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Bottero M, Pessina G, Bason C, Vigo T, Uccelli A, Ferrara G. Nerve-Glial antigen 2: unmasking the enigmatic cellular identity in the central nervous system. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1393842. [PMID: 39136008 PMCID: PMC11317297 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1393842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are fundamental components of the extracellular matrix in the central nervous system (CNS). Among these, the Nerve-Glial antigen 2 (NG2) stands out as a transmembrane CSPG exclusively expressed in a different population of cells collectively termed NG2-expressing cells. These enigmatic cells, found throughout the developing and adult CNS, have been indicated with various names, including NG2 progenitor cells, polydendrocytes, synantocytes, NG2 cells, and NG2-Glia, but are more commonly referred to as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Characterized by high proliferation rates and unique morphology, NG2-expressing cells stand apart from neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Intriguingly, some NG2-expressing cells form functional glutamatergic synapses with neurons, challenging the long-held belief that only neurons possess the intricate machinery required for neurotransmission. In the CNS, the complexity surrounding NG2-expressing cells extends to their classification. Additionally, NG2 expression has been documented in pericytes and immune cells, suggesting a role in regulating brain innate immunity and neuro-immune crosstalk in homeostasis. Ongoing debates revolve around their heterogeneity, potential as progenitors for various cell types, responses to neuroinflammation, and the role of NG2. Therefore, this review aims to shed light on the enigma of NG2-expressing cells by delving into their structure, functions, and signaling pathways. We will critically evaluate the literature on NG2 expression across the CNS, and address the contentious issues surrounding their classification and roles in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. By unraveling the intricacies of NG2-expressing cells, we hope to pave the way for a more comprehensive understanding of their contributions to CNS health and during neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bottero
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giada Pessina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Tiziana Vigo
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio Uccelli
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurology, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Ma Z, Zhang W, Wang C, Su Y, Yi C, Niu J. A New Acquaintance of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells in the Central Nervous System. Neurosci Bull 2024:10.1007/s12264-024-01261-8. [PMID: 39042298 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are a heterogeneous multipotent population in the central nervous system (CNS) that appear during embryogenesis and persist as resident cells in the adult brain parenchyma. OPCs could generate oligodendrocytes to participate in myelination. Recent advances have renewed our knowledge of OPC biology by discovering novel markers of oligodendroglial cells, the myelin-independent roles of OPCs, and the regulatory mechanism of OPC development. In this review, we will explore the updated knowledge on OPC identity, their multifaceted roles in the CNS in health and diseases, as well as the regulatory mechanisms that are involved in their developmental stages, which hopefully would contribute to a further understanding of OPCs and attract attention in the field of OPC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexuan Ma
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of basic medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of basic medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chenmeng Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of basic medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Research Centre, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yixun Su
- Research Centre, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Chenju Yi
- Research Centre, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active substance screening and Translational Research, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Jianqin Niu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of basic medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Barbaresi P, Fabri M, Lorenzi T, Sagrati A, Morroni M. Intrinsic organization of the corpus callosum. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1393000. [PMID: 39035452 PMCID: PMC11259024 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1393000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum-the largest commissural fiber system connecting the two cerebral hemispheres-is considered essential for bilateral sensory integration and higher cognitive functions. Most studies exploring the corpus callosum have examined either the anatomical, physiological, and neurochemical organization of callosal projections or the functional and/or behavioral aspects of the callosal connections after complete/partial callosotomy or callosal lesion. There are no works that address the intrinsic organization of the corpus callosum. We review the existing information on the activities that take place in the commissure in three sections: I) the topographical and neurochemical organization of the intracallosal fibers, II) the role of glia in the corpus callosum, and III) the role of the intracallosal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Barbaresi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Mara Fabri
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Teresa Lorenzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Sagrati
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Manrico Morroni
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Ancona, Italy
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4
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Zveik O, Rechtman A, Brill L, Vaknin-Dembinsky A. Anti- and pro-inflammatory milieu differentially regulate differentiation and immune functions of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Immunology 2024; 171:618-633. [PMID: 38243672 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) were regarded for years solely for their regenerative role; however, their immune-modulatory roles have gained much attention recently, particularly in the context of multiple sclerosis (MS). Despite extensive studies on OPCs, there are limited data elucidating the interactions between their intrinsic regenerative and immune functions, as well as their relationship with the inflamed central nervous system (CNS) environment, a key factor in MS pathology. We examined the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines, represented by interferon (IFN)-γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines, represented by interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10, on OPC differentiation and immune characteristics. Using primary cultures, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence stainings, we assessed differentiation capacity, phagocytic activity, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II expression, and cytokine secretion. We observed that the anti-inflammatory milieu (IL4 and IL10) reduced both OPC differentiation and immune functions. Conversely, exposure to TNF-α led to intact differentiation, increased phagocytic activity, high levels of MHC-II expression, and cytokines secretion. Those effects were attributed to signalling via TNF-receptor-2 and counteracted the detrimental effects of IFN-γ on OPC differentiation. Our findings suggest that a pro-regenerative, permissive inflammatory environment is needed for OPCs to execute both regenerative and immune-modulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omri Zveik
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The Agnes-Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariel Rechtman
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The Agnes-Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Livnat Brill
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The Agnes-Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Vaknin-Dembinsky
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The Agnes-Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Janeckova L, Knotek T, Kriska J, Hermanova Z, Kirdajova D, Kubovciak J, Berkova L, Tureckova J, Camacho Garcia S, Galuskova K, Kolar M, Anderova M, Korinek V. Astrocyte-like subpopulation of NG2 glia in the adult mouse cortex exhibits characteristics of neural progenitor cells. Glia 2024; 72:245-273. [PMID: 37772368 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells expressing neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2), also known as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), play a critical role in maintaining brain health. However, their ability to differentiate after ischemic injury is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the properties and functions of NG2 glia in the ischemic brain. Using transgenic mice, we selectively labeled NG2-expressing cells and their progeny in both healthy brain and after focal cerebral ischemia (FCI). Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we classified the labeled glial cells into five distinct subpopulations based on their gene expression patterns. Additionally, we examined the membrane properties of these cells using the patch-clamp technique. Of the identified subpopulations, three were identified as OPCs, whereas the fourth subpopulation had characteristics indicative of cells likely to develop into oligodendrocytes. The fifth subpopulation of NG2 glia showed astrocytic markers and had similarities to neural progenitor cells. Interestingly, this subpopulation was present in both healthy and post-ischemic tissue; however, its gene expression profile changed after ischemia, with increased numbers of genes related to neurogenesis. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the temporal expression of neurogenic genes and showed an increased presence of NG2 cells positive for Purkinje cell protein-4 at the periphery of the ischemic lesion 12 days after FCI, as well as NeuN-positive NG2 cells 28 and 60 days after injury. These results suggest the potential development of neuron-like cells arising from NG2 glia in the ischemic tissue. Our study provides insights into the plasticity of NG2 glia and their capacity for neurogenesis after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Janeckova
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Knotek
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kriska
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Hermanova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Kirdajova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kubovciak
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Linda Berkova
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Tureckova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sara Camacho Garcia
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Galuskova
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kolar
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Korinek
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Willems E, Schepers M, Piccart E, Wolfs E, Hellings N, Ait-Tihyaty M, Vanmierlo T. The sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 modulator ponesimod repairs cuprizone-induced demyelination and induces oligodendrocyte differentiation. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23413. [PMID: 38243760 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301557rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulators are clinically used to treat relapse-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) and the early phase of progressive MS when inflammation still prevails. In the periphery, S1PR modulators prevent lymphocyte egress from lymph nodes, hence hampering neuroinflammation. Recent findings suggest a role for S1PR modulation in remyelination. As the Giα-coupled S1P1 subtype is the most prominently expressed S1PR in oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), selective modulation (functional antagonism) of S1P1 may have direct effects on OPC functionality. We hypothesized that functional antagonism of S1P1 by ponesimod induces remyelination by boosting OPC differentiation. In the cuprizone mouse model of demyelination, we found ponesimod to decrease the latency time of visual evoked potentials compared to vehicle conditions, which is indicative of functional remyelination. In addition, the Y maze spontaneous alternations test revealed that ponesimod reversed cuprizone-induced working memory deficits. Myelin basic protein (MBP) immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy of the corpus callosum revealed an increase in myelination upon ponesimod treatment. Moreover, treatment with ponesimod alone or in combination with A971432, an S1P5 monoselective modulator, significantly increased primary mouse OPC differentiation based on O4 immunocytochemistry. In conclusion, S1P1 functional antagonism by ponesimod increases remyelination in the cuprizone model of demyelination and significantly increases OPC differentiation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Willems
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Melissa Schepers
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Piccart
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Esther Wolfs
- Department of Cardio and Organ Systems, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Niels Hellings
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium
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7
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Sharma M, Prakash S, Mathur P, Suri V, Subramanian A, Agrawal D, Pandey RM, Raina A, Malhotra R, Lalwani S. Alterations of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) with survival time in humans following high impact brain trauma. J Forensic Leg Med 2023; 97:102557. [PMID: 37413907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2023.102557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As there is a lack of comprehensive literature regarding the molecular environment of the human brain emphasizing on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) following high impact brain trauma. The protagonist of OPCs post severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) provides a significant thrust towards estimating time elapsed since trauma as well as developing novel therapeutic approaches. The present study was carried out to study post trauma alterations pertaining to myelin sheath and oligodendrocyte response with survival time. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, victims (both male and female) of sTBI (n = 64) were recruited and contrasted with age and gender matched controls (n = 12). Post mortem brain samples from corpus callosum and grey white matter interface were collected during autopsy examination. Extent of myelin degradation and response of OPC markers Olig-2 and PDGFR-α were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. STATA 14.0 statistical software was used for data analysis with P-value<0.05 considered statistically significant. RESULTS Timewise qualitative correlation with extent of demyelination performed using LFB-PAS/IHC-MBP, IHC Olig-2 and mRNA expression revealed tendency towards remyelination in both corpus callosum and grey white matter interface. Number of Olig-2 positive cells was significantly higher in sTBI group as compared to control group (P-value: 0.0001). Moreover, mRNA expression studies of Olig-2 showed significant upregulation in sTBI patients. mRNA expression of Olig-2 and PDGFR-α in sTBI patients showed significant variation with respect to survival time (p value:0.0001). CONCLUSION Detailed assessment of post TBI changes implementing various immunohistochemical and molecular techniques shall potentially reveal intriguing and important inferences in medicolegal practices and neurotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Sharma
- Division of Forensic Pathology and Molecular DNA Laboratory, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Centre, All ındia ınstitute of Medical Sciences, Raj Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Shyam Prakash
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, All ındia ınstitute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi- 110029, India.
