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Luo BL, He SP, Zhang YF, Yang QW, Zhuang JC, Zhu RJ, Zheng YQ, Su HM. Correlation between matrix metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 and white matter hyperintensities in patients with cerebral small vessel disease based on cranial magnetic resonance 3D imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 2024; 113:110213. [PMID: 39053592 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2024.110213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) levels and their ratios with the severity of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) in patients with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). METHODS This cross-sectional study was done on a prospective cohort of patients with CSVD. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of WMHs were performed using Fazekas grading and lesion prediction algorithm (LPA) methods. Biomarkers MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 were measured to explore their correlation with the severity of WMHs. RESULTS The sample consisted of 144 patients with CSVD. There were 63 male and 81 female patients, with an average age of 67.604 ± 8.727 years. Among these, 58.33% presented with white matter hyperintensities at Fazekas grading level 1, with an average total template volume of WMHs of 4.305 mL. MMP-2 (P = 0.025), MMP-9 (P = 0.008), TIMP-1 (P = 0.026), and age (P = 0.007) were identified as independent correlates of WMHs based on Fazekas grading. Independent correlates of the total template volume of WMHs included MMP-2 (P = 0.023), TIMP-1 (P = 0.046), age (P = 0.047), systolic blood pressure (P = 0.047), and homocysteine (Hcy) (P = 0.014). In addition, age (P = 0.003; P < 0.001), interleukin-6 (IL-6) (P < 0.001; P = 0.044), Hcy (P < 0.001; P < 0.001), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (P = 0.016; P = 0.043), and chronic kidney disease (P < 0.001; P < 0.001) were associated with both WMHs Fazekas grading and the total template volume of WMHs. CONCLUSION Serum levels of MMP-9, MMP-2, and TIMP-1 were independently associated with the Fazekas grading, while serum TIMP-1 and MMP-2 levels were independently related to the total template volume of WMHs. The association of TIMP-1 and MMP-2 with the severity of CSVD-related WMHs suggests their potential role as disease-related biomarkers. However, further research is required to uncover the specific mechanisms underlying these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei-Lin Luo
- The Graduate School of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350000, China; Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, Fujian, China
| | - Shun-Po He
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, Fujian, China
| | - Yi-Fen Zhang
- The Graduate School of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350000, China; Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, Fujian, China
| | - Qing-Wei Yang
- The Graduate School of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350000, China; Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, Fujian, China.
| | - Jing-Cong Zhuang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, Fujian, China.
| | - Ren-Jing Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, Fujian, China
| | - Ya-Qin Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, Fujian, China
| | - Hua-Mei Su
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, Fujian, China
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Au NPB, Wu T, Kumar G, Jin Y, Li YYT, Chan SL, Lai JHC, Chan KWY, Yu KN, Wang X, Ma CHE. Low-dose ionizing radiation promotes motor recovery and brain rewiring by resolving inflammatory response after brain injury and stroke. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:43-63. [PMID: 37774892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke share a common pathophysiology that worsens over time due to secondary tissue injury caused by sustained inflammatory response. However, studies on pharmacological interventions targeting the complex secondary injury cascade have failed to show efficacy. Here, we demonstrated that low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) reduced lesion size and reversed motor deficits after TBI and photothrombotic stroke. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated significant reduction of infarct volume in LDIR-treated mice after stroke. Systems-level transcriptomic analysis showed that genes upregulated in LDIR-treated stoke mice were enriched in pathways associated with inflammatory and immune response involving microglia. LDIR induced upregulation of anti-inflammatory- and phagocytosis-related genes, and downregulation of key pro-inflammatory cytokine production. These findings were validated by live-cell assays, in which microglia exhibited higher chemotactic and phagocytic capacities after LDIR. We observed substantial microglial clustering at the injury site, glial scar clearance and reversal of motor deficits after stroke. Cortical microglia/macrophages depletion completely abolished the beneficial effect of LDIR on motor function recovery in stroke mice. LDIR promoted axonal projections (brain rewiring) in motor cortex and recovery of brain activity detected by electroencephalography recordings months after stroke. LDIR treatment delayed by 8 h post-injury still maintained full therapeutic effects on motor recovery, indicating that LDIR is a promising therapeutic strategy for TBI and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tan Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gajendra Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuting Jin
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Shun Lam Chan
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joseph Ho Chi Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kannie Wai Yan Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kwan Ngok Yu
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Him Eddie Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
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Hosoki S, Hansra GK, Jayasena T, Poljak A, Mather KA, Catts VS, Rust R, Sagare A, Kovacic JC, Brodtmann A, Wallin A, Zlokovic BV, Ihara M, Sachdev PS. Molecular biomarkers for vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:737-753. [PMID: 37957261 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00884-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
As disease-specific interventions for dementia are being developed, the ability to identify the underlying pathology and dementia subtypes is increasingly important. Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimer disease, but progress in identifying molecular biomarkers for accurate diagnosis of VCID has been relatively limited. In this Review, we examine the roles of large and small vessel disease in VCID, considering the underlying pathophysiological processes that lead to vascular brain injury, including atherosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, ischaemic injury, haemorrhage, hypoperfusion, endothelial dysfunction, blood-brain barrier breakdown, inflammation, oxidative stress, hypoxia, and neuronal and glial degeneration. We consider the key molecules in these processes, including proteins and peptides, metabolites, lipids and circulating RNA, and consider their potential as molecular biomarkers alone and in combination. We also discuss the challenges in translating the promise of these biomarkers into clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hosoki
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gurpreet K Hansra
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tharusha Jayasena
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne Poljak
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vibeke S Catts
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ruslan Rust
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Abhay Sagare
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, NY, USA
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amy Brodtmann
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anders Wallin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Overmars LM, Kuipers S, van Es B, de Bresser J, Bron EE, Hoefer IE, Van Solinge WW, Kappelle LJ, van Osch MJP, Teunissen CE, Biessels GJ, Haitjema S. A cluster of blood-based protein biomarkers associated with decreased cerebral blood flow relates to future cardiovascular events in patients with cardiovascular disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:2060-2071. [PMID: 37572101 PMCID: PMC10925867 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231195243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Biological processes underlying decreased cerebral blood flow (CBF) in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) are largely unknown. We hypothesized that identification of protein clusters associated with lower CBF in patients with CVD may explain underlying processes. In 428 participants (74% cardiovascular diseases; 26% reference participants) from the Heart-Brain Connection Study, we assessed the relationship between 92 plasma proteins from the Olink® cardiovascular III panel and normal-appearing grey matter CBF, using affinity propagation and hierarchical clustering algorithms, and generated a Biomarker Compound Score (BCS). The BCS was related to cardiovascular risk and observed cardiovascular events within 2-year follow-up using Spearman correlation and logistic regression. Thirteen proteins were associated with CBF (ρSpearman range: -0.10 to -0.19, pFDR-corrected <0.05), and formed one cluster. The cluster primarily reflected extracellular matrix organization processes. The BCS was higher in patients with CVD compared to reference participants (pFDR-corrected <0.05) and was associated with cardiovascular risk (ρSpearman 0.42, p < 0.001) and cardiovascular events (OR 2.05, p < 0.01). In conclusion, we identified a cluster of plasma proteins related to CBF, reflecting extracellular matrix organization processes, that is also related to future cardiovascular events in patients with CVD, representing potential targets to preserve CBF and mitigate cardiovascular risk in patients with CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Malin Overmars
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne Kuipers
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bram van Es
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- MedxAI, Theophile de Bockstraat 77-1, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Bresser
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Esther E Bron
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Imo E Hoefer
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter W Van Solinge
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - L Jaap Kappelle
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthias JP van Osch
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Geert Jan Biessels
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia Haitjema
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Heart-Brain Connection Consortium
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- MedxAI, Theophile de Bockstraat 77-1, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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5
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Wang Y, Li G, Lv J, Zhou Y, Ma H. Vitamin E reduces inflammation and improves cognitive disorder and vascular endothelial functions in patients with leukoaraiosis. Int J Neurosci 2023; 133:1346-1354. [PMID: 35645223 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2079505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukoaraiosis (LA) is a disease manifested by demyelination and gliosis in white matter, mainly caused by cerebrovascular diseases. LA is closely related to the expression level of inflammatory factors, oxidative stress, and vascular endothelial dysfunction in patients. Vitamin E may play antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles in various diseases. We aimed to explore the effects of vitamin E on the patients with LA. METHODS A total of 160 patients with LA were recruited in this research. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), MMP-2, C-reactive protein (CRP), complement 3 (C3), C4, nitric oxide (NO), and endothelin (ET) levels were evaluated by ELISA. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used for cognitive impairment assessment. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were analyzed by commercial kits. RESULTS The levels of CRP, C3, and C4 significantly decreased in the serum of LA patients after the administration of vitamin E. The levels of MMP-2 and MPP-9 showed a significant decrease in the administered group. Vitamin E significantly inhibited the expression of MDA, while significantly upregulated the expression of SOD. Significant increase in NO production and significant downregulation of ET expression occurred in vitamin E groups. MMSE score was significantly increased by vitamin E. CONCLUSION In conclusion, vitamin E showed effects on the alleviation of inflammatory response, oxidative stress, endothelial damage, and cognitive dysfunction. Thus, vitamin E could be a potential drug for the clinical treatment of LA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Guoce Li
- Department of MRI, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Jianping Lv
- Department of Neurology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Yingwen Zhou
- Department of MRI, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- Department of Nursing, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
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6
