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Mandriota SJ, Sappino AP. The postulated innocuity of lifetime exposure to aluminium should be reappraised. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1159899. [PMID: 37554161 PMCID: PMC10406518 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1159899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of its chemical versatility and abundance in nature, aluminium is employed in a myriad of frequently used products - including cosmetics and food additives - and applications - drinking water purification procedures being an example. Despite what its widespread use might suggest, aluminium's harmlessness is a matter of debate in the scientific community. In this article we trace the lines of a growing questioning about the potential mutagenic effects of this metal, due to the data produced over the recent years, and with an eye to the discussions currently underway in this regard between the scientific community, industry, and regulatory bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano J. Mandriota
- Laboratoire de Cancérogenèse Environnementale, Fondation des Grangettes, Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland
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Moussaron A, Alexandre J, Chenard MP, Mathelin C, Reix N. Correlation between daily life aluminium exposure and breast cancer risk: A systematic review. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 79:127247. [PMID: 37354712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological data indicate that the role of environmental factors on breast cancer (BC) incidence remains undetermined. Our daily life exposure to aluminium (Al) is suspected to influence BC development. This review proposes a state of the art on the association between Al and BC risk combined with a critical point of view on the subject. METHODS We searched the PubMed database using terms related to Al and BC up to November 18, 2022. Reports were eligible if they were cohort or case-control studies or meta-analyses. FINDINGS Six studies focused on the relationship between deodorant and antiperspirant use and BC incidence and didn't produce consistent results. Among 13 studies relating Al content in mammary tissues and BC risk, results are not unanimous to validate higher Al content in tumor tissues compared to healthy ones. We detail parameters that could explain this conclusion: the absence of statistical adjustments on BC risk factors in studies, the confusion between deodorant and antiperspirant terms, the non-assessment of global Al exposure, and the focus on Al in mammary tissues whereas a profile of several metals seems more appropriate. The clinical studies are retrospective. They were carried out on small cohorts and without a long follow-up. On the other hand, studies on cell lines have shown the carcinogenic potential of aluminum. Moreover, studies considered BC as a unique group whereas BC is a heterogeneous disease with multiple tumor subtypes determining the tumor aggressiveness. CONCLUSION In light of the precautionary principle and based on the data obtained, it is better to avoid antiperspirants that contain Al. Deodorants without aluminum are not implicated in breast cancer, either clinically or fundamentally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Alexandre
- Department of Obstetrics, Centre Médico-chirurgical Et Obstétrical (CMCO), University Hospital of Strasbourg, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Chenard
- Service de Pathologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Carole Mathelin
- University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France; Surgery Unit, Institute of Cancerology Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Reix
- ICube UMR 7357, University of Strasbourg/CNRS, Federation of Translational Medicine of Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Golestanzadeh M, Ebrahimpour K, Daniali SS, Zarean E, Yazdi M, Basirat Z, Goodarzi-Khoigani M, Kelishadi R. Association between parabens concentrations in human amniotic fluid and the offspring birth size: A Sub-study of the PERSIAN birth cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113502. [PMID: 35609656 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Parabens are extensively used, and cause widespread exposure of the general population including pregnant women and developing fetuses to these pollutants. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between the maternal exposure of parabens to study their transfer passed through the placental barrier to amniotic fluid; the second objective was to determine the association of paraben concentration in the amniotic fluid with the offspring birth size. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2019 to March 2021 in Isfahan, Iran. Samples of amniotic fluid were collected as set from 128 pregnant women at Cesarean section. The amniotic fluid concentrations of four parabens including methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP), and butylparaben (BP) were determined using gas chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (GC-Mass). RESULTS The pointed parabens were extracted from yielded clear supernatant using a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) method. Four paraben derivatives including MP (normal: 0.68 ± 0.7; overweight: 1.40 ± 1.76; obese: 0.30 ± 0.26; p-value: 0.275), EP (normal: 0.14 ± 0.09; overweight: 0.72 ± 0.72; obese: 0.38 ± 0.05; p-value: 0.434), PP (normal: 0.05 ± 0.05; overweight: 0.06 ± 0.06; obese: 0.20 ± 0.17; p-value: 0.770), and BP (normal: 2.89 ± 1.80; overweight: 3.89 ± 6.48; obese: 5.80 ± 7.56; p-value: 0.341) were simultaneously detected in samples of maternal amniotic fluid using GC-MS. In 92.2% (n = 118) of pregnant women, the paraben derivatives (MP, EP, PP, BP) were detected. We found that considerable levels of MP, EP, PP, and BP existed in 22.6% (n = 29), 21.9% (n = 28), 29.7% (n = 38), and 85.2% (n = 109) of samples, respectively. In addition, the correlation between paraben concentrations in amniotic fluid and birth size was investigated. The results showed that an inverse significant association between MP and head circumference, chest, hip, and arm circumference. While a positive correlation between MP and height of newborn was observed. Similar correlations were observed for EP and weight, height, head circumference, chest, hip, and arm. CONCLUSION The current study indicated that parabens have been detected in amniotic fluid samples and a strong/possible correlation between exposure of pregnant women to parabens and the birth size of newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Golestanzadeh
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Karim Ebrahimpour
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyede Shahrbanoo Daniali
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elaheh Zarean
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fetal Medicine Unit, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Yazdi
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zohreh Basirat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fetal Medicine Unit, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Goodarzi-Khoigani
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Chen K, Zhang J, Beeraka NM, Tang C, Babayeva YV, Sinelnikov MY, Zhang X, Zhang J, Liu J, Reshetov IV, Sukocheva OA, Lu P, Fan R. Advances in the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity-Driven Effects in Breast Cancers. Front Oncol 2022; 12:820968. [PMID: 35814391 PMCID: PMC9258420 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.820968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and associated chronic inflammation were shown to facilitate breast cancer (BC) growth and metastasis. Leptin, adiponectin, estrogen, and several pro-inflammatory cytokines are involved in the development of obesity-driven BC through the activation of multiple oncogenic and pro-inflammatory pathways. The aim of this study was to assess the reported mechanisms of obesity-induced breast carcinogenesis and effectiveness of conventional and complementary BC therapies. We screened published original articles, reviews, and meta-analyses that addressed the involvement of obesity-related signaling mechanisms in BC development, BC treatment/prevention approaches, and posttreatment complications. PubMed, Medline, eMedicine, National Library of Medicine (NLM), and ReleMed databases were used to retrieve relevant studies using a set of keywords, including "obesity," "oncogenic signaling pathways," "inflammation," "surgery," "radiotherapy," "conventional therapies," and "diet." Multiple studies indicated that effective BC treatment requires the involvement of diet- and exercise-based approaches in obese postmenopausal women. Furthermore, active lifestyle and diet-related interventions improved the patients' overall quality of life and minimized adverse side effects after traditional BC treatment, including postsurgical lymphedema, post-chemo nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. Further investigation of beneficial effects of diet and physical activity may help improve obesity-linked cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Chen
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Narasimha M. Beeraka
- Department of Human Anatomy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), JSS Medical College, Mysuru, India
| | - Chengyun Tang
- Department of Human Anatomy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia V. Babayeva
- Department of Human Anatomy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Y. Sinelnikov
- Department of Human Anatomy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Xinliang Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Jiacheng Zhang
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junqi Liu
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Igor V. Reshetov
- Department of Human Anatomy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga A. Sukocheva
- Discipline of Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Pengwei Lu
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruitai Fan
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Osto M, Farshchian M, Alnabolsi A, Smidi SA, Baiyasi M, Potts GA. Aluminum‐Containing Antiperspirants Are Not Associated with Breast Cancer. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:5244-5245. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Osto
- Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit Michigan USA
| | - Mehdi Farshchian
- Department of Dermatology Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA
| | - Amira Alnabolsi
- Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine Lansing
| | - Salam A. Smidi
- Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine Lansing
| | - Maya Baiyasi
- Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit Michigan USA
| | - Geoffrey A. Potts
- Department of Dermatology Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA
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Sharma S, Baral M, Kanungo BK. Recent advances in therapeutical applications of the versatile hydroxypyridinone chelators. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-021-01114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Tenan MR, Nicolle A, Moralli D, Verbouwe E, Jankowska JD, Durin MA, Green CM, Mandriota SJ, Sappino AP. Aluminum Enters Mammalian Cells and Destabilizes Chromosome Structure and Number. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179515. [PMID: 34502420 PMCID: PMC8431747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome instability (CIN) consists of high rates of structural and numerical chromosome abnormalities and is a well-known hallmark of cancer. Aluminum is added to many industrial products of frequent use. Yet, it has no known physiological role and is a suspected human carcinogen. Here, we show that V79 cells, a well-established model for the evaluation of candidate chemical carcinogens in regulatory toxicology, when cultured in presence of aluminum—in the form of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and at concentrations in the range of those measured in human tissues—incorporate the metal in a dose-dependent manner, predominantly accumulating it in the perinuclear region. Intracellular aluminum accumulation rapidly leads to a dose-dependent increase in DNA double strand breaks (DSB), in chromosome numerical abnormalities (aneuploidy) and to proliferation arrest in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. During mitosis, V79 cells exposed to aluminum assemble abnormal multipolar mitotic spindles and appear to cluster supernumerary centrosomes, possibly explaining why they accumulate chromosome segregation errors and damage. We postulate that chronic aluminum absorption favors CIN in mammalian cells, thus promoting carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna R. Tenan
- Laboratoire de Cancérogenèse Environnementale, Fondation des Grangettes, 1224 Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland; (A.N.); (E.V.); (S.J.M.); (A.-P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-22-3050480
| | - Adeline Nicolle
- Laboratoire de Cancérogenèse Environnementale, Fondation des Grangettes, 1224 Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland; (A.N.); (E.V.); (S.J.M.); (A.-P.S.)