| | - Purva Mathur
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Centre, All ındia ınstitute of Medical Sciences, Raj Nagar, New Delhi-1100029, India.
| | - Vaishali Suri
- Neuropathology Laboratory, All ındia ınstitute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India.
| | - Arulselvi Subramanian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Centre, All ındia ınstitute of Medical Sciences, Raj Nagar, New Delhi-1100029, India.
| | - Deepak Agrawal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jai Prakash Apex Trauma Centre, All ındia ınstitute of Medical Sciences, Raj Nagar, New Delhi-110029, India.
| | - Ravindra Mohan Pandey
- Department of Biostatistics, All ındia ınstitute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India.
| | - Anupuma Raina
- Division of Forensic Pathology and Molecular DNA Laboratory, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Centre, All ındia ınstitute of Medical Sciences, Raj Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Rajesh Malhotra
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Centre, All ındia ınstitute of Medical Sciences, Raj Nagar, New Delhi-110029, India.
| | - Sanjeev Lalwani
- Division of Forensic Pathology and Molecular DNA Laboratory, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Centre, All ındia ınstitute of Medical Sciences, Raj Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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Shafqat A, Albalkhi I, Magableh HM, Saleh T, Alkattan K, Yaqinuddin A. Tackling the glial scar in spinal cord regeneration: new discoveries and future directions. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1180825. [PMID: 37293626 PMCID: PMC10244598 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1180825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal regeneration and functional recovery are poor after spinal cord injury (SCI), typified by the formation of an injury scar. While this scar was traditionally believed to be primarily responsible for axonal regeneration failure, current knowledge takes a more holistic approach that considers the intrinsic growth capacity of axons. Targeting the SCI scar has also not reproducibly yielded nearly the same efficacy in animal models compared to these neuron-directed approaches. These results suggest that the major reason behind central nervous system (CNS) regeneration failure is not the injury scar but a failure to stimulate axon growth adequately. These findings raise questions about whether targeting neuroinflammation and glial scarring still constitute viable translational avenues. We provide a comprehensive review of the dual role of neuroinflammation and scarring after SCI and how future research can produce therapeutic strategies targeting the hurdles to axonal regeneration posed by these processes without compromising neuroprotection.
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Torii T, Miyamoto Y, Nakata R, Higashi Y, Shinmyo Y, Kawasaki H, Miyasaka T, Misonou H. Identification of Tau protein as a novel marker for maturation and pathological changes of oligodendrocytes. Glia 2023; 71:1002-1017. [PMID: 36565228 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule-associated protein Tau is primarily expressed in axons of neurons, but also in Olig2-positive oligodendrocytes in adult rodent and monkey brains. In this study, we sought to determine at what cell stage Tau becomes expressed in the oligodendrocyte lineage. We performed immunostaining of adult mouse brain sections using well-known markers of oligodendrocyte lineage and found that Tau is expressed in mature oligodendrocytes, but not in oligodendrocyte progenitors and immature pre-oligodendrocytes. We also investigated Tau expression in developing mouse brain. Surprisingly, Tau expression occurred after the peak of myelination and even exceeded GSTπ expression, which has been considered as a marker of myelinating oligodendrocytes. These results suggest Tau as a novel marker of oligodendrocyte maturation. We then investigated whether Tau is important for oligodendrocyte development and/or myelination and how Tau changes in demyelination. First, we found no changes in myelination and oligodendrocyte markers in Tau knockout mice, suggesting that Tau is dispensable. Next, we analyzed the proteolipid protein 1 transgenic model of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, which is a rare leukodystrophy. In hemizygous transgenic mice, the number of Tau-positive cells were significantly increased as compared with wild type mice. These cells were also positive for Olig2, CC1, and GSTπ, but not PDGFRα and GPR17. In stark contrast, the expression level of Tau, as well as GSTπ, was dramatically decreased in the cuprizone-induced model of multiple sclerosis. Taken together, we propose Tau as a new marker of oligodendrocyte lineage and for investigating demyelination lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Torii
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Miyamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagayaku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rinaho Nakata
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuto Higashi
- Department of Neuropathology, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yohei Shinmyo
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Miyasaka
- Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Neuropathology, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Misonou
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto, Japan
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10
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Hu X, Geng P, Zhao X, Wang Q, Liu C, Guo C, Dong W, Jin X. The NG2-glia is a potential target to maintain the integrity of neurovascular unit after acute ischemic stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 180:106076. [PMID: 36921779 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) plays a critical role in health and disease. In the current review, we discuss the critical role of a class of neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2)-expressing glial cells (NG2-glia) in regulating NVU after acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We first introduce the role of NG2-glia in the formation of NVU during development as well as aging-induced damage to NVU and accompanying NG2-glia change. We then discuss the reciprocal interactions between NG2-glia and the other component cells of NVU, emphasizing the factors that could influence NG2-glia. Damage to the NVU integrity is the pathological basis of edema and hemorrhagic transformation, the most dreaded complication after AIS. The role of NG2-glia in AIS-induced NVU damage and the effect of NG2-glia transplantation on AIS-induced NVU damage are summarized. We next discuss the role of NG2-glia and the effect of NG2-glia transplantation in oligodendrogenesis and white matter repair as well as angiogenesis which is associated with the outcome of the patients after AIS. Finally, we review the current strategies to promote NG2-glia proliferation and differentiation and propose to use the dental pulp stem cells (DPSC)-derived exosome as a promising strategy to reduce AIS-induced injury and promote repair through maintaining the integrity of NVU by regulating endogenous NG2-glia proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Panpan Geng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Changqing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Guo
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Wen Dong
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xinchun Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China.
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11
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Analysis of a cell niche with proliferative potential at the roof of the aqueduct of Sylvius. Neurosci Res 2023; 188:28-38. [PMID: 36375656 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aqueduct of Sylvius connects the third with the fourth ventricle and is surrounded by the Periaqueductal Grey. Here, we report a novel niche of cells in the dorsal section of the aqueduct, hereby named dorsal aqueduct niche or DAN, by applying a battery of selective markers and transgenic mouse lines. The somata of DAN cells are located toward the lumen of the ventricle forming multiple layers in close association with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A single process emerges from the soma and run with the blood vessels. Cells of the DAN express radial glia/stem cell markers such as GFAP, vimentin and nestin, and the glutamate transporter GLAST or the oligodendrocyte precursor/pericyte marker NG2, thereby suggesting their potential for the generation of new cells. Morphologically, DAN cells resemble tanycytes of the third ventricle, which transfer biochemical signals from the CSF to the central nervous system and display proliferative capacity. The aqueduct ependymal lining can proliferate as observed by the integration of BrdU and expression of Ki67. Thus, the dorsal section of the aqueduct of Sylvius possesses cells that may act a niche of new glial cells in the adult mouse brain.