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Tarawneh R. Microvascular Contributions to Alzheimer Disease Pathogenesis: Is Alzheimer Disease Primarily an Endotheliopathy? Biomolecules 2023; 13:830. [PMID: 37238700 PMCID: PMC10216678 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) models are based on the notion that abnormal protein aggregation is the primary event in AD, which begins a decade or longer prior to symptom onset, and culminates in neurodegeneration; however, emerging evidence from animal and clinical studies suggests that reduced blood flow due to capillary loss and endothelial dysfunction are early and primary events in AD pathogenesis, which may precede amyloid and tau aggregation, and contribute to neuronal and synaptic injury via direct and indirect mechanisms. Recent data from clinical studies suggests that endothelial dysfunction is closely associated with cognitive outcomes in AD and that therapeutic strategies which promote endothelial repair in early AD may offer a potential opportunity to prevent or slow disease progression. This review examines evidence from clinical, imaging, neuropathological, and animal studies supporting vascular contributions to the onset and progression of AD pathology. Together, these observations support the notion that the onset of AD may be primarily influenced by vascular, rather than neurodegenerative, mechanisms and emphasize the importance of further investigations into the vascular hypothesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Tarawneh
- Department of Neurology, Center for Memory and Aging, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
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7
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Chai YL, Rajeev V, Poh L, Selvaraji S, Hilal S, Chen CP, Jo DG, Koo EH, Arumugam TV, Lai MKP. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion alters the CypA-EMMPRIN-gelatinase pathway: Implications for vascular dementia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:722-735. [PMID: 36537035 PMCID: PMC10108186 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221146401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is postulated to underlie multiple pathophysiological processes in vascular dementia (VaD), including extracellular matrix dysfunction. While several extracellular matrix proteins, namely cyclophilin A (CypA), extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) and gelatinases (matrix metalloproteinases, MMP-2 and -9) have been investigated in acute stroke, their involvement in CCH and VaD remains unclear. In this study, CypA-EMMPRIN-gelatinase proteins were analysed in a clinical cohort of 36 aged, cognitively unimpaired subjects and 48 VaD patients, as well as in a bilateral carotid artery stenosis mouse model of CCH. Lower CypA and higher EMMPRIN levels were found in both VaD serum and CCH mouse brain. Furthermore, gelatinases were differentially altered in CCH mice and VaD patients, with significant MMP-2 increase in CCH brain and serum, whilst serum MMP-9 was elevated in VaD but reduced in CCH, suggesting complex CypA-EMMPRIN-gelatinase regulatory mechanisms. Interestingly, subjects with cortical infarcts had higher serum MMP-2, while white matter hyperintensities, cortical infarcts and lacunes were associated with higher serum MMP-9. Taken together, our data indicate that perturbations of CypA-EMMPRIN signalling may be associated with gelatinase-mediated vascular sequelae, highlighting the potential utility of the CypA-EMMPRIN-gelatinase pathway as clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets in VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuek Ling Chai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong
Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge,
Singapore
- Memory, Aging and Cognition Centre,
National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Vismitha Rajeev
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong
Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge,
Singapore
| | - Luting Poh
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong
Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge,
Singapore
| | - Sharmelee Selvaraji
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong
Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge,
Singapore
| | - Saima Hilal
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong
Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge,
Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public
Health, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Christopher P Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong
Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge,
Singapore
- Memory, Aging and Cognition Centre,
National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan
University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Medicine, National
University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore
- Graduate School for Integrative
Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge,
Singapore
- Department of Neurosciences,
University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan
University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology
and Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and
Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe
University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Mitchell KP Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong
Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge,
Singapore
- Memory, Aging and Cognition Centre,
National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
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8
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Rosenberg GA. Willis Lecture: Biomarkers for Inflammatory White Matter Injury in Binswanger Disease Provide Pathways to Precision Medicine. Stroke 2022; 53:3514-3523. [PMID: 36148658 PMCID: PMC9613611 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.039211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Binswanger disease is the small vessel form of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Deposition of Alzheimer disease proteins can begin in midlife and progress slowly, whereas aging of the vasculature also can begin in midlife, continuing to progress into old age, making mixed dementia the most common type of dementia. Biomarkers facilitate the early diagnosis of dementias. It is possible to diagnose mixed dementia before autopsy with biomarkers for vascular disease derived from diffusor tensor images on magnetic resonance imaging and Alzheimer disease proteins, Aβ (amyloid β), and phosphorylated tau, in cerebrospinal fluid or in brain with positron emission tomography. The presence of vascular disease accelerates cognitive decline. Both misfolded proteins and vascular disease promote inflammation, which can be detected in cerebrospinal fluid by the presence of MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases), angiogenic growth factors, and cytokines. MMPs disrupt the blood-brain barrier and break down myelin, producing Binswanger disease's 2 main pathological features. Advances in detecting biomarkers in plasma will provide early detection of dementia and aided by machine learning and artificial intelligence, will enhance diagnosis and form the basis for early treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Rosenberg
- Center for Memory and Aging, Departments of Neurology, Neurosciences, Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque
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9
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Yang Y, Zhao X, Zhu Z, Zhang L. Vascular dementia: A microglia's perspective. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 81:101734. [PMID: 36113763 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is a second most common form of age-related dementia. It is characterized by cognitive impairment associated with vascular pathology, symptoms mainly caused by cerebral damage due to inadequate blood flow to the brain. The pathogenesis of VaD is complex, and a growing body of literature emphasizes on the involvement of microglia in disease development and progression. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of microglia in regulating neuroinflammation under the pathogenesis of VaD. The commonly used animal and cell models for understanding the disease pathogenesis were summarized. The mechanisms by which microglia contribute to VaD are multifactorial, and we specifically focus on some of the predominant functions of microglia, including chemotaxis, secretory property, phagocytosis, and its crosstalk with other neurovascular unit cells. Finally, potential therapeutic strategies targeting microglia-modulated neuroinflammation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zirui Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
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10
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Xie C, Tang H, Liu G, Li C. Molecular mechanism of Epimedium in the treatment of vascular dementia based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:940166. [PMID: 36051307 PMCID: PMC9424771 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.940166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgroud: Vascular dementia is the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease, accounting for an estimated 15% of cases. Recently, Epimedium has attracted great attention for its potential neuroprotective benefit. However, the direct role and mechanism of Epimedium on vascular dementia still lack systematic research. To systematically explore the possible pharmacological mechanism of Epimedium for the treatment of vascular dementia, network pharmacology, molecular docking, combined with experiment validation were conducted. Methods: The bioactive compounds and targets of Epimedium were obtained from the TCMSP database. The potential targets of vascular dementia were identified from the DrugBank, OMIM, Genecards, Therapeutic Target Database, and DisGeNET databases. GO and KEGG pathway analyses were performed. Molecular docking was applied to validate the interaction between active components and hub targets. The bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) method was used for construction of a vascular dementia model in mice. The effects of Epimedium on learning and memory ability were examined by behavioral tests. The mechanisms of the cerebral protective effects of Epimedium were evaluated by WB, RT-PCR, and immunofluorescence. Results: A total of 23 Epimedium active ingredients, and 71 intersecting targets of Epimedium against vascular dementia were obtained. The top five hub targets AKT1, TNF, IL1β, IL6, and MMP9 were identified, and molecular docking showed good binding. GO enrichment showed a total of 602 enrichment results, with 458 (80.56%) key targets mainly focused on biological processes (BP). The response to hypoxia, positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process, aging, inflammatory response, cellular response to lipopolysaccharide, negative regulation of apoptotic process were well ranked. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis identified the TNF signaling pathway as an important pathway, with the MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and NF-κB signaling pathways as the key pathways involved. Consistently, in vivo experiments showed that Epimedium treatment improved learning and memory functions in mice with vascular dementia. In addition, Epimedium attenuated the activation of microglia and astrocytes in the hippocampal region after BCCAO. RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis showed that Epimedium not only affected the expression of AKT, TNF, IL1β, IL6, and MMP9, but also suppressed the TNF signaling pathway. Conclusion: Epimedium may exert a protective effect against vascular dementia through the alleviation of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, BBB dysfunction, apoptosis through TNF signaling pathway. This study explored the mechanism of Epimedium on vascular dementia systematically through network pharmacological and in vivo experiment approach, which provides insight into the treatment of vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Xie
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital & Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changqing Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Changqing Li
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11
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Poh L, Sim WL, Jo DG, Dinh QN, Drummond GR, Sobey CG, Chen CLH, Lai MKP, Fann DY, Arumugam TV. The role of inflammasomes in vascular cognitive impairment. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:4. [PMID: 35000611 PMCID: PMC8744307 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00506-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing prevalence of Vascular Cognitive Impairment (VCI) worldwide, and several studies have suggested that Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion (CCH) plays a critical role in disease onset and progression. However, there is a limited understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of VCI, especially in relation to CCH. Neuroinflammation is a significant contributor in the progression of VCI as increased systemic levels of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) has been extensively reported in VCI patients. Recently it has been established that CCH can activate the inflammasome signaling pathways, involving NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes that critically regulate IL-1β production. Given that neuroinflammation is an early event in VCI, it is important that we understand its molecular and cellular mechanisms to enable development of disease-modifying treatments to reduce the structural brain damage and cognitive deficits that are observed clinically in the elderly. Hence, this review aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of CCH-induced inflammasome signaling in VCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luting Poh