| | - Daniela Moralli
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (D.M.); (J.D.J.); (M.-A.D.); (C.M.G.)
| | - Emeline Verbouwe
- Laboratoire de Cancérogenèse Environnementale, Fondation des Grangettes, 1224 Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland; (A.N.); (E.V.); (S.J.M.); (A.-P.S.)
| | - Julia D. Jankowska
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (D.M.); (J.D.J.); (M.-A.D.); (C.M.G.)
| | - Mary-Anne Durin
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (D.M.); (J.D.J.); (M.-A.D.); (C.M.G.)
| | - Catherine M. Green
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (D.M.); (J.D.J.); (M.-A.D.); (C.M.G.)
| | - Stefano J. Mandriota
- Laboratoire de Cancérogenèse Environnementale, Fondation des Grangettes, 1224 Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland; (A.N.); (E.V.); (S.J.M.); (A.-P.S.)
| | - André-Pascal Sappino
- Laboratoire de Cancérogenèse Environnementale, Fondation des Grangettes, 1224 Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland; (A.N.); (E.V.); (S.J.M.); (A.-P.S.)
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Sanajou S, Şahin G, Baydar T. Aluminium in cosmetics and personal care products. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 41:1704-1718. [PMID: 34396567 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Usage of inorganic ingredients like aluminium salts in cosmetics and personal care products has been a concern for producers and consumers. Although aluminium is used to treat hyperhidrosis, some worries have been raised about aluminium's role in breast cancer, breast cyst and Alzheimer's disease. The human population is exposed to aluminium from vaccines, diet, and drinking water, but the frequent use of aluminium-based cosmetics might add additional local exposure. This paper reviews literature to determine if aluminium-based products may pose potential harm to the body. The dermal absorption of aluminium is not widely understood. It is not yet known whether aluminium can travel from the skin to brain to cause Alzheimer's disease. Aluminium may cause gene instability, alter gene expression or enhance oxidative stress, but the carcinogenicity of aluminium has not been proved yet. Until now, epidemiological researches were based on oral information, which lacks consistency, and the results are conflicting. Future studies should target real-life-based long-time exposure to antiperspirants and other aluminium-containing cosmetics and personal care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sanajou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Turkey.,Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gönül Şahin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Turkey
| | - Terken Baydar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Liszewski W, Zaidi AJ, Fournier E, Scheman A. Review of aluminum, paraben, and sulfate product disclaimers on personal care products. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 87:1081-1086. [PMID: 34144080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.06.840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Product disclaimers listed on personal care products face limited regulation. These disclaimers may be helpful or may mislead the public. OBJECTIVE Review the evidence supporting the potential harms of three compounds commonly addressed by product disclaimers: parabens, aluminum, and sulfates. METHODS Reported cases of adverse events to these compounds were identified. Trends in allergic contact dermatitis to chemicals used in place of these compounds were also identified. RESULTS There is limited evidence that parabens and aluminum pose a threat to human health; there is even less evidence that topical sulfate containing products pose a danger to consumers. In the setting of paraben avoidence, there has been a steady increase in cases of allergic contact dermatitis to preservatives which are more allergenic, specifically the isothiazolinones. LIMITATIONS Assessment of the toxicology of these compounds is ongoing and may change with new data. CONCLUSION There is limited evidence that parabens, aluminum, and sulfates used in personal care products pose a health risk. There is evidence that avoidance of parabens has resulted in an epidemic of allergic contact dermatitis to isothiazolonine preservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Liszewski
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL;; Department of Preventative Medicine, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
| | - A Jaafar Zaidi
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Elise Fournier
- North Shore Center for Medical Aesthetics, Northbrook, IL
| | - Andrew Scheman
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL;; North Shore Center for Medical Aesthetics, Northbrook, IL
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Houghton SC, Hankinson SE. Cancer Progress and Priorities: Breast Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021; 30:822-844. [PMID: 33947744 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Serena C Houghton
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts.
| | - Susan E Hankinson
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
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11
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Paraben Compounds—Part I: An Overview of Their Characteristics, Detection, and Impacts. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11052307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Parabens are widely used in different industries as preservatives and antimicrobial compounds. The evolution of analytical techniques allowed the detection of these compounds in different sources at µg/L and ng/L. Until today, parabens were already found in water sources, air, soil and even in human tissues. The impact of parabens in humans, animals and in ecosystems are a matter of discussion within the scientific community, but it is proven that parabens can act as endocrine disruptors, and some reports suggest that they are carcinogenic compounds. The presence of parabens in ecosystems is mainly related to wastewater discharges. This work gives an overview about the paraben problem, starting with their characteristics and applications. Moreover, the dangers related to their usage were addressed through the evaluation of toxicological studies over different species as well as of humans. Considering this, paraben detection in different water sources, wastewater treatment plants, humans and animals was analyzed based on literature results. A review of European legislation regarding parabens was also performed, presenting some considerations for the use of parabens.