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12
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Spatiotemporal dynamics of the cellular components involved in glial scar formation following spinal cord injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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13
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Ahmad S, Srivastava RK, Singh P, Naik UP, Srivastava AK. Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Glia-Neuron Intercellular Communication. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:844194. [PMID: 35493327 PMCID: PMC9043804 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.844194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross talk between glia and neurons is crucial for a variety of biological functions, ranging from nervous system development, axonal conduction, synaptic transmission, neural circuit maturation, to homeostasis maintenance. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which were initially described as cellular debris and were devoid of biological function, are now recognized as key components in cell-cell communication and play a critical role in glia-neuron communication. EVs transport the proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid cargo in intercellular communication, which alters target cells structurally and functionally. A better understanding of the roles of EVs in glia-neuron communication, both in physiological and pathological conditions, can aid in the discovery of novel therapeutic targets and the development of new biomarkers. This review aims to demonstrate that different types of glia and neuronal cells secrete various types of EVs, resulting in specific functions in intercellular communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Ahmad
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohit K. Srivastava
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- M.E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Pratibha Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Biosciences Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ulhas P. Naik
- Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Amit K. Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Amit K. Srivastava,
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14
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Khandare P, Saluja A, Solanki RS, Singh R, Vani K, Garg D, Dhamija RK. Serum S100B and NSE Levels Correlate With Infarct Size and Bladder-Bowel Involvement Among Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2022; 13:218-225. [PMID: 35694066 PMCID: PMC9187393 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1743214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives Stroke is a major global health concern. Due to limited availability of neuroimaging particularly in rural and regional areas in India as well as its limitation, the interest in use of biochemical markers for stroke diagnosis, severity, and prognosis is increasing. Only a handful of studies on stroke biomarkers have been conducted in India. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the correlation of serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) levels with stroke severity according to infarct size in acute ischemic stroke patients.
Material and Methods Sixty stroke patients were recruited for the study and were evaluated. Noncontrast computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain was performed for all patients within 48 hours of onset of symptoms. Infarct volume was measured by evaluating dimensions in three planes on CT head. Serum NSE and S100B levels were measured by commercially available immunoassay kits. Continuous data was represented as mean ± standard deviation. Categorical data was expressed in terms of percentages and proportions. Pearson's correlation coefficient was applied to assess correlation between NSE and S100B and infarct size. Infarct size was classified arbitrarily into three groups according to infarct volume (low, moderate, and large) and analysis of variance was applied for comparing mean S100B and NSE levels in the three groups. To assess the independent predictors of infarct size among stroke cases, multivariate logistic regression analysis was used. Association between serum S100B or NSE levels and clinical features was done by the Mann–Whitney U test.
Results Correlation between serum S100B protein levels and NSE with larger infarct volume was highly significant (r(S100B) = 0.611, p (S100B) < 0.0001; r(NSE) = 0.258, p(NSE) = 0.047). Using multivariate regression analysis, bladder and bowel involvement, prior stroke history, and dyslipidemia among stroke patients correlated with a larger infarct size. Mann–Whitney U test showed both NSE and S100B levels were significantly associated with bladder bowel involvement among stroke cases.
Conclusion There was a positive correlation between serum S100B and NSE levels with infarct size. In addition, bladder-bowel involvement among stroke patients was associated with increased S100B levels. Therefore, levels of protein S100B and NSE may serve as indicator of infarct size and may be predictors of severe clinical presentations of acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Khandare
- Department of Medicine, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Alvee Saluja
- Department of Neurology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi S. Solanki
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritu Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Kavita Vani
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences (ABVIMS) and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Divyani Garg
- Department of Neurology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
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15
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Zveik O, Fainstein N, Rechtman A, Haham N, Ganz T, Lavon I, Brill L, Vaknin-Dembinsky A. Cerebrospinal fluid of progressive multiple sclerosis patients reduces differentiation and immune functions of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Glia 2022; 70:1191-1209. [PMID: 35266197 PMCID: PMC9314832 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are responsible for remyelination in the central nervous system (CNS) in health and disease. For patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), remyelination is not always successful, and the mechanisms differentiating successful from failed remyelination are not well‐known. Growing evidence suggests an immune role for OPCs, in addition to their regenerative role; however, it is not clear if this helps or hinders the regenerative process. We studied the effect of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from relapsing MS (rMS) and progressive MS (pMS) patients on primary OPC differentiation and immune gene expression and function. We observed that CSF from either rMS or pMS patients has a differential effect on the ability of mice OPCs to differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes and to express immune functions. CSF of pMS patients impaired differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes. In addition, it led to decreased major histocompatibility complex class (MHC)‐II expression, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α secretion, nuclear factor kappa‐B (NFκB) activation, and less activation and proliferation of T cells. Our findings suggest that OPCs are not only responsible for remyelination, but they may also play an active role as innate immune cells in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omri Zveik
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nina Fainstein
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariel Rechtman
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nitzan Haham
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tal Ganz
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Iris Lavon
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,Leslie and Michael Gaffin Center for Neuro-Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Livnat Brill
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Vaknin-Dembinsky
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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16
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Cardona HJ, Somasundaram A, Crabtree DM, Gadd SL, Becher OJ. Prenatal overexpression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor A results in central nervous system hypomyelination. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e2332. [PMID: 34480532 PMCID: PMC8553322 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling, through the ligand PDGF-A and its receptor PDGFRA, is important for the growth and maintenance of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in the central nervous system (CNS). PDGFRA signaling is downregulated prior to OPC differentiation into mature myelinating oligodendrocytes. By contrast, PDGFRA is often genetically amplified or mutated in many types of gliomas, including diffuse midline glioma (DMG) where OPCs are considered the most likely cell-of-origin. The cellular and molecular changes that occur in OPCs in response to unregulated PDGFRA expression, however, are not known. METHODS Here, we created a conditional knock-in (KI) mouse that overexpresses wild type (WT) human PDGFRA (hPDGFRA) in prenatal Olig2-expressing progenitors, and examined in vivo cellular and molecular consequences. RESULTS The KI mice exhibited stunted growth, ataxia, and a severe loss of myelination in the brain and spinal cord. When combined with the loss of p53, a tumor suppressor gene whose activity is decreased in DMG, the KI mice failed to develop tumors but still exhibited hypomyelination. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed decreased myelination gene signatures, indicating a defect in oligodendroglial development. Mice overexpressing PDGFRA in prenatal GFAP-expressing progenitors, which give rise to a broader lineage of cells than Olig2-progenitors, also developed myelination defects. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that embryonic overexpression of hPDGFRA in Olig2- or GFAP-progenitors is deleterious to OPC development and leads to CNS hypomyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herminio Joey Cardona
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Neuro-Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplant, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Agila Somasundaram
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Neuro-Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplant, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Donna M Crabtree
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Office of Clinical Research, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Samantha L Gadd
- Department of Pathology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Oren J Becher
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Neuro-Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplant, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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17
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Akay LA, Effenberger AH, Tsai LH. Cell of all trades: oligodendrocyte precursor cells in synaptic, vascular, and immune function. Genes Dev 2021; 35:180-198. [PMID: 33526585 PMCID: PMC7849363 DOI: 10.1101/gad.344218.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are not merely a transitory progenitor cell type, but rather a distinct and heterogeneous population of glia with various functions in the developing and adult central nervous system. In this review, we discuss the fate and function of OPCs in the brain beyond their contribution to myelination. OPCs are electrically sensitive, form synapses with neurons, support blood-brain barrier integrity, and mediate neuroinflammation. We explore how sex and age may influence OPC activity, and we review how OPC dysfunction may play a primary role in numerous neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. Finally, we highlight areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Anne Akay
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Audrey H Effenberger
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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18
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Moyon S, Frawley R, Marechal D, Huang D, Marshall-Phelps KLH, Kegel L, Bøstrand SMK, Sadowski B, Jiang YH, Lyons DA, Möbius W, Casaccia P. TET1-mediated DNA hydroxymethylation regulates adult remyelination in mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3359. [PMID: 34099715 PMCID: PMC8185117 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23735-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating myelin repair in the adult central nervous system (CNS) are unclear. Here, we identify DNA hydroxymethylation, catalyzed by the Ten-Eleven-Translocation (TET) enzyme TET1, as necessary for myelin repair in young adults and defective in old mice. Constitutive and inducible oligodendrocyte lineage-specific ablation of Tet1 (but not of Tet2), recapitulate this age-related decline in repair of demyelinated lesions. DNA hydroxymethylation and transcriptomic analyses identify TET1-target in adult oligodendrocytes, as genes regulating neuro-glial communication, including the solute carrier (Slc) gene family. Among them, we show that the expression levels of the Na+/K+/Cl- transporter, SLC12A2, are higher in Tet1 overexpressing cells and lower in old or Tet1 knockout. Both aged mice and Tet1 mutants also present inefficient myelin repair and axo-myelinic swellings. Zebrafish mutants for slc12a2b also display swellings of CNS myelinated axons. Our findings suggest that TET1 is required for adult myelin repair and regulation of the axon-myelin interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Moyon