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Liang Sim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Quynh Nhu Dinh
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC Australia
| | - Grant R. Drummond
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC Australia
| | - Christopher G. Sobey
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC Australia
| | - Christopher Li-Hsian Chen
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mitchell K. P. Lai
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Y. Fann
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thiruma V. Arumugam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC Australia
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12
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Vilhena ER, Bonato JM, Schepers M, Kunieda JKC, Milani H, Vanmierlo T, Prickaerts J, de Oliveira RMW. Positive effects of roflumilast on behavior, neuroinflammation, and white matter injury in mice with global cerebral ischemia. Behav Pharmacol 2021; 32:459-471. [PMID: 34320520 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is a promising pharmacological strategy for the treatment of cerebral ischemic conditions. To increase the relevance and increase the translational value of preclinical studies, it is important to conduct experiments using different animal species and strains, different animal models, and to evaluate long-term functional outcomes after cerebral ischemia. In the present study, the effects of the selective PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast were evaluated in vivo and in vitro. Balb/c mice were subjected to bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) and tested during 21 days in multiple behavioral tasks to investigate the long-term effects of roflumilast on functional recovery. The effects of roflumilast were also investigated on hippocampal cell loss, white matter injury, and expression of neuroinflammatory markers. Roflumilast prevented cognitive and emotional deficits induced by BCCAO in mice. Roflumilast also prevented neurodegeneration and reduced the white matter damage in the brain of ischemic animals. Besides, roflumilast decreased Iba-1 (microglia marker) levels and increased Arginase-1 (Arg-1; microglia M2 phenotype marker) levels in the hippocampus of these mice. Likewise, roflumilast suppressed inducible nitric oxide synthase (microglia M1 phenotype marker) expression and increased Arg-1 levels in a primary mouse microglia culture. These findings support evidence that PDE4 inhibition by roflumilast might be beneficial in cerebral ischemic conditions. The neuroprotective effects of roflumilast appear to be mediated by a decrease in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuella R Vilhena
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jéssica M Bonato
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Melissa Schepers
- Neuroimmune Connect and Repair Lab., Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Juliana K C Kunieda
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Humberto Milani
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Neuroimmune Connect and Repair Lab., Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Prickaerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rúbia M W de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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13
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Lana D, Ugolini F, Giovannini MG. An Overview on the Differential Interplay Among Neurons-Astrocytes-Microglia in CA1 and CA3 Hippocampus in Hypoxia/Ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:585833. [PMID: 33262692 PMCID: PMC7686560 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.585833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons have been long regarded as the basic functional cells of the brain, whereas astrocytes and microglia have been regarded only as elements of support. However, proper intercommunication among neurons-astrocytes-microglia is of fundamental importance for the functional organization of the brain. Perturbation in the regulation of brain energy metabolism not only in neurons but also in astrocytes and microglia may be one of the pathophysiological mechanisms of neurodegeneration, especially in hypoxia/ischemia. Glial activation has long been considered detrimental for survival of neurons, but recently it appears that glial responses to an insult are not equal but vary in different brain areas. In this review, we first take into consideration the modifications of the vascular unit of the glymphatic system and glial metabolism in hypoxic conditions. Using the method of triple-labeling fluorescent immunohistochemistry coupled with confocal microscopy (TIC), we recently studied the interplay among neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in chronic brain hypoperfusion. We evaluated the quantitative and morpho-functional alterations of the neuron-astrocyte-microglia triads comparing the hippocampal CA1 area, more vulnerable to ischemia, to the CA3 area, less vulnerable. In these contiguous and interconnected areas, in the same experimental hypoxic conditions, astrocytes and microglia show differential, finely regulated, region-specific reactivities. In both areas, astrocytes and microglia form triad clusters with apoptotic, degenerating neurons. In the neuron-astrocyte-microglia triads, the cell body of a damaged neuron is infiltrated and bisected by branches of astrocyte that create a microscar around it while a microglial cell phagocytoses the damaged neuron. These coordinated actions are consistent with the scavenging and protective activities of microglia. In hypoxia, the neuron-astrocyte-microglia triads are more numerous in CA3 than in CA1, further indicating their protective effects. These data, taken from contiguous and interconnected hippocampal areas, demonstrate that glial response to the same hypoxic insult is not equal but varies significantly. Understanding the differences of glial reactivity is of great interest to explain the differential susceptibility of hippocampal areas to hypoxia/ischemia. Further studies may evidence the differential reactivity of glia in different brain areas, explaining the higher or lower sensitivity of these areas to different insults and whether glia may represent a target for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lana
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Ugolini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Anatomopathology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria G Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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14
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Stevenson W, Hase Y, Wilson E, Hollins A, Hase M, Ennaceur A, Craggs L, Ihara M, Horsburgh K, Kalaria RN. Long-term effects of experimental carotid stenosis on hippocampal infarct pathology, neurons and glia and amelioration by environmental enrichment. Brain Res Bull 2020; 163:72-83. [PMID: 32707262 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampal atrophy and pathology are common in ageing-related disorders and associated with cognitive impairment and dementia. We explored whether environmental enrichment (EE) ameliorated the pathological sequelae in the hippocampus subsequent to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced by bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS). Seventy-four male C57BL/6 J mice underwent BCAS or sham surgery. One-week after surgery, mice were exposed to three different degrees of EE; either standard housing conditions (std), limited 3 -h exposure to EE per day (3 h) or full-time exposure to EE (full) for 3 months. Four months after surgery, the hippocampus was examined for the extent of vascular brain injury and neuronal and glial changes. Results showed that long-term BCAS induced strokes, most often in CA1 subfield, reduced 40-50 % CA1 neurons (P < 0.01) and increased microglia/macrophage in CA1-CA3 subfields (P < 0.02). Remarkably, both 3 h and full-time EE regimes attenuated hippocampal neuronal death and repressed recurrent strokes with complete prevention of larger infarcts in mice on full-time EE (P < 0.01). Full-time EE also reduced astrocytic clasmatodendrosis and microglial/macrophage activation in all CA subfields. Our results suggest that exposure to EE differentially reduces long-term hypoperfusive hippocampal damage. The implementation of even limited EE may be beneficial for patients diagnosed with vascular cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Stevenson
- Neurovascular Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Yoshiki Hase
- Neurovascular Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elle Wilson
- Neurovascular Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Annabel Hollins
- Neurovascular Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mai Hase
- Neurovascular Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Abdel Ennaceur
- Department of Pharmacy, Sunderland Pharmacy School, The University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UK
| | - Lucy Craggs
- Neurovascular Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan
| | - Karen Horsburgh
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Raj N Kalaria
- Neurovascular Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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15
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Kimura N, Aikawa M, Etou K, Aso Y, Matsubara E. Association between Matrix Metalloproteinases, Their Tissue Inhibitor and White Matter Lesions in Mild Cognitive Impairment. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 17:547-555. [PMID: 32781961 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666200810171322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White matter lesions are frequently found in mild cognitive impairments and Alzheimer's disease. Matrix metalloproteinases and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases are implicated in amyloid-β catabolism and blood brain barrier permeability. However, it remains unclear whether they are associated with white matter lesions in Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the association of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases with white matter degeneration in subjects with amyloid-positive mild cognitive impairment. METHODS Thirty subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (14 men and 16 women; mean age, 75.6 ± 5.8 years) underwent magnetic resonance imaging, 11C-Pittsburgh Compound B positron emission tomography, and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Levels of plasma matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases were measured using multiplex assays. All subjects had an abnormal brain amyloid burden. Subjects were divided into two groups according to the presence of white matter lesions using the Fazekas scale. Cognitive function testing results i.e., mean 11C-Pittsburgh Compound B and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, concentrations of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, and matrix metalloproteinases/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases ratios were compared between the groups. Correlation analysis was conducted to investigate the association between Fazekas scale score and clinical and neuroimaging variables as well as concentrations of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases. RESULTS Matrix metalloproteinases-2, -8, and -9 levels, matrix metalloproteinases-2/ tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2, matrix metalloproteinases-8/ tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, and matrix metalloproteinases-9/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 significantly increased and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 and-2 levels significantly decreased in the group with white matter lesions compared with the group without white matter lesions. Matrix metalloproteinases-2, -8, and -9 levels correlated positively and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 and -2 levels correlated negatively with Fazekas scale score. CONCLUSION Plasma matrix metalloproteinases-2, -8, -9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 and -2 levels are associated with white matter lesions in the mild cognitive impairment stage of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Kimura
- Department of Neurology, Oita University, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Miki Aikawa
- Oita University, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Kasumi Etou
- Oita University, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Aso
- Department of Neurology, Oita University, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Etsuro Matsubara
- Department of Neurology, Oita University, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Oita 879-5593, Japan
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16