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Mousavi M, Vaghar MI. The relationship between use of aluminum-containing anti-perspirant and hair color with breast cancer. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:182-186. [PMID: 34017723 PMCID: PMC8132781 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1219_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the most important and common types of cancer in most countries of the world and its incidence are increasing in Iranian women. Understanding its contributing factors is important in planning for prevention. This study was conducted to investigate the association between aluminum-containing antiperspirant and hair color use with breast cancer. Methods: In this observational cross-sectional descriptive study, 384 patients with breast cancer referred to selected hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2017 and 384 person as control group were randomly selected. The anti-perspiration use of aluminum-containing and hair color was compared. In this study, data were collected and descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze them. Absolute and relative frequency distribute tables, mean, and standard deviation were used to descriptive statistics. Chi-square and independent t-tests were used for data analysis. Results: The use of antiperspirant was similar in this study, with 23.2% of breast cancer patients and 22.4% of control group using antiperspirant (P = 0.796). Frequency distribution of the use of hair color was similar among the studied subjects and 35.9% of breast cancer patients and 32% of control group consumed hair color (P = 0.253). Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that there is no significant relationship between the use of aluminum-containing anti-perspiration and hair color with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mousavi
- Department of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad I Vaghar
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Tarnowska M, Briançon S, Resende de Azevedo J, Chevalier Y, Bolzinger MA. Inorganic ions in the skin: Allies or enemies? Int J Pharm 2020; 591:119991. [PMID: 33091552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skin constitutes a barrier protecting the organism against physical and chemical factors. Therefore, it is constantly exposed to the xenobiotics, including inorganic ions that are ubiquitous in the environment. Some of them play important roles in homeostasis and regulatory functions of the body, also in the skin, while others can be considered dangerous. Many authors have shown that inorganic ions could penetrate inside the skin and possibly induce local effects. In this review, we give an account of the current knowledge on the effects of skin exposure to inorganic ions. Beneficial effects on skin conditions related to the use of thermal spring waters are discussed together with the application of aluminium in underarm hygiene products and silver salts in treatment of difficult wounds. Finally, the potential consequences of dermal exposure to topical sensitizers and harmful heavy ions including radionuclides are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Tarnowska
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Stéphanie Briançon
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jacqueline Resende de Azevedo
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yves Chevalier
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marie-Alexandrine Bolzinger
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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Genomic Instability Is an Early Event in Aluminium-Induced Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239332. [PMID: 33297592 PMCID: PMC7730342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is generally considered as a hallmark of tumorigenesis and a prerequisite condition for malignant transformation. Aluminium salts are suspected environmental carcinogens that transform mammary epithelial cells in vitro through unknown mechanisms. We report here that long-term culture in the presence of aluminium chloride (AlCl3) enables HC11 normal mouse mammary epithelial cells to form tumours and metastases when injected into the syngeneic and immunocompetent BALB/cByJ strain. We demonstrate that AlCl3 rapidly increases chromosomal structural abnormalities in mammary epithelial cells, while we failed to detect direct modulation of specific mRNA pathways. Our observations provide evidence that clastogenic activity—a well-recognized inducer of genomic instability—might account in part for the transforming abilities of aluminium in mammary epithelial cells.
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Lolla VY, Shukla P, Jones SD, Boreyko JB. Evaporation-Induced Clogging of an Artificial Sweat Duct. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:53403-53408. [PMID: 33191727 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal-based antiperspirants have been in use for centuries; however, there is an increasing consumer demand for a metal-free alternative that works effectively. Here, we develop an artificial sweat duct rig and demonstrate an alternative, metal-free approach to antiperspiration. Instead of clogging sweat ducts with metal salts, we use a hygroscopic material to induce the evaporation of sweat as it approaches the outlet (i.e. pore) of the sweat duct. As a result, the sweat dehydrates almost completely while still being inside of the duct, forming a natural gel-like salt plug that halts the flow. We show that the critical pressure gradient within the duct (∼3 kPa), beneath which clogging occurs, can be rationalized by balancing the mass flow rates of the liquid (Poiseuille's law) and the evaporative vapor (Fick's law).
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Yashasvi Lolla
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Pranav Shukla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Stevan D Jones
- Procter & Gamble, Mason, Cincinnati, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Jonathan B Boreyko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Gao Y, Wang Y, Yan Y, Tang K, Ding CF. Self-assembly of poly(ionic liquid) functionalized mesoporous magnetic microspheres for the solid-phase extraction of preservatives from milk samples. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:766-773. [PMID: 31746547 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a novel, rapid, and simple analytical method was proposed for the detection of parabens in milk sample by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. At the same time, milk sample was pretreated by magnetic solid phase extraction, which detected up to five parabens. A series of important parameters of magnetic solid phase extraction were investigated and optimized, such as pH value of loading buffer, amount of material, adsorption time, ionic strength, eluting solvents, and eluting time. Under the optimized conditions, the corresponding values were more than 0.9991, limits of detection and the limit of quantification were 0.1 and 0.5 ng/mL, respectively. In addition, the recoveries were achieved in range of 95-105%, the liner range were within 0.1-600 ng/mL, and the relative standard deviations were even lower than 5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Gao
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, P. R. China
| | - Yucen Wang
- Ningbo Foreign Language School, Ningbo, P. R. China
| | - Yinghua Yan
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, P. R. China
| | - Keqi Tang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, P. R. China
| | - Chuan-Fan Ding
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, P. R. China
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17
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Rylander C, Veierød MB, Weiderpass E, Lund E, Sandanger TM. Use of skincare products and risk of cancer of the breast and endometrium: a prospective cohort study. Environ Health 2019; 18:105. [PMID: 31796030 PMCID: PMC6889352 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-019-0547-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concerns have been raised that extensive use of personal care products that contain endocrine disrupting compounds increase the risk of hormone sensitive cancers. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of skincare product use on the risk of pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer, estrogen receptor positive (ER+) and negative (ER-) breast cancer and cancer of the endometrium. METHODS We used data from 106,978 participants in the population-based Norwegian Women and Cancer cohort. Participants were categorized into non-, light, moderate, frequent and heavy users of skincare products based on self-reported use of hand and facial cream and body lotion. Cancer incidence information from the Cancer Registry of Norway was linked to individual data through the unique identity number of Norwegian citizens. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression was used to assess the effect of skincare product use on the risk of cancer of the breast and endometrium. We used multiple imputation by chained equations to evaluate the effect of missing data on observed associations. RESULTS We found no associations between use of skincare products and incidence of premenopausal breast cancer (frequent/heavy versus non-/light use: hazard ratio [HR] =1.10, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.92-1.32), postmenopausal breast cancer (heavy versus light use: HR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.65-1.18, frequent versus light use: HR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.88, 1.07) or endometrial cancer (frequent/heavy versus non-/light use: HR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.79-1.20). Use of skincare products did not increase the risk of ER+ or ER- breast cancer and there was no difference in effect across ER status (0.58 ≤ pheterogeneity ≤ 0.99). The magnitude and direction of the effect estimates based on complete case analyses and multiple imputation were similar. CONCLUSION Heavy use of skincare products, i.e. creaming the body up to two times per day during mid-life, did not increase the risk of cancer of the breast or endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Rylander
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Marit B Veierød
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Eiliv Lund
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torkjel M Sandanger
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- NILU, FRAM-High North Research Centre for Climate and Environment, Tromsø, Norway
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18
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Abstract
Aluminum has no known biological function; however, it is a contaminant present in most foods and medications. Aluminum is excreted by the renal system, and patients with renal diseases should avoid aluminum-containing medications. Studies demonstrating long-term toxicity from the aluminum content in parenteral nutrition components led the US Food and Drug Administration to implement rules for these solutions. Large-volume ingredients were required to reduce the aluminum concentration, and small-volume components were required to be labeled with the aluminum concentration. Despite these rules, the total aluminum concentration from some components continues to be above the recommended final concentration. The concerns about toxicity from the aluminum present in infant formulas and antiperspirants have not been substantiated but require more research. Aluminum is one of the most effective adjuvants used in vaccines, and a large number of studies have documented minimal adverse effects from this use. Long-term, high-concentration exposure to aluminum has been linked in meta-analyses with the development of Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Corkins
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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19
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The etiology, diagnosis, and management of hyperhidrosis: A comprehensive review: Therapeutic options. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 81:669-680. [PMID: 30710603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhidrosis (HH) is a chronic disorder of excess sweat production that may have a significant adverse effect on quality of life. A variety of treatment modalities currently exist to manage HH. Initial treatment includes lifestyle and behavioral recommendations. Antiperspirants are regarded as the first-line therapy for primary focal HH and can provide significant benefit. Iontophoresis is the primary remedy for palmar and plantar HH. Botulinum toxin injections are administered at the dermal-subcutaneous junction and serve as a safe and effective treatment option for focal HH. Oral systemic agents are reserved for treatment-resistant cases or for generalized HH. Energy-delivering devices such as lasers, ultrasound technology, microwave thermolysis, and fractional microneedle radiofrequency may also be utilized to reduce focal sweating. Surgery may be considered when more conservative treatments have failed. Local surgical techniques, particularly for axillary HH, include excision, curettage, liposuction, or a combination of these techniques. Sympathectomy is the treatment of last resort when conservative treatments are unsuccessful or intolerable, and after accepting secondary compensatory HH as a potential complication. A review of treatment modalities for HH and a sequenced approach are presented.
