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Kolivand P, Saberian P, Arabloo J, Behzadifar M, Karimi F, Rajaie S, Moradipour M, Parvari A, Azari S. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on road traffic injuries in Iran: An interrupted time-series analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305081. [PMID: 38885239 PMCID: PMC11182493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the number of road accidents and deaths caused by them. The present study aimed to identify the effect of this epidemic on traffic accidents and their casualties in Iran. METHODS In this study, Interrupted Time Series Analysis (ITSA) was used in a semi-experimental design to measure the impact of the restrictive policies of COVID-19 on road accidents. Data were collected retrospectively from the Iran Red Crescent Society data set for 31 provinces from March 2017 to February 2022. The information related to the number of road accidents, injuries, deaths, and deaths in the hospital was collected. The Newey-West method is used for estimation. Statistical analyses were carried out using R software version 3.6.1. RESULTS Since February 2020 in Iran, the reduction in the number of road accidents and the number of injuries and deaths in these accidents was significant at 5% but the reduction of deaths in the scene and hospital was significant at 10%. In general, for all variables, the reduction trend was established only in the first months, and then it had an upward trend. CONCLUSION In the early months of the COVID-19 epidemic in Iran, the number of road accidents and their casualties decreased. Policies restricting traffic, quarantine, and fines for violators can be reasons for changing people's behavior and travel patterns and also lead to a reduction in traffic accidents and fatalities. Such studies can explain the importance of the policies in changing behavioural patterns and can be used as a guide in future policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirhossein Kolivand
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Health Economics, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peyman Saberian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalal Arabloo
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Health Management Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Behzadifar
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Karimi
- Research Center for Emergency and Disaster Resilience, Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Rajaie
- Research Center for Emergency and Disaster Resilience, Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Moradipour
- Research Center for Emergency and Disaster Resilience, Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Parvari
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samad Azari
- Research Center for Emergency and Disaster Resilience, Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Hospital Management Research Center, Health Management Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Putra HA, Park K, Oba H, Yamashita F. Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder traits in healthy adults associated with brain volumetric data identify precuneus involvement in traffic crashes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22466. [PMID: 38105321 PMCID: PMC10725881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49907-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This large-scale study including 2548 healthy adults with no clinical attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis intended to clarify the complex relationships between cerebral grey matter volumes (GMVs), ADHD traits, and driving safety behaviours. Path analysis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results and questionnaires about ADHD traits and traffic crashes over the past decade revealed significant correlations of ADHD traits with different brain regions relevant to different cognitive functions. The left precuneus responsible for visuospatial cognition was the sole region correlated with all ADHD trait categories, suggesting it plays an important role in understanding driving safety and traffic crashes. For the first time, a strong relationship was found among regional GMVs, ADHD traits, and real-life traffic crashes. These insights into the complex interplay may inform the development of an effective intervention with MRI examination to prevent traffic crashes. Large-scale brain volumetric data may further open social applications of behaviour science and neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handityo Aulia Putra
- Research Organization for Regional Alliance, Kochi University of Technology, 185 Miyanokuchi Tosayamada‑cho, Kami, Kochi, 782‑0003, Japan
| | - Kaechang Park
- Research Organization for Regional Alliance, Kochi University of Technology, 185 Miyanokuchi Tosayamada‑cho, Kami, Kochi, 782‑0003, Japan.