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Aguilar C, Carbajal T, Beltran BE, Segura P, Muhammad S, Choque-Velasquez J. Cerebral embolization associated with parenchymal seeding of the left atrial myxoma: Potential role of interleukin-6 and matrix metalloproteinases. Neuropathology 2020; 41:49-57. [PMID: 32776398 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Systemic embolization has been reported in up to 40% of patients with left atrial myxoma, half of them with cerebral involvement. However, development of intracerebral embolization associated with parenchymal seeding of the myxoma emboli is an extremely rare complication, with only 36 histologically diagnosed cases reported in the published literature. We describe a 69-year-old woman who arrived at the emergency service with hemiparesis associated with drug-resistant epilepsy and a medical history of resection of a left atrial myxoma 10 months previously. Cranial computed tomography revealed multiple large lesions of heterogeneous density and cystic components in the occipital lobes and posterior fossa parenchyma. Histopathological analyses after stereotactic biopsy of the occipital lesion revealed infiltrative myxoma cells with benign histological findings and uniform expression of calretinin similar to that of the primary cardiac myxoma. Additional immunohistochemical studies confirmed brain parenchymal seeding of the myxoma cells with strong expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and focal expression of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2). Here, we discuss the clinicopathological features of intracerebral embolization of left atrial myxomas associated with progressive parenchymal seeding of the tumor emboli and the potential pathogenic role of IL-6 and MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Aguilar
- Department of Pathology, Edgardo Rebagliati Martins National Hospital, Lima, Peru.,Laboratory of Pathology, National Cardiovascular Institute, Lima, Peru
| | - Tomas Carbajal
- Department of Pathology, Edgardo Rebagliati Martins National Hospital, Lima, Peru
| | - Brady E Beltran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Edgardo Rebagliati Martins National Hospital, Lima, Peru
| | - Pedro Segura
- Department of Cardiology, Edgardo Rebagliati Martins National Hospital, Lima, Peru
| | - Sajjad Muhammad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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17
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Fujiwara S, Mori Y, de la Mora DM, Akamatsu Y, Yoshida K, Shibata Y, Masuda T, Ogasawara K, Yoshioka Y. Feasibility of IVIM parameters from diffusion-weighted imaging at 11.7T MRI for detecting ischemic changes in common carotid artery occlusion rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8404. [PMID: 32439877 PMCID: PMC7242437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) parameters can identify ischemic changes in the rat cerebral cortex using a preclinical ultra-high-field 11.7 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (11.7TMRI) scanner. In nine female Wistar rats (eight weeks old), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) for IVIM analysis was successfully performed before (Pre) and after unilateral (UCCAO) and bilateral (BCCAO) common carotid artery occlusion. From the acquired DWI signals averaged in six regions of interest (ROI) placed on the cortex, volume fraction of perfusion compartment (F), pseudo diffusion coefficient (D*), F × D* and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were determined as IVIM parameters in the following three DWI signal models: the bi-exponential, kurtosis, and tri-exponential model. For a subgroup analysis, four rats that survived two weeks after BCCAO were assigned to the long survival (LS) group, whereas the non-LS group consisted of the remaining five animals. Each IVIM parameter change among three phases (Pre, UCCAO and BCCAO) was statistically examined in each ROI. Then, the change in each rat group was also examined for subgroup analysis. All three models were able to identify cerebral ischemic change and damage as IVIM parameter change among three phases. Furthermore, the kurtosis model could identify the parameter changes in more regions than the other two models. In the subgroup analysis with the kurtosis model, ADC in non-LS group significantly decreased between UCCAO and BCCAO but not in LS group. IVIM parameters at 11.7TMRI may help us to detect the subtle ischemic change; in particular, with the kurtosis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunrou Fujiwara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan. .,Graduate School of Frontier Science, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yuki Mori
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | - Yosuke Akamatsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Kenji Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Yuji Shibata
- Department of Pathology, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Masuda
- Department of Pathology, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Ogasawara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Yoshichika Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Frontier Science, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), NICT and Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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18
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Troili F, Cipollini V, Moci M, Morena E, Palotai M, Rinaldi V, Romano C, Ristori G, Giubilei F, Salvetti M, Orzi F, Guttmann CRG, Cavallari M. Perivascular Unit: This Must Be the Place. The Anatomical Crossroad Between the Immune, Vascular and Nervous System. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:17. [PMID: 32372921 PMCID: PMC7177187 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most neurological disorders seemingly have heterogenous pathogenesis, with overlapping contribution of neuronal, immune and vascular mechanisms of brain injury. The perivascular space in the brain represents a crossroad where those mechanisms interact, as well as a key anatomical component of the recently discovered glymphatic pathway, which is considered to play a crucial role in the clearance of brain waste linked to neurodegenerative diseases. The pathological interplay between neuronal, immune and vascular factors can create an environment that promotes self-perpetration of mechanisms of brain injury across different neurological diseases, including those that are primarily thought of as neurodegenerative, neuroinflammatory or cerebrovascular. Changes of the perivascular space can be monitored in humans in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In the context of glymphatic clearance, MRI-visible enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) are considered to reflect glymphatic stasis secondary to the perivascular accumulation of brain debris, although they may also represent an adaptive mechanism of the glymphatic system to clear them. EPVS are also established correlates of dementia and cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) and are considered to reflect brain inflammatory activity. In this review, we describe the “perivascular unit” as a key anatomical and functional substrate for the interaction between neuronal, immune and vascular mechanisms of brain injury, which are shared across different neurological diseases. We will describe the main anatomical, physiological and pathological features of the perivascular unit, highlight potential substrates for the interplay between different noxae and summarize MRI studies of EPVS in cerebrovascular, neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Troili
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Cipollini
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Moci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Emanuele Morena
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Miklos Palotai
- Harvard Medical School, Center for Neurological Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Virginia Rinaldi
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Romano
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ristori
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Giubilei
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Orzi
- Department of Neurosciences Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Charles R G Guttmann
- Harvard Medical School, Center for Neurological Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michele Cavallari
- Harvard Medical School, Center for Neurological Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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Traiffort E, Kassoussi A, Zahaf A, Laouarem Y. Astrocytes and Microglia as Major Players of Myelin Production in Normal and Pathological Conditions. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:79. [PMID: 32317939 PMCID: PMC7155218 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelination is an essential process that consists of the ensheathment of axons by myelin. In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin is synthesized by oligodendrocytes. The proliferation, migration, and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells constitute a prerequisite before mature oligodendrocytes extend their processes around the axons and progressively generate a multilamellar lipidic sheath. Although myelination is predominately driven by oligodendrocytes, the other glial cells including astrocytes and microglia, also contribute to this process. The present review is an update of the most recent emerging mechanisms involving astrocyte and microglia in myelin production. The contribution of these cells will be first described during developmental myelination that occurs in the early postnatal period and is critical for the proper development of cognition and behavior. Then, we will report the novel findings regarding the beneficial or deleterious effects of astroglia and microglia, which respectively promote or impair the endogenous capacity of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to induce spontaneous remyelination after myelin loss. Acute delineation of astrocyte and microglia activities and cross-talk should uncover the way towards novel therapeutic perspectives aimed at recovering proper myelination during development or at breaking down the barriers impeding the regeneration of the damaged myelin that occurs in CNS demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amina Zahaf
- U1195 Inserm, University Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Yousra Laouarem
- U1195 Inserm, University Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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20
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Papuć E, Rejdak K. The role of myelin damage in Alzheimer's disease pathology. Arch Med Sci 2020; 16:345-351. [PMID: 32190145 PMCID: PMC7069444 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2018.76863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Alois Alzheimer described myelin disruption in Alzheimer's disease (AD) as early as in 1911, his observation has escaped the attention of researchers since that time. Alzheimer's disease has been mainly considered as a grey matter disorder; nevertheless, recent evidence suggests that myelin impairment may play an important role in AD pathology. Classical neuropathological changes in AD, e.g. the accumulation of aggregated Aβ 42 and the presence of neurofibrillary tangles, are responsible for neuronal loss, but they may also induce death of oligodendrocytes and myelin damage. There is also evidence that myelin pathology may even precede Aβ and tau pathologies in AD. The state of the art does not allow us to determine whether myelin damage is a primary or a secondary injury in AD subjects. The article presents an overview of current knowledge on the role of myelin in AD pathology and its interactions with Aβ and tau pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Papuć
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Konrad Rejdak
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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21
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Fei M, Wang H, Zhou M, Deng C, Zhang L, Han Y. Podoplanin influences the inflammatory phenotypes and mobility of microglia in traumatic brain injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 523:361-367. [PMID: 31866008 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Exacerbated neuroinflammation following TBI causes secondary injury. Podoplanin (PDPN) is a small transmembrane mucin-like glycoprotein that promotes the inflammatory response in different tissues and cells. However, the contribution of PDPN to neuroinflammation and microglial activation is unknown. Here, we found that PDPN was correlated with microglial activation after TBI in mice. Meanwhile, PDPN expression could be induced by trauma-related stimuli, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), ATP, H2O2 and hemoglobin (Hb), in primary microglia. Furthermore, with Hb treatment in vitro, knockdown of PDPN could decrease the proportion of M1-like microglia and increase the proportion of M2-like microglia via reduced secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α and increased secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β compared to the control microglia. Immunofluorescence also showed that CD86-positive microglia were decreased and CD206-positive microglia were elevated in the PDPN-KD group. Additionally, PDPN knockdown impaired microglial mobility and phagocytosis and decreased the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (mainly MMP2 and MMP9). In summary, PDPN plays an important role in microglia-mediated inflammation and may serve as a potential target for TBI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoxing Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China
| | - Handong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China; Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Mengliang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Chulei Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China