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Cho SH, Song HN. Development of a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for monitoring of long-term exposure to parabens. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:67-73. [PMID: 30289585 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Parabens, the alkyl esters of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, are a family of compounds widely used as preservatives in cosmetic products, including for children, and some are permitted in foods. Parabens are known to be weak endocrine disruptors because they interfere with the function of endogenous hormones through binding to estrogen receptors. Therefore, the levels of parabens in biological samples indicate endocrine-disruptive exposure. In particular, hair samples can provide information on accumulated exposure to parabens. METHODS For monitoring of long-term exposure to parabens, an improved analytical method for rapid and direct determination in hair sample was developed involving ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using on-line extraction. Five parabens (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl- and benzylparaben) were separated within 10 min after incubation with 1 N HCl. Parabens were separated using a Waters BEH C18 column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) and a mobile phase consisting of 10 mM ammonium acetate in water and acetonitrile with a gradient program at a flow rate of 300 μL/min. The analysis of the separated parabens was monitored with electrospray negative ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS The linearity of the method was demonstrated by r2 ≥ 0.994. The limits of detection as defined by a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 were 1-5 ng/g. The mean concentration of the five parabens in hair of human subjects was measured to be 55.6 ± 24.3 to 136.9 ± 48.5 ng/g. CONCLUSIONS The levels of parabens in hair samples may play an important role in understanding probable endocrine-disruptive exposure, and the described method could be used to evaluate and monitor long-term exposure to parabens as endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Cho
- Chemical Analysis Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 305-600, South Korea
| | - Han-Na Song
- Chemical Analysis Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 305-600, South Korea
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21
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Feng L, Jin F. Screening of differentially methylated genes in breast cancer and risk model construction based on TCGA database. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:6407-6416. [PMID: 30405777 PMCID: PMC6202521 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentially methylated genes in breast cancer were screened out and a prognostic risk model of breast cancer was constructed. RNA-seq data and methylation data for breast cancer-related level 3 were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and MethylMix R package was used to screen out differentially methylated genes in cancer tissues and normal tissues. DAVID was used to analyze the GO enrichment of differentially methylated genes, ConsensusPathDB to analyze the PATHWAY pathways of differentially methylated genes, the single factor, multivariate Cox analysis and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) to construct the prognostic risk model of breast cancer, and the ROC curve to judge the clinical application value of the risk model. Two hundred and fifty-seven differentially methylated genes were successfully screened out in cancer tissues and normal tissues; 39 related to GO enrichments and 19 related to PATHWAY pathways were found; the best prognostic risk model was obtained, risk score = QRFP (degree of methylation) × (−3.657) + S100A16 × (−3.378) + TDRD1 × (−4.001) + SMO × (3.548); it was determined from each sample that the median value of the risk score was 0.936; using it as the cut-off value, the five-year survival rate in high-risk group of patients was 72.4% (95% CI, 62.7–83.6%), and that in low-risk group of patients was 86.6% (95% CI, 78.6–95.3%). The difference in the survival rate between the high-risk and low-risk groups was significant (P<0.001). The AUC of ROC curve was 0.791, so the model had a good clinical application value. This study successfully found multiple breast cancer-related methylation genes, the relationship between them and the course and prognosis of breast cancer was analyzed. Moreover, a prognostic risk model was constructed, which facilitated the expansion of the current study on the role of methylation in the occurrence and development of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Feng
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Feng Jin
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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da Costa WKOC, da Silva CS, Figueiredo JFD, Nóbrega JA, Paim APS. Direct analysis of deodorants for determination of metals by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 155:247-252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lappano R, Malaguarnera R, Belfiore A, Maggiolini M. Recent advances on the stimulatory effects of metals in breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 457:49-56. [PMID: 27765682 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Certain environmental chemicals may accumulate in human serum and tissues eliciting estrogenic and/or carcinogenic effects. Therefore, there is heightened interest in determining whether environmental chemicals may increase the risk for endocrine-related tumors like breast cancer. For instance, metals as cadmium, zinc, copper, iron, nickel and aluminum have been shown to mimic estrogen action. Moreover, the exposure to these chemicals has been reported to stimulate diverse malignancies including breast cancer, which is the most common tumor in women worldwide. In this review, we summarize the epidemiologic and experimental evidence regarding the association between the exposure to some trace elements and breast cancer risk. We also address recent insights on the molecular mechanisms involved by metals in breast tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Lappano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.
| | - Roberta Malaguarnera
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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Klotz* K, Weistenhöfer* W, Neff F, Hartwig A, van Thriel C, Drexler H. The Health Effects of Aluminum Exposure. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 114:653-659. [PMID: 29034866 PMCID: PMC5651828 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2017.0653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aluminum is regularly taken up with the daily diet. It is also used in antiperspirants, as an adjuvant for vaccination, and in desensitization procedures. In this review, we present the scientifically documented harmful effects of aluminum on health and the threshold values associated with them. METHODS This review is based on publications retrieved by a selective search of the PubMed and SCOPUS databases on the topic of aluminum in connection with neurotoxicity, Alzheimer's disease, and breast cancer, as well as on the authors' personal experience in occupational and environmental medicine. RESULTS The reference values for the internal aluminum load (<15 μg/L in urine, <5 μg/L in serum) are especially likely to be exceeded in persons with occupational exposure. The biological tolerance value for occupational exposure is 50 μg of aluminum per gram of creatinine in the urine. For aluminum welders and workers in the aluminum industry, declining performance in neuropsychological tests (attention, learning, memory) has been found only with aluminum concentrations exceeding 100 μg/g creatinine in the urine; manifest encephalopathy with dementia was not found. Elevated aluminum content has been found in the brains of persons with Alzheimer's disease. It remains unclear whether this is a cause or an effect of the disease. There is conflicting evidence on carcinogenicity. The contention that the use of aluminum-containing antiperspirants promotes breast cancer is not supported by consistent scientific data. CONCLUSION The internal aluminum load is measured in terms of the concentration of aluminum in urine and blood. Keeping these concentrations below the tolerance values prevents the development of manifest and subclinical signs of aluminum toxicity. Large-scale epidemiologic studies of the relationship between aluminum-containing antiperspirants and the risk of breast cancer would be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Klotz*
- * The two authors share first authorship
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine. University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
| | - Wobbeke Weistenhöfer*
- * The two authors share first authorship
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine. University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
| | - Frauke Neff
- Departments of Pathology at Städtische Kliniken München GmbH & Technische Universität München
| | - Andrea Hartwig
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
| | - Christoph van Thriel
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at Technische Universität Dortmund
| | - Hans Drexler
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine. University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
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Taylor KW, Baird DD, Herring AH, Engel LS, Nichols HB, Sandler DP, Troester MA. Associations among personal care product use patterns and exogenous hormone use in the NIEHS Sister Study. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:458-464. [PMID: 28120835 PMCID: PMC5526738 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
