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Bela-Ong DB, Thompson KD, Kim HJ, Park SB, Jung TS. CD4 + T lymphocyte responses to viruses and virus-relevant stimuli in teleost fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109007. [PMID: 37625734 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Fish diseases caused by viruses are a major threat to aquaculture. Development of disease protection strategies for sustainable fish aquaculture requires a better understanding of the immune mechanisms involved in antiviral defence. The innate and adaptive arms of the vertebrate immune system collaborate to mount an effective defence against viral pathogens. The T lymphocyte components of the adaptive immune system, comprising two major classes (helper T, Th or CD4+ and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CTLs or CD8+ T cells), are responsible for cell-mediated immune responses. In particular, CD4+ T cells and their different subsets orchestrate the actions of various other immune cells during immune responses, making CD4+ T cells central drivers of responses to pathogens and vaccines. CD4+ T cells are also present in teleost fish. Here we review the literature that reported the use of antibodies against CD4 in a few teleost fish species and transcription profiling of Th cell-relevant genes in the context of viral infections and virus-relevant immunomodulation. Studies reveal massive CD4+ T cell proliferation and expression of key cytokines, transcription factors, and effector molecules that evoke mammalian Th cell responses. We also discuss gaps in the current understanding and evaluation of teleost CD4+ T cell responses and how development and application of novel tools and approaches to interrogate such responses could bridge these gaps. A greater understanding of fish Th cell responses will further illuminate the evolution of vertebrate adaptive immunity, inform strategies to address viral infections in aquaculture, and could further foster fish as model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Berbulla Bela-Ong
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 52828, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kim D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Hyoung Jun Kim
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for VHS, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Bin Park
- Coastal Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Pascagula, MS, 39567, USA
| | - Tae Sung Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Allez M. A CEACAM5-derived Peptide Activating CD8 + Regulatory T Cells: A Future Option for Restoring Mucosal Homeostasis in Crohn's Disease? Gastroenterology 2022; 163:822-824. [PMID: 35931106 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Allez
- Département de Gastroentérologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, APHP, INSERM U1160, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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3
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Suárez LJ, Arboleda S, Angelov N, Arce RM. Oral Versus Gastrointestinal Mucosal Immune Niches in Homeostasis and Allostasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705206. [PMID: 34290715 PMCID: PMC8287884 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Different body systems (epidermis, respiratory tract, cornea, oral cavity, and gastrointestinal tract) are in continuous direct contact with innocuous and/or potentially harmful external agents, exhibiting dynamic and highly selective interaction throughout the epithelia, which function as both a physical and chemical protective barrier. Resident immune cells in the epithelia are constantly challenged and must distinguish among antigens that must be either tolerated or those to which a response must be mounted for. When such a decision begins to take place in lymphoid foci and/or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, the epithelia network of immune surveillance actively dominates both oral and gastrointestinal compartments, which are thought to operate in the same immune continuum. However, anatomical variations clearly differentiate immune processes in both the mouth and gastrointestinal tract that demonstrate a wide array of independent immune responses. From single vs. multiple epithelia cell layers, widespread cell-to-cell junction types, microbial-associated recognition receptors, dendritic cell function as well as related signaling, the objective of this review is to specifically contrast the current knowledge of oral versus gut immune niches in the context of epithelia/lymphoid foci/MALT local immunity and systemic output. Related differences in 1) anatomy 2) cell-to-cell communication 3) antigen capture/processing/presentation 4) signaling in regulatory vs. proinflammatory responses and 5) systemic output consequences and its relations to disease pathogenesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina J Suárez
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Medicina Oral, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Silie Arboleda
- Department of Periodontics and Dental Hygiene, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nikola Angelov
- Department of Periodontics and Dental Hygiene, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Roger M Arce
- Department of Periodontics and Dental Hygiene, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Interplay between Cytokine Circuitry and Transcriptional Regulation Shaping Helper T Cell Pathogenicity and Plasticity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093379. [PMID: 32403220 PMCID: PMC7247009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disorder manifested as Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) characterized by intestinal inflammation and involves a dysregulated immune response against commensal microbiota through the activation of CD4 T helper cells. T helper cell differentiation to effector or regulatory phenotypes is controlled by cytokine networks and transcriptional regulators. Distinct polarized T helper cells are able to alter their phenotypes to adapt to diverse and fluctuating physiological environments. T helper cells exhibit intrinsic instability and flexibility to express cytokines of other lineages or transdifferentiate from one T helper cell type to another in response to various perturbations from physiological cytokine milieu as a means of promoting local immunity in response to injury or ensure tissue homeostasis. Furthermore, functional plasticity and diversity of T helper cells are associated with pathogenicity and are critical for immune homeostasis and prevention of autoimmunity. In this review, we provide deeper insights into the combinatorial extrinsic and intrinsic signals that control plasticity and transdifferentiation of T helper cells and also highlight the potential of exploiting the genetic reprogramming plasticity of T helper cells in the treatment of IBD.
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Fritsch J, Abreu MT. The Microbiota and the Immune Response: What Is the Chicken and What Is the Egg? Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2019; 29:381-393. [PMID: 31078242 DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The underlying factors driving the onset and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) include the interplay between host genetics, microbiota, and mucosal inflammation. The same environmental triggers that are a risk factor for IBD also alter the microbiota, suggesting a link between the microbiome and IBD. Specific IBD-associated genetic polymorphisms change the microbiome linking host genetics to the microbiota. Microbial changes occur at least simultaneously with new onset IBD, and fecal microbial transplant can ameliorate certain types of IBD. A current debate in the field is which comes first, dysbiosis or inflammation? Can restitution of the microbiome "cure" IBD?
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Fritsch
- Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Crohn's and Colitis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1011 North West 15th Street (D-149), Gautier Building, Suite 537B, Miami, FL USA
| | - Maria T Abreu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Crohn's & Colitis Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1011 North West 15th Street (D-149), Gautier Building, Suite 510, Miami, FL USA.
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Dotan I, Allez M, Danese S, Keir M, Tole S, McBride J. The role of integrins in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease: Approved and investigational anti-integrin therapies. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:245-262. [PMID: 31215680 PMCID: PMC6973243 DOI: 10.1002/med.21601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by uncontrolled inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. The underlying pathobiology of IBD includes an increase in infiltrating gut-homing lymphocytes. Although lymphocyte homing is typically a tightly regulated and stepwise process involving multiple integrins and adhesion molecules expressed on endothelial cells, the distinct roles of integrin-expressing immune cells is not fully understood in the pathology of IBD. In this review, we detail the involvement of integrins expressed on specific lymphocyte subsets in the pathogenesis of IBD and discuss the current status of approved and investigational integrin-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Dotan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Matthieu Allez
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, INSERM U1160, University Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Silvio Danese
- Gastrointestinal Immunopathology Laboratory and IBD Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Mary Keir
- Department of Research and Early Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Swati Tole
- Department of Product Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Jacqueline McBride
- Department of Research and Early Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
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Thapa B, Pak S, Kwon HJ, Lee K. Decursinol Angelate Ameliorates Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis by Modulating Type 17 Helper T Cell Responses. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2019; 27:466-473. [PMID: 30917627 PMCID: PMC6720537 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2019.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angelica gigas has been used as a Korean traditional medicine for pain relief and gynecological health. Although the extracts are reported to have an anti-inflammatory property, the bioactive compounds of the herbal plant and the effect on T cell responses are unclear. In this study, we identified decursinol angelate (DA) as an immunomodulatory ingredient of A. gigas and demonstrated its suppressive effect on type 17 helper T (Th17) cell responses. Helper T cell culture experiments revealed that DA impeded the differentiation of Th17 cells and IL-17 production without affecting the survival and proliferation of CD4 T cells. By using a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model, we determined the therapeutic potential of DA for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. DA treatment attenuated the severity of colitis including a reduction in weight loss, colon shortening, and protection from colonic tissue damage induced by DSS administration. Intriguingly, Th17 cells concurrently with neutrophils in the colitis tissues were significantly decreased by the DA treatment. Overall, our experimental evidence reveals for the first time that DA is an anti-inflammatory compound to modulate inflammatory T cells, and suggests DA as a potential therapeutic agent to manage inflammatory conditions associated with Th17 cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seongwon Pak