| | - Yanling Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, 210002, PR China
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22
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Lee J, Hamanaka G, Lo EH, Arai K. Heterogeneity of microglia and their differential roles in white matter pathology. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:1290-1298. [PMID: 31733036 PMCID: PMC6887901 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are resident immune cells that play multiple roles in central nervous system (CNS) development and disease. Although the classical concept of microglia/macrophage activation is based on a biphasic beneficial‐versus‐deleterious polarization, growing evidence now suggests a much more heterogenous profile of microglial activation that underlie their complex roles in the CNS. To date, the majority of data are focused on microglia in gray matter. However, demyelination is a prominent pathologic finding in a wide range of diseases including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. In this mini‐review, we discuss newly discovered functional subsets of microglia that contribute to white matter response in CNS disease onset and progression. Microglia show different molecular patterns and morphologies depending on disease type and brain region, especially in white matter. Moreover, in later stages of disease, microglia demonstrate unconventional immuno‐regulatory activities such as increased phagocytosis of myelin debris and secretion of trophic factors that stimulate oligodendrocyte lineage cells to facilitate remyelination and disease resolution. Further investigations of these multiple microglia subsets may lead to novel therapeutic approaches to treat white matter pathology in CNS injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Lee
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Gen Hamanaka
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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23
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Brain white matter lesions and postoperative cognitive dysfunction: a review. J Anesth 2019; 33:336-340. [DOI: 10.1007/s00540-019-02613-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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24
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Huang L, Wang S, Ma F, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Xing C, Feng Y, Wang X, Peng Y. From stroke to neurodegenerative diseases: The multi-target neuroprotective effects of 3-n-butylphthalide and its derivatives. Pharmacol Res 2018; 135:201-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Santiago A, Soares LM, Schepers M, Milani H, Vanmierlo T, Prickaerts J, Weffort de Oliveira RM. Roflumilast promotes memory recovery and attenuates white matter injury in aged rats subjected to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Neuropharmacology 2018; 138:360-370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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26
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Nyitrai G, Spisák T, Spisák Z, Gajári D, Diószegi P, Kincses TZ, Czurkó A. Stepwise occlusion of the carotid arteries of the rat: MRI assessment of the effect of donepezil and hypoperfusion-induced brain atrophy and white matter microstructural changes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198265. [PMID: 29851990 PMCID: PMC5979036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAo) in the rat is a widely used animal model of vascular dementia and a valuable tool for preclinical pharmacological drug testing, although the varying degrees of acute focal ischemic lesions it induces could interfere with its translational value. Recently, a modification to the BCCAo model, the stepwise occlusion of the two carotid arteries, has been introduced. To acquire objective translatable measures, we used longitudinal multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess the effects of semi-chronic (8 days) donepezil treatment in this model, with half of the Wistar rats receiving the treatment one week after the stepwise BCCAo. With an ultrahigh field MRI, we measured high-resolution anatomy, diffusion tensor imaging, cerebral blood flow measurements and functional MRI in response to whisker stimulation, to evaluate both the structural and functional effects of the donepezil treatment and stepwise BCCAo up to 5 weeks post-occlusion. While no large ischemic lesions were detected, atrophy in the striatum and in the neocortex, along with widespread white matter microstructural changes, were found. Donepezil ameliorated the transient drop in the somatosensory BOLD response in distant cortical areas, as detected 2 weeks after the occlusion but the drug had no effect on the long term structural changes. Our results demonstrate a measurable functional MRI effect of the donepezil treatment and the importance of diffusion MRI and voxel based morphometry (VBM) analysis in the translational evaluation of the rat BCCAo model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Nyitrai
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Pharmacology and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - Tamás Spisák
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Pharmacology and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Spisák
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Pharmacology and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Gajári
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Pharmacology and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pálma Diószegi
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Pharmacology and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Zsigmond Kincses
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Pharmacology and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Czurkó
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Pharmacology and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
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Jacintho APP, Melo GD, Machado GF, Bertolo PHL, Moreira PRR, Momo C, Souza TA, Vasconcelos RDO. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and metalloproteinase-9 in the skin of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1819-1827. [PMID: 29671048 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5868-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the first organ to be infected by the parasite in canine visceral leishmaniasis. The enzyme matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) acts towards degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and modulation of the inflammatory response against many kinds of injuries. The aims of this study were to evaluate the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 through immunohistochemistry and zymography on the skin (muzzle, ears, and abdomen) of dogs that were naturally infected by Leishmania spp. and to compare these results with immunodetection of the parasite and with alterations to the dermal ECM. Picrosirius red staining was used to differentiate collagen types I and III in three regions of the skin. The parasite load, intensity of inflammation, and production of MMP-2 (latent) and MMP-9 (active and latent) were higher in the ear and muzzle regions. MMP-9 (active) predominated in the infected group of dogs and its production was significantly different to that of the control group. Macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells predominated in the dermal inflammation and formed granulomas in association with degradation of mature collagen (type I) and with discrete deposition of young collagen (type III). This dermal change was more pronounced in dogs with high parasite load in the skin. Therefore, it was concluded that the greater parasite load and intensity of inflammation in the skin led consequently to increased degradation of mature collagen, caused by increased production of MMPs, particularly active MMP-9, in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. This host response profile possibly favors systemic dissemination of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Prudente Jacintho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rio Preto University Center (UNIRP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme D Melo
- Department of Infection and Epidemiology (IE), Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Gisele F Machado
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Araçatuba School of Veterinary Medicine (FMVA), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Leal Bertolo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary and Agrarian Sciences (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pamela Rodrigues Reina Moreira
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary and Agrarian Sciences (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, FCAV - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Claudia Momo
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago A Souza
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary and Agrarian Sciences (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosemeri de Oliveira Vasconcelos
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary and Agrarian Sciences (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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28
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Persistent isoflurane-induced hypotension causes hippocampal neuronal damage in a rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. J Anesth 2018; 32:182-188. [PMID: 29372413 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-018-2458-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is likely to occur in elderly people, who often suffer from cerebral hypoperfusion and white matter lesions even in the absence of cerebral infarctions. METHODS Thirty-two adult male rats were randomly assigned to one of four groups: the cerebral normoperfusion + normotension group (n = 8), cerebral normoperfusion + hypotension group (n = 8), chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) + normotension group (n = 8), and CCH + hypotension group (n = 8). A rat model of CCH was developed via the permanent ligation of the bilateral common carotid arteries, but ligation was avoided in the cerebral normoperfusion groups. Two weeks later, the rats were intubated and mechanically ventilated under isoflurane anesthesia, and their mean arterial blood pressure was maintained over 80 mmHg (normotension) or below 60 mmHg (hypotension) for 2 h. After preparing brain slices, histological cresyl violet staining, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1, a marker of microglial activation, or β amyloid precursor protein, a marker of axonal damage, were performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION CCH per se caused microglial activation and axonal damage, which was not accentuated by hypotension. CCH alone did not cause neuronal damage, but CCH combined with hypotension caused significant neuronal damage in the hippocampal CA1 region. These results suggest that persistent hypotension during general anesthesia might cause neuronal damage in patients with CCH, such as elderly people, and contribute to prevention against POCD.
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Hase Y, Horsburgh K, Ihara M, Kalaria RN. White matter degeneration in vascular and other ageing-related dementias. J Neurochem 2018; 144:617-633. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Hase
- Neurovascular Research Group; Institute of Neuroscience; Newcastle University; Newcastle Upon Tyne UK
| | - Karen Horsburgh
- Centre for Neuroregeneration; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Raj N. Kalaria
- Neurovascular Research Group; Institute of Neuroscience; Newcastle University; Newcastle Upon Tyne UK
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Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion: a key mechanism leading to vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Closing the translational gap between rodent models and human vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2451-2468. [PMID: 28963120 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that vascular risk factors contribute to neurodegeneration, cognitive impairment and dementia. While there is considerable overlap between features of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), it appears that cerebral hypoperfusion is the common underlying pathophysiological mechanism which is a major contributor to cognitive decline and degenerative processes leading to dementia. Sustained cerebral hypoperfusion is suggested to be the cause of white matter attenuation, a key feature common to both AD and dementia associated with cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). White matter changes increase the risk for stroke, dementia and disability. A major gap has been the lack of mechanistic insights into the evolution and progress of VCID. However, this gap is closing with the recent refinement of rodent models which replicate chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. In this review, we discuss the relevance and advantages of these models in elucidating the pathogenesis of VCID and explore the interplay between hypoperfusion and the deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) protein, as it relates to AD. We use examples of our recent investigations to illustrate the utility of the model in preclinical testing of candidate drugs and lifestyle factors. We propose that the use of such models is necessary for tackling the urgently needed translational gap from preclinical models to clinical treatments.