| | - Hikaru Oba
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, 66‑1, Hon‑cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036‑8564, Japan
| | - Fumio Yamashita
- Division of Ultrahigh Field MRI, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, 1‑1‑1 Idaidori, Yahaba‑cho, Shiwa‑gun, Iwate, 028‑3694, Japan
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Lin M, Chen J, Li S, Qin Y, Wang X, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Taha Abdullah Abdulaziz A, Zhou D, Li J. Individual prediction of motor vehicle accidents for patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 121:108046. [PMID: 34111767 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to design a clinically useful tool to predict the risk of seizure-related motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) for people with epilepsy (PWE). Participants were patients who visited our epilepsy center in West China Hospital from October 2012 to October 2019 and were divided into a primary cohort and a validation cohort. Ultimately, we included 525 patients in the primary cohort and 86 patients in the validation cohort. Proportional hazard regression was performed to measure the prognostic factors of car accidents. The outcome was used to create a nomogram model. The final model had 7 factors, with a C-index of 0.85 (95% CI, 0.80-0.91), to predict the possibility of non-MVA for PWE. For the validation cohort, the C-index was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.72-0.95). This nomogram model can offer more individualized advice to PWE who are still driving by estimating the risk of car accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mintao Lin
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiani Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Sisi Li
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Qin
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuruan Wang
- West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yadong Liu
- West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ammar Taha Abdullah Abdulaziz
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinmei Li
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Vandoros S. COVID-19, lockdowns and motor vehicle collisions: empirical evidence from Greece. Inj Prev 2021; 28:81-85. [PMID: 33963056 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2020-044139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Reduced mobility during COVID-19 lockdowns means not only fewer vehicles at risk of collision, but also an opportunity to speed on empty streets. The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of the first wave of the pandemic and the first lockdown on motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) and associated injuries and deaths in Greece. Using monthly data at the regional unit level, I provide descriptive evidence and subsequently follow a difference-in-differences econometric approach, comparing trends in 2020 with those of the previous 5 years while controlling for unemployment and petrol prices. I found a steep decline in collisions, injuries and deaths compared with what would have been otherwise expected. In March and April 2020, there were about 1226 fewer collisions, 72 fewer deaths, 40 fewer serious injuries and 1426 fewer minor injuries compared with what would have been expected in the absence of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiris Vandoros
- King's Business School, King's College London, London, UK .,Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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The association between demographic characteristics, personality, and mental health of bus drivers in China: A structural equation model. Physiol Behav 2021; 229:113247. [PMID: 33197469 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The psychological status of drivers is related to adverse driving behaviors. Although there are several studies on the mental health and traffic accidents among bus drivers, related studies on the association between mental health and individual characteristics are scarce. METHODS Our report is on a cross-sectional study of bus drivers that took place between October 2014 and May 2016. A total of 596 bus drivers who worked for transportation companies and underwent occupational physical examinations at The Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region workers' Hospital during the study period were included. Demographic characteristics were collected by a self-designed demographic questionnaire. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R) were used to evaluate the personality and mental health of bus drivers, and the results of the scales were compared with Chinese norms. The structural equation model was used to analyze the correlation among demographic characteristics, personality characteristics, and mental health. RESULTS Except for the lie dimension, the average scores of the driver's personality dimension were higher than the Chinese norm, and the means of somatization and phobia scores of bus drivers were also higher; obsessions-compulsions, interpersonal sensitivity, and depression scores were lower than those for the Chinese norms. The structural equations modeling revealed that the total effects coefficient of demographic characteristics on mental health was 0.68, and that of personality was 0.60. There were direct influences between demographic characteristics and personality characteristics, demographic characteristics and mental health, and personality characteristics and mental health; the standardized path coefficients were 0.60, 0.50, and 0.30, respectively. Smoking, drinking, and neuroticism were the main factors affecting the mental health of bus drivers; and the standardized path coefficients were 0.56, 0.54, and 0.90 respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this study, bus drivers were significantly more extroverted, psychotic, and neurotic than the general population; and they were more likely to suffer from somatization and phobia. The mental health of bus drivers was associated with some demographic and personality characteristics in the study. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the selection of bus drivers and intervention measures for drivers with high-risk driving tendencies, which is conducive to better guide road traffic safety construction and reduce the occurrence of road traffic injuries.