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Keunwook Lee
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology.,Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
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Ji KY, Jang JH, Lee EH, Kim SM, Song HW, Yang WK, Kim HY, Kim KH, Lee YS, Kim DS, Kang HS, Kim SH. Canavalia gladiata and Arctium lappa extracts ameliorate dextran sulphate sodium-induced inflammatory bowel disease by enhancing immune responses. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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9
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Pinchuk IV, Powell DW. Immunosuppression by Intestinal Stromal Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1060:115-129. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78127-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Allez M, Skolnick BE, Wisniewska-Jarosinska M, Petryka R, Overgaard RV. Anti-NKG2D monoclonal antibody (NNC0142-0002) in active Crohn's disease: a randomised controlled trial. Gut 2017; 66:1918-1925. [PMID: 27489241 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-311824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anti-NKG2D (NNC0142-0002) is an antagonising human immunoglobulin G4 monoclonal antibody that binds to natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) receptors, which are expressed by T cells and innate lymphoid cells, and may be linked to mucosal damage in Crohn's disease (CD). DESIGN Seventy-eight patients (aged ≥18 and ≤75 years) with CD for ≥3 months, Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) ≥220 and ≤450 and either C-reactive protein ≥10 mg/L or endoscopic evidence of inflammation, were randomised 1:1 to a single subcutaneous (SC) dose of 2 mg/kg anti-NKG2D or placebo. Primary endpoint was change in CDAI (ΔCDAI) from baseline to week 4. Prespecified significance level was 10% for CDAI endpoints. A futility analysis was instituted due to slow recruitment. RESULTS Primary endpoint was not significantly different between anti-NKG2D and placebo (week 4 ΔCDAI=-16); however, there was a significant difference by week 12 (ΔCDAI=-55; p≤0.10). Significant improvements were noted in the non-failure to biologics subgroup (treated with anti-NKG2D (n=28)) from week 1 onward. Greater effects of anti-NKG2D were also observed in patients with baseline CDAI ≥330. Frequencies of adverse events (AEs) were comparable between anti-NKG2D and placebo. Most AEs were mild (49%) or moderate (43%). No antidrug antibodies were observed. CONCLUSIONS A single SC dose of 2 mg/kg anti-NKG2D did not reduce disease activity at week 4 versus placebo, but the difference was significant at week 12, and effects were evident in key subgroups. These data support further development of anti-NKG2D in IBD. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01203631.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Allez
- Department of Gastroenterology, APHP, Hôpital Saint Louis, INSERM UMRS 1160, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité University, Paris, France
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11
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Dai SX, Gu HX, Lin QY, Wu YK, Wang XY, Huang SZ, Xing TS, Chen MH, Zhang QF, Zheng ZW, Sha WH. Decreased CD8+CD28+/CD8+CD28- T cell ratio can sensitively predict poor outcome for patients with complicated Crohn disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7247. [PMID: 28658115 PMCID: PMC5500037 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn disease (CD) with complications such as penetrating, stricturing, and perianal disease is called complicated CD. The aim of this study is to test the efficiency with which the CD8CD28/CD8CD28 cell balance can predict a subsequent active stage in patients with newly diagnosed complicated CD.Seventeen patients with complicated CD and 48 CD patients with no complications were enrolled. Blood CD8 T cells were tested from all of the 65 newly diagnosed CD patients upon enrollment. The potential risk factors were compared between the 2 groups. A 30-week follow-up was performed, and the efficiency of the CD8 cell balance at predicting active CD was analyzed using receiver-operating characteristic curves. The cumulative remission lasting rates (CRLRs) were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method.Compared with the control CD group, patients with complicated CD were predominantly male and younger in age; they also had lower body mass indices (BMIs), higher Crohn disease activity indices (CDAIs), higher immunosuppressant and steroid prescription rates, and significantly higher surgical rates. The CD8CD28/CD8CD28 balance was associated with BMI, CDAI, steroids, and surgery. The CD8CD28/CD8CD28 ratios were significantly lower at week 0 and on the 6th, 22nd, and 30th week during follow-up with a shorter lasting time of remission for the complicated CD patients. The CD8CD28/CD8CD28 ratio could accurately predict the active stage for the patients with complicated CD, and the highest sensitivity (89.2%) and specificity (85.3%) were found when the ratio was 1.03. Treatment with steroids and surgery, along with a significantly lower CD8CD28/CD8CD28 ratio and lower CRLRs, was closely related to a worse outcome for the patients with complicated CD.Patients requiring steroids and surgery experience more severe disease activity and thus a disequilibrated immunological balance, which could be the main reason for a decreased CD8CD28/CD8CD28 ratio. This ratio can sensitively predict the active stage for patients with complicated CD, and more care should be taken when this ratio is <1.03.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-xue Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, South China University of Technology
| | | | - Qian-yi Lin
- The First Clinical Medical School (Nanfang Hospital), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong
| | - Yan-kun Wu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Xiao-yan Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Shao-zhuo Huang
- The First Clinical Medical School (Nanfang Hospital), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong
| | - Tiao-si Xing
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Min-hua Chen
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing-fang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, South China University of Technology
| | - Zhong-wen Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, South China University of Technology
| | - Wei-hong Sha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, South China University of Technology
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12
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Zheng Y, Huang L, Ge W, Yang M, Ma Y, Xie G, Wang W, Bian B, Li L, Nie H, Shen L. Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 Inhibition Upregulates Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells Frequency and Function during the Ulcerative Colitis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:596. [PMID: 28588584 PMCID: PMC5440547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) pathogenesis is related to imbalance of immune responses, and the equilibrium between inflammatory T cells and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) plays an important role in the intestinal homeostasis. Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) regulate chromatin remodeling and gene expression. Here, we investigated whether inhibition of PRMTs affects colitis pathogenesis in mice and inflammatory bowel disease patients and further explored the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we found that protein arginine N-methyltransferase inhibitor 1 (AMI-1) treatments increased Tregs frequency, function, and reduced colitis incidence. Adoptive transfer of AMI-1-treated Tregs could reduce the colitis incidence. Colitis was associated with increased local PRMT5 expression, which was inhibited by AMI-1 treatment. Additionally, PRMT5 knockdown T cells produced a better response to TGFβ and promoted Tregs differentiation through decreased DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) expression. PRMT5 also enhanced H3K27me3 and DNMT1 binding to Foxp3 promoter, which restricted Tregs differentiation. Furthermore, PRMT5 knockdown led to decreased Foxp3 promoter methylation during Tregs induction. PRMT5 expression had a negative relationship with Tregs in UC patients, knockdown of PRMT5 expression increased Tregs frequency and decreased TNFα, IL-6, and IL-13 levels. Our study outlines a novel regulation of PRMT5 on Tregs development and function. Strategies to decrease PRMT5 expression might have therapeutic potential to control UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxia Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biliary Tract Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liya Huang
- Department of Gerontology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wensong Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhui Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohua Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingxian Bian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Nie
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lisong Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Boschetti G, Kanjarawi R, Bardel E, Collardeau-Frachon S, Duclaux-Loras R, Moro-Sibilot L, Almeras T, Flourié B, Nancey S, Kaiserlian D. Gut Inflammation in Mice Triggers Proliferation and Function of Mucosal Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells but Impairs Their Conversion from CD4+ T Cells. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11:105-117. [PMID: 27364948 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Regulatory Foxp3+CD4+ T cells [Tregs] have been implicated in the control of colitis in T-cell transfer models, yet their ability to regulate colitis induced by innate immunity and the impact of gut inflammation on their fate and function have been poorly documented. METHODS Colitis was induced by dextran sodium sulphate in DEREG transgenic mice. Tregs ablation and transfer experiments showd that Tregs could limit the severity of colitis in B6 mice. RESULTS Gut inflammation resulted in increased number of Tregs in mesenteric lymph nodes [MLN] and colon lamina propria [LP], although their frequency decreased due to massive concomitant leukocyte infiltration. This coincided at both sites with a dramatic increase in Ki67+ Tregs which retained proliferative capacity. Gut inflammation resulted in enhanced suppressive function of Tregs in colon lamina propria and neuropillin-1- [NRP1-] Treg in MLN. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis and flow cytometry [using IL10-egfp-reporter mice] showed that compared with NRP1+ Treg, NRP1- Treg express higher levels of IL-10 transcripts and were enriched in IL10-expressing cells both in the steady state and during colitis. Moreover, Treg conversion in vivo from from naïve CD4+ T cells or Treg precursors was impaired in colitic mice. Finally, gut inflammation caused a decrease in intestinal dendritic cells, affecting both CD103+CD11b+ and CD103+CD11b- subsets and affected their Treg conversion capacity. CONCLUSIONS Together, our data indicate that non-specific colon inflammation triggers proliferation and suppressive function of Tregs in the lamina propria and MLN, but impairs their de novo conversion from CD4+ T cells by intestinal dendritic cells.