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31
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Xu X, Wang B, Ren C, Hu J, Greenberg DA, Chen T, Xie L, Jin K. Recent Progress in Vascular Aging: Mechanisms and Its Role in Age-related Diseases. Aging Dis 2017; 8:486-505. [PMID: 28840062 PMCID: PMC5524810 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
As with many age-related diseases including vascular dysfunction, age is considered an independent and crucial risk factor. Complicated alterations of structure and function in the vasculature are linked with aging hence, understanding the underlying mechanisms of age-induced vascular pathophysiological changes holds possibilities for developing clinical diagnostic methods and new therapeutic strategies. Here, we discuss the underlying molecular mediators that could be involved in vascular aging, e.g., the renin-angiotensin system and pro-inflammatory factors, metalloproteinases, calpain-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and TGFβ-1 as well as the potential roles of testosterone and estrogen. We then relate all of these to clinical manifestations such as vascular dementia and stroke in addition to reviewing the existing clinical measurements and potential interventions for age-related vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglai Xu
- 1Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,2Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Brian Wang
- 2Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Changhong Ren
- 2Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.,4Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing, China
| | - Jiangnan Hu
- 2Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | | | - Tianxiang Chen
- 6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Xie
- 3Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kunlin Jin
- 2Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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32
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Hase Y, Craggs L, Hase M, Stevenson W, Slade J, Lopez D, Mehta R, Chen A, Liang D, Oakley A, Ihara M, Horsburgh K, Kalaria RN. Effects of environmental enrichment on white matter glial responses in a mouse model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:81. [PMID: 28399892 PMCID: PMC5387261 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0850-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was designed to explore the beneficial effects of environmental enrichment (EE) on white matter glial changes in a mouse model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced by bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS). Methods A total of 74 wild-type male C57BL/6J mice underwent BCAS or sham surgery. One week after surgery, the mice were randomly assigned into three different groups having varied amounts of EE—standard housing with no EE conditions (std), limited exposure with 3 h EE a day (3 h) and full-time exposure to EE (full) for 12 weeks. At 16 weeks after BCAS surgery, behavioural and cognitive function were assessed prior to euthanasia. Brain tissues were analysed for the degree of gliosis including morphological changes in astrocytes and microglia. Results Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (or BCAS) increased clasmatodendrocytes (damaged astrocytes) with disruption of aquaporin-4 immunoreactivity and an increased degree of microglial activation/proliferation. BCAS also impaired behavioural and cognitive function. These changes were significantly attenuated, by limited exposure compared to full-time exposure to EE. Conclusions Our results suggest that moderate or limited exposure to EE substantially reduced glial damage/activation. Our findings also suggest moderate rather than continuous exposure to EE is beneficial for patients with subcortical ischaemic vascular dementia characterised by white matter disease-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Hase
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Lucinda Craggs
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Mai Hase
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - William Stevenson
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Janet Slade
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Dianne Lopez
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Rubin Mehta
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Aiqing Chen
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Di Liang
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Arthur Oakley
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan
| | - Karen Horsburgh
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Raj N Kalaria
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK.
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Gentile E, Liuzzi GM. Marine pharmacology: therapeutic targeting of matrix metalloproteinases in neuroinflammation. Drug Discov Today 2016; 22:299-313. [PMID: 27697495 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and activity are recognized as key pathogenetic events in several neurological disorders. This evidence makes MMPs possible therapeutic targets. The search for substances that can inhibit MMPs is moving progressively toward the screening of natural products. In particular, marine bioprospecting could be promising for the discovery of marine natural products with anti-MMP activities. Despite recent advances in this field, the possibility of using marine MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) for the treatment of neuroinflammation is still under-investigated. Here, we review the latest findings in this promising research field and the potential that marine MMPIs can have in the management and treatment of various neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Gentile
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia M Liuzzi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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Yang Y, Kimura-Ohba S, Thompson J, Rosenberg GA. Rodent Models of Vascular Cognitive Impairment. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 7:407-14. [PMID: 27498679 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment dementia (VCID), which is an increasingly important cause of dementia in the elderly, lacks effective treatments. Many different types of vascular disease are included under the diagnosis of VCID, including large vessel disease with multiple strokes and small vessel disease with lacunar infarcts and white matter disease. Animal models have been developed to study the multiple forms of VCID. Because of its progressive course, small vessel disease (SVD) is thought to be the optimal form of VCID for treatment. One theory is that the pathophysiology involves hypoxic hypoperfusion resulting in injury to the white matter and neuronal death. Bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries (BCAO) in a normotensive rat, which reduces cerebral blood flow, induces hypoxia with white matter damage; this model has been used to test drugs to block the injury. Another model is the spontaneously hypertensive/stroke prone rat (SHR/SP). Hypertension leads to small vessel disease resulting in progressive damage to the white matter, cortex, and hippocampus. Bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) with coils or ameroid constrictors produces a slower development of changes than BCAO, avoiding the acute ischemia. A few studies have been done with the two-clip, two-vessel occlusion renal model for induction of hypertension. There are benefits and drawbacks to each of these models with the model selected depending on the type of vascular damage that is to be studied. This review describes the most commonly used models, and the drugs that have been used to reduce the damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Shihoko Kimura-Ohba
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Jeffrey Thompson
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Gary A Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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Papuć E, Kurys-Denis E, Krupski W, Tatara M, Rejdak K. Can Antibodies Against Glial Derived Antigens be Early Biomarkers of Hippocampal Demyelination and Memory Loss in Alzheimer's Disease? J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:115-21. [PMID: 26401933 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is known to exhibit well characterized pathologies including the extracellular accumulation of amyloid plaques, intra-axonal presence of neurofibrillary tangles, and glial hypertrophy. Nevertheless, the nature of myelin pathology in AD has not been well studied. Recent studies on animal models of AD, however, revealed focal demyelination within amyloid-β plaques in hippocampus. OBJECTIVES In a view of this finding, we decided to assess humoral response against proteins of myelin sheath in AD, in the hope of identifying early biomarkers of memory loss and neuropathological process characteristic of AD. METHODS We assessed antibodies levels against proteins of the myelin sheath: myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), and proteolipoprotein (PLP) in sera of 26 AD patients and 26 healthy controls, using commercially available ELISA system (Mediagnost, Germany). RESULTS In the AD patient subgroup, significantly higher titers were observed for all types of assessed IgG autoantibodies compared to healthy control subjects (anti-MOG, anti-MAG, anti-MBP, anti-PLP). The titers of most of the investigated IgM antibodies were also higher in AD patients (p < 0.05), with the exception of anti-MAG IgM antibodies (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The study provides the evidence for the significantly increased production of autoantibodies against proteins of myelin sheath in AD. These results can be of importance in the light of emerging data from animal models of AD, indicating early demyelination of hippocampal region. Further studies on larger population are necessary to confirm whether these autoantibodies could serve as early biomarkers of AD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Papuć
- Chair and Department, Neurology of Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Kurys-Denis
- 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Witold Krupski
- 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Tatara
- 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland.,Department of Animal Physiology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Konrad Rejdak
- Chair and Department, Neurology of Medical University of Lublin, Poland
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Rosenberg GA, Prestopnik J, Adair JC, Huisa BN, Knoefel J, Caprihan A, Gasparovic C, Thompson J, Erhardt EB, Schrader R. Validation of biomarkers in subcortical ischaemic vascular disease of the Binswanger type: approach to targeted treatment trials. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015; 86:1324-30. [PMID: 25618903 PMCID: PMC4527945 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-309421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is a heterogeneous group of cerebrovascular diseases secondary to large and small vessel disease. We hypothesised that biomarkers obtained early in the disease could identify a homogeneous subpopulation with small vessel disease. METHODS We obtained disease markers in 62 patients with VCI that included neurological findings, neuropsychological tests, multimodal MR and cerebrospinal fluid measurements of albumin ratio, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), amyloid-β1-42 and phosphorylated-τ181. Proton MR spectroscopic imaging showed ischaemic white matter and permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was measured with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. We constructed a 10-point Binswanger disease score (BDS) with subjective and objective disease markers. In addition, an objective set of biomarkers was used for an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to select patients with BD. Patients were followed for an average of 2 years to obtain clinical consensus diagnoses. RESULTS An initial BDS of 6 or greater was significantly correlated with a final diagnosis of BD (p<0.05; area under the curve (AUC)=0.79). EFA reduced nine objective biomarkers to four factors. The most predictive of BD was the factor containing the inflammatory biomarkers of increased BBB permeability, elevated albumin index and reduced MMP-2 index (factor 2; AUC=0.78). Both measures independently predicted a diagnosis of BD, and combining them improved the diagnostic accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Biomarkers predicted the diagnosis of the BD type of subcortical ischaemic vascular disease. Using pathophysiological biomarkers to select homogeneous groups of patients needs to be tested in targeted treatment trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jillian Prestopnik
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - John C Adair
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Branko N Huisa
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Janice Knoefel
- Department of Geriatrics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Thompson
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Erik B Erhardt
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ronald Schrader
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Derada Troletti C, de Goede P, Kamermans A, de Vries HE. Molecular alterations of the blood-brain barrier under inflammatory conditions: The role of endothelial to mesenchymal transition. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:452-60. [PMID: 26493443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of the protective properties of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a key event during numerous neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Under these pathological conditions, the specialized brain endothelial cells (BECs) lose their protective function leading to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. To date, underlying mechanisms for this loss of function remain unclear. Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) is a dynamic process by which endothelial cells (ECs) dedifferentiate into mesenchymal cells and as a result lose their specific phenotype and function. As yet, little is known about the involvement of this process in the impaired function of the BECs under pathological conditions such as MS. Interestingly, several signaling pathways that can induce EndoMT are also involved in different central nervous system (CNS) pathologies associated with BBB dysfunction. In this review, we first discuss the structure and function of the BBB highlighting the changes that occur during MS. Next, we will summarize recent findings on the pathways underlying EndoMT, and finally, we will discuss the potential role of EndoMT during BBB dysfunction in neurological disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuro Inflammation edited by Helga E. de Vries and Markus Schwaninger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Derada Troletti
