Northern Russia were assessed by means of a semi-structured psychiatric interview and by self-reports. RESULTS Compared to non-users (N = 266), inhalant users (N = 104) reported higher rates of PTSD, early onset conduct disorder, ADHD, alcohol abuse and dependence, as well as higher levels of antisocial behavior, impulsiveness and more psychopathic traits. Frequent inhalant users also reported the highest rates of co-occurring psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that inhalant use in delinquents is frequent and may require additional clinical measures to address the issue of psychiatric comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Zachrison
- a Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Vladislav Ruchkin
- a Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden.,b Child Study Center , Yale University Medical School , New Haven , Connecticut , USA.,c Säter Forensic Psychiatric Clinic , Säter , Sweden
| | - Andrew Stickley
- d Stockholm Center for Health and Social Change , Södertörn University , Huddinge , Sweden
| | - Roman Koposov
- e Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare , The Arctic University of Norway (UiT) , Tromsoe , Norway
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44
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Scott CK, Lurigio AJ, Dennis ML. Judges' Perceptions of Screening, Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment for Substance Use, Mental Health, and HIV among Juveniles on Community Supervision: Results of a National Survey. JUVENILE & FAMILY COURT JOURNAL 2017; 68:5-25. [PMID: 29269964 PMCID: PMC5734097 DOI: 10.1111/jfcj.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile Justice-Translational Research on Interventions for Adolescents in the Legal System (JJ-TRIALS) National Survey was funded in part to describe the current status of screening, assessment, prevention and treatment for substance use, mental health, and HIV for youth on community supervision within the US juvenile justice system. Surveys were administered to community supervision agencies and their primary behavioral healthcare providers, as well as the juvenile or family court judge with the largest caseload of youth on community supervision. This article presents the findings from the judges' survey. Survey results indicated juvenile and family court judges were open to innovations for improving the court's performance, rated their relationships with collaborators highly, and appreciated the impact of screening, assessment, prevention, and treatment on judicial practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arthur J Lurigio
- College of Arts and Sciences, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Winkelman TNA, Frank JW, Binswanger IA, Pinals DA. Health Conditions and Racial Differences Among Justice-Involved Adolescents, 2009 to 2014. Acad Pediatr 2017; 17:723-731. [PMID: 28300655 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Providers can optimize care for high-risk adolescents by understanding the health risks among the 1 million US adolescents who interact with the justice system each year. We compared the prevalence of physical health, substance use, and mood disorders among adolescents with and without recent justice involvement and analyzed differences according to race/ethnicity. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis using the 2009 to 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Prevalence data were adjusted for sociodemographic differences between adolescents with and without justice involvement. Justice-involved adolescents had a history of past year arrest, parole/probation, or juvenile detention. RESULTS Our sample consisted of adolescents aged 12 to 17 years with (n = 5149) and without (n = 97,976) past year justice involvement. In adjusted analyses, adolescents involved at any level of the justice system had a significantly higher prevalence of substance use disorders (P < .001), mood disorders (P < .001), and sexually transmitted infections (P < .01). Adolescents on parole/probation or in juvenile detention in the past year had a higher prevalence of asthma (P < .05) and hypertension (P < .05) compared with adolescents without justice involvement. Among justice-involved adolescents, African American adolescents were significantly less likely to have a substance use disorder (P < .001) or mood disorder (P < .01) compared with white or Hispanic adolescents, but had significantly higher prevalence of physical health disorders (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS Adolescents involved at all levels of the justice system have high-risk health profiles compared with the general adolescent population, although these risks differ across racial/ethnic groups. Policymakers and health care providers should ensure access to coordinated, high-quality health care for adolescents involved at all levels of the justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler N A Winkelman
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System.
| | - Joseph W Frank
- VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver; Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Ingrid A Binswanger
- Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver; Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Debra A Pinals
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Biopsychosocial Causes of Suicide and Suicide Prevention Outcome Studies in Juvenile Detention Facilities: A Review. Psychiatr Q 2017; 88:141-153. [PMID: 27169893 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-016-9434-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To identify various biopsychosocial risk factors associated with suicidality in juvenile detention facilities and the effectiveness of suicide prevention protocols currently in use. Medical literature searches were conducted using databases like Pub Med, Ovid, and Google Scholar to identify studies conducted in and outside of United States. The prevalence of suicide among youth imprisoned at detention facilities has risen. Psychiatric disorders are common among such population, making them vulnerable to suicidal tendencies. Suicide risk screening within first 24 h of admission to the detention facility has shown to lower the risk of suicide. Identification of high risk individuals and their further psychiatric assessment is advocated. Much of work with regards to screening tools and instruments is underway and further study is required to get a better understanding.