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de Bruyn M, Vandooren J, Ugarte-Berzal E, Arijs I, Vermeire S, Opdenakker G. The molecular biology of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in inflammatory bowel diseases. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 51:295-358. [DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2016.1199535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Chen HH, Chao YH, Chen DY, Yang DH, Chung TW, Li YR, Lin CC. Oral administration of acarbose ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis in a mouse model. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 33:70-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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16
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Dysbiosis in intestinal inflammation: Cause or consequence. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 306:302-309. [PMID: 27012594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota encompasses hundreds of bacterial species that constitute a relatively stable ecosystem. Alteration in the microbiota composition may arise from infections, immune defects, metabolic alterations, diet or antibiotic treatment. Dysbiosis is considered as an alteration in microbiota community structure and/or function, capable of causing/driving a detrimental distortion of microbe-host homeostasis. A variety of pathologies are associated with changes in the community structure and function of the gut microbiota, suggesting a link between dysbiosis and disease etiology. With an emphasis in this review on inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), the non-trivial question is whether dysbiosis is the cause or consequence of inflammation. It is important to understand whether changes in microbial ecosystems are causally linked to the pathology and to what extend disease risk is predicable based on characteristic changes in community structure and/or function. Local changes in tissue integrity associated with focal areas of inflammation may result in the selection of a dysbiotic bacterial community associated with the propagation of a disease phenotype. This review outlines the role of dysbiosis in intestinal inflammation with particular focus on IBD-relevant gnotobiotic mouse models, the factors implicated in the development of dysbiosis and the means available to investigate dysbiosis in the context of human diseases.
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Quévrain E, Maubert MA, Michon C, Chain F, Marquant R, Tailhades J, Miquel S, Carlier L, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Pigneur B, Lequin O, Kharrat P, Thomas G, Rainteau D, Aubry C, Breyner N, Afonso C, Lavielle S, Grill JP, Chassaing G, Chatel JM, Trugnan G, Xavier R, Langella P, Sokol H, Seksik P. Identification of an anti-inflammatory protein from Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, a commensal bacterium deficient in Crohn's disease. Gut 2016; 65:415-425. [PMID: 26045134 PMCID: PMC5136800 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease (CD)-associated dysbiosis is characterised by a loss of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, whose culture supernatant exerts an anti-inflammatory effect both in vitro and in vivo. However, the chemical nature of the anti-inflammatory compounds has not yet been determined. METHODS Peptidomic analysis using mass spectrometry was applied to F. prausnitzii supernatant. Anti-inflammatory effects of identified peptides were tested in vitro directly on intestinal epithelial cell lines and on cell lines transfected with a plasmid construction coding for the candidate protein encompassing these peptides. In vivo, the cDNA of the candidate protein was delivered to the gut by recombinant lactic acid bacteria to prevent dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS)-colitis in mice. RESULTS The seven peptides, identified in the F. prausnitzii culture supernatants, derived from a single microbial anti-inflammatory molecule (MAM), a protein of 15 kDa, and comprising 53% of non-polar residues. This last feature prevented the direct characterisation of the putative anti-inflammatory activity of MAM-derived peptides. Transfection of MAM cDNA in epithelial cells led to a significant decrease in the activation of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway with a dose-dependent effect. Finally, the use of a food-grade bacterium, Lactococcus lactis, delivering a plasmid encoding MAM was able to alleviate DNBS-induced colitis in mice. CONCLUSIONS A 15 kDa protein with anti-inflammatory properties is produced by F. prausnitzii, a commensal bacterium involved in CD pathogenesis. This protein is able to inhibit the NF-κB pathway in intestinal epithelial cells and to prevent colitis in an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Quévrain
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, LBM, 27 rue de Chaligny, F-75012, Paris, France.
,INSERM-ERL 1157 and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), CHU Saint-Antoine 27 rue de Chaligny, F-75012 Paris, France.
,CNRS, UMR 7203 LBM, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - M. A. Maubert
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, LBM, 27 rue de Chaligny, F-75012, Paris, France.
,INSERM-ERL 1157 and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), CHU Saint-Antoine 27 rue de Chaligny, F-75012 Paris, France.
,CNRS, UMR 7203 LBM, F-75005, Paris, France
,APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine - Département PM2 Plateforme de Métabolomique, Peptidomique et dosage de Médicaments, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - C. Michon
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
,AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - F. Chain
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
,AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - R. Marquant
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, LBM, 27 rue de Chaligny, F-75012, Paris, France.
,CNRS, UMR 7203 LBM, F-75005, Paris, France
,Ecole Normale Supérieure- PSL Research University, Département de Chimie 24 rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - J. Tailhades
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, LBM, 27 rue de Chaligny, F-75012, Paris, France.
,CNRS, UMR 7203 LBM, F-75005, Paris, France
,Ecole Normale Supérieure- PSL Research University, Département de Chimie 24 rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - S. Miquel
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
,AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - L. Carlier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, LBM, 27 rue de Chaligny, F-75012, Paris, France.
,CNRS, UMR 7203 LBM, F-75005, Paris, France
,Ecole Normale Supérieure- PSL Research University, Département de Chimie 24 rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - L. G. Bermúdez-Humarán
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
,AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - B. Pigneur
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, LBM, 27 rue de Chaligny, F-75012, Paris, France.
,INSERM-ERL 1157 and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), CHU Saint-Antoine 27 rue de Chaligny, F-75012 Paris, France.
,CNRS, UMR 7203 LBM, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - O. Lequin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, LBM, 27 rue de Chaligny, F-75012, Paris, France.
,CNRS, UMR 7203 LBM, F-75005, Paris, France
,Ecole Normale Supérieure- PSL Research University, Département de Chimie 24 rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - P. Kharrat
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
,AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - G. Thomas
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, LBM, 27 rue de Chaligny, F-75012, Paris, France.
,INSERM-ERL 1157 and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), CHU Saint-Antoine 27 rue de Chaligny, F-75012 Paris, France.
,CNRS, UMR 7203 LBM, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - D. Rainteau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, LBM, 27 rue de Chaligny, F-75012, Paris, France.
,INSERM-ERL 1157 and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), CHU Saint-Antoine 27 rue de Chaligny, F-75012 Paris, France.
,CNRS, UMR 7203 LBM, F-75005, Paris, France
,APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine - Département PM2 Plateforme de Métabolomique, Peptidomique et dosage de Médicaments, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - C. Aubry
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
,AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - N. Breyner
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
,AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - C. Afonso
- Université de Rouen, UMR 6014 COBRA / IRCOF, F-76130 Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - S. Lavielle
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, LBM, 27 rue de Chaligny, F-75012, Paris, France.
,CNRS, UMR 7203 LBM, F-75005, Paris, France
,Ecole Normale Supérieure- PSL Research University, Département de Chimie 24 rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - J.-P. Grill
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, LBM, 27 rue de Chaligny, F-75012, Paris, France.
,INSERM-ERL 1157 and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), CHU Saint-Antoine 27 rue de Chaligny, F-75012 Paris, France.
,CNRS, UMR 7203 LBM, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - G. Chassaing
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, LBM, 27 rue de Chaligny, F-75012, Paris, France.
,CNRS, UMR 7203 LBM, F-75005, Paris, France
,Ecole Normale Supérieure- PSL Research University, Département de Chimie 24 rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - J. M. Chatel
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
,AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - G. Trugnan
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, LBM, 27 rue de Chaligny, F-75012, Paris, France.
,INSERM-ERL 1157 and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), CHU Saint-Antoine 27 rue de Chaligny, F-75012 Paris, France.
,CNRS, UMR 7203 LBM, F-75005, Paris, France
,APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine - Département PM2 Plateforme de Métabolomique, Peptidomique et dosage de Médicaments, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - R. Xavier
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - P. Langella
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
,AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - H. Sokol
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, LBM, 27 rue de Chaligny, F-75012, Paris, France.
,INSERM-ERL 1157 and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), CHU Saint-Antoine 27 rue de Chaligny, F-75012 Paris, France.
,CNRS, UMR 7203 LBM, F-75005, Paris, France
,INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
,APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine – Service de Gastroentérologie et nutrition, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - P. Seksik
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, LBM, 27 rue de Chaligny, F-75012, Paris, France.
,INSERM-ERL 1157 and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), CHU Saint-Antoine 27 rue de Chaligny, F-75012 Paris, France.