- Blood-Brain Barrier Research Group, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 7057, 1007, MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul de Goede
- Blood-Brain Barrier Research Group, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 7057, 1007, MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alwin Kamermans
- Blood-Brain Barrier Research Group, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 7057, 1007, MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Blood-Brain Barrier Research Group, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 7057, 1007, MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Bassil F, Monvoisin A, Canron MH, Vital A, Meissner WG, Tison F, Fernagut PO. Region-Specific Alterations of Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity in Multiple System Atrophy. Mov Disord 2015; 30:1802-12. [PMID: 26260627 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MSA is a sporadic progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a variable combination of parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, and autonomic dysfunction. The pathological hallmark of MSA is the accumulation of alpha-synuclein aggregates in the cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes along with neuronal loss and neuroinflammation, as well as blood-brain barrier dysfunction and myelin deterioration. Matrix metalloproteinases are zinc-dependent endopeptidases involved in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix, demyelination, and blood-brain barrier permeability. Several lines of evidence indicate a role for these enzymes in various pathological processes, including stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease. METHODS This study aimed to assess potential alterations of matrix metalloproteinase-1, -2, -3, and -9 expression or activity in MSA postmortem brain tissue. RESULTS Gelatin zymography revealed increased matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity in the putamen, but not in the frontal cortex, of MSA patients relative to controls. Immunohistochemistry revealed increased number of glial cells positive for matrix metalloproteinase-1, -2, and -3 in the putamen and frontal cortex of MSA patients. Double immunofluorescence revealed that matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -3 were expressed in astrocytes and microglia. Only matrix metalloproteinase-2 colocalized with alpha-synuclein in oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate widespread alterations of matrix metalloproteinase expression in MSA and a pattern of increased matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression and activity affecting preferentially a brain region severely affected (putamen) over a relatively spared region (frontal cortex). Elevated matrix metalloproteinase expression may thus contribute to the disease process in MSA by promoting blood-brain barrier dysfunction and/or myelin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares Bassil
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Arnaud Monvoisin
- Université de Poitiers, Signalisation & Transports Ioniques Membranaires, ERL7368 CNRS, Poitiers, France
| | - Marie-Helene Canron
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Vital
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Wassilios G Meissner
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,Service de Neurologie, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Centre de référence atrophie multisystématisée, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - François Tison
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,Service de Neurologie, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Centre de référence atrophie multisystématisée, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Fernagut
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
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Zhang M, Zhu W, Yun W, Wang Q, Cheng M, Zhang Z, Liu X, Zhou X, Xu G. Correlation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 single nucleotide polymorphisms with the risk of small vessel disease (SVD). J Neurol Sci 2015; 356:61-4. [PMID: 26152827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maladjustment of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) results in cerebral vasculature and blood-brain barrier dysfunction, which is associated with small vessel disease (SVD). This study was to aim at evaluating correlations between matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms and the risk of SVD. METHODS A total of 178 patients with SVD were enrolled into this study via Nanjing Stroke Registry Program (NSRP) from January 2010 to November 2011. SVD patients were further subtyped as isolated lacunar infarction (ILI, absent or with mild leukoaraiosis) and ischemic leukoaraiosis (ILA, with moderate or severe leukoaraiosis) according to the Fazekas scale. 100 age- and gender-matched individuals from outpatient medical examination were recruited as the control group. The genotypes of MMP-2-1306 T/C and MMP-9-1562 C/T were determined by the TaqMan method. RESULTS Of 178 SVD patients, 86 and 92 patients were classified as ILI and ILA, respectively. Comparison analysis between SVD patients and controls revealed a significant correlation between SVD and hypertension, as well as a prevalence of hypertension in ILA. Further genotype analysis showed that the frequency of MMP-2-1306 CC genotype was higher in ILA patients than in controls (P=0.009, χ(2) test; P=0.027, the multiple test with Bonferroni correction). Finally, logistic regression analysis with adjustment of age, sex and vascular risk factors showed that the MMP-2-1306 T/C polymorphism was an independent predictor for ILA (OR: 2.605; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.067-6.364; P=0.036). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the MMP-2-1306 T/C polymorphism is a direct risk factor for ILA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wusheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenwei Yun
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qizhang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Shajing Hospital, The Affiliated of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Maogang Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Yancheng City First People's Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhizhong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xianju Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Gelin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Tian XS, Guo XJ, Ruan Z, Lei Y, Chen YT, Zhang HY. Long-term vision and non-vision dominant behavioral deficits in the 2-VO rats are accompanied by time and regional glial activation in the white matter. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101120. [PMID: 24968196 PMCID: PMC4072762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The permanent occlusion of common carotid arteries (2-VO) in rats has been shown to induce progressive and long-lasting deficits in cognitive performance, however, whether these aberrant behaviors are attributed to visual dysfunction or cognitive impairment and what are the underlying mechanisms, remain controversial. In the present study, vision dominant (Morris water maze) and non-vision dominant (voice-cued fear conditioning) behavioral tests were assigned to comprehensively evaluate the influence of 2-VO lesion on cognitive behaviors. In the Morris water maze test, escape latencies of 2-VO rats were markedly increased in both hidden and unfixed visible platform tasks, which were accompanied by severe retinal damage. In the voice-cued fear conditioning test, significant reduction in the percentage of freezing behavior was observed at 60 days after 2-VO lesion. Chronic lesion by 2-VO failed to cause noticeable changes in the grey matter, as indicated by intact hippocampal and prefrontal cortical structures, sustained synaptic protein levels and glial cell numbers. In contrast, aberrant arrangement of myelinated axons was observed in the optic tract, but not in the corpus callosum and inner capsule of 2-VO rats. Concurrently, marked astrocyte proliferation and microglia activation in the optic tract occurred at 3 days after 2-VO lesion, and continued for up to 60 days. Differently, robust glial activation was observed in the corpus callosum at 3 days after 2-VO surgery, and then gradually returned to the baseline level at 14 and 60 days. Our study reported for the first time about the effect of 2-VO on the long-term cognitive impairment in the non-vision dominant fear conditioning test, which may be more applicable than the Morris water maze test for assessing 2-VO associated cognitive function. The time and region specific glial activation in the white matter may relate to retinal impairment, even behavioral deficits, in the setting of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Song Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian Jun Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Ruan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Lei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Yan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Catalpol promotes oligodendrocyte survival and oligodendrocyte progenitor differentiation via the Akt signaling pathway in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Brain Res 2014; 1560:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Tomimoto H, Wakita H. Animal models of vascular dementia: translational potential at the present time and in 2050. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.13.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Vascular dementia is a heterogeneous syndrome, and includes subcortical ischemic vascular dementia. For translational research, subcortical ischemic vascular dementia is an appropriate target since this is the most prevalent subtype and exhibits relatively uniform clinical and neuropathological changes. These changes consist of hypertensive arteriolar changes, lacunar infarctions, hypertensive hemorrhage and white matter lesions. Among various species, rodents are most frequently used, but their small volume of white matter may impede analysis of white matter lesions. Primate models have a larger volume, but the degree of white matter lesions is inconsistent. Animal models should accommodate the effect of aging and comorbidities, and in the case of primate models, low accessibility should be overcome by repeated and quantitative examinations using modern neuroimaging techniques and functional measures, especially for memory and motor function. There is no model that replicates all features of subcortical ischemic vascular dementia and, therefore, rodent and primate models should be selected appropriately for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Tomimoto
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu City 514-8507, Japan
| | - Hideaki Wakita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nanakuri Sanatorium, Fujita Health University, Otoricho 424-1, Tsu City 514-12957, Japan
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Corbin ZA, Rost NS, Lorenzano S, Kernan WN, Parides MK, Blumberg JB, Milbury PE, Arai K, Hartdegen SN, Lo EH, Feske SK, Furie KL. White matter hyperintensity volume correlates with matrix metalloproteinase-2 in acute ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2014; 23:1300-6. [PMID: 24439130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND White matter hyperintensity (WMH), a common radiographic finding associated with stroke risk and outcome, has been linked to matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and increased levels of oxidative stress in nonstroke populations. We sought to determine whether WMH severity is associated with plasma levels of MMPs and oxidative stress (F2-isoprostane) in subjects with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). METHODS We measured plasma biomarker levels at baseline and 48 hours in consecutive AIS subjects. White matter hyperintensity volume (WMHv) was quantified on admission magnetic resonance imaging using a validated semiautomated protocol, and Spearman correlation coefficients were derived for all measured biomarkers. RESULTS We enrolled 405 AIS subjects (mean age 70±15 years; 58% male; median WMHv 3.4 cm3, interquartile range 1.4-9.5). WMHv and age were strongly correlated (ρ=.57, P<.0001). WMHv and MMP-2 levels were correlated at baseline (ρ=.23, P<.0001) and at 48 hours poststroke (ρ=.19, P=.002). In multivariate analysis, 48-hour MMP-2 levels were independently associated with WMHv (β=.12, P=.04). MMP-9 and F2-isioprostane levels did not correlate with WMHv. CONCLUSIONS In AIS patients, MMP-2 levels are associated with the pre-existing burden of WMH. If validated, these findings may further elucidate the role of MMP-2 in pathophysiology of chronic cerebrovascular injury, such as WMH, and in brain susceptibility to acute ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Corbin
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Natalia S Rost
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Svetlana Lorenzano
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Walter N Kernan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michael K Parides
- Department of Health Evidence and Policy, Mt Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jeffrey B Blumberg
- Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul E Milbury
- Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Sophia N Hartdegen
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Steven K Feske