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Tamakloe R, Hong J, Park D. A copula-based approach for jointly modeling crash severity and number of vehicles involved in express bus crashes on expressways considering temporal stability of data. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2020; 146:105736. [PMID: 32890973 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The consequences of crashes, including injury, loss of lives, and damage to properties, are further worsened when buses plying expressways are involved in the crash. Previous studies have separately analyzed crash severity in terms of monetary cost, injuries and loss of lives, and the size of crashes in terms of the number of vehicles involved. However, as both outcome variables are correlated, it is imperative to perform a combined analysis using an appropriate econometric model to achieve a better model fit. This study contributes to the literature by jointly exploring the factors influencing the severity and size of express bus-involved crashes that occur on expressways and characterizes the dependence between both outcome variables by employing a more plausible copula regression framework. Likelihood ratio tests were also conducted to investigate the temporal stability of the factors that affect both crash severity and size. Based on the goodness-of-fit statistics, the Frank copula model proved superior to the independent ordered probit model. The estimate of the underlying dependence between the outcome variables provided a better comprehension of the correlation between them. Temporal instability was detected for the individual parameters in the models and is attributed to the changing driving behavior due to the heightened road safety campaigns. The results suggest that traffic exposure measures are significantly associated with a higher propensity of observing increased bus crash severity and size. Insights into the factors influencing the size and severity of express bus crashes are discussed, and appropriate engineering, enforcement, and education-related countermeasures are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben Tamakloe
- Department of Transportation Engineering, The University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, South Korea.
| | - Jungyeol Hong
- Department of Transportation Engineering, The University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, South Korea.
| | - Dongjoo Park
- Department of Transportation Engineering, The University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, South Korea.
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Lomia N, Berdzuli N, Sharashidze N, Sturua L, Pestvenidze E, Kereselidze M, Topuridze M, Stray-Pedersen B, Stray-Pedersen A. Socio-Demographic Determinants of Road Traffic Fatalities in Women of Reproductive Age in the Republic of Georgia: Evidence from the National Reproductive Age Mortality Study (2014). Int J Womens Health 2020; 12:527-537. [PMID: 32765119 PMCID: PMC7367745 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s244437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Globally and in the European region, the road traffic injuries (RTI) have emerged as a major public health and development problem, killing the most productive adult members of a population, including women. This study aimed to identify the key socio-demographic determinants of premature and avoidable RTI mortality in reproductive-aged women (15–49 years) in Georgia. Materials and Methods The study employed verbal autopsy data from the second national reproductive age mortality survey (RAMOS 2014). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were fitted using the Firth method to assess the crude and adjusted effects of each individual level socio-demographic factor on the odds of RTI-attributed death, with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (COR and AOR, 95% CI). Results Of 843 women aged 15–49 years, 78 (9.3%) were the victims of fatal traffic crashes. After multivariate adjustment, the odds of dying from RTI were significantly higher in women aged 15–29 years (AOR=7.73, 95% CI= 4.20 to 14.20), those being employed (AOR=2.11, 95% CI= 1.22 to 3.64) and the wealthiest (AOR=2.88, 95% CI= 1.44 to 5.77) compared, respectively, to their oldest (40–49 years), unemployed and poorest counterparts. Conversely, there were no statistically significant ethnic, marital, rural/urban, and educational disparities in women’s RTI fatalities. Overall, motorized four-wheeler occupants (78.2%), particularly passengers (71.8%), appeared to be the most common victims of fatal road injuries than pedestrians (20.5%). Alarmingly, the vast majority (85.9%) of any type of road users died instantly at the scene of collision, as compared to deaths en route to hospital (1.3%) or in hospital (11.5%). Conclusion Age, employment, and wealth status appeared to be the strong independent predictors of young women’s RTI mortality in Georgia. Future comprehensive research would be advantageous for further deciphering the differential impact of social determinants on traffic-induced fatalities, as a vital platform for evidence-based remedial actions on this predictable and preventable safety hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Lomia
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nino Berdzuli
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nino Sharashidze
- Department of Clinical and Research Skills, Faculty of Medicine, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Lela Sturua
- Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ekaterine Pestvenidze
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maia Kereselidze
- Department of Medical Statistics, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Marina Topuridze
- Health Promotion Division, Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Babill Stray-Pedersen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arne Stray-Pedersen
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Mental disorders and medical conditions associated with causing injury or death: A population-based study. Psychiatry Res 2020; 287:112899. [PMID: 32169724 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to examine mental disorders and medical conditions associated with causing harm to another person in the general adult population. The sample (n=22,138) was drawn from a cross-sectional survey designed to characterize mental health needs in France. Twelve-month DSM-IV axis I mental disorders and medical conditions, and lifetime occurrence of potentially traumatic events were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-SF Overall, 2% (n=430) of the sample reported having injured or killed someone. Causing harm was associated with male gender, lower education level, and being unemployed. The great majority (85%) of those who caused harm had experienced two or more additional potentially traumatic events. When adjusting for gender, employment status, education and number of events experienced, causing harm was associated with certain anxiety disorders, drug dependence and lifetime suicide attempt but not with major depression or post-traumatic stress disorder. Furthermore, causing harm was not associated with medical conditions in multivariate analyses. These results highlight the need for clinicians to be particularly attentive to the psychological burden that may be experienced by those who have harmed or killed someone.
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Cabrera-Arnau C, Prieto Curiel R, Bishop SR. Uncovering the behaviour of road accidents in urban areas. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:191739. [PMID: 32431872 PMCID: PMC7211831 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Different patterns in the incidence of road accidents are revealed when considering areas with increased levels of urbanization. To understand these patterns, road accident data from England and Wales is explored. In particular, the data are used to (i) generate time series for comparison of the incidence of road accidents in urban as opposed to rural areas, (ii) analyse the relationship between the number of road accidents and the population size of a set of urban areas, and (iii) model the likelihood of suffering an accident in an urban area and its dependence with population size. It is observed that minor and serious accidents are more frequent in urban areas, whereas fatal accidents are more likely in rural areas. It is also shown that, generally, the number of accidents in an urban area depends on population size superlinearly, with this superlinear behaviour becoming stronger for lower degrees of severity. Finally, given an accident in an urban area, the probability that the accident is fatal or serious decreases with population size and the probability that it is minor, increases sublinearly. These findings promote the question as to why such behaviours exist, the answer to which will lead to more sustainable urban policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Cabrera-Arnau
- Department of Mathematics, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, UK
- Author for correspondence: C. Cabrera-Arnau e-mail:
| | - R. Prieto Curiel
- Research in Spatial Economics (RiSE-group), Department of Mathematical Sciences, Universidad EAFIT, Medellin, Colombia
| | - S. R. Bishop
- Department of Mathematics, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, UK
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Testing the Effectiveness of a Mixed-Method Pilot Intervention in Reducing Risky Driving Due to Aggression and Stress. SAFETY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/safety6010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed at testing the effectiveness of a mixed-method pilot intervention in reducing risky self-reported driving performance, upon addressing stress and aggression while driving. The study recruited individuals who had performed these behaviors during the year preceding the study and allocated them into an intervention (n = 10) and a control group (n = 30). A pre-and postintervention evaluation design was employed to explore changes in risky self-reported driving behaviors, 12 months after the intervention. The intervention involved 2 h of experiential instruction and 1 h of cognitive restructuring using a driving simulator and scenarios appropriate for the processing of driving stress, aggression, and risk. The intervention group displayed significant improvements in the scales of “Hazard Monitoring” (p = 0.037) and “Covered Violations” (p = 0.049) at the postintervention level. No statistically significant differences were identified in terms of self-reported driving performance between the intervention and the control group at postintervention level. Launching large-scale experimental surveys with broadened cognitive restructuring approaches seems important to deepen our understanding of the behavioral change processes and increase the effectiveness of future interventions.