,CNRS, UMR 7203 LBM, F-75005, Paris, France
,APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine – Service de Gastroentérologie et nutrition, F-75012 Paris, France
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Buttó LF, Schaubeck M, Haller D. Mechanisms of Microbe-Host Interaction in Crohn's Disease: Dysbiosis vs. Pathobiont Selection. Front Immunol 2015; 6:555. [PMID: 26635787 PMCID: PMC4652232 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a systemic chronic inflammatory condition mainly characterized by discontinuous transmural pathology of the gastrointestinal tract and frequent extraintestinal manifestations with intermittent episodes of remission and relapse. Genome-wide association studies identified a number of risk loci that, catalyzed by environmental triggers, result in the loss of tolerance toward commensal bacteria based on dysregulated innate effector functions and antimicrobial defense, leading to exacerbated adaptive immune responses responsible for chronic immune-mediated tissue damage. In this review, we discuss the inter-related role of changes in the intestinal microbiota, epithelial barrier integrity, and immune cell functions on the pathogenesis of CD, describing the current approaches available to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease. Substantial effort has been dedicated to define disease-associated changes in the intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis) and to link pathobionts to the etiology of inflammatory bowel diseases. A cogent definition of dysbiosis is lacking, as well as an agreement of whether pathobionts or complex shifts in the microbiota trigger inflammation in the host. Among the rarely available animal models, SAMP/Yit and TNFdeltaARE mice are the best known displaying a transmural CD-like phenotype. New hypothesis-driven mouse models, e.g., epithelial-specific Caspase8−/−, ATG16L1−/−, and XBP1−/− mice, validate pathway-focused function of specific CD-associated risk genes highlighting the role of Paneth cells in antimicrobial defense. To study the causal role of bacteria in initiating inflammation in the host, the use of germ-free mouse models is indispensable. Unraveling the interactions of genes, immune cells and microbes constitute a criterion for the development of safe, reliable, and effective treatment options for CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica F Buttó
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München , Freising-Weihenstephan , Germany
| | - Monika Schaubeck
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München , Freising-Weihenstephan , Germany
| | - Dirk Haller
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München , Freising-Weihenstephan , Germany
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19
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The Mucosal Immune System of Teleost Fish. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:525-39. [PMID: 26274978 PMCID: PMC4588148 DOI: 10.3390/biology4030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Teleost fish possess an adaptive immune system associated with each of their mucosal body surfaces. Evidence obtained from mucosal vaccination and mucosal infection studies reveal that adaptive immune responses take place at the different mucosal surfaces of teleost. The main mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) of teleosts are the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT), the gill-associated lymphoid tissue (GIALT) and the recently discovered nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). Teleost MALT includes diffuse B cells and T cells with specific phenotypes different from their systemic counterparts that have co-evolved to defend the microbe-rich mucosal environment. Both B and T cells respond to mucosal infection or vaccination. Specific antibody responses can be measured in the gills, gut and skin mucosal secretions of teleost fish following mucosal infection or vaccination. Rainbow trout studies have shown that IgT antibodies and IgT(+) B cells are the predominant B cell subset in all MALT and respond in a compartmentalized manner to mucosal infection. Our current knowledge on adaptive immunity in teleosts is limited compared to the mammalian literature. New research tools and in vivo models are currently being developed in order to help reveal the great intricacy of teleost mucosal adaptive immunity and help improve mucosal vaccination protocols for use in aquaculture.
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20
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Lee KH, Park M, Ji KY, Lee HY, Jang JH, Yoon IJ, Oh SS, Kim SM, Jeong YH, Yun CH, Kim MK, Lee IY, Choi HR, Ko KS, Kang HS. Bacterial β-(1,3)-glucan prevents DSS-induced IBD by restoring the reduced population of regulatory T cells. Immunobiology 2014; 219:802-12. [PMID: 25092569 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial β-(1,3)-glucan has more advantages in terms of cost, yield and efficiency than that derived from mushrooms, plants, yeasts and fungi. We have previously developed a novel and high-yield β-(1,3)-glucan produced by Agrobacterium sp. R259. This study aimed to elucidate the functional mechanism and therapeutic efficacy of bacterial β-(1,3)-glucan in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).Mice were orally pretreated with bacterial β-(1,3)-glucan at daily doses of 2.5 or 5mg/kg for 2 weeks. After 6 days of DSS treatment, clinical assessment of IBD severity and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated. In vivo cell proliferation was examined by immunohistochemistry using Ki-67 and ER-TR7 antibodies. The frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs) was analyzed by flow cytometry. Natural killer (NK) activity and IgA level were evaluated using NK cytotoxicity assay and ELISA.The deterioration of body weight gain, colonic architecture, disease score and histological score was recovered in DSS-induced IBD mice when pretreated with bacterial β-(1,3)-glucan. The recruitment of macrophages and the gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-17A/F, were markedly decreased in the colon of β-(1,3)-glucan-pretreated mice. β-(1,3)-Glucan induced the recovery of Tregs in terms of their frequency in DSS-induced IBD mice. Intriguingly, β-(1,3)-glucan reversed the functional defects of NK cells and excessive IgA production in DSS-induced IBD mice.We conclude that bacterial β-(1,3)-glucan prevented the progression of DSS-induced IBD by recovering the reduction of Tregs, functional defect of NK cells and excessive IgA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Ho Lee
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-75, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Park
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-75, Republic of Korea
| | - Kon-Young Ji
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-75, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Youn Lee
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-75, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hun Jang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-75, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Joo Yoon
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-75, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Su Oh
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-75, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Man Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-75, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hwa Jeong
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-75, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Yun
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-75, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyoung Kim
- Naturence Co., Ltd. Tanchun Industrial Complex, Road 69, Tanchun-myeon, Gongju-City, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Young Lee
- Naturence Co., Ltd. Tanchun Industrial Complex, Road 69, Tanchun-myeon, Gongju-City, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Rim Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Nambu University, Gwangju 506-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-sung Ko
- Department of Medicine, Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Kang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-75, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Alterations in the intestinal microbiome (dysbiosis) as a predictor of relapse after infliximab withdrawal in Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20:978-86. [PMID: 24788220 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease (CD)-associated dysbiosis could predispose patients to relapse. Gut microbiota composition of patients from the prospective cohort study designed to identify predictive factors of clinical relapse after infliximab discontinuation (STORI Study) was investigated to determine the impact of dysbiosis in CD relapse. METHODS Fecal samples from 33 patients with CD in this cohort were collected at baseline, 2 months, 6 months, and at the end of the follow-up period (19 relapsers and 14 nonrelapsers). Healthy volunteers subjects (n = 29) were used as a control group. The fecal microbiota composition was assessed using quantitative PCR, and comparisons between the patient groups were made at different time points using the Wilcoxon test. The analysis of the time-to-relapse was performed according to the baseline median level of each bacterial signal. RESULTS Dysbiosis was observed in patients with CD compared with healthy subjects, and it was characterized by low mean counts of Firmicutes (Clostridium coccoides [P = 0.0003], C. leptum [P < 0.0001], and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii [P = 0.003]). Lower rates of Firmicutes were seen in relapsers compared with nonrelapsers. Moreover, a low rate of F. prausnitzii (P = 0.014) and a low rate of Bacteroides (P = 0.030) predicted relapse independently from high C reactive protein level (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS In this work, we report that CD-associated dysbiosis, characterized by a decrease in Firmicutes, correlates with the time-to-relapse after infliximab withdrawal. A deficit in some bacterial groups or species, such as F. prausnitzii, may represent a predictive factor for relapse. Restoring normobiosis in CD could be a new goal for optimal CD management.
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Characterizing CEACAM5 interaction with CD8α and CD1d in intestinal homeostasis. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:615-24. [PMID: 24104458 PMCID: PMC3981948 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Normal intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) could act as non-professional antigen-presenting cells, selectively activating CD8(+)-suppressor T cells. An epithelial cell surface glycoprotein, gp180, recognized by monoclonal antibodies B9 and L12 was determined to be critical in this process. Purification and sequence analysis of mAb B9 reactive material revealed amino-acid sequence homology with CEACAM5. We demonstrate that CEACAM5 has properties attributed to gp180, such as CD8α binding and activation of CD8-associated Lck. CEACAM5 is the only CEACAM member interacting with CD1d through the B3 domain. Its N domain (recognized by B9) is required for CD8α binding. Removal of the N-domain glycosylated residues reduces B9 recognition, CD8α binding affinity, and activation of LcK. Therefore, conformational changes in CEACAM5 glycosylation site are critical for its interaction with CD8α. CEACAM5-activated CD8(+) T cells acquire the ability to suppress the proliferation of CD4(+) T cells in vitro in the presence of interleukin (IL)-15 or IL-7. We provide new insights into the role of CEACAM5 and define its specific immunoregulatory properties among the CEACAMs expressed on IECs. We suggest that unique set of interactions between CEACAM5, CD1d, and CD8 render CD1d more class I-like molecule, facilitating antigen presentation and activation of CD8(+)-suppressor regulatory T cells.