It is hypothesized that certain chemicals in personal care products may alter the risk of adverse health outcomes. The primary aim of this study was to use a data-centered approach to classify complex patterns of exposure to personal care products and to understand how these patterns vary according to use of exogenous hormone exposures, oral contraceptives (OCs) and post-menopausal hormone therapy (HT). The NIEHS Sister Study is a prospective cohort study of 50,884 US women. Limiting the sample to non-Hispanic blacks and whites (N=47,019), latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify groups of individuals with similar patterns of personal care product use based on responses to 48 survey questions. Personal care products were categorized into three product types (beauty, hair, and skincare products) and separate latent classes were constructed for each type. Adjusted prevalence differences (PD) were calculated to estimate the association between exogenous hormone use, as measured by ever/never OC or HT use, and patterns of personal care product use. LCA reduced data dimensionality by grouping of individuals with similar patterns of personal care product use into mutually exclusive latent classes (three latent classes for beauty product use, three for hair, and four for skin care. There were strong differences in personal care usage by race, particularly for haircare products. For both blacks and whites, exogenous hormone exposures were associated with higher levels of product use, especially beauty and skincare products. Relative to individual product use questions, latent class variables capture complex patterns of personal care product usage. These patterns differed by race and were associated with ever OC and HT use. Future studies should consider personal care product exposures with other exogenous exposures when modeling health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla W. Taylor
- Office of Health Assessment and Translation, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 USA
| | - Donna D. Baird
- Epidemiology Department, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amy H. Herring
- Biostatistics Deptartment, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Carolina Population Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lawrence S. Engel
- Epidemiology Deptartment, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hazel B. Nichols
- Epidemiology Deptartment, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dale P. Sandler
- Epidemiology Department, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Melissa A. Troester
- Epidemiology Deptartment, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Chen JH, Liao F, Zhang Y, Li Y, Chang CJ, Chou CP, Yang TL, Su MY. 3D MRI for Quantitative Analysis of Quadrant Percent Breast Density: Correlation with Quadrant Location of Breast Cancer. Acad Radiol 2017; 24:811-817. [PMID: 28131498 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Breast cancer occurs more frequently in the upper outer (UO) quadrant, but whether this higher cancer incidence is related to the greater amount of dense tissue is not known. Magnetic resonance imaging acquires three-dimensional volumetric images and is the most suitable among all breast imaging modalities for regional quantification of density. This study applied a magnetic resonance imaging-based method to measure quadrant percent density (QPD), and evaluated its association with the quadrant location of the developed breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 126 cases with pathologically confirmed breast cancer were reviewed. Only women who had unilateral breast cancer located in a clear quadrant were selected for analysis. A total of 84 women, including 47 Asian women and 37 western women, were included. An established computer-aided method was used to segment the diseased breast and the contralateral normal breast, and to separate the dense and fatty tissues. Then, a breast was further separated into four quadrants using the nipple and the centroid as anatomic landmarks. The tumor was segmented using a computer-aided method to determine its quadrant location. The distribution of cancer quadrant location, the quadrant with the highest QPD, and the proportion of cancers occurring in the highest QPD were analyzed. RESULTS The highest incidence of cancer occurred in the UO quadrant (36 out of 84, 42.9%). The highest QPD was also noted most frequently in the UO quadrant (31 out of 84, 36.9%). When correlating the highest QPD with the quadrant location of breast cancer, only 17 women out of 84 (20.2%) had breast cancer occurring in the quadrant with the highest QPD. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that the development of breast cancer in a specific quadrant could not be explained by the density in that quadrant, and further studies are needed to find the biological reasons accounting for the higher breast cancer incidence in the UO quadrant.
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27
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Mandriota SJ. A Case-control Study Adds a New Piece to the Aluminium/Breast Cancer Puzzle. EBioMedicine 2017; 22:22-23. [PMID: 28693981 PMCID: PMC5552203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano J Mandriota
- Laboratoire de Cancérogenèse Environnementale, Fondation des Grangettes, Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland.
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28
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Linhart C, Talasz H, Morandi EM, Exley C, Lindner HH, Taucher S, Egle D, Hubalek M, Concin N, Ulmer H. Use of Underarm Cosmetic Products in Relation to Risk of Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study. EBioMedicine 2017. [PMID: 28629908 PMCID: PMC5514401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies on breast cancer (BC), underarm cosmetic products (UCP) and aluminum salts have shown conflicting results. We conducted a 1:1 age-matched case-control study to investigate the risk for BC in relation to self-reported UCP application. Methods Self-reported history of UCP use was compared between 209 female BC patients (cases) and 209 healthy controls. Aluminum concentration in breast tissue was measured in 100 cases and 52 controls. Multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for established BC risk factors. Findings Use of UCP was significantly associated with risk of BC (p = 0.036). The risk for BC increased by an OR of 3.88 (95% CI 1.03–14.66) in women who reported using UCP's several times daily starting at an age earlier than 30 years. Aluminum in breast tissue was found in both cases and controls and was significantly associated to self-reported UCP use (p = 0.009). Median (interquartile) aluminum concentrations were significantly higher (p = 0.001) in cases than in controls (5.8, 2.3–12.9 versus 3.8, 2.5–5.8 nmol/g). Interpretation Frequent use of UCPs may lead to an accumulation of aluminum in breast tissue. More than daily use of UCPs at younger ages may increase the risk of BC. Frequent use of underarm cosmetic products may be related to incorporated aluminum concentration in breast tissue. Use of underarm cosmetic products several times a day at younger ages may increase the risk of breast cancer.
Previous studies regarding breast cancer (BC) risk and underarm cosmetic products (UCPs) with aluminum salts have shown conflicting results. Here we provide comprehensive information about the use of UCPs and aluminum measurements in breast cancer patients and healthy individuals. The findings suggest that the frequent use of UCPs lead to an accumulation of aluminum in breast tissue. We observed an increased risk for BC in women who reported to use UCPs more than once daily starting at an age < 30 years. We recommend that particularly women at younger ages should be careful using UCPs and avoid its excessive use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Linhart
- Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Health Economics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heribert Talasz
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Evi M Morandi
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christopher Exley
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, UK
| | - Herbert H Lindner
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Susanne Taucher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniel Egle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Hubalek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nicole Concin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Hanno Ulmer
- Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Health Economics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
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Chan S, Chen JH, Li S, Chang R, Yeh DC, Chang RF, Yeh LR, Kwong J, Su MY. Evaluation of the association between quantitative mammographic density and breast cancer occurred in different quadrants. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:274. [PMID: 28415974 PMCID: PMC5392962 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the relationship between mammographic density measured in four quadrants of a breast with the location of the occurred cancer. METHODS One hundred and ten women diagnosed with unilateral breast cancer that could be determined in one specific breast quadrant were retrospectively studied. Women with previous cancer/breast surgery were excluded. The craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO) mammography of the contralateral normal breast were used to separate a breast into 4 quadrants: Upper-Outer (UO), Upper-Inner (UI), Lower-Outer (LO), and Lower-Inner (LI). The breast area (BA), dense area (DA), and percent density (PD) in each quadrant were measured by using the fuzzy-C-means segmentation. The BA, DA, and PD were compared between patients who had cancer occurring in different quadrants. RESULTS The upper-outer quadrant had the highest BA (37 ± 15 cm2) and DA (7.1 ± 2.9 cm2), with PD = 20.0 ± 5.8%. The order of BA and DA in the 4 separated quadrants were: UO > UI > LO > LI, and almost all pair-wise comparisons showed significant differences. For tumor location, 67 women (60.9%) had tumor in UO, 16 (14.5%) in UI, 7 (6.4%) in LO, and 20 (18.2%) in LI quadrant, respectively. The estimated odds and the 95% confidence limits of tumor development in the UO, UI, LO and LI quadrants were 1.56 (1.06, 2.29), 0.17 (0.10, 0.29), 0.07 (0.03, 0.15), and 0.22 (0.14, 0.36), respectively. In these 4 groups of women, the order of quadrant BA and DA were all the same (UO > UI > LO > LI), and there was no significant difference in BA, DA or PD among them (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Breast cancer was most likely to occur in the UO quadrant, which was also the quadrant with highest BA and DA; but for women with tumors in other quadrants, the density in that quadrant was not the highest. Therefore, there was no direct association between quadrant density and tumor occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwa Chan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Imaging, Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Radiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jeon-Hor Chen
- Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA. .,Department of Radiology, E-Da Hospital and I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,John Tu and Thomas Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, University of California Irvine, No. 164, Irvine Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697-5020, USA.