- Neuroscience Initiative Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Rebecca Frawley
- Neuroscience Initiative Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Damien Marechal
- Neuroscience Initiative Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dennis Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Linde Kegel
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Boguslawa Sadowski
- Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen, Germany
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yong-Hui Jiang
- Department of Neurobiology and Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen, Germany
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Patrizia Casaccia
- Neuroscience Initiative Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Program of Biology and Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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19
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Nishiyama A, Serwanski DR, Pfeiffer F. Many roles for oligodendrocyte precursor cells in physiology and pathology. Neuropathology 2021; 41:161-173. [PMID: 33913208 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are a fourth resident glial cell population in the mammalian central nervous system. They are evenly distributed throughout the gray and white matter and continue to proliferate and generate new oligodendrocytes (OLs) throughout life. They were understudied until a few decades ago when immunolabeling for NG2 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha revealed cells that are distinct from mature OLs, astrocytes, neurons, and microglia. In this review, we provide a summary of the known properties of OPCs with some historical background, followed by highlights from recent studies that suggest new roles for OPCs in certain pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,The Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - David R Serwanski
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Friederike Pfeiffer
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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20
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Reyes-Haro D, Cisneros-Mejorado A, Arellano RO. Therapeutic Potential of GABAergic Signaling in Myelin Plasticity and Repair. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:662191. [PMID: 33889577 PMCID: PMC8056019 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.662191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) produce myelin to insulate axons. This accelerates action potential propagation, allowing nerve impulse information to synchronize within complex neuronal ensembles and promoting brain connectivity. Brain plasticity includes myelination, a process that starts early after birth and continues throughout life. Myelin repair, followed by injury or disease, requires new OLs differentiated from a population derived from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) that continue to proliferate, migrate and differentiate to preserve and remodel myelin in the adult central nervous system. OPCs represent the largest proliferative neural cell population outside the adult neurogenic niches in the brain. OPCs receive synaptic inputs from glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons throughout neurodevelopment, a unique feature among glial cells. Neuron-glia communication through GABA signaling in OPCs has been shown to play a role in myelin plasticity and repair. In this review we will focus on the molecular and functional properties of GABAA receptors (GABAARs) expressed by OPCs and their potential role in remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Reyes-Haro
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Campus Juriquilla, Juriquilla, Mexico
| | - Abraham Cisneros-Mejorado
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Campus Juriquilla, Juriquilla, Mexico
| | - Rogelio O Arellano
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Campus Juriquilla, Juriquilla, Mexico
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21
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Pruvost M, Moyon S. Oligodendroglial Epigenetics, from Lineage Specification to Activity-Dependent Myelination. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:62. [PMID: 33467699 PMCID: PMC7830029 DOI: 10.3390/life11010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendroglial cells are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. While myelination is crucial to axonal activity and conduction, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and oligodendrocytes have also been shown to be essential for neuronal support and metabolism. Thus, a tight regulation of oligodendroglial cell specification, proliferation, and myelination is required for correct neuronal connectivity and function. Here, we review the role of epigenetic modifications in oligodendroglial lineage cells. First, we briefly describe the epigenetic modalities of gene regulation, which are known to have a role in oligodendroglial cells. We then address how epigenetic enzymes and/or marks have been associated with oligodendrocyte progenitor specification, survival and proliferation, differentiation, and finally, myelination. We finally mention how environmental cues, in particular, neuronal signals, are translated into epigenetic modifications, which can directly influence oligodendroglial biology.
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22
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Unraveling the adult cell progeny of early postnatal progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19058. [PMID: 33149241 PMCID: PMC7643156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75973-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NG2-glia, also referred to as oligodendrocyte precursor cells or polydendrocytes, represent a large pool of proliferative neural cells in the adult brain that lie outside of the two major adult neurogenic niches. Although their roles are not fully understood, we previously reported significant clonal expansion of adult NG2-cells from embryonic pallial progenitors using the StarTrack lineage-tracing tool. To define the contribution of early postnatal progenitors to the specific NG2-glia lineage, we used NG2-StarTrack. A temporal clonal analysis of single postnatal progenitor cells revealed the production of different glial cell types in distinct areas of the dorsal cortex but not neurons. Moreover, the dispersion and size of the different NG2 derived clonal cell clusters increased with age. Indeed, clonally-related NG2-glia were located throughout the corpus callosum and the deeper layers of the cortex. In summary, our data reveal that postnatally derived NG2-glia are proliferative cells that give rise to NG2-cells and astrocytes but not neurons. These progenitors undergo clonal cell expansion and dispersion throughout the adult dorsal cortex in a manner that was related to aging and cell identity, adding new information about the ontogeny of these cells. Thus, identification of clonally-related cells from specific progenitors is important to reveal the NG2-glia heterogeneity.
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23
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Llorens-Bobadilla E, Chell JM, Le Merre P, Wu Y, Zamboni M, Bergenstråhle J, Stenudd M, Sopova E, Lundeberg J, Shupliakov O, Carlén M, Frisén J. A latent lineage potential in resident neural stem cells enables spinal cord repair. Science 2020; 370:370/6512/eabb8795. [PMID: 33004487 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb8795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Injuries to the central nervous system (CNS) are inefficiently repaired. Resident neural stem cells manifest a limited contribution to cell replacement. We have uncovered a latent potential in neural stem cells to replace large numbers of lost oligodendrocytes in the injured mouse spinal cord. Integrating multimodal single-cell analysis, we found that neural stem cells are in a permissive chromatin state that enables the unfolding of a normally latent gene expression program for oligodendrogenesis after injury. Ectopic expression of the transcription factor OLIG2 unveiled abundant stem cell-derived oligodendrogenesis, which followed the natural progression of oligodendrocyte differentiation, contributed to axon remyelination, and stimulated functional recovery of axon conduction. Recruitment of resident stem cells may thus serve as an alternative to cell transplantation after CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Llorens-Bobadilla
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James M Chell
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pierre Le Merre
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yicheng Wu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margherita Zamboni
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joseph Bergenstråhle
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, SE-171 21 Solna, Sweden
| | - Moa Stenudd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Sopova
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joakim Lundeberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, SE-171 21 Solna, Sweden
| | - Oleg Shupliakov
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marie Carlén
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jonas Frisén
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Egawa N, Suzuki H, Takahashi R, Hayakawa K, Li W, Lo EH, Arai K, Inoue H. From in vitro to in vivo reprogramming for neural transdifferentiation: An approach for CNS tissue remodeling using stem cell technology. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1739-1751. [PMID: 32423328 PMCID: PMC7446571 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20910324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Advances in stem cell technology have provided three approaches to address the demanding issue of the treatment of intractable neurological disease. One of the approaches is the screening of compounds attenuating pathological phenotypes in stem-cell based models. A second approach consists of exogenous-targeted cell supplementation to the lesion with stem cell-derived differentiated cells. A third approach involves in vivo direct programming to transdifferentiate endogenous somatic cells and to boost CNS tissue remodeling. In this review, we outline research advances in stem cell technology of direct reprogramming in vitro and in vivo and discuss the future challenge of tissue remodeling by neural transdifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Egawa
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,iPSC-based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,iPSC-based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Hayakawa
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wenlu Li
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Haruhisa Inoue
- iPSC-based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Medical-risk Avoidance based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan
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25
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Sánchez-González R, Bribián A, López-Mascaraque L. Cell Fate Potential of NG2 Progenitors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9876. [PMID: 32555386 PMCID: PMC7303219 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66753-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the origin of different glial subtypes is crucial to understand glial heterogeneity, and to enhance our knowledge of glial and progenitor cell behavior in embryos and adults. NG2-glia are homogenously distributed in a grid-like manner in both, gray and white matter of the adult brain. While some NG2-glia in the CNS are responsible for the generation of mature oligodendrocytes (OPCs), most of them do not differentiate and they can proliferate outside of adult neurogenic niches. Thus, NG2-glia constitute a heterogeneous population containing different subpopulations with distinct functions. We hypothesized that their diversity emerges from specific progenitors during development, as occurs with other glial cell subtypes. To specifically target NG2-pallial progenitors and to define the NG2-glia lineage, as well as the NG2-progenitor potential, we designed two new StarTrack strategies using the NG2 promoter. These approaches label NG2 expressing progenitor cells, permitting the cell fates of these NG2 progenitors to be tracked in vivo. StarTrack labelled cells producing different neural phenotypes in different regions depending on the age targeted, and the strategy selected. This specific genetic targeting of neural progenitors in vivo has provided new data on the heterogeneous pool of NG2 progenitors at both embryonic and postnatal ages.
