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Ergul Erkec O, Acikgoz E, Huyut Z, Akyol ME, Ozyurt EO, Keskin S. Ghrelin ameliorates neuronal damage, oxidative stress, inflammatory parameters, and GFAP expression in traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2024; 38:514-523. [PMID: 38433464 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2324012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of ghrelin on oxidative stress, working memory, inflammatory parameters, and neuron degeneration. METHODS TBI was produced with the weight-drop technique. Rats in the G+TBI and TBI+G groups received ghrelin for 7 or 2 days, respectively. The control group received saline. On the 8th day of the study, the brain and blood tissue were taken under anesthesia. RESULTS A significant increase in brain GSH-PX, MDA, IL-1β, TGF-β1, and IL-8 levels and a significant decrease in CAT levels were found in the TBI group compared to the control. Serum MDA, GSH, IL-1β, and IL-8 levels were increased with TBI. Ghrelin treatment after TBI significantly increased the serum GSH, CAT, GSH-PX, and brain GSH and CAT levels, while it significantly decreased the serum MDA, IL-1β, and brain MDA, TGF-β1, and IL-8 levels. Histological evaluations revealed that ghrelin treatment led to a reduction in inflammation, while also significantly ameliorating TBI-induced neuron damage and vascular injuries. Immunohistochemistry staining showed that GFAP staining intensity was significantly increased in the cortex and hippocampus in TBI, and GFAP immunoreactivity was decreased with ghrelin treatment. CONCLUSION The results from this study suggested that ghrelin may have curative effects on TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Ergul Erkec
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Eda Acikgoz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Zubeyir Huyut
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Edip Akyol
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Mecine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | | | - Sıddık Keskin
- Department of Biostatistics, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
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Li Y, Deng H, Zhang H, Yang L, Wang S, Wang H, Zhu J, Li X, Chen X, Lin Y, Li R, Wang G, Li K. Transforming growth factor-β1 protects mechanically injured cortical murine neurons by reducing trauma-induced autophagy and apoptosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1381279. [PMID: 38863498 PMCID: PMC11165077 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1381279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) has a neuroprotective function in traumatic brain injury (TBI) through its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective actions of TGF-β1 on the cortex require further investigation. In this study, we were aimed to investigate the regulatory function of TGF-β1 on neuronal autophagy and apoptosis using an in vitro primary cortical neuron trauma-injury model. LDH activity was assayed to measure cell viability, and intracellular [Ca2+] was measured using Fluo-4-AM in an in vitro primary cortical neuron trauma-injury model. RNA-sequencing (RNAseq), immunofluorescent staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), western blot and CTSD activity detection were employed. We observed significant enrichment of DEGs related to autophagy, apoptosis, and the lysosome pathway in trauma-injured cortical neurons. TEM confirmed the presence of autophagosomes as well as autophagolysosomes. Western blot revealed upregulation of autophagy-related protein light chain 3 (LC3-II/LC3-I), sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62), along with apoptosis-related protein cleaved-caspase 3 in trauma-injured primary cortical neurons. Furthermore, trauma-injured cortical neurons showed an upregulation of lysosomal marker protein (LAMP1) and lysosomal enzyme mature cathepsin D (mCTSD), but a decrease in the activity of CTSD enzyme. These results indicated that apoptosis was up-regulated in trauma- injured cortical neurons at 24 h, accompanied by lysosomal dysfunction and impaired autophagic flux. Notably, TGF-β1 significantly reversed these changes. Our results suggested that TGF-β1 exerted neuroprotective effects on trauma- injured cortical neurons by reducing lysosomal dysfunction, decreasing the accumulation of autophagosomes and autophagolysosomes, and enhancing autophagic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huixiong Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hengyao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shenmiao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haoyang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiacheng Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinhong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Gefei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kangsheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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Mokbel AY, Burns MP, Main BS. The contribution of the meningeal immune interface to neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:135. [PMID: 38802931 PMCID: PMC11131220 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of disability and mortality worldwide, particularly among the elderly, yet our mechanistic understanding of what renders the post-traumatic brain vulnerable to poor outcomes, and susceptible to neurological disease, is incomplete. It is well established that dysregulated and sustained immune responses elicit negative consequences after TBI; however, our understanding of the neuroimmune interface that facilitates crosstalk between central and peripheral immune reservoirs is in its infancy. The meninges serve as the interface between the brain and the immune system, facilitating important bi-directional roles in both healthy and disease settings. It has been previously shown that disruption of this system exacerbates neuroinflammation in age-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease; however, we have an incomplete understanding of how the meningeal compartment influences immune responses after TBI. In this manuscript, we will offer a detailed overview of the holistic nature of neuroinflammatory responses in TBI, including hallmark features observed across clinical and animal models. We will highlight the structure and function of the meningeal lymphatic system, including its role in immuno-surveillance and immune responses within the meninges and the brain. We will provide a comprehensive update on our current knowledge of meningeal-derived responses across the spectrum of TBI, and identify new avenues for neuroimmune modulation within the neurotrauma field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Y Mokbel
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, New Research Building-EG11, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Mark P Burns
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, New Research Building-EG11, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Bevan S Main
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, New Research Building-EG11, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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Conedera FM, Kokona D, Zinkernagel MS, Stein JV, Lin CP, Alt C, Enzmann V. Macrophages coordinate immune response to laser-induced injury via extracellular traps. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:68. [PMID: 38500151 PMCID: PMC10949579 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal degeneration results from disruptions in retinal homeostasis due to injury, disease, or aging and triggers peripheral leukocyte infiltration. Effective immune responses rely on coordinated actions of resident microglia and recruited macrophages, critical for tissue remodeling and repair. However, these phagocytes also contribute to chronic inflammation in degenerated retinas, yet the precise coordination of immune response to retinal damage remains elusive. Recent investigations have demonstrated that phagocytic cells can produce extracellular traps (ETs), which are a source of self-antigens that alter the immune response, which can potentially lead to tissue injury. METHODS Innovations in experimental systems facilitate real-time exploration of immune cell interactions and dynamic responses. We integrated in vivo imaging with ultrastructural analysis, transcriptomics, pharmacological treatments, and knockout mice to elucidate the role of phagocytes and their modulation of the local inflammatory response through extracellular traps (ETs). Deciphering these mechanisms is essential for developing novel and enhanced immunotherapeutic approaches that can redirect a specific maladaptive immune response towards favorable wound healing in the retina. RESULTS Our findings underscore the pivotal role of innate immune cells, especially macrophages/monocytes, in regulating retinal repair and inflammation. The absence of neutrophil and macrophage infiltration aids parenchymal integrity restoration, while their depletion, particularly macrophages/monocytes, impedes vascular recovery. We demonstrate that macrophages/monocytes, when recruited in the retina, release chromatin and granular proteins, forming ETs. Furthermore, the pharmacological inhibition of ETosis support retinal and vascular repair, surpassing the effects of blocking innate immune cell recruitment. Simultaneously, the absence of ETosis reshapes the inflammatory response, causing neutrophils, helper, and cytotoxic T-cells to be restricted primarily in the superficial capillary plexus instead of reaching the damaged photoreceptor layer. CONCLUSIONS Our data offer novel insights into innate immunity's role in responding to retinal damage and potentially help developing innovative immunotherapeutic approaches that can shift the immune response from maladaptive to beneficial for retinal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica M Conedera
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bern University Hospital and Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Despina Kokona
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bern University Hospital and Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin S Zinkernagel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bern University Hospital and Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jens V Stein
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Charles P Lin
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clemens Alt
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Volker Enzmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bern University Hospital and Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Mavroudis I, Ciobica A, Balmus IM, Burlui V, Romila L, Iordache A. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Inflammatory Biomarkers in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Biomedicines 2024; 12:293. [PMID: 38397895 PMCID: PMC10887204 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) accounts for most TBI cases, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite its high incidence, mTBI pathophysiology remains largely unknown. Recent studies have shown that the inflammatory response is activated early after mTBI and can persist for several weeks or months. However, limited evidence on the utility of inflammatory biomarkers as predictors of clinical outcomes in mTBI has been previously provided. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of mTBI and the potential of some inflammatory biomolecules as biomarkers of mTBI. In this regard, eight studies comprising 1184 individuals were selected. Thus, it was shown that the increase in IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β plasma levels could be implicated in the development of early post-concussion symptoms. On the other hand, the persistence of the increased plasmatic concentrations of IL-10 and IL-8 for as long as six months following the brain injury event could suggest chronic inflammation leading to neuroinflammation and late or persistent symptoms. In this context, our findings showed that inflammatory biomarkers could be relevant in diagnosing or predicting recovery or long-term outcomes of mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Mavroudis
- Department of Neurology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, NHS Trust, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Alin Ciobica
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ioana Miruna Balmus
- Department of Exact Sciences and Natural Sciences, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iași, 700057 Iasi, Romania
| | - Vasile Burlui
- Preclinical Department, Apollonia University, Păcurari Street 11, 700511 Iasi, Romania
| | - Laura Romila
- Preclinical Department, Apollonia University, Păcurari Street 11, 700511 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alin Iordache
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Sabirov D, Ogurcov S, Shulman I, Kabdesh I, Garanina E, Sufianov A, Rizvanov A, Mukhamedshina Y. Comparative Analysis of Cytokine Profiles in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood Serum in Patients with Acute and Subacute Spinal Cord Injury. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2641. [PMID: 37893015 PMCID: PMC10604120 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines are actively involved in the regulation of the inflammatory and immune responses and have crucial importance in the outcome of spinal cord injuries (SCIs). Examining more objective and representative indicators of the patient's condition is still required to reveal the fundamental patterns of the abovementioned posttraumatic processes, including the identification of changes in the expression of cytokines. METHODS We performed a dynamic (3, 7, and 14 days post-injury (dpi)) extended multiplex analysis of cytokine profiles in both CSF and blood serum of SCI patients with baseline American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale grades of A. RESULTS The data obtained showed a large elevation of IL6 (>58 fold) in CSF and IFN-γ (>14 fold) in blood serum at 3 dpi with a downward trend as the post-traumatic period increases. The level of cytokine CCL26 was significantly elevated in both CSF and blood serum at 3 days post-SCI, while other cytokines did not show the same trend in the different biosamples. CONCLUSIONS The dynamic changes in cytokine levels observed in our study can explore the relationships with the SCI region and injury severity, paving the way for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of SCI and potentially more targeted and personalized therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davran Sabirov
- OpenLab “Gene and Cell Technologies”, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Sergei Ogurcov