| | - Shunshan Li
- Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rita Chang
- Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Darh-Cherng Yeh
- Breast Cancer Center, Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Feng Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Ren Yeh
- Department of Radiology, E-Da Hospital and I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jessica Kwong
- Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Min-Ying Su
- Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Lari M, Biver T, Busto N, Lozano HJ, Leal JM, Secco F, García B. Binding of Al(iii) to synthetic RNA and metal-mediated strand aggregation. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:16671-16681. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02830j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic curve of the binding of aluminum to RNA and metal-induced strand aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Lari
- Departamento de Química
- Universidad de Burgos
- 09001 Burgos
- Spain
| | - Tarita Biver
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- 56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Natalia Busto
- Departamento de Química
- Universidad de Burgos
- 09001 Burgos
- Spain
| | | | - José M. Leal
- Departamento de Química
- Universidad de Burgos
- 09001 Burgos
- Spain
| | - Fernando Secco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- 56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Begoña García
- Departamento de Química
- Universidad de Burgos
- 09001 Burgos
- Spain
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31
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Ross G. A Perspective on the Safety of Cosmetic Products: A Position Paper of The American Council on Science and Health. Int J Toxicol 2016; 25:269-77. [PMID: 16815815 DOI: 10.1080/10915810600746049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, some activist groups have targeted cosmetics as possible human health threats, claiming that cosmetic ingredients are not adequately tested for safety and may pose risks to consumers. The groups allege that industry practices related to safety testing are flawed, that there is little government oversight, and that cosmetics contain cancer-causing chemicals and other toxicants. A critical review of the scientific data related to these claims indicates the following: (1) Industry has the primary responsibility to ensure that all ingredients, preservatives, and coformulants used in products are safe for their intended uses. (2) The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has regulatory oversight of the cosmetic industry. Its authority includes the banning or restriction of ingredients for safety reasons. (3) The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR), an independent, scientific review board, critically evaluates chemical ingredients used in cosmetics and publishes the results of its findings in the peer-reviewed literature. (4) Health-related allegations about cosmetic ingredients are generally based on the results of high-dose laboratory testing in animals and have little relevance for humans. As true now as when Paracelsus said it in the 16th century, “It is the dose that makes the poison.” (5) The health-related allegations involving specific chemicals (e.g., phthalates, parabens, and 1,3-butadiene) fail to consider important scientific studies and recent regulatory conclusions about these chemicals, which have found that they are not hazardous. (6) Animal and human physiology differ in crucial ways, further invalidating simplistic attempts to extrapolate rodent testing to human health risks. The cosmetic industry should be encouraged to publish more of its toxicity studies and safety evaluations, which would aid in dispelling the uncertainty that some consumers have about cosmetic safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Ross
- The American Council on Science and Health, New York, New York, USA.
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32
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Allam MF. Breast Cancer and Deodorants/Antiperspirants: a Systematic Review. Cent Eur J Public Health 2016; 24:245-247. [DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a4475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
Parabens have been used as preservatives in foods, injectables, and topical preparations for nearly 10 decades. Present in nature, rapidly metabolized by skin and liver enzymes, they have an excellent safety record. However, in the past 15 years, they have been under scrutiny for their alleged estrogenic and antiandrogenic effects, as well as their putative role in promoting cancerogenesis through endocrine disruption. Scientific articles supporting these assertions have led the European Community to ban or restrict the use of some parabens. Despite that methylparaben and ethylparaben have negligible endocrine disruption activity, the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries are under pressure from scare campaigns in the media and are responding by replacing parabens with other biocides that cause multiple cases, and even worldwide epidemics, of allergic contact sensitization. In the present review, we present a balanced account of the published literature about the metabolism and potential toxicology of parabens.
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Darbre PD. Aluminium and the human breast. Morphologie 2016; 100:65-74. [PMID: 26997127 DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The human population is exposed to aluminium (Al) from diet, antacids and vaccine adjuvants, but frequent application of Al-based salts to the underarm as antiperspirant adds a high additional exposure directly to the local area of the human breast. Coincidentally the upper outer quadrant of the breast is where there is also a disproportionately high incidence of breast cysts and breast cancer. Al has been measured in human breast tissues/fluids at higher levels than in blood, and experimental evidence suggests that at physiologically relevant concentrations, Al can adversely impact on human breast epithelial cell biology. Gross cystic breast disease is the most common benign disorder of the breast and evidence is presented that Al may be a causative factor in formation of breast cysts. Evidence is also reviewed that Al can enable the development of multiple hallmarks associated with cancer in breast cells, in particular that it can cause genomic instability and inappropriate proliferation in human breast epithelial cells, and can increase migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells. In addition, Al is a metalloestrogen and oestrogen is a risk factor for breast cancer known to influence multiple hallmarks. The microenvironment is established as another determinant of breast cancer development and Al has been shown to cause adverse alterations to the breast microenvironment. If current usage patterns of Al-based antiperspirant salts contribute to causation of breast cysts and breast cancer, then reduction in exposure would offer a strategy for prevention, and regulatory review is now justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Darbre
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Hopkins Building, Reading RG6 6UB, UK.