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Stickley A, Waldman K, Koyanagi A, DeVylder JE, Narita Z, Sumiyoshi T, Jacob L, Oh H. Psychotic experiences and accidents, injuries, and poisonings among adults in the United States. Psychiatry Res 2019; 282:112610. [PMID: 31655406 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Psychotic experiences (PEs) have been linked to an increased risk for accidents and injuries. However, this association remains little researched in many countries. To address this research gap, the current study used cross-sectional data from the United States to examine the association between PEs and accidents, injuries, and poisoning in a general population sample. Data were analyzed from 2274 individuals who completed the psychosis screen as part of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Information was obtained on PEs (hallucinations and delusions) and the experience of past 12-month accidents, injuries, and poisoning. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association while adjusting for demographic variables and common mental disorders (CMDs). In a fully adjusted model past 12-month PEs were associated with almost three times higher odds for reporting accidents, injuries, and poisoning (odds ratio [OR]: 2.97, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13-7.74). The results of this study indicate that PEs are associated with higher odds for accidents and injuries among adults in the United States. Research is now needed to determine the direction of this association and the factors linked to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Stickley
- Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan; The Stockholm Center for Health and Social Change (SCOHOST), Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Kyle Waldman
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak Peck School of Social Work, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordan E DeVylder
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zui Narita
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tomiki Sumiyoshi
- Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Louis Jacob
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux 78180, France
| | - Hans Oh
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak Peck School of Social Work, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Hong J, Park J, Lee G, Park D. Endogenous commercial driver's traffic violations and freight truck-involved crashes on mainlines of expressway. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2019; 131:327-335. [PMID: 31377496 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Freight truck-involved crashes result in a high mortality rate and significantly impact logistic costs; therefore, many researchers have analyzed the causes of truck-involved traffic crashes. In the existing literature, it was found that truck-involved crashes are affected by factors such as road geometry, weather, driver and vehicle characteristics, and traffic volume based on a variety of statistical methodologies; however, the endogenous impact resulting from driver traffic violation has not been considered. The goal of the study is to discover the factors influencing freight vehicle crashes and develop more accurate crash probability estimation by explaining the endogenous driver traffic violations. To achieve the purpose of this study, we applied the two-stage residual inclusion (2SRI) approach, a methodology used in the nonlinear regression analysis model for capturing the endogeneity issue. This method improves the accuracy of the model by capturing the unobserved effects of driver traffic violations. From the results, traffic violations were identified to be influenced by the driver's physical condition, as well as driver and vehicle characteristics. Furthermore, variables of driver traffic violations such as improper passing, speeding, and safe distance violation were found to be endogenous in the probability model of freight truck crashes on expressway mainlines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungyeol Hong
- Department of Transportation Engineering, The University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, South Korea.
| | - Juneyoung Park
- Department of Transportation & Logistics Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdeahak-ro, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, South Korea.
| | - Gunwoo Lee
- Department of International Logistics, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 02504, South Korea.
| | - Dongjoo Park
- Department of Transportation Engineering, The University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, South Korea.