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26
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A Clonal NG2-Glia Cell Response in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051279. [PMID: 32455842 PMCID: PMC7291195 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NG2-glia, also known as oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), have the potential to generate new mature oligodendrocytes and thus, to contribute to tissue repair in demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS). Once activated in response to brain damage, NG2-glial cells proliferate, and they acquire a reactive phenotype and a heterogeneous appearance. Here, we set out to investigate the distribution and phenotypic diversity of NG2-glia relative to their ontogenic origin, and whether there is a clonal NG2-glial response to lesion in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) murine model of MS. As such, we performed in utero electroporation of the genomic lineage tracer, StarTrack, to follow the fate of NG2-glia derived from single progenitors and to evaluate their response to brain damage after EAE induction. We then analyzed the dispersion of the NG2-glia derived clonally from single pallial progenitors in the brain of EAE mice. In addition, we examined several morphological parameters to assess the degree of NG2-glia reactivity in clonally-related cells. Our results reveal the heterogeneity of these progenitors and their cell progeny in a scenario of autoimmune demyelination, revealing the ontogenic phenomena at play in these processes.
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27
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Losurdo M, Davidsson J, Sköld MK. Diffuse Axonal Injury in the Rat Brain: Axonal Injury and Oligodendrocyte Activity Following Rotational Injury. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E229. [PMID: 32290212 PMCID: PMC7225974 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10040229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) commonly results in primary diffuse axonal injury (DAI) and associated secondary injuries that evolve through a cascade of pathological mechanisms. We aim at assessing how myelin and oligodendrocytes react to head angular-acceleration-induced TBI in a previously described model. This model induces axonal injuries visible by amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression, predominantly in the corpus callosum and its borders. Brain tissue from a total of 27 adult rats was collected at 24 h, 72 h and 7 d post-injury. Coronal sections were prepared for immunohistochemistry and RNAscope® to investigate DAI and myelin changes (APP, MBP, Rip), oligodendrocyte lineage cell loss (Olig2), oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) (NG2, PDGFRa) and neuronal stress (HSP70, ATF3). Oligodendrocytes and OPCs numbers (expressed as percentage of positive cells out of total number of cells) were measured in areas with high APP expression. Results showed non-statistically significant trends with a decrease in oligodendrocyte lineage cells and an increase in OPCs. Levels of myelination were mostly unaltered, although Rip expression differed significantly between sham and injured animals in the frontal brain. Neuronal stress markers were induced at the dorsal cortex and habenular nuclei. We conclude that rotational injury induces DAI and neuronal stress in specific areas. We noticed indications of oligodendrocyte death and regeneration without statistically significant changes at the timepoints measured, despite indications of axonal injuries and neuronal stress. This might suggest that oligodendrocytes are robust enough to withstand this kind of trauma, knowledge important for the understanding of thresholds for cell injury and post-traumatic recovery potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Losurdo
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Johan Davidsson
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Mattias K. Sköld
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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28
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The direct deleterious effect of Th17 cells in the nervous system compartment in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: one possible link between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. REV ROMANA MED LAB 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/rrlm-2020-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The processes of demyelination and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are secondary to numerous pathophysiological mechanisms. One of the main cellular players is the Th17 lymphocyte. One of the major functions described for Th17 cells is the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-17 at the level of peripheral and CNS inflammation. This review will focus on the newly described and unexpected, direct role played by the Th17 cells in the CNS of MS patients and EAE models. Th17 and their main cytokine, IL-17, are actively involved in the onset and maintenance of the immune cascade in the CNS compartment as Th17 were found to achieve brain-homing potential. Direct interaction of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein - specific Th17 with the neuronal cells firstly induces demyelination and secondly, extensive axonal damage. The Th17 cells promote an inflammatory B cell response beyond the BBB through the presence of infiltrating Th follicles. Due to their role in preventing remyelination and direct neurotoxic effect, Th17 cells might stand for an important connection between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in a devastating disease like MS. The Th17 cell populations have different mechanisms of provoking an autoimmune attack not only in the periphery but also in the CNS of MS patients.
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29
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Extrinsic Factors Driving Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cell Progression in CNS Development and Injury. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:630-642. [PMID: 31997102 PMCID: PMC7058689 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-02967-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) generate myelin membranes for the rapid propagation of electrical signals along axons in the central nervous system (CNS) and provide metabolites to support axonal integrity and function. Differentiation of OLs from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) is orchestrated by a multitude of intrinsic and extrinsic factors in the CNS. Disruption of this process, or OL loss in the developing or adult brain, as observed in various neurological conditions including hypoxia/ischemia, stroke, and demyelination, results in axonal dystrophy, neuronal dysfunction, and severe neurological impairments. While much is known regarding the intrinsic regulatory signals required for OL lineage cell progression in development, studies from pathological conditions highlight the importance of the CNS environment and external signals in regulating OL genesis and maturation. Here, we review the recent findings in OL biology in the context of the CNS physiological and pathological conditions, focusing on extrinsic factors that facilitate OL development and regeneration.
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30
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Xiong A, Spyrou A, Forsberg-Nilsson K. Involvement of Heparan Sulfate and Heparanase in Neural Development and Pathogenesis of Brain Tumors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:365-403. [PMID: 32274718 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors are aggressive and devastating diseases. The most common type of brain tumor, glioblastoma (GBM), is incurable and has one of the worst five-year survival rates of all human cancers. GBMs are invasive and infiltrate healthy brain tissue, which is one main reason they remain fatal despite resection, since cells that have already migrated away lead to rapid regrowth of the tumor. Curative therapy for medulloblastoma (MB), the most common pediatric brain tumor, has improved, but the outcome is still poor for many patients, and treatment causes long-term complications. Recent advances in the classification of pediatric brain tumors reveal distinct subgroups, allowing more targeted therapy for the most aggressive forms, and sparing children with less malignant tumors the side-effects of massive treatment. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), main components of the neurogenic niche, interact specifically with a large number of physiologically important molecules and vital roles for HS biosynthesis and degradation in neural stem cell differentiation have been presented. HSPGs are composed of a core protein with attached highly charged, sulfated disaccharide chains. The major enzyme that degrades HS is heparanase (HPSE), an important regulator of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling which has been suggested to promote the growth and invasion of other types of tumors. This is of clinical interest because GBM are highly invasive and children with metastatic MB at the time of diagnosis exhibit a worse outcome. Here we review the involvement of HS and HPSE in development of the nervous system and some of its most malignant brain tumors, glioblastoma and medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Xiong
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Insitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Argyris Spyrou
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Forsberg-Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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31
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Boshans LL, Sherafat A, Nishiyama A. The effects of developmental and current niches on oligodendrocyte precursor dynamics and fate. Neurosci Lett 2019; 715:134593. [PMID: 31678373 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), whose primary function is to generate myelinating oligodendrocytes, are distributed widely throughout the developing and mature central nervous system. They originate from several defined subdomains in the embryonic germinal zones at different developmental stages and in the adult. While many phenotypic differences have been observed among OPCs in different anatomical regions and among those arising from different germinal zones, we know relatively little about the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which the historical and current niches shape the behavior of oligodendrocyte lineage cells. This minireview will discuss how the behavior of oligodendrocyte lineage cells is influenced by the developmental niches from which subpopulations of OPCs emerge, by the current niches surrounding OPCs in different regions, and in pathological states that cause deviations from the normal density of oligodendrocyte lineage cells and myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Boshans
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Amin Sherafat
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Akiko Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, USA; Institute for Brain and Cognitive Science, University of Connecticut, USA.