- Neurosurgical Department No. 2, Republic Clinical Hospital, 420138 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ilya Shulman
- Neurosurgical Department No. 2, Republic Clinical Hospital, 420138 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ilyas Kabdesh
- OpenLab “Gene and Cell Technologies”, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Garanina
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Albert Sufianov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
- The Research and Educational Institute of Neurosurgery, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- OpenLab “Gene and Cell Technologies”, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Yana Mukhamedshina
- OpenLab “Gene and Cell Technologies”, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
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Isosaari L, Vuorenpää H, Yrjänäinen A, Kapucu FE, Kelloniemi M, Pakarinen TK, Miettinen S, Narkilahti S. Simultaneous induction of vasculature and neuronal network formation on a chip reveals a dynamic interrelationship between cell types. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:132. [PMID: 37316873 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronal networks receive and deliver information to regulate bodily functions while the vascular network provides oxygen, nutrients, and signaling molecules to tissues. Neurovascular interactions are vital for both tissue development and maintaining homeostasis in adulthood; these two network systems align and reciprocally communicate with one another. Although communication between network systems has been acknowledged, the lack of relevant in vitro models has hindered research at the mechanistic level. For example, the current used in vitro neurovascular models are typically established to be short-term (≤ 7 days) culture models, and they miss the supporting vascular mural cells. METHODS In this study, we utilized human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) -derived neurons, fluorescence tagged human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and either human bone marrow or adipose stem/stromal cells (BMSCs or ASCs) as the mural cell types to create a novel 3D neurovascular network-on-a-chip model. Collagen 1-fibrin matrix was used to establish long-term (≥ 14 days) 3D cell culture in a perfusable microphysiological environment. RESULTS Aprotinin-supplemented endothelial cell growth medium-2 (EGM-2) supported the simultaneous formation of neuronal networks, vascular structures, mural cell differentiation, and the stability of the 3D matrix. The formed neuronal and vascular networks were morphologically and functionally characterized. Neuronal networks supported vasculature formation based on direct cell contacts and by dramatically increasing the secretion of angiogenesis-related factors in multicultures in contrast to cocultures without neurons. Both utilized mural cell types supported the formation of neurovascular networks; however, the BMSCs seemed to boost neurovascular networks to greater extent. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our study provides a novel human neurovascular network model that is applicable for creating in vivo-like tissue models with intrinsic neurovascular interactions. The 3D neurovascular network model on chip forms an initial platform for the development of vascularized and innervated organ-on-chip and further body-on-chip concepts and offers the possibility for mechanistic studies on neurovascular communication both under healthy and in disease conditions. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Isosaari
- NeuroGroup, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Adult Stem Cell Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Research, Development and Innovation Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hanna Vuorenpää
- Adult Stem Cell Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Research, Development and Innovation Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Alma Yrjänäinen
- Adult Stem Cell Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Research, Development and Innovation Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Fikret Emre Kapucu
- NeuroGroup, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Minna Kelloniemi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Susanna Miettinen
- Adult Stem Cell Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Research, Development and Innovation Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Susanna Narkilahti
- NeuroGroup, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
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Rømer TB, Jeppesen R, Christensen RHB, Benros ME. Biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with psychotic disorders compared to healthy controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2277-2290. [PMID: 37169812 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Psychotic disorders are severe mental disorders with poorly understood etiology. Biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could provide etiological clues and diagnostic tools for psychosis; however, an unbiased overview of CSF alterations in individuals with psychotic disorders is lacking. The objective of this study was to summarize all quantifiable findings in CSF from individuals with psychotic disorders compared to healthy controls (HC). Studies published before January 25th, 2023 were identified searching PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and PsycINFO. Screening, full-text review, data extraction, and risk of bias assessments were performed by two independent reviewers following PRISMA guidelines. Findings in patients and healthy controls were compared and summarized using random-effects analyses and assessment of publication bias, subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed. 145 studies, covering 197 biomarkers, were included, of which 163 biomarkers have not previously been investigated in meta-analyses. All studies showed some degree of bias. 55 biomarkers measured in CSF were associated with psychosis and of these were 15 biomarkers measured in ≥2 studies. Patients showed increased levels of noradrenaline (standardized mean difference/SMD, 0.53; 95% confidence interval/CI, 0.16 to 0.90) and its metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (SMD, 0.30; 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.55), the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (SMD, 0.11; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.21), the pro-inflammatory neurotransmitter kynurenic acid (SMD, 1.58; 95% CI: 0.34 to 2.81), its precursor kynurenine (SMD,0.99; 95% CI: 0.60 to 1.38), the cytokines interleukin-6 (SMD, 0.58; 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.77) and interleukin-8 (SMD, 0.43; 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.62), the endocannabinoid anandamide (SMD, 0.78; 95% CI: 0.53 to 1.02), albumin ratio (SMD, 0.40; 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.72), total protein (SMD, 0.29; 95% CI: 0.16 to 0.43), immunoglobulin ratio (SMD, 0.45; 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.85) and glucose (SMD, 0.48; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.94). Neurotensin (SMD, -0.67; 95% CI: -0.89 to -0.46) and γ-aminobutyric acid (SMD, -0.29; 95% CI: -0.50 to -0.09) were decreased. Most biomarkers showed no significant differences, including the dopamine metabolites homovanillic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. These findings suggest that dysregulation of the immune and adrenergic system as well as blood-brain barrier dysfunction are implicated in the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troels Boldt Rømer
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rose Jeppesen
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rune Haubo Bojesen Christensen
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Eriksen Benros
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Azbazdar Y, Poyraz YK, Ozalp O, Nazli D, Ipekgil D, Cucun G, Ozhan G. High-fat diet feeding triggers a regenerative response in the adult zebrafish brain. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:2486-2506. [PMID: 36670270 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a range of liver conditions ranging from excess fat accumulation to liver failure. NAFLD is strongly associated with high-fat diet (HFD) consumption that constitutes a metabolic risk factor. While HFD has been elucidated concerning its several systemic effects, there is little information about its influence on the brain at the molecular level. Here, by using a high-fat diet (HFD)-feeding of adult zebrafish, we first reveal that excess fat uptake results in weight gain and fatty liver. Prolonged exposure to HFD induces a significant increase in the expression of pro-inflammation, apoptosis, and proliferation markers in the liver and brain tissues. Immunofluorescence analyses of the brain tissues disclose stimulation of apoptosis and widespread activation of glial cell response. Moreover, glial activation is accompanied by an initial decrease in the number of neurons and their subsequent replacement in the olfactory bulb and the telencephalon. Long-term consumption of HFD causes activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the brain tissues. Finally, fish fed an HFD induces anxiety, and aggressiveness and increases locomotor activity. Thus, HFD feeding leads to a non-traumatic brain injury and stimulates a regenerative response. The activation mechanisms of a regeneration response in the brain can be exploited to fight obesity and recover from non-traumatic injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagmur Azbazdar
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662, USA
| | - Yusuf Kaan Poyraz
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ozgun Ozalp
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dilek Nazli
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Dogac Ipekgil
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Cucun
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 3640 76021, Karlsruhe, Postfach, Germany
| | - Gunes Ozhan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey.
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, 35430, Izmir, Turkey.
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10
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Puccio DJ, Deng H, Eagle SR, Okonkwo DO, Nwachuku EL. Pilot Biomarker Analysis and Decision Tree Algorithm Modeling of Patients with Chronic Subdural Hematomas. Neurotrauma Rep 2023; 4:184-196. [PMID: 36974123 PMCID: PMC10039273 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2022.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The elderly population are at high risk for developing chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH). Surgical evacuation of cSDH is one of the most common procedures performed in neurosurgery. The present study aims to identify potential inflammatory biomarkers associated with its development and recurrence. Patients (>65 years of age) who presented with symptomatic cSDH (≥1 cm thickness or ≥5 mm midline shift [MLS]), requiring surgical intervention, were prospectively enrolled. The collected cSDH fluid was analyzed for inflammatory markers. Computed tomography (CT) scan data included pre-operative cSDH thickness and MLS. Outcome data included Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E) score at 3, 6, and 12 months post-surgery, as well as cSDH recurrence. A decision tree model was used to determine the predictive power of extracted analytes for MLS, cSDH thickness, and recurrence. This pilot study includes 20 enrolled patients (mean age 77.9 ± 7.4 years and 85% falls). Rate of cSDH recurrence was 42%, with 21% requiring reoperation. Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 (CXCL9) concentrations correlated with cSDH thickness (r = 0.975, p = 0.040). Interleukin (IL)-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A concentrations correlated with MLS (r = 0.974, p = 0.005; r = 0.472, p = 0.036, respectively). IL-5 concentrations correlated with more favorable GOS-E scores at 3, 6, and 12 months (r = 0.639, p = 0.006; r = 0.727, p = 0.003; r = 0.693, p = 0.026, respectively). Regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) concentrations correlated with complete cSDH resolution (r = 0.514, p = 0.021). The decision tree model identified that higher concentrations of CXCL9 were predictive of MLS (risk ratio [RR] = 12.0), higher concentrations of IL-5 were predictive of cSDH thickness (RR = 4.5), and lower concentrations of RANTES were predictive of cSDH recurrence (RR = 2.2). CXCL9, IL-6, VEGF, IL-5, and RANTES are associated with recurrence after surgery and may be potential biomarkers for predicting cSDH recurrence and neurological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Puccio
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Address correspondence to: David J. Puccio, BS, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop Street, Suite B-400, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Hansen Deng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shawn R. Eagle
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David O. Okonkwo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Enyinna L. Nwachuku
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived astrocytes from patients with schizophrenia exhibit an inflammatory phenotype that affects vascularization. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:871-882. [PMID: 36280751 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01830-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Molecular and functional abnormalities of astrocytes have been implicated in the etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia (SCZ). In this study, we examined the proteome, inflammatory responses, and secretome effects on vascularization of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived astrocytes from patients with SCZ. Proteomic analysis revealed alterations in proteins related to immune function and vascularization. Reduced expression of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 subunit was observed in these astrocytes, with no incremental secretion of cytokines after tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) stimulation. Among inflammatory cytokines, secretion of interleukin (IL)-8 was particularly elevated in SCZ-patient-derived-astrocyte-conditioned medium (ASCZCM). In a chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, ASCZCM reduced the diameter of newly grown vessels. This effect could be mimicked with exogenous addition of IL-8. Taken together, our results suggest that SCZ astrocytes are immunologically dysfunctional and may consequently affect vascularization through secreted factors.