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47
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Quinn CR, Liu C, Kothari C, Cerulli C, Thurston SW. Psychological Distress Among Youth Probationers: Using Social Determinants of Health to Assess Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors. ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY 2017; 7:89-104. [PMID: 30498679 DOI: 10.2174/2210676607666170317143345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background For youth probationers, it is important to understand how mental health and substance use predict their suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB) to identify interventions to reduce their psychological distress. Objective In this study, risk and protective factor indicators based on the Youth Assessment and Screening Instrument (YASI) Full Assessment were used to explore STB of youth probationers. The study's overarching aim was to examine the associations of psychological distress and other risk and protective factors with youth probationers' STB based on a Social Determinants of Health framework. Method This cross-sectional secondary analysis reviewed YASI records from a sample of 11,607 probationers of age 12-18 years within a large urban setting. Results The study used logistic regression models to assess risk and protective factors for STB odds (5.79%, n = 672 positive endorsement). African Americans were less likely to report STB, and girls were much more likely than boys to report STB across risk factors. Mental health disorders and substance use increased STB risk. Conclusion The findings underscore the need for screening and treatment of psychological distress for youth probationers. This study discussed these findings, strengths and limitations, and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille R Quinn
- The Ohio State University, College of Social Work, Ohio, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, USA
| | - Catherine Kothari
- Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Biomedical Sciences Department, Western Michigan University, Michigan, USA
| | - Catherine Cerulli
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine & Dentistry & University of Rochester Susan B. Anthony Center, NY, USA
| | - Sally W Thurston
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, USA
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48
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D’Amico EJ, Parast L, Meredith LS, Ewing BA, Shadel WG, Stein BD. Screening in Primary Care: What Is the Best Way to Identify At-Risk Youth for Substance Use? Pediatrics 2016; 138:peds.2016-1717. [PMID: 27940696 PMCID: PMC5127067 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is important to improve primary care providers' capability to identify youth at risk for alcohol and other drug use. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition criteria to compare screeners for youth for both alcohol and marijuana, given that these are the most frequently used substances by this age group. METHODS We compared the psychometric performance of 4 screeners: the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Screening Guide (NIAAA SG), the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, the Car-Relax-Alone-Forget-Family and Friends-Trouble (CRAFFT) screener, and the Personal Experience Screening Questionnaire Problem Severity Scale (PESQ-PS) in identifying alcohol and marijuana use outcomes. Youth age 12 through 18 (N = 1573; 27% black, 51% Hispanic) were screened with the NIAAA SG, followed by a Web survey that included the other screeners and outcomes. RESULTS Sensitivity for alcohol outcomes indicated that the NIAAA SG (0.87) did not perform as well as the CRAFFT (0.97) or PESQ-PS (0.97) screeners but performed better than the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (0.70). The pattern for sensitivity across screeners for marijuana outcomes was similar. CONCLUSIONS An important tradeoff in primary care settings is precision versus practicality. Because of brevity and focus on frequency of drinking, the NIAAA SG offers ease of administration and is good at identifying youth with probably problematic drinking levels. The PESQ-PS and the CRAFFT correctly identify more at-risk youth for alcohol and marijuana than the NIAAA SG. Future work is needed to elucidate how to efficiently and accurately identify at-risk youth in the primary care setting, including determining the best cutoff points to use to increase sensitivity.
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Racial/Ethnic Disproportionality in Psychiatric Diagnoses and Treatment in a Sample of Serious Juvenile Offenders. J Youth Adolesc 2016; 46:1424-1451. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-016-0573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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50
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Maurer JM, Steele VR, Cope LM, Vincent GM, Stephen JM, Calhoun VD, Kiehl KA. Dysfunctional error-related processing in incarcerated youth with elevated psychopathic traits. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2016; 19:70-7. [PMID: 26930170 PMCID: PMC4961041 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult psychopathic offenders show an increased propensity towards violence, impulsivity, and recidivism. A subsample of youth with elevated psychopathic traits represent a particularly severe subgroup characterized by extreme behavioral problems and comparable neurocognitive deficits as their adult counterparts, including perseveration deficits. Here, we investigate response-locked event-related potential (ERP) components (the error-related negativity [ERN/Ne] related to early error-monitoring processing and the error-related positivity [Pe] involved in later error-related processing) in a sample of incarcerated juvenile male offenders (n=100) who performed a response inhibition Go/NoGo task. Psychopathic traits were assessed using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV). The ERN/Ne and Pe were analyzed with classic windowed ERP components and principal component analysis (PCA). Using linear regression analyses, PCL:YV scores were unrelated to the ERN/Ne, but were negatively related to Pe mean amplitude. Specifically, the PCL:YV Facet 4 subscale reflecting antisocial traits emerged as a significant predictor of reduced amplitude of a subcomponent underlying the Pe identified with PCA. This is the first evidence to suggest a negative relationship between adolescent psychopathy scores and Pe mean amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Maurer
- The Mind Research Network, an affiliate of the Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, United States of America; Department of Psychology; University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America.
| | - Vaughn R Steele
- The Mind Research Network, an affiliate of the Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, United States of America; Department of Psychology; University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America; Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Lora M Cope
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Research Center; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Gina M Vincent
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Julia M Stephen
- The Mind Research Network, an affiliate of the Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network, an affiliate of the Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, United States of America; Department of Electrical Engineering; University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM, United States of America
| | - Kent A Kiehl
- The Mind Research Network, an affiliate of the Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, United States of America; Department of Psychology; University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America.
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