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32
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Pukos N, Goodus MT, Sahinkaya FR, McTigue DM. Myelin status and oligodendrocyte lineage cells over time after spinal cord injury: What do we know and what still needs to be unwrapped? Glia 2019; 67:2178-2202. [PMID: 31444938 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects over 17,000 individuals in the United States per year, resulting in sudden motor, sensory and autonomic impairments below the level of injury. These deficits may be due at least in part to the loss of oligodendrocytes and demyelination of spared axons as it leads to slowed or blocked conduction through the lesion site. It has long been accepted that progenitor cells form new oligodendrocytes after SCI, resulting in the acute formation of new myelin on demyelinated axons. However, the chronicity of demyelination and the functional significance of remyelination remain contentious. Here we review work examining demyelination and remyelination after SCI as well as the current understanding of oligodendrocyte lineage cell responses to spinal trauma, including the surprisingly long-lasting response of NG2+ oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to proliferate and differentiate into new myelinating oligodendrocytes for months after SCI. OPCs are highly sensitive to microenvironmental changes, and therefore respond to the ever-changing post-SCI milieu, including influx of blood, monocytes and neutrophils; activation of microglia and macrophages; changes in cytokines, chemokines and growth factors such as ciliary neurotrophic factor and fibroblast growth factor-2; glutamate excitotoxicity; and axon degeneration and sprouting. We discuss how these changes relate to spontaneous oligodendrogenesis and remyelination, the evidence for and against demyelination being an important clinical problem and if remyelination contributes to motor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Pukos
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Matthew T Goodus
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Fatma R Sahinkaya
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Dana M McTigue
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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33
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Egawa N, Chung KK, Takahashi R, Lo EH, Inoue H, Arai K. Brief review: Can modulating DNA methylation state help the clinical application of oligodendrocyte precursor cells as a source of stem cell therapy? Brain Res 2019; 1723:146386. [PMID: 31419426 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are one of the major cell types in cerebral white matter, which are generated from neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and give rise to mature oligodendrocytes. Although past studies have extensively examined how OPCs are generated from NPCs and how OPCs differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes, the underlying mechanisms remain unelucidated. In particular, the roles of DNA methylation and the related enzymes DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) in oligodendrocyte lineage cells are still mostly unknown, although DNA methylation plays a critical role in cell fate decision in multiple cell types. Recently, OPCs were proposed as a promising source of cell-based therapy for patients with oligodendrocyte/myelin damage. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying the involvement of DNMTs in OPCs would help to develop an approach for the efficient preparation of OPCs for cell-based therapy. As a part of the special issue for "Stem Cell Therapy" in Brain Research, this mini-review article first overviews the potential for clinical application of OPCs for cell-based therapy, and then summarizes the key findings of DNMT roles in OPCs, focusing on OPC generation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Egawa
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; iPSC-based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto, Japan; Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kelly K Chung
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Haruhisa Inoue
- iPSC-based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto, Japan; Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Medical-risk Avoidance Based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Pfeiffer F, Frommer-Kaestle G, Fallier-Becker P. Structural adaption of axons during de- and remyelination in the Cuprizone mouse model. Brain Pathol 2019; 29:675-692. [PMID: 31106489 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder causing neurodegeneration mostly in young adults. Thereby, myelin is lost in the inflammatory lesions leaving unmyelinated axons at a high risk to degenerate. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells maintain their regenerative capacity into adulthood and are able to remyelinate axons if they are properly activated and differentiate. Neuronal activity influences the success of myelination indicating a close interplay between neurons and oligodendroglia. The myelination profile determines the distribution of voltage-gated ion channels along the axon. Here, we analyze the distribution of the sodium channel subunit Nav1.6 and the ultrastructure of axons after cuprizone-induced demyelination in transgenic mice expressing GFP in oligodendroglial cells. Using this mouse model, we found an increased number of GFP-expressing oligodendroglial cells compared to untreated mice. Analyzing the axons, we found an increase in the number of nodes of Ranvier in mice that had received cuprizone. Furthermore, we found an enhanced portion of unmyelinated axons showing vesicles in the cytoplasm. These vesicles were labeled with VGlut1, indicating that they are involved in axonal signaling. Our results highlight the flexibility of axons towards changes in the glial compartment and depict the structural changes they undergo upon myelin removal. These findings might be considered if searching for new neuroprotective therapies that aim at blocking neuronal activity in order to avoid interfering with the process of remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Pfeiffer
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Petra Fallier-Becker
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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35
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Baror R, Neumann B, Segel M, Chalut KJ, Fancy SPJ, Schafer DP, Franklin RJM. Transforming growth factor-beta renders ageing microglia inhibitory to oligodendrocyte generation by CNS progenitors. Glia 2019; 67:1374-1384. [PMID: 30861188 PMCID: PMC6563458 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
It is now well-established that the macrophage and microglial response to CNS demyelination influences remyelination by removing myelin debris and secreting a variety of signaling molecules that influence the behaviour of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Previous studies have shown that changes in microglia contribute to the age-related decline in the efficiency of remyelination. In this study, we show that microglia increase their expression of the proteoglycan NG2 with age, and that this is associated with an altered micro-niche generated by aged, but not young, microglia that can divert the differentiation OPCs from oligodendrocytes into astrocytes in vitro. We further show that these changes in ageing microglia are generated by exposure to high levels of TGFβ. Thus, our findings suggest that the rising levels of circulating TGFβ known to occur with ageing contribute to the age-related decline in remyelination by impairing the ability of microglia to promote oligodendrocyte differentiation from OPCs, and therefore could be a potential therapeutic target to promote remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roey Baror
- Wellcome‐MRC Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Björn Neumann
- Wellcome‐MRC Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael Segel
- Wellcome‐MRC Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Kevin J. Chalut
- Wellcome‐MRC Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Stephen P. J. Fancy
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Dorothy P. Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology and the Brudnik Neuropsychiatric InstituteUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusetts
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36
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Zhang L, Xie H, Cui L. Activation of astrocytes and expression of inflammatory cytokines in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:4401-4406. [PMID: 30546391 PMCID: PMC6256919 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate and discuss the activation of astrocytes and the expression of inflammatory cytokines in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Twenty Wistar rats were randomly divided into the normal control (n=10) and EAE group (n=10). The rats in the EAE group were injected intraperitoneally with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35–55 emulsion, and those in the control group were injected with the equivalent volume of normal saline. Wear neurological function scale was applied to evaluate the neurological functions of the rats, and the weight changes were recorded. At 21 days after immunization, hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to detect the histomorphology, and immunofluorescence was used to measure the activation conditions of the brain astrocytes. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were utilized to detect the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of inflammatory factors. The disease occurred in rats of the EAE group at 9 days after immunization, and the incidence rate was 80%. The Wear score of the rats in the EAE group was significantly increased compared with that in the control group (P<0.05). At 9 days after immunization, the weight of the rats in the EAE group was obviously lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). The inflammatory lesion of rats in the EAE group mainly occurred in the region of brain parenchyma. The glial fibrillary acidic protein level in the brain sections of the rats in the EAE group was markedly elevated compared with that in control group. The mRNA and protein levels of interleukin-10 in the rat brain in EAE group were decreased notably (P<0.05), while those of interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α were increased significantly (P<0.05). The significant increases in the activation level of astrocytes and inflammatory cytokine level have a close relationship with EAE progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Internal Neurology, Daqing Longnan Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163001, P.R. China
| | - Hualei Xie
- Department of Emergency, The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, Shandong 252601, P.R. China
| | - Lihai Cui
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, Shandong 252601, P.R. China
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37
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Losada-Perez M. Glia: from 'just glue' to essential players in complex nervous systems: a comparative view from flies to mammals. J Neurogenet 2018; 32:78-91. [PMID: 29718753 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2018.1464568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the last years, glial cells have emerged as central players in the development and function of complex nervous systems. Therefore, the concept of glial cells has evolved from simple supporting cells to essential actors. The molecular mechanisms that govern glial functions are evolutionarily conserved from Drosophila to mammals, highlighting genetic similarities between these groups, as well as the great potential of Drosophila research for the understanding of human CNS. These similarities would imply a common phylogenetic origin of glia, even though there is a controversy at this point. This review addresses the existing literature on the evolutionary origin of glia and discusses whether or not insect and mammalian glia are homologous or analogous. Besides, this manuscript summarizes the main glial functions in the CNS and underscores the evolutionarily conserved molecular mechanisms between Drosophila and mammals. Finally, I also consider the current nomenclature and classification of glial cells to highlight the need for a consensus agreement and I propose an alternative nomenclature based on function that unifies Drosophila and mammalian glial types.