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Urban J, Fergus DJ, Savage AM, Ehlers M, Menninger HL, Dunn RR, Horvath JE. The effect of habitual and experimental antiperspirant and deodorant product use on the armpit microbiome. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1605. [PMID: 26855863 PMCID: PMC4741080 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An ever expanding body of research investigates the human microbiome in general and the skin microbiome in particular. Microbiomes vary greatly from individual to individual. Understanding the factors that account for this variation, however, has proven challenging, with many studies able to account statistically for just a small proportion of the inter-individual variation in the abundance, species richness or composition of bacteria. The human armpit has long been noted to host a high biomass bacterial community, and recent studies have highlighted substantial inter-individual variation in armpit bacteria, even relative to variation among individuals for other body habitats. One obvious potential explanation for this variation has to do with the use of personal hygiene products, particularly deodorants and antiperspirants. Here we experimentally manipulate product use to examine the abundance, species richness, and composition of bacterial communities that recolonize the armpits of people with different product use habits. In doing so, we find that when deodorant and antiperspirant use were stopped, culturable bacterial density increased and approached that found on individuals who regularly do not use any product. In addition, when antiperspirants were subsequently applied, bacterial density dramatically declined. These culture-based results are in line with sequence-based comparisons of the effects of long-term product use on bacterial species richness and composition. Sequence-based analyses suggested that individuals who habitually use antiperspirant tended to have a greater richness of bacterial OTUs in their armpits than those who use deodorant. In addition, individuals who used antiperspirants or deodorants long-term, but who stopped using product for two or more days as part of this study, had armpit communities dominated by Staphylococcaceae, whereas those of individuals in our study who habitually used no products were dominated by Corynebacterium. Collectively these results suggest a strong effect of product use on the bacterial composition of armpits. Although stopping the use of deodorant and antiperspirant similarly favors presence of Staphylococcaceae over Corynebacterium, their differential modes of action exert strikingly different effects on the richness of other bacteria living in armpit communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Urban
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences , Raleigh, NC , USA
| | - Daniel J Fergus
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences , Raleigh, NC , USA
| | - Amy M Savage
- Department of Biology & Center for Computational & Integrative Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey-Camden , Camden, NJ , USA
| | - Megan Ehlers
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Holly L Menninger
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC , USA
| | - Robert R Dunn
- Department of Applied Ecology and Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie E Horvath
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA; Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Teitelbaum SL, Li Q, Lambertini L, Belpoggi F, Manservisi F, Falcioni L, Bua L, Silva MJ, Ye X, Calafat AM, Chen J. Paired Serum and Urine Concentrations of Biomarkers of Diethyl Phthalate, Methyl Paraben, and Triclosan in Rats. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:39-45. [PMID: 26047088 PMCID: PMC4710607 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to environmental chemicals, including phthalates and phenols such as parabens and triclosan, is ubiquitous within the U.S. general population. OBJECTIVE This proof-of-concept rodent study examined the relationship between oral doses of three widely used personal care product ingredients [diethyl phthalate (DEP), methyl paraben (MPB), and triclosan] and urine and serum concentrations of their respective biomarkers. METHODS Using female Sprague-Dawley rats, we carried out two rounds of experiments with oral gavage doses selected in accordance with no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) derived from previous studies: 1,735 (DEP), 1,050 (MPB), 50 (triclosan) mg/kg/day. Administered doses ranged from 0.005 to 173 mg/kg/day, 10-100,000 times below the NOAEL for each chemical. Controls for the MPB and triclosan experiments were animals treated with olive oil (vehicle) only; controls for the DEP serum experiments were animals treated with the lowest doses of MPB and triclosan. Doses were administered for 5 days with five rats in each treatment group. Urine and blood serum, collected on the last day of exposure, were analyzed for biomarkers. Relationships between oral dose and biomarker concentrations were assessed using linear regression. RESULTS Biomarkers were detected in all control urine samples at parts-per-billion levels, suggesting a low endemic environmental exposure to the three chemicals that could not be controlled even with all of the precautionary measures undertaken. Among the exposed animals, urinary concentrations of all three biomarkers were orders of magnitude higher than those in serum. A consistently positive linear relationship between oral dose and urinary concentration was observed (R2 > 0.80); this relationship was inconsistent in serum. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the importance of carefully considering the oral dose used in animal experiments and provides useful information in selecting doses for future studies. CITATION Teitelbaum SL, Li Q, Lambertini L, Belpoggi F, Manservisi F, Falcioni L, Bua L, Silva MJ, Ye X, Calafat AM, Chen J. 2016. Paired serum and urine concentrations of biomarkers of diethyl phthalate, methyl paraben, and triclosan in rats. Environ Health Perspect 124:39-45; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409586.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L. Teitelbaum
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Address correspondence to S.L. Teitelbaum, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Levy Place, Box 1057, New York, NY 10029 USA. Telephone: (212) 824-7105. E-mail:
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Luca Lambertini
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fiorella Belpoggi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabiana Manservisi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Falcioni
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luciano Bua
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Manori J. Silva
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Ye
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Farasani A, Darbre P. Effects of aluminium chloride and aluminium chlorohydrate on DNA repair in MCF10A immortalised non-transformed human breast epithelial cells. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 152:186-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Iwegbue CM. Evaluation of Human Exposure to metals from some popular brands of underarm cosmetics in Nigeria. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 72:630-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Dieterich M, Stubert J, Reimer T, Erickson N, Berling A. Influence of lifestyle factors on breast cancer risk. Breast Care (Basel) 2014; 9:407-14. [PMID: 25759623 PMCID: PMC4317679 DOI: 10.1159/000369571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast Cancer (BC) is a life-changing event. Compared to other malignancies in women, BC has received considerably more public attention. Despite improved neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and palliative treatment strategies for each characteristic molecular BC subtype, recommendations for evidence-based preventive strategies for BC treatment are not given equivalent attention. This may be partly due to the fact that high-quality long-term prevention studies are still difficult to carry out and are thus underrepresented in international studies. The aim of this review is to discuss the most relevant lifestyle factors associated with BC and to identify and discuss the evidence supporting practical prevention strategies that can be used in everyday clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Dieterich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Breast Center, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes Stubert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Breast Center, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Toralf Reimer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Breast Center, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Nicole Erickson
- Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technical University Munich, Germany
| | - Anika Berling
- Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technical University Munich, Germany
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Willhite CC, Karyakina NA, Yokel RA, Yenugadhati N, Wisniewski TM, Arnold IMF, Momoli F, Krewski D. Systematic review of potential health risks posed by pharmaceutical, occupational and consumer exposures to metallic and nanoscale aluminum, aluminum oxides, aluminum hydroxide and its soluble salts. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44 Suppl 4:1-80. [PMID: 25233067 PMCID: PMC4997813 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.934439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Aluminum (Al) is a ubiquitous substance encountered both naturally (as the third most abundant element) and intentionally (used in water, foods, pharmaceuticals, and vaccines); it is also present in ambient and occupational airborne particulates. Existing data underscore the importance of Al physical and chemical forms in relation to its uptake, accumulation, and systemic bioavailability. The present review represents a systematic examination of the peer-reviewed literature on the adverse health effects of Al materials published since a previous critical evaluation compiled by Krewski et al. (2007) . Challenges encountered in carrying out the present review reflected the experimental use of different physical and chemical Al forms, different routes of administration, and different target organs in relation to the magnitude, frequency, and duration of exposure. Wide variations in diet can result in Al intakes that are often higher than the World Health Organization provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), which is based on studies with Al citrate. Comparing daily dietary Al exposures on the basis of "total Al"assumes that gastrointestinal bioavailability for all dietary Al forms is equivalent to that for Al citrate, an approach that requires validation. Current occupational exposure limits (OELs) for identical Al substances vary as much as 15-fold. The toxicity of different Al forms depends in large measure on their physical behavior and relative solubility in water. The toxicity of soluble Al forms depends upon the delivered dose of Al(+3) to target tissues. Trivalent Al reacts with water to produce bidentate superoxide coordination spheres [Al(O2)(H2O4)(+2) and Al(H2O)6 (+3)] that after complexation with O2(•-), generate Al superoxides [Al(O2(•))](H2O5)](+2). Semireduced AlO2(•) radicals deplete mitochondrial Fe and promote generation of H2O2, O2 (•-) and OH(•). Thus, it is the Al(+3)-induced formation of oxygen radicals that accounts for the oxidative damage that leads to intrinsic apoptosis. In contrast, the toxicity of the insoluble Al oxides depends primarily on their behavior as particulates. Aluminum has been held responsible for human morbidity and mortality, but there is no consistent and convincing evidence to associate the Al found in food and drinking water at the doses and chemical forms presently consumed by people living in North America and Western Europe with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neither is there clear evidence to show use of Al-containing underarm antiperspirants or cosmetics increases the risk of AD or breast cancer. Metallic Al, its oxides, and common Al salts have not been shown to be either genotoxic or carcinogenic. Aluminum exposures during neonatal and pediatric parenteral nutrition (PN) can impair bone mineralization and delay neurological development. Adverse effects to vaccines with Al adjuvants have occurred; however, recent controlled trials found that the immunologic response to certain vaccines with Al adjuvants was no greater, and in some cases less than, that after identical vaccination without Al adjuvants. The scientific literature on the adverse health effects of Al is extensive. Health risk assessments for Al must take into account individual co-factors (e.g., age, renal function, diet, gastric pH). Conclusions from the current review point to the need for refinement of the PTWI, reduction of Al contamination in PN solutions, justification for routine addition of Al to vaccines, and harmonization of OELs for Al substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin C. Willhite