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12
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Song C, Chen X, Ma J, Buhe H, Liu Y, Saiyin H, Ma L. Construction of a pancreatic cancer nerve invasion system using brain and pancreatic cancer organoids. J Tissue Eng 2023; 14:20417314221147113. [PMID: 36636100 PMCID: PMC9829995 DOI: 10.1177/20417314221147113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a fatal malignancy in the human abdominal cavity that prefers to invade the surrounding nerve/nerve plexus and even the spine, causing devastating and unbearable pain. The limitation of available in vitro models restricts revealing the molecular mechanism of pain and screening pain-relieving strategies to improve the quality of life of end-stage PC patients. Here, we report a PC nerve invasion model that merged human brain organoids (hBrO) with mouse PC organoids (mPCO). After merging hBrOs with mPCOs, we monitored the structural crosstalk, growth patterns, and mutual interaction dynamics of hBrO with mPCOs for 7 days. After 7 days, we also analyzed the pathophysiological statuses, including proliferation, apoptosis and inflammation. The results showed that mPCOs tend to approximate and intrude into the hBrOs, merge entirely into the hBrOs, and induce the retraction/shrinking of neuronal projections that protrude from the margin of the hBrOs. The approximating of mPCOs to hBrOs accelerated the proliferation of neuronal progenitor cells, intensified the apoptosis of neurons in the hBrOs, and increased the expression of inflammatory molecules in hBrOs, including NLRP3, IL-8, and IL-1β. Our system pathophysiologically replicated the nerve invasions in mouse GEMM (genetically engineered mouse model) primary and human PCs and might have the potential to be applied to reveal the molecular mechanism of nerve invasion and screen therapeutic strategies in PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Histology &
Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology &
Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Jixin Ma
- Department of Anatomy, Histology &
Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Hada Buhe
- The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical
University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology &
Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Hexige Saiyin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic
Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic
of China,Hexige Saiyin, State Key Laboratory of
Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road,
Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China.
| | - Lixiang Ma
- Department of Anatomy, Histology &
Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s
Republic of China
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13
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Verma S, Perry K, Razdan R, Howell JC, Dawson AL, Hu WT. CSF IL-8 Associated with Response to Gene Therapy in a Case Series of Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:245-253. [PMID: 36289175 PMCID: PMC9607706 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01305-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapies have greatly changed the outlook in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), and this disorder provides a rare opportunity to study longitudinal biomarker changes correlated with reduced disease burden and improved clinical outcomes. Recent work suggests clinical response to correlate with declining cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of the neurodegenerative marker neurofilament light chain (NfL) in children receiving serial anti-sense oligonucleotide therapy. However, change in CSF NfL levels is no longer a practical biomarker as more children undergo single-dose gene replacement therapy. Here we leverage serial CSF samples (median of 4 per child) collected in 13 children with SMA undergoing anti-sense oligonucleotide therapy to characterize the longitudinal profiles of NfL as well as inflammatory and neuronal proteins. In contrast to neurodegeneration in adults, we found NfL levels to first decrease following initiation of treatment but then increase upon further treatment and improved motor functions. We then examined additional CSF inflammatory and neuronal markers for linear association with motor function during SMA treatment. We identified longitudinal IL-8 levels to inversely correlate with motor functions determined by clinical examination (F(1, 47) = 12.903, p = 0.001) or electromyography in the abductor pollicis brevis muscle (p = 0.064). In keeping with this, lower baseline IL-8 levels were associated with better longitudinal outcomes, even though this difference diminished over 2 years in the younger group. We thus propose CSF IL-8 as a biomarker for baseline function and short-term treatment response in SMA, and a candidate biomarker for future treatment trials in other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Verma
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30324, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30324, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30324, USA
| | - Kelsey Perry
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30324, USA
| | - Raj Razdan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30324, USA
| | - J Christina Howell
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30324, USA
| | - Alice L Dawson
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30324, USA
- Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Rutgers Institute for Health, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
- Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, Suite 6200, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - William T Hu
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30324, USA.
- Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Rutgers Institute for Health, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
- Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, Suite 6200, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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14
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Pandey V, Shukla D, Nirmal S, Devi BI, Christopher R. Biomarkers in Traumatic Brain Injuries: Narrative Review. INDIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a multistep interaction of brain antigens, cytokine-mediated humeral, and cellular immune reactions. Because of the limitations of clinical and radiological evaluation in TBI, there has been a considerable advancement toward the need for developing biomarkers that can predict the severity of TBI. Blood-based brain biomarkers hold the potential to predict the absence of intracranial injury and thus decrease unnecessary brain computed tomographic scanning. Various biomarkers have been studied that detects neuronal, axonal, and blood–brain barrier integrity. Biomarkers are still under investigation and hold promise in the future evaluation of TBI patients. They can be used for grading as well as a prognostication of head injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishram Pandey
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, NIMHANS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhaval Shukla
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, NIMHANS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shubham Nirmal
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, NIMHANS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Bhagavatula Indira Devi
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, NIMHANS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rita Christopher
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, NIMHANS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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15
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Cytokine Profiles Differentiate Symptomatic from Asymptomatic PTSD in Service Members and Veterans with Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123289. [PMID: 36552045 PMCID: PMC9775258 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are commonly observed comorbid occurrences among military service members and veterans (SMVs). In this cross-sectional study, SMVs with a history of TBI were stratified into symptomatic and asymptomatic PTSD groups based on posttraumatic stress checklist-civilian (PCL-C) total scores. Blood-based biomarkers were assessed, and significant differential markers were associated with scores from multiple neurobehavioral self-report assessments. PCL-C cutoffs were total scores >50 (PTSD symptomatic) and <25 (asymptomatic). Cytokines IL6, IL8, TNFα, and IL10 were significantly elevated (p < 0.05−0.001) in the TBI+/PTSD symptomatic group compared to the TBI+/asymptomatic group. Cytokine levels of IL8, TNFα, and IL10 were strongly associated with PCL-C scores (0.356 < r > 0.624 for all, p < 0.01 for all), while TNFα and IL10 were additionally associated with NSI totals (r = 0.285 and r = 0.270, p < 0.05, respectively). This is the first study focused on PTSD symptom severity to report levels of circulating pro-inflammatory IL8, specifically in SMVs with TBI. These data suggest that within the military TBI population, there are unique cytokine profiles that relate to neurobehavioral outcomes associated with TBI and PTSD.
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16
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Hany L, Turmel M, Barat C, Ouellet M, Tremblay MJ. Impact of latency-reversing agents on human macrophage physiology. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 11:e590. [PMID: 36480653 PMCID: PMC9753817 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV-1 eradication is hindered by the presence of inducible long-lived reservoirs of latently infected cells which rapidly disseminate viral particles upon treatment interruption. Eliminating these reservoirs by the so-called shock and kill strategy represents a crucial concept toward an HIV-1 cure. Several molecules called latency-reversing agents (LRAs) are under intensive investigations to reactivate virus gene expression. These studies are mainly conducted on CD4+ T cells where LRAs are well tolerated and did not induce global cellular activation. However, despite their broad spectrum, the putative impact of LRAs on other cellular reservoirs such as macrophages is still ill-defined. METHODS We investigated the impact of the protein kinase C (PKC) activator bryostatin-1, bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 and histone deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin used either alone or in combination on human primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). RESULTS We demonstrate that bryostatin-1, JQ1, and romidepsin or their combinations are not toxic at nanomolar concentrations but induce metabolic and morphologic alterations of MDMs. Bryostatin-1 triggered the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while JQ-1 decreased it. Phagocytosis and endocytosis were modestly impaired upon bryostatin-1 treatment whereas efferocytosis was markedly downregulated by romidepsin. Despite its pro-inflammatory profile, bryostatin-1 did not induce classically activated macrophage markers. Finally, we reveal that conditioned medium from bryostatin-1-treated macrophages did not potentiate its reactivation feature. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that LRAs can diversely impact basic physiologic features of human primary macrophages and could potentially decrease reactivation of nearby CD4+ T cells latently infected with HIV-1. Our observations further stress the need to include different cell populations when assessing HIV-1 cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Hany
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec‐Université LavalQuébecCanada
| | - Marc‐Olivier Turmel
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec‐Université LavalQuébecCanada
| | - Corinne Barat
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec‐Université LavalQuébecCanada
| | - Michel Ouellet
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec‐Université LavalQuébecCanada
| | - Michel J. Tremblay
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec‐Université LavalQuébecCanada,Département de Microbiologie‐Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de médecineUniversité LavalQuébecCanada
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17
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Shultz SR, Shah AD, Huang C, Dill LK, Schittenhelm RB, Morganti-Kossmann MC, Semple BD. Temporal proteomics of human cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:291. [PMID: 36482407 PMCID: PMC9730674 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02654-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI) requires further characterization to fully elucidate changes in molecular pathways. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) provides a rich repository of brain-associated proteins. In this retrospective observational study, we implemented high-resolution mass spectrometry to evaluate changes to the CSF proteome after severe TBI. 91 CSF samples were analyzed with mass spectrometry, collected from 16 patients with severe TBI (mean 32 yrs; 81% male) on day 0, 1, 2, 4, 7 and/or 10 post-injury (8-16 samples/timepoint) and compared to CSF obtained from 11 non-injured controls. We quantified 1152 proteins with mass spectrometry, of which approximately 80% were associated with CSF. 1083 proteins were differentially regulated after TBI compared to control samples. The most highly-upregulated proteins at each timepoint included neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase, cathepsin G, matrix metalloproteinase-8, and S100 calcium-binding proteins A8, A9 and A12-all proteins involved in neutrophil activation, recruitment, and degranulation. Pathway enrichment analysis confirmed the robust upregulation of proteins associated with innate immune responses. Conversely, downregulated pathways included those involved in nervous system development, and several proteins not previously identified after TBI such as testican-1 and latrophilin-1. We also identified 7 proteins (GM2A, Calsyntenin 1, FAT2, GANAB, Lumican, NPTX1, SFRP2) positively associated with an unfavorable outcome at 6 months post-injury. Together, these findings highlight the robust innate immune response that occurs after severe TBI, supporting future studies to target neutrophil-related processes. In addition, the novel proteins we identified to be differentially regulated by severe TBI warrant further investigation as potential biomarkers of brain damage or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy R. Shultz
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,grid.267362.40000 0004 0432 5259Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia ,grid.267756.70000 0001 2183 6550Health and Human Services, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, Canada
| | - Anup D. Shah
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Cheng Huang
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Larissa K. Dill
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,grid.267362.40000 0004 0432 5259Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC Australia ,grid.482226.80000 0004 0437 5686The Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Ralf B. Schittenhelm
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - M. Cristina Morganti-Kossmann
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, VIC Australia ,grid.427785.b0000 0001 0664 3531Department of Child Health, Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ USA ,grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - Bridgette D. Semple
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,grid.267362.40000 0004 0432 5259Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
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18
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Etter MM, Martins TA, Kulsvehagen L, Pössnecker E, Duchemin W, Hogan S, Sanabria-Diaz G, Müller J, Chiappini A, Rychen J, Eberhard N, Guzman R, Mariani L, Melie-Garcia L, Keller E, Jelcic I, Pargger H, Siegemund M, Kuhle J, Oechtering J, Eich C, Tzankov A, Matter MS, Uzun S, Yaldizli Ö, Lieb JM, Psychogios MN, Leuzinger K, Hirsch HH, Granziera C, Pröbstel AK, Hutter G. Severe Neuro-COVID is associated with peripheral immune signatures, autoimmunity and neurodegeneration: a prospective cross-sectional study. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6777. [DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractGrowing evidence links COVID-19 with acute and long-term neurological dysfunction. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms resulting in central nervous system involvement remain unclear, posing both diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Here we show outcomes of a cross-sectional clinical study (NCT04472013) including clinical and imaging data and corresponding multidimensional characterization of immune mediators in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of patients belonging to different Neuro-COVID severity classes. The most prominent signs of severe Neuro-COVID are blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment, elevated microglia activation markers and a polyclonal B cell response targeting self-antigens and non-self-antigens. COVID-19 patients show decreased regional brain volumes associating with specific CSF parameters, however, COVID-19 patients characterized by plasma cytokine storm are presenting with a non-inflammatory CSF profile. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome strongly associates with a distinctive set of CSF and plasma mediators. Collectively, we identify several potentially actionable targets to prevent or intervene with the neurological consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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19
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Soares JZ, Valeur J, Šaltytė Benth J, Knapskog AB, Selbæk G, Bogdanovic N, Pettersen R. Associations Between Intrathecal Levels of Vitamin D, Cytokines, and Core Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 89:825-834. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Several studies have examined association between vitamin D levels in serum and cognition, but little is known of vitamin D levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and association with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Objective: In this cross-sectional, explorative study we investigated possible associations of vitamin D in CSF with biomarkers for AD, amyloid-β, tau protein/phosphorylated tau protein in CSF, and with the cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in CSF in patients with cognitive impairment and cognitively healthy controls. Methods: We included 100 outpatients ≥65 years referred for assessment of cognitive impairment and 76 age- and sex-matched cognitively healthy controls. Levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), amyloid-β, tau protein and phosphorylated tau protein, as well as IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, were analyzed in CSF in both groups. Results: Higher levels of 25(OH)D in CSF in all groups together were associated with lower levels of tau protein (p = 0.01) and phosphorylated tau protein (p = 0.005). We found no association between 25(OH)D levels in CSF and pathological levels of amyloid-β in CSF nor levels of IL-6 or TNF-α in CSF. Higher levels of 25(OH)D in CSF were associated with higher levels of IL-8 in CSF (p = 0.002). However, vitamin D explained only 6% of variance in IL-8. There was no significant difference between the patient groups and the control group regarding the association between 25(OH)D in CSF and any of the three cytokines in CSF. Conclusion: Participants with higher CSF levels of 25(OH)D exhibited reduced CSF levels of tau protein and phosphorylated tau protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Zugic Soares
- Medical Department, Section of Geriatrics, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Valeur
- Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jūratė Šaltytė Benth
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Health Services Research Unit, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | | | - Geir Selbæk
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Nenad Bogdanovic
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department for Neurobiology, Caring Science and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Renate Pettersen
- Medical Department, Section of Geriatrics, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Cytokine changes in cerebrospinal fluid following vascular surgery on the thoracic aorta. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12839. [PMID: 35896592 PMCID: PMC9329310 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16882-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that surgery can drive an inflammatory response in the brain. However, the mechanisms behind this response are incompletely understood. Here, we investigate the hypotheses that 1. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokines increase after vascular surgery and 2. That these changes in CSF cytokines are interrelated. Patients undergoing either open or endovascular elective surgery of the thoracic aorta were invited to participate in this study. Cerebrospinal fluid samples were taken before surgery and on the first post-operative day. These were analysed for the presence of ten cytokines by immunoassay to examine for post-operative changes in cytokine levels. After surgery, there were significant increases in six out of the ten measured CSF cytokines (IL-1β, 2, 6, 8, 10 and 13). This included changes in both putative pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, 6 and 8) and putative anti-inflammatory (IL-2, 10 and 13) cytokines. The greatest increases occurred in IL-6 and IL-8, which showed a 63-fold and a 31-fold increase respectively. There was strong intercorrelation between CSF cytokines after the operation. Following surgery on the thoracic aorta, there was a marked increase in CSF cytokines, consistent with a potential role in neuroinflammation. The ten measured cytokines showed intercorrelation after the operation, indicating that a balance between multiple pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines may be present.