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23
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Modulation of peanut-induced allergic immune responses by oral lactic acid bacteria-based vaccines in mice. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6353-64. [PMID: 24770368 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5678-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Peanut allergy (PNA) has becoming a non-negligible health concern worldwide. Thus far, allergen-specific immunotherapy aimed at inducing mucosal tolerance has widely been regarded as a major management strategy for PNA. The safety profiles and the intrinsic probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) render them attractive delivery vehicles for mucosal vaccines. In the present study, we exploited genetically modified Lactococcus lactis to produce peanut allergen Ara h 2 via different protein-targeting systems and their immunomodulatory potency for allergic immune responses in mice were investigated. By comparison with the strain expressing the cytoplasmic form of Ara h 2 (LL1), the strains expressing the secreted and anchored forms of Ara h 2 (LL2 and LL3) were more potent in redirecting a Th2-polarized to a non-allergic Th1 immune responses. Induction of SIgA and regulatory T cells were also observed at the local levels by orally administration of recombinant L. lactis. Our results indicate that allergen-producing L. lactis strains modulated allergic immune responses and may be developed as promising mucosal vaccines for managing allergic diseases.
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Camus M, Esses S, Pariente B, Le Bourhis L, Douay C, Chardiny V, Mocan I, Benlagha K, Clave E, Toubert A, Mayer L, Allez M. Oligoclonal expansions of mucosal T cells in Crohn's disease predominate in NKG2D-expressing CD4 T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:325-34. [PMID: 23945543 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is an inflammatory pathology of the mucosal intestine that results from uncontrolled immune response towards commensal microbes. Clonal expansions of T cells have been found in patients with CD suggesting an antigen-specific stimulation of pathogenic T cells. Here we show, using T-cell receptor repertoire analysis by real-time PCR, that oligoclonal expansions are found in both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in the blood and intestinal mucosa of CD patients. The majority of CD4+ T-cell-expanded clones are CD4+NKG2D+ T cells. These clonal expansions were found in both inflamed and neighboring healthy tissue and were persisting during the course of the disease. The presence of these CD4+NKG2D+ T-cell clones at the macroscopically normal edge of the surgical resection might be predictive of inflammation relapse post surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Camus
- 1] AVENIR INSERM, Paris, France [2] INSERM U940, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - S Esses
- Immunobiology Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - B Pariente
- 1] AVENIR INSERM, Paris, France [2] Gastroenterology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - L Le Bourhis
- 1] AVENIR INSERM, Paris, France [2] INSERM U940, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - C Douay
- 1] INSERM U940, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France [2] Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - V Chardiny
- 1] AVENIR INSERM, Paris, France [2] INSERM U940, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - I Mocan
- 1] AVENIR INSERM, Paris, France [2] INSERM U940, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - K Benlagha
- 1] INSERM U940, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France [2] Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - E Clave
- 1] INSERM U940, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France [2] Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - A Toubert
- 1] INSERM U940, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France [2] Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - L Mayer
- Immunobiology Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - M Allez
- 1] AVENIR INSERM, Paris, France [2] INSERM U940, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France [3] Gastroenterology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France [4] Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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Blandino G, Fazio D, Di Marco R. Probiotics: overview of microbiological and immunological characteristics. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 6:497-508. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.6.4.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Rabinowitz K, Mayer L. Working out mechanisms of controlled/physiologic inflammation in the GI tract. Immunol Res 2013; 54:14-24. [PMID: 22466933 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal immune system is distinct from its systemic counterpart by virtue of its enormous antigenic exposure (commensal flora, food antigen, pathogens). Despite this, the mucosal immune system maintains a response defined as controlled or physiologic inflammation. This is regulated by many different mechanisms, among which there are physical, cellular and soluble factors. Our laboratory has focused on unique Tregs in the gut controlled by, in one instance, intestinal epithelial cells that serve as non-professional antigen-presenting cells. We believe that intestinal epithelial cells, expressing classical and non-classical MHC molecules, serve to activate Tregs and thus maintain controlled or physiologic inflammation. In this review, we describe regulatory cytokines and T cells that are one part of the emphasis of our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Rabinowitz
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Immunology Institute, 1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1089, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Desreumaux P, Foussat A, Allez M, Beaugerie L, Hébuterne X, Bouhnik Y, Nachury M, Brun V, Bastian H, Belmonte N, Ticchioni M, Duchange A, Morel-Mandrino P, Neveu V, Clerget-Chossat N, Forte M, Colombel JF. Safety and efficacy of antigen-specific regulatory T-cell therapy for patients with refractory Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2012; 143:1207-1217.e2. [PMID: 22885333 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.07.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS New therapeutic strategies are needed for patients with refractory Crohn's disease (CD). We evaluated data from the Crohn's And Treg Cells Study (CATS1) to determine the safety and efficacy of antigen-specific T-regulatory (Treg) cells for treatment of patients with refractory CD. METHODS We performed a 12-week, open-label, multicenter, single-injection, escalating-dose, phase 1/2a clinical study in 20 patients with refractory CD. Ovalbumin-specific Treg cells (ova-Tregs) were isolated from patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), exposed to ovalbumin, and administrated intravenously. Safety and efficacy were assessed using clinical and laboratory parameters. We evaluated proliferation of PBMCs in response to ovalbumin. RESULTS Injections of ova-Tregs were well tolerated, with 54 adverse events (2 related to the test reagent) and 11 serious adverse events (3 related to the test reagent, all recovered). Overall, a response, based on a reduction in Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) of 100 points, was observed in 40% of patients at weeks 5 and 8. Six of the 8 patients (75%) who received doses of 10(6) cells had a response at weeks 5 and 8, with a statistically significant reduction in CDAI. In this group, remission (based on CDAI ≤150) was observed in 3 of 8 patients (38%) at week 5 and 2 of 8 patients (25%) at week 8. CONCLUSIONS Administration of antigen-specific Tregs to patients with refractory CD (CATS1) was well tolerated and had dose-related efficacy. The ovalbumin-specific immune response correlated with clinical response, supporting immune-suppressive mechanisms of ova-Tregs. The consistency of results among different assessment methods supports the efficacy of ova-Tregs; this immune therapy approach warrants further clinical and mechanistic studies in refractory CD. Eudract, Number: 2006-004712-44.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Desreumaux
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology and Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Huriez Hospital, Lille, France
| | | | - Matthieu Allez
- Gastroenterology and Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Beaugerie
- Gastroenterology and Centre d'Investigation Clinique, St Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Hébuterne
- Gastroenterology and Unité de Recherche Clinique, L'Archet 2 Hospital, Nice, France
| | | | - Maria Nachury
- Gastroenterology and Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Frédéric Colombel
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology and Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Huriez Hospital, Lille, France.
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Leclercq S, Cani PD, Neyrinck AM, Stärkel P, Jamar F, Mikolajczak M, Delzenne NM, de Timary P. Role of intestinal permeability and inflammation in the biological and behavioral control of alcohol-dependent subjects. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:911-8. [PMID: 22521198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mood and cognition alterations play a role in the motivation for alcohol-drinking. Lipopolysaccharides are known to stimulate inflammation that was shown to induce mood and cognitive changes in rodents and humans. Enhanced intestinal permeability and elevated blood LPS characterize alcohol-dependent mice. However, no data have been published in non-cirrhotic humans. Our first goal was to test whether intestinal permeability, blood LPS and cytokines are increased in non-cirrhotic alcohol-dependent subjects before withdrawal and if they recover after withdrawal. Our second goal was to test correlations between these biochemical and the behavioral variables to explore the possibility of a role for a gut-brain interaction in the development of alcohol-dependence. METHODS Forty alcohol-dependent-subjects hospitalized for a 3-week detoxification program were tested at onset (T1) and end (T2) of withdrawal and compared for biological and behavioral markers with 16 healthy subjects. Participants were assessed for gut permeability, systemic inflammation (LPS, TNFα, IL-6, IL-10, hsCRP) and for depression, anxiety, alcohol-craving and selective attention. RESULTS Intestinal permeability and LPS were largely increased in alcohol-dependent subjects at T1 but recovered completely at T2. A low-grade inflammation was observed at T1 that partially decreased during withdrawal. At T1, pro-inflammatory cytokines were positively correlated with craving. At T2 however, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was negatively correlated with depression, anxiety and craving. CONCLUSION Leaky gut and inflammation were observed in non-cirrhotic alcohol-dependent subjects and inflammation was correlated to depression and alcohol-craving. This suggests that the gut-brain axis may play a role in the pathogenesis of alcohol-dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Leclercq
- Department of Adult Psychiatry and Institute of Neurosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Meijerink M, Wells JM, Taverne N, de Zeeuw Brouwer ML, Hilhorst B, Venema K, van Bilsen J. Immunomodulatory effects of potential probiotics in a mouse peanut sensitization model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 65:488-96. [PMID: 22540665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.00981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peanut allergy accounts for the majority of severe food-related allergic reactions and there is a need for new prevention and treatment strategies. Probiotics may be considered for treatment on the basis of their immunomodulating properties. Cytokine profiles of probiotic strains were determined by in vitro co-culture with human PBMCs. Three strains were selected to investigate their prophylactic potential in a peanut sensitization model by analysing peanut-specific antibodies, mast cell degranulation and ex vivo cytokine production by splenocytes. The probiotic strains induced highly variable cytokine profiles in PBMCs. L. salivarius HMI001, L. casei Shirota (LCS) and L. plantarum WCFS1 were selected for further investigation owing to their distinct cytokine patterns. Prophylactic treatment with both HMI001 and LCS attenuated the Th2 phenotype (reduced mast cell responses and ex vivo IL-4 and/or IL-5 production). In contrast, WCFS1 augmented the Th2 phenotype (increased mast cell and antibody responses and ex vivo IL-4 production). In vitro PBMC screening was useful in selecting strains with anti-inflammatory and Th1 skewing properties. In case of HMI001 (high IL-10/IL-12 ratio) and LCS (high interferon-γ and IL-12), partial protection was seen in a mouse peanut allergy model. Strikingly, certain strains may worsen the allergic reaction as shown in the case of WCFS1.