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Vandoros S, Kawachi I. The relative risk of motor vehicle collision on cannabis celebration day in Great Britain. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2019; 128:248-252. [PMID: 30902341 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis celebration day, also known as "420 day", takes place at 4:20pm on April 20 every year. The objective of this paper is to study whether there is an increase in road traffic collisions in Great Britain on that day. We used daily car crash data resulting in death or injury from all 51 local police forces covering Great Britain over the period 2011-2015. We compared crashes from 4:20pm onwards on April 20 to control days on the same day of the week in the preceding and succeeding two weeks, using panel data econometric models. On the average cannabis celebration day in Britain, there were an additional 23 police-reported collisions compared to control days, corresponding to a 17.9% increase in the relative risk of collision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiris Vandoros
- King's College London, 30 Aldwych, London WC2B 4BG, United Kingdom; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Iseland T, Johansson E, Skoog S, Dåderman AM. An exploratory study of long-haul truck drivers' secondary tasks and reasons for performing them. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2018; 117:154-163. [PMID: 29702333 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Research on drivers has shown how certain visual-manual secondary tasks, unrelated to driving, increase the risk of being involved in crashes. The purpose of the study was to investigate (1) if long-haul truck drivers in Sweden engage in secondary tasks while driving, what tasks are performed and how frequently, (2) the drivers' self-perceived reason/s for performing them, and (3) if psychological factors might reveal reasons for their engaging in secondary tasks. The study comprised 13 long-haul truck drivers and was conducted through observations, interviews, and questionnaires. The drivers performed secondary tasks, such as work environment related "necessities" (e.g., getting food and/or beverages from the refrigerator/bag, eating, drinking, removing a jacket, face rubbing, and adjusting the seat), interacting with a mobile phone/in-truck technology, and doing administrative tasks. The long-haul truck drivers feel bored and use secondary tasks as a coping strategy to alleviate boredom/drowsiness, and for social interaction. The higher number of performed secondary tasks could be explained by lower age, shorter driver experience, less openness to experience, lower honesty-humility, lower perceived stress, lower workload, and by higher health-related quality of life. These explanatory results may serve as a starting point for further studies on large samples to develop a safer and healthier environment for long-haul truck drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Iseland
- Department of Social and Behavioural Studies, Division of Psychology, Education, and Sociology, University West, SE-461 86 Trollhättan, Sweden.
| | - Emma Johansson
- Volvo Group Trucks Technology, Human Behaviour and Perception, M1.6, Götaverksgatan 10, SE-405 08 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Siri Skoog
- Volvo Group Trucks Technology, Product Design, ABN, Götaverksgatan 10, SE-405 08 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Anna M Dåderman
- Department of Social and Behavioural Studies, Division of Psychology, Education, and Sociology, University West, SE-461 86 Trollhättan, Sweden.
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Vandoros S, Avendano M, Kawachi I. The short-term impact of economic uncertainty on motor vehicle collisions. Prev Med 2018; 111:87-93. [PMID: 29427672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stress and anxiety lead to attention loss and sleep deprivation and may reduce driving performance, increasing the risk of motor vehicle collision. We used evidence from a natural experiment to examine whether daily changes in economic uncertainty, potentially leading to attention or sleep loss, are associated with collisions in Great Britain. Daily data from the economic policy uncertainty index, derived from analysis of daily UK newspapers, were linked to the daily number of motor vehicle collisions in Great Britain over the period 2005-2015, obtained from the Department for Transport. Exploiting daily variations in economic uncertainty, we used a GARCH approach to model daily rates of motor vehicle collisions as a function of economic uncertainty, controlling for month and day of the week, monthly unemployment rates and weekly unleaded petrol prices. A spike in the daily economic uncertainty index was associated with an immediate increase in the number of motor vehicle collisions. Results were robust to various sensitivity analyses. Overall, daily increases in economic uncertainty are associated with short-term spikes in motor vehicle collisions. Preventive and traffic control measures may need to increase during periods of economic uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiris Vandoros
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, USA; King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom.
| | - Mauricio Avendano
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, USA; King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom.
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, USA.
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The joint effect of personality traits and perceived stress on pedestrian behavior in a Chinese sample. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188153. [PMID: 29190750 PMCID: PMC5708679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While improper pedestrian behavior has become an important factor related to road traffic fatalities, especially in developing countries, the effects of personality traits and/or stress on pedestrian behavior have been rarely reported. The current study explored the joint effects of five personality traits (i.e., extraversion, openness, neuroticism, normlessness and altruism) and global perceived stress (measured with the Perceived Stress Scale-10) on pedestrian behavior (measured with the Pedestrian Behavior Scale) in 311 Chinese individuals. Results showed that altruism, neuroticism and openness significantly affected different pedestrian behavior dimensions, while global perceived stress also significantly and positively predicted positive behavior. Moreover, the effect of neuroticism on positive behavior was fully mediated by stress. Some explanations and implications are provided in the discussion section.