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Saberian S, Mustroph CM, Atif F, Stein D, Yousuf S. Traumatic Brain Injury as a Potential Risk Factor for Diabetes Mellitus in the Veteran Population. Cureus 2022; 14:e27296. [PMID: 36043003 PMCID: PMC9407677 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This review examines various aspects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and its potential role as a causative agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the veteran population. The pituitary glands and the hypothalamus, both housed in the intracranial space, are the most important structures for the homeostatic regulation of almost every hormone in the human body. As such, TBI not only causes psychological and cognitive impairments but can also disrupt the endocrine system. It is well established that in addition to having a high prevalence of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), veterans have a very high risk of developing various chronic medical conditions. Unfortunately, there are no measures or prophylactic agents that can have a meaningful impact on this medically complex patient population. In this review, we explore several important factors pertaining to both acute and chronic TBI that can provide additional insight into why veterans tend to develop T2DM later in life. We focus on the unique combination of risk factors in this population not typically found in civilians or other individuals with a non-military background. These include post-traumatic stress disorder, CTE, and environmental factors relating to occupation and lifestyle.
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22
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Lui A, Kumar KK, Grant GA. Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Pediatric Patients. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:910972. [PMID: 35812167 PMCID: PMC9263560 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.910972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimal management of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the pediatric population has not been well studied. There are a limited number of research articles studying the management of TBI in children. Given the prevalence of severe TBI in the pediatric population, it is crucial to develop a reference TBI management plan for this vulnerable population. In this review, we seek to delineate the differences between severe TBI management in adults and children. Additionally, we also discuss the known molecular pathogenesis of TBI. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of TBI will inform clinical management and development of therapeutics. Finally, we propose a clinical algorithm for the management and treatment of severe TBI in children using published data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Lui
- Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA, United States
| | - Kevin K. Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Gerald A. Grant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Gerald A. Grant,
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23
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Li Y, Chen W, Deng H, Li T, Liu Z, Liu X, Zhang Z, Chen X, Sheng J, Li K. TGF-β1 Protects Trauma-injured Murine Cortical Neurons by Upregulating L-type Calcium Channel Ca v1.2 via the p38 Pathway. Neuroscience 2022; 492:47-57. [PMID: 35460836 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability and death in adolescents, and there is a lack of effective methods of treatment. The neuroprotective effects exerted by TGF-β1 can ameliorate a range of neuronal lesions in multiple central nervous system diseases. In this study, we used an in-vitro TBI model of mechanical injury on murine primary cortical neurons and the neuro-2a cell line to investigate the neuroprotective role played by TGF-β1 in cortical neurons in TBI. Our results showed that TGF-β1 significantly increased neuronal viability and inhibited apoptosis for 24 h after trauma. The expression of Cav1.2, an L-type calcium channel (LTCC) isoform, decreased significantly after trauma injury, and this change was reversed by TGF-β1. Nimodipine, a classic LTCC blocker, abolished the protective effect of TGF-β1 on trauma-induced neuronal apoptosis. The knockdown of Cav1.2 in differentiated neuro-2a cells significantly inhibited the anti-apoptosis effect of TGF-β1 exerted on injured neuro-2a cells. Moreover, TGF-β1 rescued and enhanced the trauma-suppressed neuro-2a intracellular Ca2+ concentration, while the effect of TGF-β1 was partially inhibited by nimodipine. TGF-β1 significantly upregulated the expression of Cav1.2 by activating the p38 MAPK pathway and by inhibiting trauma-induced neuronal apoptosis. In conclusion, TGF-β1 increased trauma-injured murine cortical neuronal activity and inhibited apoptosis by upregulating Cav1.2 channels via activating the p38 MAPK pathway. Therefore, the TGF-β1/p38 MAPK/Cav 1.2 pathway has the potential to be used as a novel therapeutic target for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huixiong Deng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhenning Liu
- Department of Laboratory, Guangzhou Chest Hospital, China
| | - Xueer Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zelin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jiangtao Sheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Kangsheng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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Johnson NH, Hadad R, Taylor RR, Rodríguez Pilar J, Salazar O, Llompart-Pou JA, Dietrich WD, Keane RW, Pérez-Bárcena J, de Rivero Vaccari JP. Inflammatory Biomarkers of Traumatic Brain Injury. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060660. [PMID: 35745576 PMCID: PMC9227014 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has a complex pathology in which the initial injury releases damage associated proteins that exacerbate the neuroinflammatory response during the chronic secondary injury period. One of the major pathological players in the inflammatory response after TBI is the inflammasome. Increased levels of inflammasome proteins during the acute phase after TBI are associated with worse functional outcomes. Previous studies reveal that the level of inflammasome proteins in biological fluids may be used as promising new biomarkers for the determination of TBI functional outcomes. In this study, we provide further evidence that inflammatory cytokines and inflammasome proteins in serum may be used to determine injury severity and predict pathological outcomes. In this study, we analyzed blood serum from TBI patients and respective controls utilizing Simple Plex inflammasome and V-PLEX inflammatory cytokine assays. We performed statistical analyses to determine which proteins were significantly elevated in TBI individuals. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) were determined to obtain the area under the curve (AUC) to establish the potential fit as a biomarker. Potential biomarkers were then compared to documented patient Glasgow coma scale scores via a correlation matrix and a multivariate linear regression to determine how respective biomarkers are related to the injury severity and pathological outcome. Inflammasome proteins and inflammatory cytokines were elevated after TBI, and the apoptosis-associated speck like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), interleukin (IL)-18, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-4 and IL-6 were the most reliable biomarkers. Additionally, levels of these proteins were correlated with known clinical indicators of pathological outcome, such as the Glasgow coma scale (GCS). Our results show that inflammatory cytokines and inflammasome proteins are promising biomarkers for determining pathological outcomes after TBI. Additionally, levels of biomarkers could potentially be utilized to determine a patient’s injury severity and subsequent pathological outcome. These findings show that inflammation-associated proteins in the blood are reliable biomarkers of injury severity that can also be used to assess the functional outcomes of TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan H. Johnson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (N.H.J.); (R.H.); (R.W.K.)
| | - Roey Hadad
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (N.H.J.); (R.H.); (R.W.K.)
| | - Ruby Rose Taylor
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.R.T.); (W.D.D.)
| | - Javier Rodríguez Pilar
- Intensive Care Department, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (J.R.P.); (O.S.); (J.A.L.-P.); (J.P.-B.)
| | - Osman Salazar
- Intensive Care Department, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (J.R.P.); (O.S.); (J.A.L.-P.); (J.P.-B.)
| | - Juan Antonio Llompart-Pou
- Intensive Care Department, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (J.R.P.); (O.S.); (J.A.L.-P.); (J.P.-B.)
| | - W. Dalton Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.R.T.); (W.D.D.)
| | - Robert W. Keane
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (N.H.J.); (R.H.); (R.W.K.)
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.R.T.); (W.D.D.)
| | - Jon Pérez-Bárcena
- Intensive Care Department, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (J.R.P.); (O.S.); (J.A.L.-P.); (J.P.-B.)
| | - Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.R.T.); (W.D.D.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Ye F, Lyu FJ, Wang H, Zheng Z. The involvement of immune system in intervertebral disc herniation and degeneration. JOR Spine 2022; 5:e1196. [PMID: 35386754 PMCID: PMC8966871 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) herniation and degeneration contributes significantly to low back pain (LBP), of which the molecular pathogenesis is not fully understood. Disc herniation may cause LBP and radicular pain, but not all LBP patients have disc herniation. Degenerated discs could be the source of pain, but not all degenerated discs are symptomatic. We previously found that disc degeneration and herniation accompanied by inflammation. We further found that anti‐inflammatory molecules blocked immune responses, alleviated IVD degeneration and pain. Based on our recent findings and the work of others, we hypothesize that immune system may play a prominent role in the production of disc herniation or disc degeneration associated pain. While the nucleus pulposus (NP) is an immune‐privileged organ, the damage of the physical barrier between NP and systemic circulation, or the innervation and vascularization of the degenerated NP, on one hand exposes NP as a foreign antigen to immune system, and on the other hand presents compression on the nerve root or dorsal root ganglion (DRG), which both elicit immune responses induced by immune cells and their mediators. The inflammation can remain for a long time at remote distance, with various types of cytokines and immune cells involved in this pain‐inducing process. In this review, we aim to revisit the autoimmunity of the NP, immune cell infiltration after break of physical barrier, the inflammatory activities in the DRG and the generation of pain. We also summarize the involvement of immune system, including immune cells and cytokines, in degenerated or herniated IVDs and affected DRG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubiao Ye
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Fujian Provincial Hospital Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou Fujian China
| | - Feng-Juan Lyu
- Joint Center for Regenerative Medicine Research of South China University of Technology and The University of Western Australia, School of Medicine South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Zhaomin Zheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China.,Pain Research Center Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
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26
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Parthasarathy G, Gadila SKG. Neuropathogenicity of non-viable Borrelia burgdorferi ex vivo. Sci Rep 2022; 12:688. [PMID: 35027599 PMCID: PMC8758786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03837-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Even after appropriate treatment, a proportion of Lyme disease patients suffer from a constellation of symptoms, collectively called Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS). Brain PET scan of patients with PTLDS have demonstrated likely glial activation indicating persistent neuroinflammatory processes. It is possible that unresolved bacterial remnants can continue to cause neuroinflammation. In previous studies, we have shown that non-viable Borrelia burgdorferi can induce neuroinflammation and apoptosis in an oligodendrocyte cell line. In this follow-up study, we analyze the effect of sonicated remnants of B. burgdorferi on primary rhesus frontal cortex (FC) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) explants. Five FC and three DRG tissue fragments from rhesus macaques were exposed to sonicated B. burgdorferi and analyzed for 26 inflammatory mediators. Live bacteria and medium alone served as positive and negative control, respectively. Tissues were also analyzed for cell types mediating inflammation and overall apoptotic changes. Non-viable B. burgdorferi induced significant levels of several inflammatory mediators in both FC and DRG, similar to live bacteria. However, the levels induced by non-viable B. burgdorferi was often (several fold) higher than those induced by live ones, especially for IL-6, CXCL8 and CCL2. This effect was also more profound in the FC than in the DRG. Although the levels often differed, both live and dead fragments induced the same mediators, with significant overlap between FC and DRG. In the FC, immunohistochemical staining for several inflammatory mediators showed the presence of multiple mediators in astrocytes, followed by microglia and oligodendrocytes, in response to bacterial remnants. Staining was also seen in endothelial cells. In the DRG, chemokine/cytokine staining was predominantly seen in S100 positive (glial) cells. B. burgdorferi remnants also induced significant levels of apoptosis in both the FC and DRG. Apoptosis was confined to S100 + cells in the DRG while distinct neuronal apoptosis was also detected in most FC tissues in response to sonicated bacteria. Non-viable B. burgdorferi can continue to be neuropathogenic to both CNS and PNS tissues with effects likely more profound in the former. Persistence of remnant-induced neuroinflammatory processes can lead to long term health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Parthasarathy
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703, Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA. .,Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703, Three rivers Road, Room 109, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.
| | - Shiva Kumar Goud Gadila
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703, Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
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27
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Kira JI. Anti-Neurofascin 155 Antibody-Positive Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy/Combined Central and Peripheral Demyelination: Strategies for Diagnosis and Treatment Based on the Disease Mechanism. Front Neurol 2021; 12:665136. [PMID: 34177770 PMCID: PMC8222570 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.665136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). A small number of CIDP patients harbors autoantibodies against nodal/paranodal proteins, such as neurofascin 155 (NF155), contactin 1, and contactin-associated protein 1. In most cases, the predominant immunoglobulin (IgG) subclass is IgG4. Node/paranode antibody-positive CIDP demonstrates distinct features compared with antibody-negative CIDP, including a poor response to intravenous immunoglobulin. The neuropathology of biopsied sural nerve shows Schwann cell terminal loop detachment from axons without macrophage infiltration or inflammation. This is partly attributable to IgG4, which blocks protein-protein interactions without inducing inflammation. Anti-NF155 antibody-positive (NF155+) CIDP is unique because of the high frequency of subclinical demyelinating lesions in the central nervous system (CNS). This is probably because NF155 coexists in the PNS and CNS. Such cases showing demyelinating lesions in both the CNS and PNS are now termed combined central and peripheral demyelination (CCPD). NF155+ CIDP/CCPD commonly presents hypertrophy of spinal nerve roots and cranial nerves, such as trigeminal and oculomotor nerves, and extremely high levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein, which indicates nerve root inflammation. In the CSF, the CXCL8/IL8, IL13, TNFα, CCL11/eotaxin, CCL2/MCP1, and IFNγ levels are significantly higher and the IL1β, IL1ra, and GCSF levels are significantly lower in NF155+ CIDP than in non-inflammatory neurological diseases. Even compared with anti-NF155 antibody-negative (NF155-) CIDP, the CXCL8/IL8 and IL13 levels are significantly higher and the IL1β and IL1ra levels are significantly lower than those in NF155+ CIDP. Canonical discriminant analysis revealed NF155+ and NF155- CIDP to be separable with IL4, IL10, and IL13, the three most significant discriminators, all of which are required for IgG4 class switching. Therefore, upregulation of both Th2 and Th1 cytokines and downregulation of macrophage-related cytokines are characteristic of NF155+ CIDP, which explains spinal root inflammation and the lack of macrophage infiltration in the sural nerves. All Japanese patients with NF155+ CIDP/CCPD have one of two specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes, which results in a significantly higher prevalence of HLA-DRB1 * 15:01-DQB1 * 06:02 compared with healthy Japanese controls. This indicates an involvement of specific HLA class II molecules and relevant T cells in addition to IgG4 anti-NF155 antibodies in the mechanism underlying IgG4 NF155+ CIDP/CCPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Kira
- Translational Neuroscience Center, Graduate School of Medicine, and School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Brain and Nerve Center, Fukuoka Central Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan
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28
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Aksnes M, Aass HCD, Tiiman A, Edwin TH, Terenius L, Bogdanović N, Vukojević V, Knapskog AB. Associations of cerebrospinal fluid amyloidogenic nanoplaques with cytokines in Alzheimer's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:18. [PMID: 34099032 PMCID: PMC8186140 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-021-00244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ) is central in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently it has been shown that specifically, larger, Thioflavin T-binding Aβ aggregates are associated with increased neuroinflammation and cytokine release. This study was aimed to quantify fibrillary amyloid aggregates, so-called nanoplaques, and investigate their relationship with cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). METHODS CSF was collected from 111 patients assessed for cognitive complaints at the Oslo University Hospital Memory Clinic. The patients were grouped based on their amyloid status. The CSF nanoplaque concentration was quantified with the Thioflavin T-fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (ThT-FCS) assay. The levels of nine cytokines (eotaxin-1, granulocyte stimulating factor, interleukin [IL]-6, IL-7, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, gamma-induced protein 10, macrophage inflammatory protein [MIP]-1α, and MIP-1β) were quantified with a magnetic bead-based multiplex assay and read on a Luminex IS 200 instrument. RESULTS There were 49 amyloid-negative and 62 amyloid-positive patients in the cohort; none of the cytokines differed significantly between the amyloid groups. The increased nanoplaque levels were associated with levels of MIP-1β below the lower limit of quantification, and with decreased levels of MIP-1α and IL-8. The associations remained significant when adjusted for age, sex, cognitive function, apolipoprotein ε4 status and CSF core biomarker levels. CONCLUSION The cytokine levels were not associated with amyloid status in this cohort. The nanoplaque levels were negatively associated with MIP-1β, MIP-1α and IL-8, which is in line with recent findings suggesting that the upregulation of some cytokine markers has a protective role and is negatively associated with AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Aksnes
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Ann Tiiman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (CNS), Center for Molecular Medicine CMM L8:01, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Trine Holt Edwin
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Memory Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Lars Terenius
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (CNS), Center for Molecular Medicine CMM L8:01, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nenad Bogdanović
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society (NVS), Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Vladana Vukojević
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (CNS), Center for Molecular Medicine CMM L8:01, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne-Brita Knapskog
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Memory Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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29
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Runge K, Fiebich BL, Kuzior H, Saliba SW, Yousif NM, Meixensberger S, Nickel K, Denzel D, Schiele MA, Maier SJ, Berger B, Dersch R, Domschke K, Tebartz van Elst L, Endres D. An observational study investigating cytokine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophr Res 2021; 231:205-213. [PMID: 33887648 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of immunological mechanisms in the pathophysiology of mental disorders has been discussed with increasing frequency. In this context, especially schizophrenia has become the focus of attention after the discovery of autoimmune encephalitis, which might present with psychotic symptoms. Furthermore, multiple studies have identified associations between infections or autoimmune diseases and schizophreniform disorders. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis plays a central role in identifying potential inflammatory processes in the central nervous system. Therefore, the rationale of this retrospective study was the analysis of different cytokines, including interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels, in the CSF of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. METHODS The authors examined the CSF of 40 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, in comparison to the CSF of a mentally healthy control group of 39 patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Magnetic bead multiplexing immunoassay was used to retrospectively determine different cytokines in the participants' CSF. RESULTS Participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorders had significantly higher IL-8 levels in their CSF than controls (mean ± SD: 41.83 ± 17.50 pg/ml versus 21.40 ± 7.96 pg/ml; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The main finding of this study is the presence of significantly higher IL-8 concentrations in the CSF of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders when compared to the control group. This supports the hypothesis that immunological processes may be involved in the pathophysiology of a subgroup of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. However, the study's results are limited by the retrospective design, methodological aspects, and the control group with IIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimon Runge
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Bernd L Fiebich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Kuzior
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Soraya W Saliba
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nizar M Yousif
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sophie Meixensberger
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Nickel
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Denzel
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Miriam A Schiele
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon J Maier
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Berger
- Clinic of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rick Dersch
- Clinic of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in Neuromodulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Endres
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