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Sanecka A, Ansems M, Prosser AC, Danielski K, Warner K, den Brok MH, Jansen BJH, Eleveld-Trancikova D, Adema GJ. DC-STAMP knock-down deregulates cytokine production and T-cell stimulatory capacity of LPS-matured dendritic cells. BMC Immunol 2011; 12:57. [PMID: 21978263 PMCID: PMC3199277 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-12-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) are the highly specialized antigen presenting cells of the immune system that play a key role in regulating immune responses. DCs can efficiently initiate immune responses or induce tolerance. Due to this dual function, DCs are studied in the context of immunotherapy for both cancer and autoimmune diseases. Characterization of DC-specific genes, leading to better understanding of DC immunobiology, will help to guide their use in clinical settings. We previously identified DC-STAMP, a multi-membrane spanning protein preferentially expressed by DCs. DC-STAMP resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of immature DCs and translocates towards the Golgi compartment upon maturation. In this study we knocked down DC-STAMP in mouse bone marrow-derived DCs (mBMDCs) to determine its function. RESULTS We demonstrate that DC-STAMP knock-down mBMDCs secrete less IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α and IL-10 while IL-1 production is enhanced. Moreover, LPS-matured DC-STAMP knock-down mBMDCs show impaired T cell activation potential and induction of Th1 responses in an alloreaction. CONCLUSIONS We show that DC-STAMP plays an important role in cytokine production by mBMDCs following LPS exposure. Our results reveal a novel function of DC-STAMP in regulating DC-initiated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sanecka
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Corsini E, Oukka M, Pieters R, Kerkvliet NI, Ponce R, Germolec DR. Alterations in regulatory T-cells: rediscovered pathways in immunotoxicology. J Immunotoxicol 2011; 8:251-7. [PMID: 21848365 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2011.598885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the effector T-cells subsets, T-cells can also differentiate into cells that play a suppressive or regulatory role in adaptive immune responses. The cell types currently identified as regulatory T-cells (T(regs)) include natural or thymic-derived T(regs), T-cells which express Foxp3(+)CD25(+)CD4(+) and can suppress immune responses to autoreactive T-cells, as well as inducible T(regs), that are generated from naïve T-cells in the periphery after interaction with antigens presented by dendritic cells. Inducible T(regs) include T(H)3 cells, T(r)1 cells, and Foxp3(+)-inducible T(regs). T(regs) have been shown to be critical in the maintenance of immune responses and T-cell homeostasis. These cells play an important role in suppressing responses to self-antigens and in controlling inappropriate responses to non-self-antigens, such as commensal bacteria or food in the gut. For example, depletion of CD4(+)CD25(+) T(regs) from mice resulted in the development of multi-organ autoimmune diseases. CD4(+)CD25(+) T(regs) and/or IL-10-producing T(r)1 cells are capable of suppressing or attenuating T(H)2 responses to allergens. Moreover, adoptive transfer of CD4(+)CD25(+) T(regs) from healthy to diseased animals resulted in the prevention or cure of certain autoimmune diseases, and was able to induce transplantation tolerance. Clinical improvement seen after allergen immunotherapy for allergic diseases such as rhinitis and asthma is associated with the induction of IL-10- and TGFβ-producing T(r)1 cells as well as FoxP3-expressing IL-10 T-cells, with resulting suppression of the T(H)2 cytokine milieu. Activation, expansion, or suppression of CD4(+)CD25(+) T(regs) in vivo by xenobiotics, including drugs, may therefore represent a relevant mechanism underlying immunotoxicity, including immunosuppression, allergic asthma, and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
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Guidi L, Mocci G, Marzo M, Rutella S. Treatment of Crohn's disease with colony-stimulating factors: An overview. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2011; 4:927-34. [PMID: 19209275 PMCID: PMC2621411 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s2756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for Crohn's disease are aimed at suppressing excessive immune activation in the bowel walls. However, alternative strategies can be drawn. These involve the augmentation of the innate immune response, in the hypothesis that patients affected with Crohn's disease are characterized by a relative immunodeficiency, with failure of the defensive barrier to luminal microbes and microbial products, resulting in a chronic inflammatory process sustained by T-cells. Alternatively, therapy could act by enhancing the number or the activity of subpopulations of T regulatory cells, able to reduce T-cell activation. Colony-stimulating factors are substances that could be efficacious in these settings. In fact, besides in vitro and animal studies, some human studies have been conducted in recent years with both granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, the results of which are reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Guidi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Operative Unit of Gastroenterology and
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Pariente B, Mocan I, Camus M, Dutertre CA, Ettersperger J, Cattan P, Gornet JM, Dulphy N, Charron D, Lémann M, Toubert A, Allez M. Activation of the receptor NKG2D leads to production of Th17 cytokines in CD4+ T cells of patients with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:217-26, 226.e1-2. [PMID: 21600899 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) is a stimulatory receptor expressed on a subset of mucosal and peripheral CD4+ T cells in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and other inflammatory diseases. Ligand activation of NKG2D in patients induces CD4+ T cells to release T-helper (Th) 1 cytokines and become cytotoxic. We investigated the Th17 cytokines produced by T cells that express NKG2D in blood and intestinal mucosa samples from patients with CD. METHODS We isolated CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood and lamina propria samples of patients with CD or ulcerative colitis (UC) and healthy individuals (controls). We analyzed the phenotype and functions of the CD4+NKG2D+ T cells and the cytokines they produce in response to NKG2D stimulation. RESULTS In patients with CD, CD4+ T cells that express NKG2D produced high levels of interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22 and expressed high levels of CCR6, the IL-23 receptor, CD161, and RORC (a transcription factor that regulates expression of Th17 cytokines). CD4+ T cells that produced IL-17 expressed high levels of NKG2D and CD161. Costimulation of NKG2D and the T-cell receptor (TCR) significantly increased production of IL-17 and tumor necrosis factor α by CD4+ T cells, compared with activation of only the TCR. CD4+NKG2D+ T cells also responded to Th17 polarization. CONCLUSIONS NKG2D is a functional marker of CD4+ T cells that produce IL-17 in patients with CD, via costimulation of the TCR and NKG2D. Reagents developed to block NKG2D might reduce gastrointestinal inflammation in patients with CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pariente
- INSERM, Equipe AVENIR U940 Hôpital Saint-Louis, and Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France
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Zanzi D, Stefanile R, Santagata S, Iaffaldano L, Iaquinto G, Giardullo N, Lania G, Vigliano I, Vera AR, Ferrara K, Auricchio S, Troncone R, Mazzarella G. IL-15 interferes with suppressive activity of intestinal regulatory T cells expanded in Celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106:1308-17. [PMID: 21468011 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2011.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Celiac disease (CD) is a condition in which the regulation of the mucosal immune response to dietary gliadin might be altered. The transcription factor forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) has been identified as a marker of a subset of regulatory T cells (Treg). In this study, we have investigated the presence and the suppressive function of Treg cells in the celiac small intestinal mucosa, their correlation with the disease state, and the inducibility by gliadin in an organ culture system; moreover, we tried to define whether interleukin 15 (IL-15), overexpressed in CD, could influence the regulatory activity of such cells. METHODS The expression of Foxp3, CD3, CD4, and CD8 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry in duodenal biopsies taken from patients with untreated CD, treated CD, and from non-CD controls, as well as in vitro cultured biopsy samples from treated CD patients, upon challenge with gliadin. Furthermore, we analyzed the suppressive function of CD4+CD25+ T cells, isolated from untreated CD biopsy samples, on autologous responder CD4+CD25- T cells, in the presence of a polyclonal stimulus, with or without IL-15. RESULTS Higher density of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells was seen in duodenal biopsy samples from active CD patients in comparison with treated CD and non-CD controls. In coculture, CD4+CD25+ T cells were functionally suppressive, but their activity was impaired by IL-15. Cells from CD subjects showed increased sensitivity to the IL-15 action, likely due to enhanced expression of IL-15 receptor. Finally, we demonstrated an expansion of Foxp3 in treated CD mucosa following in vitro challenge with gliadin. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells are induced in situ by gliadin. However, their suppressor capacity might be impaired in vivo by IL-15; this phenomenon contributes to maintain and expand the local inflammatory response in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Zanzi