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38
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Kelenis DP, Hart E, Edwards-Fligner M, Johnson JE, Vue TY. ASCL1 regulates proliferation of NG2-glia in the embryonic and adult spinal cord. Glia 2018; 66:1862-1880. [PMID: 29683222 PMCID: PMC6185776 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
NG2‐glia are highly proliferative oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) that are widely distributed throughout the central nervous system (CNS). During development, NG2‐glia predominantly differentiate into oligodendrocytes (OLs) to myelinate axon fibers, but they can also remain as OPCs persisting into the mature CNS. Interestingly, NG2‐glia in the gray matter (GM) are intrinsically different from those in the white matter (WM) in terms of proliferation, differentiation, gene expression, and electrophysiological properties. Here we investigate the role of the transcriptional regulator, ASCL1, in controlling NG2‐glia distribution and development in the GM and WM. In the spinal cord, ASCL1 levels are higher in WM NG2‐glia than those in the GM. This differential level of ASCL1 in WM and GM NG2‐glia is maintained into adult stages. Long‐term clonal lineage analysis reveals that the progeny of single ASCL1+ oligodendrocyte progenitors (OLPs) and NG2‐glia are primarily restricted to the GM or WM, even though they undergo extensive proliferation to give rise to large clusters of OLs in the postnatal spinal cord. Conditional deletion of Ascl1 specifically in NG2‐glia in the embryonic or adult spinal cord resulted in a significant reduction in the proliferation but not differentiation of these cells. These findings illustrate that ASCL1 is an intrinsic regulator of the proliferative property of NG2‐glia in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetra P Kelenis
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Emma Hart
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | | | - Jane E Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Tou Yia Vue
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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39
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Antel JP, Lin YH, Cui QL, Pernin F, Kennedy TE, Ludwin SK, Healy LM. Immunology of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in vivo and in vitro. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 331:28-35. [PMID: 29566973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination following myelin/oligodendrocyte injury in the central nervous system (CNS) is dependent on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) migrating into lesion sites, differentiating into myelinating oligodendrocytes (OLs), and ensheathing axons. Experimental models indicate that robust OPC-dependent remyelination can occur in the CNS; in contrast, histologic and imaging studies of lesions in the human disease multiple sclerosis (MS) indicate the variable extent of this response, which is particularly limited in more chronic MS lesions. Immune-mediated mechanisms can contribute either positively or negatively to the presence and functional responses of OPCs. This review addresses i) the molecular signature and functional properties of OPCs in the adult human brain; ii) the status (presence and function) of OPCs in MS lesions; iii) experimental models and in vitro data highlighting the contribution of adaptive and innate immune constituents to OPC injury and remyelination; and iv) effects of MS-directed immunotherapies on OPCs, either directly or indirectly via effects on specific immune constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack P Antel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yun Hsuan Lin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Qiao-Ling Cui
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Florian Pernin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Timothy E Kennedy
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Samuel K Ludwin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Luke M Healy
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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40
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Dolci S, Pino A, Berton V, Gonzalez P, Braga A, Fumagalli M, Bonfanti E, Malpeli G, Pari F, Zorzin S, Amoroso C, Moscon D, Rodriguez FJ, Fumagalli G, Bifari F, Decimo I. High Yield of Adult Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cells Obtained from Meningeal Biopsy. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:703. [PMID: 29075188 PMCID: PMC5643910 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte loss can lead to cognitive and motor deficits. Current remyelinating therapeutic strategies imply either modulation of endogenous oligodendrocyte precursors or transplantation of in vitro expanded oligodendrocytes. Cell therapy, however, still lacks identification of an adequate source of oligodendrocyte present in adulthood and able to efficiently produce transplantable cells. Recently, a neural stem cell-like population has been identified in meninges. We developed a protocol to obtain high yield of oligodendrocyte lineage cells from one single biopsy of adult rat meningeal tissue. From 1 cm2 of adult rat spinal cord meninges, we efficiently expanded a homogenous culture of 10 millions of meningeal-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells in a short period of time (approximately 4 weeks). Meningeal-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells show typical mature oligodendrocyte morphology and express specific oligodendrocyte markers, such as galactosylceramidase and myelin basic protein. Moreover, when transplanted in a chemically demyelinated spinal cord model, meningeal-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells display in vivo-remyelinating potential. This oligodendrocyte lineage cell population derives from an accessible and adult source, being therefore a promising candidate for autologous cell therapy of demyelinating diseases. In addition, the described method to differentiate meningeal-derived neural stem cells into oligodendrocyte lineage cells may represent a valid in vitro model to dissect oligodendrocyte differentiation and to screen for drugs capable to promote oligodendrocyte regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sissi Dolci
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Annachiara Pino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Valeria Berton
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Pau Gonzalez
- Group of Molecular Neurology, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
| | - Alice Braga
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bonfanti
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Malpeli
- Section of General and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Pari
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefania Zorzin
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Clelia Amoroso
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Denny Moscon
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Guido Fumagalli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Bifari
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Decimo
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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41
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Filous AR, Schwab JM. Determinants of Axon Growth, Plasticity, and Regeneration in the Context of Spinal Cord Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:53-62. [PMID: 29030051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that underlie recovery after injury of the central nervous system have rarely been definitively established. Axon regrowth remains the major prerequisite for plasticity, regeneration, circuit formation, and eventually functional recovery. The attributed functional relevance of axon regrowth, however, will depend on several subsequent conditional neurobiological modifications, including myelination and synapse formation, but also pruning of aberrant connectivity. Despite the ability to revamp axon outgrowth by altering an increasing number of extracellular and intracellular targets, disentangling which axons are responsible for the recovery of function from those that are functionally silent, or even contributing to aberrant functions, represents a pertinent void in our understanding, challenging the intuitive translational link between anatomical and functional regeneration. Anatomic hallmarks of regeneration are not static and are largely activity dependent. Herein, we survey mechanisms leading to the formation of dystrophic growth cone at the injured axonal tip, the subsequent axonal dieback, and the molecular determinants of axon growth, plasticity, and regeneration in the context of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Filous
- Spinal Cord Injury Division, Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Jan M Schwab
- Spinal Cord Injury Division, Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Spinal Cord Injury Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.
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42
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Kato K, Losada-Perez M, Hidalgo A. Gene network underlying the glial regenerative response to central nervous system injury. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:85-93. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kato
- School of Medicine; Kyorin University; Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Alicia Hidalgo
- School of Biosciences; University of Birmingham; United Kingdom
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43
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Boulanger JJ, Messier C. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells are paired with GABA neurons in the mouse dorsal cortex: Unbiased stereological analysis. Neuroscience 2017; 362:127-140. [PMID: 28827179 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) are glial cells that differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes during early stages of post-natal life. However, OPCs persist beyond developmental myelination and represent an important population of cycling cells in the gray and white matter of the adult brain. While adult OPCs form unique territories that are maintained through self-avoidance, some cortical OPCs appear to position their cell body very close to that of a neuron, forming what are known as OPC-neuron pairs. We used unbiased systematic stereological analysis of the NG2-CreERTM:EYFP reporter mouse to determine that close to 170,000 OPC-neuron pairs can be found in the dorsal portion of the adult neocortex, with approximately 40% of OPCs and 4% of neurons in pairs. Through stereological analysis, we also determined that reference memory training does not change the prevalence of OPC-neuron pairs or the proportion of OPCs and neurons that form them. GABAergic agent administration did not affect the proportion of OPCs and neurons that can be found in pairs. However, the GABAB-receptor agonist baclofen and the GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin significantly increased the estimated number of pairs when compared to the control group and the GABAB-receptor antagonist (i.e. saclofen) group. Density of OPC-neuron pairs was increased by the GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin. Finally, histological analysis of OPC-neuron pairs suggested that in the dorsal portion of the cortex, GABAergic interneurons represent the most common neuronal component of the pairs, and that calbindin, calretinin and parvalbumin GABAergic interneurons found in the cortex take part in these pairs. Using previous estimates of the number of GABAergic neurons in the rodent cortex, we estimate that roughly one in four GABAergic neurons are paired with an OPC.
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44
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Boulanger JJ, Messier C. Unbiased stereological analysis of the fate of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the adult mouse brain and effect of reference memory training. Behav Brain Res 2017; 329:127-139. [PMID: 28442356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are glial cells that differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes during early stages of post-natal life. However, OPCs persist beyond developmental myelination and represent an important population of cycling cells in the gray and white matter of the adult brain. Here, we used unbiased systematic stereological analysis to determine the total number of OPCs in the neocortex and corpus callosum of the adult mouse. We found that the ratio of OPCs to neurons is of 1:10 in the adult neocortex. Likewise, the ratio of OPCs to oligodendrocytes is of 1:1 in the cortex and 1:7 in the corpus callosum. We also used BrdU labeling and the NG2-CreER™:EYFP reporter mouse to determine the proportion of proliferating adult OPCs and their fate. We show that OPCs continue to differentiate into oligodendrocytes in adulthood, with white matter OPCs being more likely to differentiate into an oligodendrocyte phenotype than gray matter OPCs. The differentiation of OPCs into an oligodendrocyte phenotype can occur either directly from a spontaneous differentiation by an OPC or following OPC cell division. We also provide evidence for the neuronal differentiation of adult OPCs in the cortical gray matter. Although activity-dependent neural network activity has been hypothesized to serve as a modulator of OPC proliferation and differentiation, we found that reference memory training did not affect the proportion of proliferating and differentiated OPCs in the adult mouse brain.