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Bouras T, Gatzonis SS, Georgakoulias N, Karatza M, Siatouni A, Stranjalis G, Boviatsis E, Vasileiou S, Sakas DE. Neuro-inflammatory Sequelae of Minimal Trauma in the Non-traumatized Human Brain: A Microdialysis Study. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1137-1150. [PMID: 22098490 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine measurement directly from the brain parenchyma by means of microdialysis has documented the activation of certain procedures in vivo, after brain trauma in humans. However, the intercalation of the micro-catheter insertion with the phenomena triggered by the head trauma renders the assessment of the findings problematic. The present study attempts to elucidate the pure effect of minimal trauma, represented by the insertion of the micro-catheter, on the non-traumatized human brain. Microdialysis catheters were implanted in 12 patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, and subjected to invasive electroencephalography with intracranial electrodes. Samples were collected during the first 5 days of monitoring. The dialysate was analyzed using bead flow cytometry, and the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured. The levels of IL-1 and IL-8 were found to be raised until 48 h post-implantation, and thereafter they reached a plateau of presumably baseline values. The temporal profile of the IL-6 variation was different, with the increase being much more prolonged, as its concentration had not returned to baseline levels at the fifth day post-insertion. TNF-α was found to be significantly raised only 2 h after implantation. IL-10 and IL-12 did not have any significant response to micro-trauma. These findings imply that the reaction of the neuro-inflammatory mechanisms of the brain exist even after minimal trauma, and is unexpectedly intense for IL-6. Questions may arise regarding the objectivity of findings attributed by some studies to inflammatory perturbation after head injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triantafyllos Bouras
- Department of Neurosurgery, Evaggelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Marilena Karatza
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Evaggelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Siatouni
- Department of Neurosurgery, Evaggelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Stranjalis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Evaggelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios Boviatsis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Evaggelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridoula Vasileiou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Evaggelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Damianos E Sakas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Evaggelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Traumatic brain injury in adolescence: A review of the neurobiological and behavioural underpinnings and outcomes. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2020.100943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Tang G, Chen P, Chen G, Zhong S, Gong J, Zhong H, Ye T, Chen F, Wang J, Luo Z, Qi Z, Jia Y, Wang Y, Huang L. Inflammation is correlated with abnormal functional connectivity in unmedicated bipolar depression: an independent component analysis study of resting-state fMRI. Psychol Med 2021; 52:1-11. [PMID: 33602352 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172100009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation might play a role in bipolar disorder (BD), but it remains unclear the relationship between inflammation and brain structural and functional abnormalities in patients with BD. In this study, we focused on the alterations of functional connectivity (FC), peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokines and their correlations to investigate the role of inflammation in FC in BD depression. METHODS In this study, 42 unmedicated patients with BD II depression and 62 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled. Resting-state-functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed in all participants and independent component analysis was used. Serum levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Interleukin-8 (IL-8) were measured in all participants. Correlation between FC values and IL-6 and IL-8 levels in BD was calculated. RESULTS Compared with the HCs, BD II patients showed decreased FC in the left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) implicating the limbic network and the right precentral gyrus implicating the somatomotor network. BD II showed increased IL-6 (p = 0.039), IL-8 (p = 0.002) levels. Moreover, abnormal FC in the right precentral gyrus were inversely correlated with the IL-8 (r = -0.458, p = 0.004) levels in BD II. No significant correlation was found between FC in the left OFC and cytokines levels. CONCLUSIONS Our findings that serum IL-8 levels are associated with impaired FC in the right precentral gyrus in BD II patients suggest that inflammation might play a crucial role in brain functional abnormalities in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixian Tang
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou510630, China
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou510630, China
| | - Pan Chen
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou510630, China
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou510630, China
| | - Guanmao Chen
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou510630, China
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou510630, China
| | - Shuming Zhong
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou510630, China
| | - JiaYing Gong
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou510630, China
- Department of Radiology, Six Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510655, China
| | - Hui Zhong
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou510630, China
| | - Tao Ye
- Clinical Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou510630, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou510630, China
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou510630, China
| | - Jurong Wang
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou510630, China
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou510630, China
| | - Zhenye Luo
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou510630, China
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou510630, China
| | - Zhangzhang Qi
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou510630, China
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou510630, China
| | - Yanbin Jia
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou510630, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou510630, China
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou510630, China
| | - Li Huang
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou510630, China
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou510630, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND How recurrent traumatic brain injury (rTBI) alters brain function years after insult is largely unknown. This study aims to characterize the mechanistic cause for long-term brain deterioration following rTBI using a rat model. METHODS Eighteen Sprague-Dawley wild-type rats underwent bilateral rTBI using a direct skull impact device or sham treatment, once per week for 5 weeks, and were euthanized 56 weeks after the first injury. Weekly rotarod performance measured motor deficits. Beam walk and grip strength were also assessed. Brain tissue were stained and volume was computed using Stereo Investigator's Cavalieri Estimator. The L5 cortical layer proximal to the injury site was microdissected and submitted for sequencing with count analyzed using R "DESeq2" and "GOStats." Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Rotarod data demonstrated permanent deficits 1 year after rTBI. Decreased beam walk performance and grip strength was noted among rTBI rodents. Recurrent traumatic brain injury led to thinner cortex and thinner corpus callosum, enlarged ventricles, and differential expression of 72 genes (25 upregulated, 47 downregulated) including dysregulation of those associated with TBI (BDNF, NR4A1/2/3, Arc, and Egr) and downregulation in pathways associated with neuroprotection and neuroplasticity. Over the course of the study, BDNF levels decreased in both rTBI and sham rodents, and at each time point, the decrease in BDNF was more pronounced after rTBI. CONCLUSION Recurrent traumatic brain injury causes significant long-term alteration in brain health leading to permanent motor deficits, cortical and corpus callosum thinning, and expansion of the lateral ventricles. Gene expression and BDNF analysis suggest a significant drop in pathways associated with neuroplasticity and neuroprotection. Although rTBI may not cause immediate neurological abnormalities, continued brain deterioration occurs after the initial trauma in part due to a decline in genes associated with neuroplasticity and neuroprotection.
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Robinson KF, Narasipura SD, Wallace J, Ritz EM, Al-Harthi L. Negative regulation of IL-8 in human astrocytes depends on β-catenin while positive regulation is mediated by TCFs/LEF/ATF2 interaction. Cytokine 2020; 136:155252. [PMID: 32818703 PMCID: PMC7554258 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Expression of cytokines/chemokines is tightly regulated at the transcription level. This is crucial in the central nervous system to maintain neuroimmune homeostasis. IL-8 a chemoattractant, which recruits neutrophils, T cells, and basophils into the brain in response to inflammation and/or injury is secreted predominantly by neurons, microglia, and astrocytes. Here, we investigated the mechanism by which astrocytes regulate IL-8 expression. We demonstrate that while β-catenin negatively regulated IL-8 transcription, its canonical transcriptional partners, members of the TCF/LEF transcription factors (TCF1, TCF3, TCF4 and LEF1) and Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) positively regulated IL-8 transcription. We further identified a putative TCF/LEF binding site at -175nt close to the minimal transcription region on the IL-8 promoter, mutation of which caused a significant reduction in IL-8 promoter activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated binding of TCF1, TCF4, LEF1 and ATF2 on the IL-8 promoter suggesting that TCFs/LEF partner with ATF2 to induce IL-8 transcription. These findings demonstrate a novel role for β-catenin in suppression of IL-8 expression and for TCFs/LEF/ATF2 in inducing IL-8. These findings reveal a unique mechanism by which astrocytes tightly regulate IL-8 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- KaReisha F Robinson
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical College, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Srinivas D Narasipura
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical College, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jennillee Wallace
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical College, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ethan M Ritz
- Rush Biostatistics Core, Rush University Medical College, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lena Al-Harthi
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical College, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Interleukin-8 dysregulation is implicated in brain dysmaturation following preterm birth. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 90:311-318. [PMID: 32920182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm birth is associated with dysconnectivity of structural brain networks, impaired cognition and psychiatric disease. Systemic inflammation contributes to cerebral dysconnectivity, but the immune mediators driving this association are poorly understood. We analysed information from placenta, umbilical cord and neonatal blood, and brain MRI to determine which immune mediators link perinatal systemic inflammation with dysconnectivity of structural brain networks. METHODS Participants were 102 preterm infants (mean gestational age 29+1 weeks, range 23+3-32+0). Placental histopathology identified reaction patterns indicative of histologic chorioamnionitis (HCA), and a customized immunoassay of 24 inflammation-associated proteins selected to reflect the neonatal innate and adaptive immune response was performed from umbilical cord (n = 55) and postnatal day 5 blood samples (n = 71). Brain MRI scans were acquired at term-equivalent age (41+0 weeks [range 38+0-44+4 weeks]) and alterations in white matter connectivity were inferred from mean diffusivity and neurite density index across the white matter skeleton. RESULTS HCA was associated with elevated concentrations of C5a, C9, CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 in cord blood, and IL-8 concentration predicted HCA with an area under the receiver operator curve of 0.917 (95% CI 0.841 - 0.993, p < 0.001). Fourteen analytes explained 66% of the variance in the postnatal profile (BDNF, C3, C5a, C9, CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, MCP-1, MIP-1β, MMP-9, RANTES and TNF-α). Of these, IL-8 was associated with altered neurite density index across the white matter skeleton after adjustment for gestational age at birth and at scan (β = 0.221, p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that IL-8 dysregulation has a role in linking perinatal systemic inflammation and atypical white matter development in preterm infants.
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Tylicka M, Matuszczak E, Hermanowicz A, Dębek W, Karpińska M, Kamińska J, Koper-Lenkiewicz OM. BDNF and IL-8, But Not UCHL-1 and IL-11, Are Markers of Brain Injury in Children Caused by Mild Head Trauma. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10100665. [PMID: 32987792 PMCID: PMC7598703 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10100665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to check whether the plasma levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-11 (IL-11) and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL-1) change in children with mild head trauma (N = 29) compared to controls (N = 13). Protein concentration in children with mild head trauma (12 children with mild concussion without loss of consciousness and 17 children with severe concussion and loss of consciousness) and the control group were measured by means of the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. IL-8 and BDNF concentration was statistically higher in the group of children with mild head trauma (9.89 pg/mL and 2798.00 pg/mL, respectively) compared to the control group (7.52 pg/mL and 1163.20 pg/mL, respectively). BDNF concentration was significantly higher in children with severe concussion and loss of consciousness (3826.00 pg/mL) than in the control group. None of the tested proteins differed significantly between children with mild concussion without loss of consciousness and children with severe concussion and loss of consciousness. BDNF and IL-8 may be sensitive markers of brain response to mild head trauma in children. The lack of statistical differences for BDNF and IL-8 between children with mild or severe concussion could indicate that their elevated levels may not result from significant structural brain damage but rather reflect a functional disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Tylicka
- Department of Biophysics, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2a, 15-089 Białystok, Poland;
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (O.M.K.-L.)
| | - Ewa Matuszczak
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Medical University of Białystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Białystok, Poland; (E.M.); (A.H.); (W.D.)
| | - Adam Hermanowicz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Medical University of Białystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Białystok, Poland; (E.M.); (A.H.); (W.D.)
| | - Wojciech Dębek
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Medical University of Białystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Białystok, Poland; (E.M.); (A.H.); (W.D.)
| | - Maria Karpińska
- Department of Biophysics, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2a, 15-089 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Joanna Kamińska
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Olga Martyna Koper-Lenkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Białystok, Poland;
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (O.M.K.-L.)