- Department of Paediatrics University Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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Pinchuk IV, Beswick EJ, Saada JI, Boya G, Schmitt D, Raju GS, Brenmoehl J, Rogler G, Reyes VE, Powell DW. Human colonic myofibroblasts promote expansion of CD4+ CD25high Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:2019-30. [PMID: 21376048 PMCID: PMC3109194 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Regulatory T (Treg) cells (CD4+ CD25high FoxP3+) regulate mucosal tolerance; their adoptive transfer prevents or reduces symptoms of colitis in mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease. Colonic CD90+ mesenchymal myofibroblasts and fibroblasts (CMFs) are abundant, nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells in the normal human colonic mucosa that suppress proliferation of activated CD4+ effector T cells. We studied CMF suppressive capacity and evaluated the ability of CMF to induce Treg cells. METHODS Allogeneic cocultures of CD4+ T cells and CMFs, derived from normal mucosa of patients undergoing colectomy for colon cancer or inflamed colonic tissues from patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, were used to assess activation of the Treg cells. RESULTS Coculture of normal CMF with resting or naïve CD4+ T cells led to development of cells with a Treg phenotype; it also induced proliferation of a CD25+ CD127- FoxP3+ T cells, which expressed CTLA-4, interleukin-10, and transforming growth factor-β and had suppressive activities. In contrast to dendritic cells, normal CMFs required exogenous interleukin-2 to induce proliferation of naturally occurring Treg cells. Induction of Treg cells by normal CMFs required major histocompatibility complex class II and prostaglandin E2. CMFs from patients with inflammatory bowel diseases had reduced capacity to induce active Treg cells and increased capacity to transiently generate CD4+CD25+/- CD127+ T cells that express low levels of FoxP3. CONCLUSIONS CMFs suppress the immune response in normal colon tissue and might therefore help maintain colonic mucosal tolerance. Alterations in CMF-mediated induction of Treg cells might promote pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Pinchuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Ellen J. Beswick
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Jamal I. Saada
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Gushyalatha Boya
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - David Schmitt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Gottumukkala S. Raju
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Julia Brenmoehl
- Research Unit Genetics and Biometry, Leibnitz Institute of Farm Animal Biology Dummerstorf 18196, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Departement für Innere Medizin, Klinik für Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz
| | - Victor E. Reyes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Don W. Powell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555,Corresponding author: Don W. Powell, M.D., University of Texas Medical Branch, 301, University Bld, Galveston, Tx 77555-0655, , Phone: (409) 772-1950 or 772-9015, Fax: (409) 772-8097 or 772-4789
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Zhang Y, Yao YM, Huang LF, Dong N, Yu Y, Sheng ZY. The Potential Effect and Mechanism of High-Mobility Group Box 1 Protein on Regulatory T Cell-Mediated Immunosuppression. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011; 31:249-57. [PMID: 21087077 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-ming Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-feng Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-yong Sheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Workman CJ, Collison LW, Bettini M, Pillai MR, Rehg JE, Vignali DAA. In vivo Treg suppression assays. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 707:119-56. [PMID: 21287333 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61737-979-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To fully examine the functionality of a regulatory T cell (T(reg)) population, one needs to assess their ability to suppress in a variety of in vivo models. We describe five in vivo models that examine the suppressive capacity of T(regs) upon different target cell types. The advantages and disadvantages of each model including resources, time, and technical expertise required to execute each model are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Abstract
The mesenchymal elements of the intestinal lamina propria reviewed here are the myofibroblasts, fibroblasts, mural cells (pericytes) of the vasculature, bone marrow-derived stromal stem cells, smooth muscle of the muscularis mucosae, and smooth muscle surrounding the lymphatic lacteals. These cells share similar marker molecules, origins, and coordinated biological functions previously ascribed solely to subepithelial myofibroblasts. We review the functional anatomy of intestinal mesenchymal cells and describe what is known about their origin in the embryo and their replacement in adults. As part of their putative role in intestinal mucosal morphogenesis, we consider the intestinal stem cell niche. Lastly, we review emerging information about myofibroblasts as nonprofessional immune cells that may be important as an alarm system for the gut and as a participant in peripheral immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.W. Powell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0764
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0764
| | - I.V. Pinchuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0764
| | - J.I. Saada
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0764
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - R.C. Mifflin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0764
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Rodríguez-Cabezas ME, Camuesco D, Arribas B, Garrido-Mesa N, Comalada M, Bailón E, Cueto-Sola M, Utrilla P, Guerra-Hernández E, Pérez-Roca C, Gálvez J, Zarzuelo A. The combination of fructooligosaccharides and resistant starch shows prebiotic additive effects in rats. Clin Nutr 2010; 29:832-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Endharti AT, Okuno Y, Shi Z, Misawa N, Toyokuni S, Ito M, Isobe KI, Suzuki H. CD8+CD122+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and CD4+ Tregs cooperatively prevent and cure CD4+ cell-induced colitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:41-52. [PMID: 21098236 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We identified CD8(+)CD122(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) and demonstrated their importance in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and in the recovery from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In this paper, we show that CD8(+)CD122(+) Tregs effectively prevent and cure colitis in a mouse model. In our experiments, colitis was induced in lymphocyte-deficient RAG-2(-/-) mice by transferring CD4(+)CD45RB(high) cells that were excluded with CD4(+) Tregs. Cotransfer of CD8(+)CD122(+) cells clearly suppressed the development of colitis, and this suppressive effect was similar to that of CD4(+)CD45RB(low) cells that were mostly CD4(+) Tregs. CD8(+)CD122(+) cells obtained from IL-10(-/-) mice were unable to suppress colitis, indicating that IL-10 is an important effect-transmitting factor in the suppression of colitis. CD8(+)CD122(+) cells showed a suppressive effect when they were transferred 4 wk after CD4(+)CD45RB(high) cells, indicating the therapeutic potential of CD8(+)CD122(+) cells. A mixture of CD8(+)CD122(+) cells and CD4(+)CD45RB(low) cells was far more effective than single Tregs, indicating the synergistic effect of these Tregs. These overall findings demonstrate the potential role of CD8(+) Tregs, and possibly together with CD4(+) Tregs, in the medical care of inflammatory bowel disease patients.