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karen L Furie
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Liu Q, He S, Groysman L, Shaked D, Russin J, Cen S, Mack WJ. White matter injury due to experimental chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is associated with C5 deposition. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84802. [PMID: 24386419 PMCID: PMC3875540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The C5 complement protein is a potent inflammatory mediator that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of both stroke and neurodegenerative disease. Microvascular failure is proposed as a potential mechanism of injury. Along these lines, this investigation examines the role of C5 in the setting of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Following experimental bilateral carotid artery stenosis, C5 protein deposition increases in the corpus callosum over thirty days (p<0.05). The time course is temporally consistent with the appearance of white matter injury. Concurrently, systemic serum C5 levels do not appear to differ between bilateral carotid artery stenosis and sham-operated mice, implicating a local cerebral process. Following bilateral carotid artery stenosis, C5 deficient mice demonstrate decreased white matter ischemia in the corpus callosum when compared to C5 sufficient controls (p<0.05). Further, the C5 deficient mice exhibit fewer reactive astrocytes and microglia (p<0.01). This study reveals that the C5 complement protein may play a critical role in mediating white matter injury through inflammation in the setting of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghai Liu
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shuhan He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Leonid Groysman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David Shaked
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Russin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Steven Cen
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - William J. Mack
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment defines alterations in cognition, ranging from subtle deficits to full-blown dementia, attributable to cerebrovascular causes. Often coexisting with Alzheimer's disease, mixed vascular and neurodegenerative dementia has emerged as the leading cause of age-related cognitive impairment. Central to the disease mechanism is the crucial role that cerebral blood vessels play in brain health, not only for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients, but also for the trophic signaling that inextricably links the well-being of neurons and glia to that of cerebrovascular cells. This review will examine how vascular damage disrupts these vital homeostatic interactions, focusing on the hemispheric white matter, a region at heightened risk for vascular damage, and on the interplay between vascular factors and Alzheimer's disease. Finally, preventative and therapeutic prospects will be examined, highlighting the importance of midlife vascular risk factor control in the prevention of late-life dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costantino Iadecola
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Marín-Prida J, Pavón-Fuentes N, Llópiz-Arzuaga A, Fernández-Massó JR, Delgado-Roche L, Mendoza-Marí Y, Santana SP, Cruz-Ramírez A, Valenzuela-Silva C, Nazábal-Gálvez M, Cintado-Benítez A, Pardo-Andreu GL, Polentarutti N, Riva F, Pentón-Arias E, Pentón-Rol G. Phycocyanobilin promotes PC12 cell survival and modulates immune and inflammatory genes and oxidative stress markers in acute cerebral hypoperfusion in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:49-60. [PMID: 23732081 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Since the inflammatory response and oxidative stress are involved in the stroke cascade, we evaluated here the effects of Phycocyanobilin (PCB, the C-Phycocyanin linked tetrapyrrole) on PC12 cell survival, the gene expression and the oxidative status of hypoperfused rat brain. After the permanent bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (BCCAo), the animals were treated with saline or PCB, taking samples 24h post-surgery. Global gene expression was analyzed with GeneChip Rat Gene ST 1.1 from Affymetrix; the expression of particular genes was assessed by the Fast SYBR Green RT-PCR Master Mix and Bioplex methods; and redox markers (MDA, PP, CAT, SOD) were evaluated spectrophotometrically. The PCB treatment prevented the H2O2 and glutamate induced PC12 cell injury assessed by the MTT assay, and modulated 190 genes (93 up- and 97 down-regulated) associated to several immunological and inflammatory processes in BCCAo rats. Furthermore, PCB positively modulated 19 genes mostly related to a detrimental pro-inflammatory environment and counteracted the oxidative imbalance in the treated BCCAo animals. Our results support the view of an effective influence of PCB on major inflammatory mediators in acute cerebral hypoperfusion. These results suggest that PCB has a potential to be a treatment for ischemic stroke for which further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Marín-Prida
- Centre for Research and Biological Evaluations (CEIEB), Institute of Pharmacy and Food, University of Havana, Ave. 23 e/ 214 y 222, La Lisa, PO Box: 430, Havana, Cuba
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47
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Exercise therapy augments the ischemia-induced proangiogenic state and results in sustained improvement after stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:8570-84. [PMID: 23598418 PMCID: PMC3645762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14048570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction of angiogenesis will stimulate endogenous recovery mechanisms, which are involved in the long-term repair and restoration process of the brain after an ischemic event. Here, we tested whether exercise influences the pro-angiogenic factors and outcomes after cerebral infarction in rats. Wistar rats were exposed to two hours of middle-cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion. Different durations of treadmill training were performed on the rats. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-related genes and proteins were higher over time post-ischemia, and exercise enhanced their expression. Sixteen days post-ischemia, the regional cerebral blood flow in the ischemic striatum was significantly increased in the running group over the sedentary. Although no difference was seen in infarct size between the running and sedentary groups, running evidently improved the neurobehavioral score. The effects of running on MMP2 expression, regional cerebral blood flow and outcome were abolished when animals were treated with bevacizumab (BEV), a VEGF-targeting antibody. Exercise therapy improves long-term stroke outcome by MMP2-VEGF-dependent mechanisms related to improved cerebral blood flow.
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48
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Kwak PA, Lim SC, Han SR, Shon YM, Kim YI. Supra-additive neuroprotection by renexin, a mixed compound of ginkgo biloba extract and cilostazol, against apoptotic white matter changes in rat after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. J Clin Neurol 2012; 8:284-92. [PMID: 23323137 PMCID: PMC3540288 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2012.8.4.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose White-matter (WM) lesions are known to potentiate cognitive impairment in poststroke patients. The present study was designed to assess whether Ginkgo biloba extract (GB) and cilostazol, which were evaluated alone and in a combination formula (Renexin), can attenuate the WM lesions and cognitive decline caused by chronic hypoperfusion in the rat. Methods Animals were divided into five treatment groups: cilostazol (25 mg/kg/day), GB (20 mg/kg/day), Renexin (25 mg/kg/day cilostazol + 20 mg/kg/day GB), vehicle, and sham. The animals received the treatments orally 1 day after bilateral common carotid artery occlusion [two-vessel occlusion (2VO); except for the sham group, which underwent the surgery but the arteries were not occluded], and then the same dose every day for 21 days thereafter. Prior to sacrificing the rats, repetitive eight-arm radial maze testing was performed to examine their cognitive abilities. After drug administration and cognitive testing, brain tissues were isolated for Klüver-Barrera and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotin-dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining, immunohistochemical assessment of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and CD11b (OX-42), and to assay free-radical scavenging activity. Results We found that the significant WM lesions induced by 2VO was ameliorated significantly by treatment with cilostazol, GB, and Renexin, in association with increased TUNEL-positive cells. In addition, chronic cerebral hypoperfusion caused a large increase in the degree of GFAP and OX-42 immunoreactivity and free-radical activity in the optic tract. These abnormalities were significantly reversed by the three drugs, but most prominently by Renexin, suggesting a markedly enhanced or supra-additive effect of cilostazol and GB when administered together. Conclusions Significant attenuation of cytoarchitectural damage and apoptotic cell death was found with GB and cilostazol, but a markedly enhanced effect was seen for treatment with their combination in the WM of rat brains after bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries. We suggest that combination therapy with GB and cilostazol provides enhanced neuroprotective effects and induces subsequent cognitive improvement in patients with chronic ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil Ae Kwak
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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49
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Wei W, Zhang W, Huang Y, Li Y, Zhu G, Chen F, Li J. The Therapeutic Effect of DL-3-n-Butylphthalide in Rats with Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion through Downregulation of Amyloid Precursor Protein and Matrix Metalloproteinase-2. J Int Med Res 2012; 40:967-75. [PMID: 22906269 DOI: 10.1177/147323001204000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the therapeutic effect of DL-3- n-butylphthalide (DL-NBP) in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. METHODS: Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion was modelled by bilateral permanent occlusion of common carotid arteries in Wistar rats. The therapeutic effect of DL-NBP in hypoperfused rats was evaluated using the Morris water maze task. The levels and deposition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and the amyloid precursor protein β-amyloid 40 (Aβ40) were measured by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. RESULTS: Treatment with DL-NBP significantly improved the learning and memory ability of hypoperfused rats. Western blot analysis indicated that, in comparison with the sham-operated control group, protein levels of Aβ40 and MMP-2 were significantly increased in the cerebral cortex of hypoperfused rats, and treatment with DL-NBP prevented this hypoperfusion-induced increase in Aβ40 and MMP-2. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that Aβ40 and MMP-2 were deposited in venous endothelial cells at day 3 and in arterial endothelial cells at day 14 after hypoperfusion. CONCLUSION: This study indicated that DL-NBP has therapeutic effects on chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and provided a useful insight into the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of DL-NBP in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wei
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Military General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Postgraduate School, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - W Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Military General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Y Huang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Military General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Y Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Military General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - G Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Military General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - F Chen
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Military General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - J Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Military General Hospital, Beijing, China
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50
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Ihara M, Tomimoto H. Lessons from a mouse model characterizing features of vascular cognitive impairment with white matter changes. J Aging Res 2011; 2011:978761. [PMID: 22132331 PMCID: PMC3216359 DOI: 10.4061/2011/978761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
With the demographic shift in age in advanced countries inexorably set to progress in the 21st century, dementia will become one of the most important health problems worldwide. Vascular cognitive impairment is the second most common type of dementia after Alzheimer's disease and is frequently responsible for the cognitive decline of the elderly. It is characterized by cerebrovascular white matter changes; thus, in order to investigate the underlying mechanisms involved in white matter changes, a mouse model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion has been developed, which involves the narrowing of the bilateral common carotid arteries with newly designed microcoils. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive summary of the achievements made with the model that shows good reproducibility of the white matter changes characterized by blood-brain barrier disruption, glial activation, oxidative stress, and oligodendrocyte loss following chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Detailed characterization of this model may help to decipher the substrates associated with impaired memory and move toward a more integrated therapy of vascular cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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