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Sara S, Mohammad K, Nader S, Maryam I, Marzieh S, Elham J, Neda S. Using the NGF/IL-6 ratio as a reliable criterion to show the beneficial effects of progesterone after experimental diffuse brain injury. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03844. [PMID: 32373743 PMCID: PMC7191606 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute progesterone injection has been shown to reduce brain edema following traumatic brain injury (TBI) due to its neuroprotective effect. We investigated the effects of sustained release of progesterone through implantation of subcutaneous capsules on rat's brain edema and alteration of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and serum ratio of NGF/IL-6 after TBI. This experiment was performed on ovariectomized (OVX) rats and the brain injury was induced by Marmarou's method. A high and a low dose of progesterone (HP and LP) was injected intraperitoneally two h after the brain injury. In addition, in the capsule progesterone-treated group (CP), the intervention was implemented 6 h after the brain injury. Brain edema, NGF and IL-6 biomarkers in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured 48 h after the TBI in injection groups and one week after the TBI in the CP group. No significant difference was found in the two groups or in the admonition methods. After TBI, the NGF level increased and IL-6 level decreased by injection of both doses, as well as by taking the capsule. Ratio of NGF/IL-6 in CSF increased significantly by all forms of progesterone administration. The increase in the level of NGF and IL-6 after TBI was higher in CSF than in serum. These results indicated that effects of progesterone in capsule form were better than the injection form. Progesterone probably works by increasing NGF and reducing IL-6. Future studies should investigate the ratio of these biomarkers as a variable to determine the neuroprotective effects of another drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirazpour Sara
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Khaksari Mohammad
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Shahrokhi Nader
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iranpour Maryam
- Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Pathology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Shahryari Marzieh
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Research Center, Medical Faculty, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Jafari Elham
- Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Pathology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Salmani Neda
- Department of Psychology, Genetic Institute, Islamic Azad University of Zarand, Keman, Iran
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Cho KH, Choi JI, Kim JO, Jung JE, Kim DW, Kim M. Therapeutic mechanism of cord blood mononuclear cells via the IL-8-mediated angiogenic pathway in neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4446. [PMID: 32157146 PMCID: PMC7064601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In a clinical trial of cerebral palsy, the level of plasma interleukin-8 (IL-8) was increased, correlated with motor improvement, after human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cell (hUCBC) infusion. This study aimed to elucidate the role of IL-8 in the therapeutic effects of hUCBCs in a mouse model of hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury (HI). In P7 HI mouse brains, hUCBC administration at day 7 after HI upregulated the gene expression of Cxcl2, the mouse IL-8 homologue and increased the expression of its receptor, CXCR2. hUCBC administration restored the sequential downstream signalling axis of p-p38/p-MAPKAPK2, NFκB, and angiogenic factors, which were downregulated by HI. An in vitro assay revealed the downregulation of the angiogenic pathway by CXCR2 knockdown and p38 inhibition. In vivo p38 inhibition prior to hUCBC administration in HI mouse brains produced identical results. Behavioural outcomes revealed a therapeutic effect (ps < 0.01) of hUCBC or IL-8 administration, which was correlated with decreases in infarct size and angiogenic findings in the striatum. In conclusion, the response of the host to hUCBC administration in mice upregulated Cxcl2, which led to the activation of the IL-8-mediated p-p38 signalling pathway. The upregulation of the downstream pathway and angiogenic growth factors via NFκB can be inferred to be the potential therapeutic mechanism of hUCBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kye Hee Cho
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA Gumi Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, Gumi, Gyeongsangbukdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee In Choi
- Rehabilitation and Regeneration Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ock Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Eun Jung
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - MinYoung Kim
- Rehabilitation and Regeneration Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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Ng SY, Lee AYW. Traumatic Brain Injuries: Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:528. [PMID: 31827423 PMCID: PMC6890857 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality amongst civilians and military personnel globally. Despite advances in our knowledge of the complex pathophysiology of TBI, the underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated. While initial brain insult involves acute and irreversible primary damage to the parenchyma, the ensuing secondary brain injuries often progress slowly over months to years, hence providing a window for therapeutic interventions. To date, hallmark events during delayed secondary CNS damage include Wallerian degeneration of axons, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death of neurons and glia. Extensive research has been directed to the identification of druggable targets associated with these processes. Furthermore, tremendous effort has been put forth to improve the bioavailability of therapeutics to CNS by devising strategies for efficient, specific and controlled delivery of bioactive agents to cellular targets. Here, we give an overview of the pathophysiology of TBI and the underlying molecular mechanisms, followed by an update on novel therapeutic targets and agents. Recent development of various approaches of drug delivery to the CNS is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Yun Ng
- Neurobiology/Ageing Program, Centre for Life Sciences, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alan Yiu Wah Lee
- Neurobiology/Ageing Program, Centre for Life Sciences, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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Ogata H, Zhang X, Yamasaki R, Fujii T, Machida A, Morimoto N, Kaida K, Masuda T, Ando Y, Kuwahara M, Kusunoki S, Nakamura Y, Matsushita T, Isobe N, Kira JI. Intrathecal cytokine profile in neuropathy with anti-neurofascin 155 antibody. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:2304-2316. [PMID: 31657126 PMCID: PMC6856599 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.50931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To characterize the CSF cytokine profile in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) patients with IgG4 anti‐neurofascin 155 (NF155) antibodies (NF155+ CIDP) or those lacking anti‐NF155 antibodies (NF155− CIDP). Methods Twenty‐eight CSF cytokines/chemokines/growth factors were measured by multiplexed fluorescent immunoassay in 35 patients with NF155+ CIDP, 36 with NF155− CIDP, and 28 with non‐inflammatory neurological disease (NIND). Results CSF CXCL8/IL‐8, IL‐13, TNF‐α, CCL11/eotaxin, CCL2/MCP‐1, and IFN‐γ were significantly higher, while IL‐1β, IL‐1ra, and G‐CSF were lower, in NF155+ CIDP than in NIND. Compared with NF155− CIDP, CXCL8/IL‐8 and IL‐13 were significantly higher, and IL‐1β, IL‐1ra, and IL‐6 were lower, in NF155+ CIDP. CXCL8/IL‐8, IL‐13, CCL11/eotaxin, CXCL10/IP‐10, CCL3/MIP‐1α, CCL4/MIP‐1β, and TNF‐α levels were positively correlated with markedly elevated CSF protein, while IL‐13, CCL11/eotaxin, and IL‐17 levels were positively correlated with increased CSF cell counts. IL‐13, CXCL8/IL‐8, CCL4/MIP‐1β, CCL3/MIP‐1α, and CCL5/RANTES were decreased by combined immunotherapies in nine NF155+ CIDP patients examined longitudinally. By contrast, NF155− CIDP had significantly increased IFN‐γ compared with NIND, and exhibited positive correlations of IFN‐γ, CXCL10/IP‐10, and CXCL8/IL‐8 with CSF protein. Canonical discriminant analysis of cytokines/chemokines revealed that NF155+ and NF155− CIDP were separable, and that IL‐4, IL‐10, and IL‐13 were the three most significant discriminators. Interpretation Intrathecal upregulation of type 2 helper T (Th2) cell cytokines is characteristic of IgG4 NF155+ CIDP, while type 1 helper T cell cytokines are increased in CIDP regardless of the presence or absence of anti‐NF155 antibodies, suggesting that overproduction of Th2 cell cytokines is unique to NF155+ CIDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Ogata
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fujii
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Machida
- Department of Neurology, Tsuchiura Kyodo General Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Morimoto
- Department of Neurology, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kaida
- Department of Neurology, Anti-aging and Vascular Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Teruaki Masuda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yukio Ando
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Motoi Kuwahara
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Susumu Kusunoki
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuri Nakamura
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsushita
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noriko Isobe
- Department of Neurological Therapeutics, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Goasdoue K, Chand KK, Miller SM, Lee KM, Colditz PB, Wixey JA, Bjorkman ST. Seizures Are Associated with Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in a Piglet Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischaemic Encephalopathy. Dev Neurosci 2019; 40:1-16. [PMID: 31048585 DOI: 10.1159/000499365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures in the neonatal period are most often symptomatic of central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction and the most common cause is hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE). Seizures are associated with poor long-term outcomes and increased neuropathology. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and inflammation may contribute to seizures and increased neuropathology but are incompletely understood in neonatal HIE. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of seizures on BBB integrity in a preclinical model of neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic (HI) injury. Piglets (age: <24 h) were subjected to a 30-min HI insult followed by recovery to 72 h post-insult. Amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) was performed and seizure burden and background aEEG pattern were analysed. BBB disruption was evaluated in the parietal cortex and hippocampus by means of immunohistochemistry and Western blot. mRNA and protein expression of tight-junction proteins (zonula-occludens 1 [ZO1], occludin [OCLN], and claudin-5 [CLDN5]) was assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blot. In addition, mRNA from genes associated with BBB disruption vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) as well as inflammatory cytokines and chemokines was assessed with qPCR. Piglets that developed seizures following HI (HI-Sz) had significantly greater injury, as demonstrated by poorer aEEG background pattern scores, lower neurobehavioural scores, and greater histopathology. HI-Sz animals had severe IgG extravasation into brain tissue and uptake into neurons as well as significantly greater levels of IgG in both brain regions as assessed by Western blot. IgG protein in both brain regions was significantly associated with seizure burden, aEEG pattern scores, and neurobehavioural scores. There was no difference in mRNA expression of the tight junctions, however a significant loss of ZO1 and OCLN protein was observed in the parietal cortex. The inflammatory genes TGFβ, IL1β, IL8, IL6, and TNFα were significantly upregulated in HI-Sz animals. MMP2 was significantly increased in animals with seizures compared with animals without seizures. Increasing our understanding of neuropathology associated with seizure is vital because of the association between seizure and poor outcomes. Investigating the BBB is a major untapped area of research and a potential avenue for novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Goasdoue
- The University of Queensland Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kirat Kishore Chand
- The University of Queensland Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephanie Melita Miller
- The University of Queensland Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kah Meng Lee
- Institute of Health Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul Bernard Colditz
- The University of Queensland Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Julie Anne Wixey
- The University of Queensland Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stella Tracey Bjorkman
- The University of Queensland Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia,
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42
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Jian WX, Zhang Z, Chu SF, Peng Y, Chen NH. Potential roles of brain barrier dysfunctions in the early stage of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res Bull 2018; 142:360-367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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43
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Noroozi R, Omrani MD, Ayatollahi SA, Sayad A, Ata A, Fallah H, Taheri M, Ghafouri-Fard S. Interleukin (IL)-8 polymorphisms contribute in suicide behavior. Cytokine 2018; 111:28-32. [PMID: 30099207 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have highlighted the role of immune dysregulation in suicide behavior. Interleukin (IL)-8 is a chemokine with neuroprotective effects whose lower serum concentrations have been detected in individuals committed suicide. In the present study, we genotyped three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within IL-8 gene (rs4073, rs2227306 and rs1126647) in 229 individuals who attempted suicide with soft suicide methods, 235 suicide victims and 290 individuals without any history of psychiatric disorders or suicide attempt. The T allele of rs4073 was significantly over-represented in suicide attempt group compared with both control and completed suicide groups (adjusted P values of 8.3E-7 and 9.8E-8 respectively). This SNP was associated with suicide attempt in both dominant and co-dominant models (P values of 6.2E-9 and 4.3 E-8 respectively). The genotype and allele frequencies of other SNPs were not significantly different among the three study groups. The T C A haplotype (rs4073, rs2227306 and rs1126647 respectively) were significantly less prevalent in completed suicide group compared with suicide attempt group (OR (95% CI) = 0.63 (0.46-0.86), adjusted P value = 0.03). Besides, the A T A haplotype has significant lower frequency in individuals who attempted soft suicide compared with controls (OR (95% CI) = 0.44 (0.26-0.75), adjusted P value = 0.02). However, this haplotype was significantly more prevalent in individuals attempted hard methods compared with those attempted soft methods (OR (95% CI) = 2.21 (1.26-3.87), adjusted P value = 0.04). The present study provided further evidence for the role of IL-8 in suicide behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezvan Noroozi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Davood Omrani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Arezou Sayad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Athar Ata
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hamid Fallah
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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44
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Ng YP, Yip TF, Peiris JSM, Ip NY, Lee SMY. Avian influenza A H7N9 virus infects human astrocytes and neuronal cells and induces inflammatory immune responses. J Neurovirol 2018; 24:752-760. [PMID: 29987581 PMCID: PMC7094989 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal, pandemic, and avian influenza virus infections may be associated with central nervous system pathology, albeit with varying frequency and different mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that differentiated human astrocytic (T98G) and neuronal (SH-SY5Y) cells can be infected by avian H7N9 and pandemic H1N1 viruses. However, infectious progeny viruses can only be detected in H7N9 virus infected human neuronal cells. Neither of these viral strains can generate infectious progeny virus in human astrocytes despite replication of viral genome was observed. Furthermore, H7N9 virus triggered high pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, while pandemic H1N1 virus induced only low cytokine expression in either brain cell type. The experimental finding here is the first data to demonstrate that avian H7N9 virus can infect, transcribe, and replicate its viral genome; induce cytokine upregulation; and cause cytopathic effects in human brain cells, which may potentially lead to profound central nervous system injury. Observation for neurological problems due to H7N9 virus infection deserves further attention when managing these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y P Ng
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - T F Yip
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nancy Y Ip
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Suki M Y Lee
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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45
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Liu YW, Li S, Dai SS. Neutrophils in traumatic brain injury (TBI): friend or foe? J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:146. [PMID: 29776443 PMCID: PMC5960133 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge of the pathophysiology about traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still limited. Neutrophils, as the most abundant leukocytes in circulation and the first-line transmigrated immune cells at the sites of injury, are highly involved in the initiation, development, and recovery of TBI. Nonetheless, our understanding about neutrophils in TBI is obsolete, and mounting evidences from recent studies have challenged the conventional views. This review summarizes what is known about the relationships between neutrophils and pathophysiology of TBI. In addition, discussions are made on the complex roles as well as the controversial views of neutrophils in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Wuyue Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.,Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
| | - Song Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
| | - Shuang-Shuang Dai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China. .,Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China.