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Robert A. Yokel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Thomas M. Wisniewski
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Ian M. F. Arnold
- Occupational Health Program, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Franco Momoli
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Juhász MLW, Marmur ES. A review of selected chemical additives in cosmetic products. Dermatol Ther 2014; 27:317-22. [DOI: 10.1111/dth.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Margit Lai Wun Juhász
- Department of Dermatology; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
| | - Ellen S. Marmur
- Department of Dermatology; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
- Marmur Medical; New York New York
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Mathiesen L, Zuri G, Andersen MH, Knudsen LE. A proposed study on the transplacental transport of parabens in the human placental perfusion model. Altern Lab Anim 2014; 41:473-82. [PMID: 24512231 DOI: 10.1177/026119291304100610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to parabens as a preservative used in personal care products is of increasing concern, as there is evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies of hormone disruption in association with exposure to parabens. Transport across the placenta could be critical for risk assessment, but the available data are sparse. The aim is to develop a method for estimating fetal exposure, via the placenta, to the most commonly-used parabens, by using a human placental perfusion model. The use of human tissue is vital for determining human fetal exposure, because animal studies are of little relevance, since the placenta exhibits significant interspecies variation. An HPLC model is currently being established to simultaneously quantify four different parabens, namely, methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben and butylparaben, and their main metabolite, p-hydroxybenzoic acid. With this model, we aim to determine the transport kinetics of these parabens across the human placenta, and to investigate placental metabolism, including differences in transport due to molecular characteristics. This will facilitate assessment of the risks associated with the use of paraben-containing products during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Mathiesen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Pineau A, Fauconneau B, Sappino AP, Deloncle R, Guillard O. If exposure to aluminium in antiperspirants presents health risks, its content should be reduced. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2014; 28:147-150. [PMID: 24418462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Since aluminium (Al) pervades our environment, the scientific community has for many years raised concerns regarding its safety in humans. Al is present in numerous cosmetics such as antiperspirants, lipsticks and sunscreens. Al chlorohydrate is the active antiperspirant agent in underarm cosmetics and may constitute for Al a key exposure route to the human body and a potential source of damage. An in vitro study has demonstrated that Al from antiperspirant can be absorbed through viable human stripped skin. The potential toxicity of Al has been clearly shown and recent works convincingly argue that Al could be involved in cancerogenic processes. Nowadays, for example, Al is suspected of being involved in breast cancer. Recent work in cells in culture has lent credence to the hypothesis that this metal could accumulate in the mammary gland and selectively interfere with the biological properties of breast epithelial cells, thereby promoting a cascade of alterations reminiscent of the early phases of malignant transformation. In addition, several studies suggest that the presence of Al in human breast could influence metastatic process. As a consequence, given that the toxicity of Al has been widely recognized and that it is not a physiological component in human tissues, reducing the concentration of this metal in antiperspirants is a matter of urgency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Pineau
- Université de Nantes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Toxicologie, 44035 Nantes, France
| | - Bernard Fauconneau
- Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Service de Pharmacologie clinique, CHU Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - André-Pascal Sappino
- Clinique des Grangettes, Chemin des Grangettes 7, 1224 Chêne-Bougeries, Confédération Helvétique, Switzerland
| | - Roger Deloncle
- Université de Tours, Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Toxicologie, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Olivier Guillard
- Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, 6 rue de la Milétrie, 86034 Poitiers, France.
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Wróbel AM, Gregoraszczuk EŁ. Differential effect of methyl-, butyl- and propylparaben and 17β-estradiol on selected cell cycle and apoptosis gene and protein expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells and MCF-10A non-malignant cells. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 34:1041-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Wróbel
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction Institute of Zoology; Jagiellonian University in Kraków; Gronostajowa 9 30-387 Krakow Poland
| | - Ewa Łucja Gregoraszczuk
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction Institute of Zoology; Jagiellonian University in Kraków; Gronostajowa 9 30-387 Krakow Poland
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Steter JR, Rocha RS, Dionísio D, Lanza MR, Motheo AJ. Electrochemical oxidation route of methyl paraben on a boron-doped diamond anode. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Darbre PD, Mannello F, Exley C. Aluminium and breast cancer: Sources of exposure, tissue measurements and mechanisms of toxicological actions on breast biology. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 128:257-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Biological Water Dynamics and Entropy: A Biophysical Origin of Cancer and Other Diseases. ENTROPY 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/e15093822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Kang S, Kim S, Park J, Kim HJ, Lee J, Choi G, Choi S, Kim S, Kim SY, Moon HB, Kim S, Kho YL, Choi K. Urinary paraben concentrations among pregnant women and their matching newborn infants of Korea, and the association with oxidative stress biomarkers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 461-462:214-21. [PMID: 23727995 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Parabens have been used in multiple products including personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and foods for more than 50 years but increasing numbers of studies have raised concerns on their safety. The present study was designed to determine urinary paraben levels among pregnant women and their matching newborn infants (<48 h after delivery), and the association between paraben levels and stress markers. Pregnant women (n=46) and their matching newborn infants were recruited from four university hospitals located in Seoul, Ansan and Jeju of Korea, 2011. Parabens including methyl paraben (MP), ethyl paraben (EP), n-propyl paraben (PP), and n-butyl paraben (BP) were measured in the urine using an automatic, high throughput online SPE-LC-MS/MS method. Urinary concentrations were normalized with specific gravity (SG). Free cortisol, malondealdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were measured in the urine as stress marker. Urinary MP was detected as the highest, and BP was detected as the lowest paraben in the urine samples of both pregnant women and their infants. Significant correlations between paraben concentrations of maternal and their newborn infant's urine were observed. The levels of urinary parabens among Korean pregnant women are comparable to those reported elsewhere, except for EP which were 4-9 folds higher than pregnant women of other countries. The ratios of infant to maternal urinary paraben concentrations varied between 0.5 and 0.6 for MP and PP, but approximately 10 fold lower for EP. Urinary MP or EP levels were associated with several oxidative stress related biomarkers such as urinary 8-OHdG and MDA, even after the adjustment of relevant covariates such as maternal age, mode of delivery, pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational age and parity. This is the first study that reported the levels of major parabens in the first urine of newborn infants. Further studies are warranted to understand the implications of paraben exposure among biologically susceptible human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungeun Kang
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
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Rodrigues-Peres RM, Cadore S, Febraio S, Heinrich JK, Serra KP, Derchain SFM, Vassallo J, Sarian LO. Tissue aluminum concentration does not affect the genomic stability of ERBB2, C-MYC, and CCND1 genes in breast cancer. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 154:345-51. [PMID: 23861098 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9751-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
It has long been hypothesized that body tissue uptake of aluminum may have biological implications in breast cancer. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that aluminum may trigger genomic instability by interfering with DNA strands. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between aluminum concentrations in the peripheral and central areas of breast tumors with the instability of three key genes in breast cancer, ERBB2, C-MYC, and CCND1 and aneuploidy of the chromosomes harboring these genes. Tissue samples of 118 women treated for breast cancer were obtained. Evaluation of aluminum content was carried out using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. A tissue microarray slide containing the tumor samples was used in FISH assays to assess ERBB2, C-MYC, and CCND1 expressions as well as the statuses of their respective chromosomes 17, 8, and 11. Clinicopathological data were obtained from patient's records. Aluminum levels of >2.0 mg/kg were found in 20.3 and 22.1% of the central and peripheral breast tumor areas, respectively. Amplification and/or aneuploid-positive statuses for ERBB2/CEP17, C-MYC/CEP8, and CCND1/CEP11 were detected in 24, 36.7, and 29.3% of the tumors, respectively. We found that aluminum concentration was not related to these altered gene statuses. Our findings suggest that aluminum concentration does not affect genomic stability in breast tissues. Tissue microenvironment modifications, due to the presence of aluminum compounds, seem more appealing as a possible target for future studies to determine the implications of aluminum in breast carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Mary Rodrigues-Peres
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Alexander Fleming, 101-Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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