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Chowers Y, Sturm A, Sans M, Papadakis K, Gazouli M, Harbord M, Jahnel J, Mantzaris GJ, Meier J, Mottet C, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Allez M. Report of the ECCO workshop on anti-TNF therapy failures in inflammatory bowel diseases: biological roles and effects of TNF and TNF antagonists. J Crohns Colitis 2010; 4:367-76. [PMID: 21122531 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This second section of the first ECCO pathogenesis workshop on anti-TNF therapy failures in inflammatory bowel diseases addresses the biological roles of TNFα and the effects and mechanisms of action of TNFα antagonists. Mechanisms underlying their failure, including induction of TNF-independent inflammatory pathways and phenomena of paradoxical inflammation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehuda Chowers
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa & Rappoport School of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Israel
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Do VT, Baird BG, Kockler DR. Probiotics for maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis in adults. Ann Pharmacother 2010; 44:565-71. [PMID: 20124461 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1m498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate evidence for probiotic efficacy for maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis (UC) in adults. DATA SOURCES A MEDLINE search (1948-November 2009) was conducted using ulcerative colitis and probiotics as terms for identifying pertinent studies. Search limits included English language and humans. Additional information was obtained from bibliographies. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Prospective trials published in English and conducted in adults were included. Two open-label and 3 double-blind randomized trials evaluated probiotic efficacy for maintaining remission of UC. Clinical and surrogate markers for maintaining remission of UC were assessed. DATA SYNTHESIS A relationship between immune response and gastrointestinal microbials appears to be involved in the mechanism of UC. Trial results comparing the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 to mesalazine have reported equivalent rates of UC relapse. Treatment with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG strain alone or in combination with mesalazine resulted in a nonsignificant odds ratio decrease for relapse and a significant increase in time to relapse compared to treatment with mesalazine alone. Additionally, bifidobacteria-fermented milk-supplemented patients had significant reductions in UC exacerbations when compared to nonsupplemented patients. Probiotics were well tolerated, with adverse event rates similar between treatments. CONCLUSIONS Studies evaluating probiotics for maintaining remission of UC are limited by trial design and use of different probiotics with variable bacterial contents. Thus, questions remain regarding optimal probiotic, dosing, specific patient populations, and placement in therapy. To answer these questions, large, randomized, controlled trials need to be conducted before probiotics can be routinely recommended for maintaining remission of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vi T Do
- Virginia Commonwealth University Health System/Medical College of Virginia Hospitals, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Zhong W, Xia Z, Hinrichs D, Rosenbaum JT, Wegmann KW, Meyrowitz J, Zhang Z. Hemin exerts multiple protective mechanisms and attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010; 50:132-9. [PMID: 20081544 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e3181c61591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by recurrent and severe gastrointestinal inflammation. Activation of inflammatory cells, such as TH17 lymphocytes, and/or deficiency of regulatory T cells (Treg) are responsible for the pathogenesis of IBD. As an acute phase reactant, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been shown to play an anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory role in many disease processes. In this study, we used a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced murine colitis model to investigate the effect of upregulating HO-1 by hemin on the development of colonic inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mice were enterically challenged with 4% DSS. In addition, some mice were intraperitoneally administered with hemin or Sn-protoporphyrin (SnPP) on days 0, 1, and 6 after DSS treatment. The severity of colitis was evaluated by daily monitoring of weight change and diarrhea. At the end of the experiment, the colon, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes were harvested for histology and various immunological assays. RESULTS Compared to control groups, DSS challenge markedly induced HO-1 expression in the colon epithelium. Upregulation of HO-1 by hemin was further correlated with attenuation of DSS-induced colitis. In contrast, inhibition of endogenous HO-1 by SnPP aggravated the colitis. To further assess the anti-inflammatory mechanisms, we examined whether hemin enhanced the proliferation of Treg cells and suppressed the production of interleukin (IL)-17. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that hemin markedly expanded the CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3+ Treg population. Moreover, hemin attenuated IL-17 and TH17-related cytokines. This inhibition coincided with the attenuation of DSS-induced colitis. Finally, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling assay showed that hemin treatment markedly reduced programmed cell death of colonic epithelium, indicating that hemin exerts a modulatory effect on the induction of Treg, IL-17, and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that upregulation of HO-1 by hemin ameliorated experimental colitis. Moreover, our study suggests a broader protective mechanism of hemin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Roda G, Dahan S, Mezzanotte L, Caponi A, Roth-Walter F, Pinn D, Mayer L. Defect in CEACAM family member expression in Crohn's disease IECs is regulated by the transcription factor SOX9. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15:1775-83. [PMID: 19637360 PMCID: PMC3005567 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CEACAM1, CEACAM5, and CEACAM6 represent 3 of the CEACAM (carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule) subfamily members expressed on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Deficiency in their expression, as seen in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), results in the lack of activation of CD8+ regulatory T cells in the mucosa. Since CEACAM expression was shown to be regulated by the transcription factor SOX9, we sought to determine whether the defect in CEACAM expression in IBD was related to aberrant SOX9 expression. METHODS IECs and lamina propria lymphocytes (LPLs) were freshly isolated from colonic tissues. T84 and HT29 16E cells were cocultured with LPLs. SOX9 and CEACAM subfamily member expression was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. RESULTS In Crohn's disease (CD) but not in ulcerative colitis (UC), a significant reduction in mRNA and protein expression for CEACAM1 and 5 was noted; in contrast, no difference in SOX9 mRNA expression was seen. However, nuclear SOX9 immunostaining was increased in CD IECs. Furthermore, SOX9 protein was reduced in the cytoplasm of LPL-stimulated T84 and HT29 16E cells, while CEACAM5 expression was increased. CONCLUSIONS The defect in CEACAM family members in CD IECs appears to be related to the aberrant nuclear localization of SOX9. Changes in SOX9 expression in the CD mucosa relate to the local microenvironment and altered IEC:LPL crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Roda
- Department of Clinical medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, S. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stephanie Dahan
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Mezzanotte
- Departement of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Caponi
- Department of Clinical medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, S. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Franziska Roth-Walter
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Pinn
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lloyd Mayer
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the therapeutic effect of oral tolerance and nasal tolerance singly and in combination with mucosal adjuvant on experimental colitis in rats. METHODS Rat models were established using trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid enemas. Ovalbumin was used as inducing antigen and lipopolysaccharide as adjuvant. Colonic scores, splenic mononuclear cell proliferation, and expressions of Toll-like receptors (TLR) and regulatory T cells were determined. RESULTS Colonic scores decreased most significantly after ovalbumin and lipopolysaccharide nasal administration (P<0.05). Colonic expression of forkhead box P3 in rats after ovalbumin and lipopolysaccharide oral (P<0.05) and nasal administration (P<0.01) were both significantly higher than untreated rats. TLR2 expression on CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells decreased most significantly after ovalbumin and lipopolysaccharide nasal therapies (P<0.01). TLR4 colonic expression decreased significantly after ovalbumin and lipopolysaccharide oral administration (P<0.05) and lipopolysaccharide oral administration (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Although experimental colitis prevented oral tolerance, nasal tolerance was successfully induced. The therapeutic effect of nasal tolerance combined with adjuvant produced the best results. TLR downregulation and CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells upregulation were involved in mucosal tolerance.
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Dahan S, Roth-Walter F, Martin AP, Arnaboldi P, Mayer L. Lymphoepithelial interactions: a new paradigm. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1165:323-6. [PMID: 19538323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal lymphoepithelial interactions occur in the epithelium and subepithelial space. We asked whether or not lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL) could promote intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) differentiation. In contrast to epithelial cells in UC mucosa, which do not differentiate because of rapid turnover, differentiation of epithelial cells in CD mucosa occurs in the crypts. This dysregulation is driven by alterations in the crosstalk between CD LPL and CD IECs, leading to an acceleration of their differentiation. This alteration seems to involve the transcription factor CDX2 via the activation of the PI3K and MAPK pathways and provides new insights into the dysfunction of the epithelial barrier in CD versus UC. The absence of lymphocytes in Rag1-deficient mice was associated with a defect in colonic IEC differentiation, restored by co-transfer of naïve and regulatory T cells. Interestingly, the transfer of naïve T cells alone induced an acceleration of IEC differentiation similar to what was seen in the colonic mucosa of CD patients. Thus, there is a crosstalk between LPL and IECs that is altered in CD, which leads to an absorptive phenotype of IEC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Dahan
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Vikman S, Sommaggio R, De La Torre M, Öberg K, Essand M, Giandomenico V, Loskog A, Tötterman TH. Midgut carcinoid patients display increased numbers of regulatory T cells in peripheral blood with infiltration into tumor tissue. Acta Oncol 2009; 48:391-400. [PMID: 18855160 DOI: 10.1080/02841860802438495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our aim was to investigate the immune status of midgut carcinoid patients. Cancer patients generally display suppressed Th1-type immunity that disables mounting of an efficient anti-tumor response. However, little is known about patients with neuroendocrine midgut carcinoids. MATERIAL AND METHODS Circulating regulatory T cells were determined in patient blood by staining for CD4, CD25 and FoxP3 in flow cytometric analysis. T cell proliferation was measured by Alamar Blue in response to polyclonal activation and the regulatory phenotype of patient CD25+ cells was validated by allogeneic stimulation of CFSE labelled responders. Cytokine levels in patient peripheral blood were measured by ELISA and CBA. Tumor infiltrating T cells were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. RESULTS The results demonstrate that midgut carcinoid patients exhibit increased frequencies of circulating Tregs and patient T cells have a decreased proliferative capacity compared to healthy donors. Systemic Th1-promoting cytokines are reduced. Midgut carcinoid tumors display CD4+ and CD8+ T cell infiltration, always in the presence of regulatory CD4+FoxP3+ cells. DISCUSSION Midgut carcinoid patients display elevated T regulatory cell numbers and T cell dysfunction. Therapeutic strategies to overcome tumor-induced Th1 immunosuppression are required in combination with anti-tumor vaccinations.
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Chang TM, Li XM, Zhao XD. Relationship between various Chinese medicine types and T-cell subsets in patients with ulcerative colitis. Chin J Integr Med 2009; 15:220-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-009-0220-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Oral tolerance: can we make it work? Hum Immunol 2009; 70:768-76. [PMID: 19559742 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal tolerance remains an attractive approach for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The agents used in these treatments lack toxicity, can be easily administered, and enable the promotion of antigen-specific immune responses. The limited success of clinical trials over the past 2 decades has led to the fear that the beneficial effect observed in animal models cannot be repeated in humans. Successful application of mucosal tolerance for the treatment of human diseases will depend on strategies that target the correct cells in the gut-liver axis, improve antigen presentation, alter the administered dose and formulations, utilize potent mucosal adjuvants, develop immune biomarkers enabling follow-up of the effect, utilize combination therapies with other immune modulatory agents, and target the right patient populations. Here, we discuss 12 of the major questions related to oral tolerance and its clinical application to humans with immune-mediated disorders.
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