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46
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Proust A, Barat C, Leboeuf M, Drouin J, Tremblay MJ. Contrasting effect of the latency-reversing agents bryostatin-1 and JQ1 on astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation and brain neutrophil invasion. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:242. [PMID: 29228979 PMCID: PMC5725742 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite effectiveness of the combined antiretroviral therapy, HIV-1 persists in long-lived latently infected cells. Consequently, new therapeutic approaches aimed at eliminating this latent reservoir are currently being developed. A “shock and kill” strategy using latency-reversing agents (LRA) to reactivate HIV-1 has been proposed. However, the impact of LRA on the central nervous system (CNS) remains elusive. Methods We used human fetal astrocytes and investigated the effects of several LRA on their functional and secretory activities. Astrocytes were infected with VSV-G-pseudotyped HIV-1 before treatment with various blood-brain barrier (BBB)-permeable LRA at subcytotoxic doses, which allow HIV-1 reactivation based on previous in vitro and clinical studies. Cells and supernatants were then used to evaluate effects of infection and LRA on (i) viability and metabolic activity of astrocytes using a colorimetric MTS assay; (ii) chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines secretion and gene expression by astrocytes using ELISA and RT-qPCR, respectively; (iii) expression of complement component 3 (C3), a proxy for astrogliosis, by RT-qPCR; (iv) glutamate uptake capacity by a fluorometric assay; and (v) modulation of neutrophil transmigration across an in vitro BBB model. Results We demonstrate that bryostatin-1 induces secretion of chemokines CCL2 and IL-8 and proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and GM-CSF, whereas their production is repressed by JQ1. Bryostatin-1 also increases expression of complement component 3 and perturbs astrocyte glutamate homeostasis. Lastly, bryostatin-1 enhances transmigration of neutrophils across an in vitro blood-brain barrier model and induces formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Conclusions These observations highlight the need to carefully assess the potential harmful effect to the CNS when selecting LRA for HIV-1 reactivation strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-1019-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alizé Proust
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Corinne Barat
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Mathieu Leboeuf
- Département d'obstétrique, gynécologie et reproduction, Faculté de Médecine,, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean Drouin
- Département de médecine familiale et d'urgence, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Michel J Tremblay
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada. .,Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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47
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Connor DE, Chaitanya GV, Chittiboina P, McCarthy P, Scott LK, Schrott L, Minagar A, Nanda A, Alexander JS. Variations in the cerebrospinal fluid proteome following traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid hemorrhage. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2017; 24:169-183. [PMID: 28549769 PMCID: PMC7303909 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has shown great promise in identifying potential markers of injury in neurodegenerative diseases [1-13]. Here we compared CSF proteomes in healthy individuals, with patients diagnosed with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in order to characterize molecular biomarkers which might identify these different clinical states and describe different molecular mechanisms active in each disease state. METHODS Patients presenting to the Neurosurgery service at the Louisiana State University Hospital-Shreveport with an admitting diagnosis of TBI or SAH were prospectively enrolled. Patients undergoing CSF sampling for diagnostic procedures were also enrolled as controls. CSF aliquots were subjected to 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D GE) and spot percentage densities analyzed. Increased or decreased spot expression (compared to controls) was defined in terms of in spot percentages, with spots showing consistent expression change across TBI or SAH specimens being followed up by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Polypeptide masses generated were matched to known standards using a search of the NCBI and/or GenPept databases for protein matches. Eight hundred fifteen separately identifiable polypeptide migration spots were identified on 2D GE gels. MALDI-MS successfully identified 13 of 22 selected 2D GE spots as recognizable polypeptides. RESULTS Statistically significant changes were noted in the expression of fibrinogen, carbonic anhydrase-I (CA-I), peroxiredoxin-2 (Prx-2), both α and β chains of hemoglobin, serotransferrin (Tf) and N-terminal haptoglobin (Hp) in TBI and SAH specimens, as compared to controls. The greatest mean fold change among all specimens was seen in CA-I and Hp at 30.7 and -25.7, respectively. TBI specimens trended toward greater mean increases in CA-I and Prx-2 and greater mean decreases in Hp and Tf. CONCLUSIONS Consistent CSF elevation of CA-I and Prx-2 with concurrent depletion of Hp and Tf may represent a useful combination of biomarkers for the prediction of severity and prognosis following brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Connor
- Baptist Health Neurosurgery Arkansas, Little Rock, AR, United States.
| | - Ganta V Chaitanya
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
| | - Prashant Chittiboina
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Paul McCarthy
- Department of Medicine, Sect. of Nephrology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - L Keith Scott
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, LA, United States.
| | - Lisa Schrott
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, LA, United States.
| | - Alireza Minagar
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, LA, United States.
| | - Anil Nanda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, LA, United States.
| | - J Steven Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, LA, United States.
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Leclercq S, Mian FM, Stanisz AM, Bindels LB, Cambier E, Ben-Amram H, Koren O, Forsythe P, Bienenstock J. Low-dose penicillin in early life induces long-term changes in murine gut microbiota, brain cytokines and behavior. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15062. [PMID: 28375200 PMCID: PMC5382287 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing concern about potential long-term effects of antibiotics on children's health. Epidemiological studies have revealed that early-life antibiotic exposure can increase the risk of developing immune and metabolic diseases, and rodent studies have shown that administration of high doses of antibiotics has long-term effects on brain neurochemistry and behaviour. Here we investigate whether low-dose penicillin in late pregnancy and early postnatal life induces long-term effects in the offspring of mice. We find that penicillin has lasting effects in both sexes on gut microbiota, increases cytokine expression in frontal cortex, modifies blood–brain barrier integrity and alters behaviour. The antibiotic-treated mice exhibit impaired anxiety-like and social behaviours, and display aggression. Concurrent supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus JB-1 prevents some of these alterations. These results warrant further studies on the potential role of early-life antibiotic use in the development of neuropsychiatric disorders, and the possible attenuation of these by beneficial bacteria. There is concern about potential long-term effects of antibiotics on children's health. Here Leclercq et al. show, in mice, that low doses of penicillin during late pregnancy and early life induce lasting effects on the offspring, including alterations in gut microbiota, brain cytokine levels and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Leclercq
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Avenue East T3304, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 4A6.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 4A6
| | - Firoz M Mian
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Avenue East T3304, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 4A6
| | - Andrew M Stanisz
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Avenue East T3304, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 4A6
| | - Laure B Bindels
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Cambier
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Hila Ben-Amram
- Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold 8, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Omry Koren
- Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold 8, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Paul Forsythe
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Avenue East T3304, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 4A6.,Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 4A6
| | - John Bienenstock
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Avenue East T3304, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 4A6.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 4A6
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49
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Simon DW, McGeachy M, Bayır H, Clark RS, Loane DJ, Kochanek PM. The far-reaching scope of neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury. Nat Rev Neurol 2017; 13:171-191. [PMID: 28186177 PMCID: PMC5675525 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 581] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The 'silent epidemic' of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been placed in the spotlight as a result of clinical investigations and popular press coverage of athletes and veterans with single or repetitive head injuries. Neuroinflammation can cause acute secondary injury after TBI, and has been linked to chronic neurodegenerative diseases; however, anti-inflammatory agents have failed to improve TBI outcomes in clinical trials. In this Review, we therefore propose a new framework of targeted immunomodulation after TBI for future exploration. Our framework incorporates factors such as the time from injury, mechanism of injury, and secondary insults in considering potential treatment options. Structuring our discussion around the dynamics of the immune response to TBI - from initial triggers to chronic neuroinflammation - we consider the ability of soluble and cellular inflammatory mediators to promote repair and regeneration versus secondary injury and neurodegeneration. We summarize both animal model and human studies, with clinical data explicitly defined throughout this Review. Recent advances in neuroimmunology and TBI-responsive neuroinflammation are incorporated, including concepts of inflammasomes, mechanisms of microglial polarization, and glymphatic clearance. Moreover, we highlight findings that could offer novel therapeutic targets for translational and clinical research, assimilate evidence from other brain injury models, and identify outstanding questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis W. Simon
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Mandy McGeachy
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Robert S.B. Clark
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - David J. Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 21201, USA
| | - Patrick M. Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Werhane ML, Evangelista ND, Clark AL, Sorg SF, Bangen KJ, Tran M, Schiehser DM, Delano-Wood L. Pathological vascular and inflammatory biomarkers of acute- and chronic-phase traumatic brain injury. Concussion 2017; 2:CNC30. [PMID: 30202571 PMCID: PMC6094091 DOI: 10.2217/cnc-2016-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the demand for developing objective methods for characterizing traumatic brain injury (TBI), research dedicated to evaluating putative biomarkers has burgeoned over the past decade. Since it is critical to elucidate the underlying pathological processes that underlie the higher diverse outcomes that follow neurotrauma, considerable efforts have been aimed at identifying biomarkers of both the acute- and chronic-phase TBI. Such information is not only critical for helping to elucidate the pathological changes that lead to poor long-term outcomes following TBI but it may also assist in the identification of possible prevention and interventions for individuals who sustain head trauma. In the current review, we discuss the potential role of vascular dysfunction and chronic inflammation in both acute- and chronic-phase TBI, and we also highlight existing studies that have investigated inflammation biomarkers associated with poorer injury outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine L Werhane
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego (SDSU/UC San Diego) Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress & Mental Health (CESAMH), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | | | - Alexandra L Clark
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego (SDSU/UC San Diego) Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress & Mental Health (CESAMH), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Scott F Sorg
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress & Mental Health (CESAMH), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Katherine J Bangen
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress & Mental Health (CESAMH), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - My Tran
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- San Diego State University (SDSU), San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Dawn M Schiehser
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress & Mental Health (CESAMH), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lisa Delano-Wood
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress & Mental Health (CESAMH), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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