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45
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Moyon S, Casaccia P. DNA methylation in oligodendroglial cells during developmental myelination and in disease. NEUROGENESIS 2017; 4:e1270381. [PMID: 28203606 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2016.1270381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS). During development, they differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes (OL) and ensheath axons, providing trophic and functional support to the neurons. This process is regulated by the dynamic expression of specific transcription factors, which, in turn, is controlled by epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation. Here we discuss recent findings showing that DNA methylation levels are differentially regulated in the oligodendrocyte lineage during developmental myelination, affecting both genes expression and alternative splicing events. Based on the phenotypic characterization of mice with genetic ablation of DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) we conclude that DNA methylation is critical for efficient OPC expansion and for developmental myelination. Previous work suggests that in the context of diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) or gliomas, DNA methylation is differentially regulated in the CNS of affected individuals compared with healthy controls. In this commentary, based on the results of previous work, we propose the potential role of DNA methylation in adult oligodendroglial lineage cells in physiologic and pathological conditions, and delineate potential research approaches to be undertaken to test this hypothesis. A better understanding of this epigenetic modification in adult oligodendrocyte progenitor cells is essential, as it can potentially result in the design of new therapeutic strategies to enhance remyelination in MS patients or reduce proliferation in glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Moyon
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrizia Casaccia
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Neuroscience Initiative Advanced Science Research Center, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
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46
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Li P, Li HX, Jiang HY, Zhu L, Wu HY, Li JT, Lai JH. Expression of NG2 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha in the developing neonatal rat brain. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1843-1852. [PMID: 29239330 PMCID: PMC5745838 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.219045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) is a marker of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the central nervous system. NG2 is also considered a marker of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. However, whether there are differences in the distribution and morphology of oligodendrocyte precursor cells labeled by NG2 or PDGFRα in the developing neonatal rat brain remains unclear. In this study, by immunohistochemical staining, NG2 positive (NG2+) cells were ubiquitous in the molecular layer, external pyramidal layer, internal pyramidal layer, and polymorphic layer of the cerebral cortex, and corpus callosum, external capsule, piriform cortex, and medial septal nucleus. NG2+ cells were stellate or fusiform in shape with long processes that were progressively decreased and shortened over the course of brain development. The distribution and morphology of PDGFRα positive (PDGFRα+) cells were coincident with NG2+ cells. The colocalization of NG2 and PDGFRα in the cell bodies and processes of some cells was confirmed by double immunofluorescence labeling. Moreover, cells double-labeled for NG2 and PDGFRα were predominantly in the early postnatal stage of development. The numbers of NG2+/PDGFRα+ cells and PDGFRα+ cells decreased, but the number of NG2+ cells increased from postnatal days 3 to 14 in the developing brain. In addition, amoeboid microglial cells of the corpus callosum, newborn brain macrophages in the normal developing brain, did not express NG2 or PDGFRα, but NG2 expression was detected in amoeboid microglia after hypoxia. The present results suggest that NG2 and PDGFRα are specific markers of oligodendrocyte precursor cells at different stages during early development. Additionally, the NG2 protein is involved in inflammatory and pathological processes of amoeboid microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- College of Forensic Science, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province; Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Heng-Xi Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hong-Yan Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Lie Zhu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Ying Wu
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Unit, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jin-Tao Li
- Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jiang-Hua Lai
- College of Forensic Science, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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47
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Milosevic A, Liebmann T, Knudsen M, Schintu N, Svenningsson P, Greengard P. Cell- and region-specific expression of depression-related protein p11 (S100a10) in the brain. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:955-975. [PMID: 27616678 PMCID: PMC5222728 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
P11 (S100a10), a member of the S100 family of proteins, has widespread distribution in the vertebrate body, including in the brain, where it has a key role in membrane trafficking, vesicle secretion, and endocytosis. Recently, our laboratory has shown that a constitutive knockout of p11 (p11-KO) in mice results in a depressive-like phenotype. Furthermore, p11 has been implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD) and in the actions of antidepressants. Since depression affects multiple brain regions, and the role of p11 has only been determined in a few of these areas, a detailed analysis of p11 expression in the brain is warranted. Here we demonstrate that, although widespread in the brain, p11 expression is restricted to distinct regions, and specific neuronal and nonneuronal cell types. Furthermore, we provide comprehensive mapping of p11 expression using in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry, and whole-tissue volume imaging. Overall, expression spans multiple brain regions, structures, and cell types, suggesting a complex role of p11 in depression. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:955-975, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Milosevic
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas Liebmann
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Margarete Knudsen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicoletta Schintu
- Section for Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, CMM L8:01, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Section for Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, CMM L8:01, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul Greengard
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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48
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Egawa N, Takase H, Josephine L, Takahashi R, Arai K. Clinical application of oligodendrocyte precursor cells for cell-based therapy. Brain Circ 2016; 2:121-125. [PMID: 30276286 PMCID: PMC6126271 DOI: 10.4103/2394-8108.192515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which give rise to mature oligodendrocytes (OLs), play important roles in maintaining white matter function. Even during the adulthood period, OPCs comprise roughly 5% of all cells in the forebrain and retain a capability to become myelinated OLs. Recently, OPCs have been proposed as a novel source for cell-based therapy. For the purpose, OPCs can be obtained from embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and directly converted cells derived from patients. Here, we will provide a brief review of the potential of using OPCs as a cell-based therapy for treating various neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Egawa
- Department of Radiology and Neurology, Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hajime Takase
- Department of Radiology and Neurology, Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lok Josephine
- Department of Radiology and Neurology, Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Arai
- Department of Radiology and Neurology, Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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49
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Sun W, Matthews EA, Nicolas V, Schoch S, Dietrich D. NG2 glial cells integrate synaptic input in global and dendritic calcium signals. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27644104 PMCID: PMC5052029 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic signaling to NG2-expressing oligodendrocyte precursor cells (NG2 cells) could be key to rendering myelination of axons dependent on neuronal activity, but it has remained unclear whether NG2 glial cells integrate and respond to synaptic input. Here we show that NG2 cells perform linear integration of glutamatergic synaptic inputs and respond with increasing dendritic calcium elevations. Synaptic activity induces rapid Ca2+ signals mediated by low-voltage activated Ca2+ channels under strict inhibitory control of voltage-gated A-type K+ channels. Ca2+ signals can be global and originate throughout the cell. However, voltage-gated channels are also found in thin dendrites which act as compartmentalized processing units and generate local calcium transients. Taken together, the activity-dependent control of Ca2+ signals by A-type channels and the global versus local signaling domains make intracellular Ca2+ in NG2 cells a prime signaling molecule to transform neurotransmitter release into activity-dependent myelination. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16262.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinic Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Vicky Nicolas
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinic Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Schoch
- Department of Neuropathology, University Clinic Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk Dietrich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinic Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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50
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Moshrefi-Ravasdjani B, Dublin P, Seifert G, Jennissen K, Steinhäuser C, Kafitz KW, Rose CR. Changes in the proliferative capacity of NG2 cell subpopulations during postnatal development of the mouse hippocampus. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:831-847. [PMID: 27306788 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1249-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Besides astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, NG2 proteoglycan-expressing cells (NG2 glia) represent a third subtype of macroglia in the brain. Originally described as oligodendrocyte precursor cells, they feature several characteristics not expected from mere progenitor cells, including synaptic connections with neurons. There is accumulating evidence that the properties of NG2 glia differ between different brain regions and developmental stages. To further analyze this proposed heterogeneity, we studied electrophysiological properties, transcript and protein expression, distribution and proliferative capacity of NG2 glia during postnatal development, focusing on the hippocampus and corpus callosum. All NG2 glia displayed a 'complex' current pattern consisting of voltage- and time-dependent in- and outward currents. In juvenile mice, Kir current densities and rectification index were highly variable and on average significantly lower than in adult animals. Single cell RT-PCR analyses of electrophysiologically characterized cells demonstrated that different glial genes were expressed at variable extent, independent of developmental stage and genetic background. In the hippocampus proper and the corpus callosum, the density of NG2 glia was highest at postnatal days (P)10-12, decreased by ~50 % at P25-35 and then remained stable in adults (P80-90). Interestingly, co-expression of NG2 and S100β, a marker for mature astrocytes, increased from 7 % at P10-12 to 27 % at P25-35 in the hippocampus proper, and then dropped again in the stratum radiatum at P80-90. In the dentate gyrus and corpus callosum, co-expression of NG2 and S100β was very low (3 %) and constant throughout development. Age-related differences were also observed with Ki-67, a proliferation marker. In NG2 glia of the CA1 region, its expression decreased from 16 % at P10-12 to 9 % (P25-35) and then 3 % (P80-90). Triple-stainings revealed that Ki-67 was also expressed in 2-3 % of NG2/S100β-positive cells in the juvenile and mature stratum radiatum, indicating that the latter, in contrast to S100β-positive astrocytes, still host proliferative potential. Taken together, we found significant differences in transcript and protein expression, electrophysiological properties and proliferative capacity of NG2 glia in the mouse forebrain, suggesting the co-existence of several subpopulations of NG2 glia. Our data thus support the idea of a substantial regional and developmental heterogeneity in this subtype of macroglia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavel Dublin
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerald Seifert
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katja Jennissen
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl W Kafitz
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christine R Rose
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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