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Emotional Intelligence and the Occurrence of Accidents in Motorcycle Drivers in Kashan, Iran. J Trauma Nurs 2017; 24:280-286. [DOI: 10.1097/jtn.0000000000000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Exploring the Use of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) for Reducing Rider Stress and Stress-Related Anxiety, Anger, and Worry. SAFETY 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/safety2040022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Monárrez-Espino J, Laflamme L, Rausch C, Elling B, Möller J. New opioid analgesic use and the risk of injurious single-vehicle crashes in drivers aged 50-80 years: A population-based matched case-control study. Age Ageing 2016; 45:628-34. [PMID: 27496939 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afw115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND the increasing trend in opioid analgesic use among older drivers has raised concerns about their risk of being involved in car crashes. AIM to investigate if older drivers who started using opioid analgesics have a higher probability of being involved in injurious crashes. METHODS population-based matched case-control study. Data from population registers were merged using a personal identity number. Cases were drivers aged 50-80 years responsible for a single vehicle crash between 01.07.05 and 31.12.09 that led to at least one injured passenger (n = 4,445). Four controls were randomly matched to each case by sex, birth month/year, and residence area from persons holding a valid driving license who did not crash during the study period. New use was defined as at least one dispensation within 1-30 days prior to the crash, but none within the previous 31-180 days; frequent use when ≥3 dispensations were given within 0-180 days, with at least one within 31-180 days. Individuals using 1-2 non-opioid analgesic medications were used as reference category. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR; 95% CI) adjusting for benzodiazepine use, co-morbidity, civil status and occupation. RESULTS adjusted odds for new use were two-fold that of drivers using 1-2 non-opioid analgesics medications (2.0; 1.6-2.5). For frequent use, adjusted odds were also increased regardless of number of dispensations (3-4 = 1.7; 1.3-2.1, 5-6 = 1.6; 1.2-2.3, and ≥7 = 1.7; 1.3-2.1). CONCLUSION new, but also frequent opioid analgesic use, resulted in an increased probability of single vehicle crashes. While more epidemiologic evidence is needed, patients could be advised to refrain from driving when using opioid analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucie Laflamme
- Division of Global Health/IHCAR, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Rausch
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Berty Elling
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jette Möller
- Division of Public Health Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Qu W, Zhang Q, Zhao W, Zhang K, Ge Y. Validation of the Driver Stress Inventory in China: Relationship with dangerous driving behaviors. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2016; 87:50-58. [PMID: 26642077 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Perceived stress while driving may affect how critical driving events are handled. The current study validates a Chinese version of the Driver Stress Inventory (DSI) and explores its correlation with dangerous driving behaviors and gender. A sample of 246 drivers completed the Chinese version of the DSI and the Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ). We also evaluated specific sociodemographic variables and traffic violations (including speeding, violating traffic signs or markings, driving while intoxicated, running a red light, and incurring penalty points). A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) verified the DSI's internal structure. The DSI was also validated using questionnaires related to the DBQ, self-reported traffic accidents and violations, and sociodemographic characteristics. First, all of the DSI dimensions were moderately or weakly correlated with the DBQ subscales. Second, aggression, hazard monitoring and fatigue were weakly correlated with minor accidents. Third, drivers who had sped and violated traffic signs during the previous three years reported higher aggression and thrill seeking, while drivers who had violated traffic signs or markings during the previous three years reported decreased hazard monitoring compared with non-offenders. Finally, there were significant gender differences in driver stress. The Chinese version of the DSI will be useful for classifying and diagnosing drivers who may be at an increased risk for stress reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Qu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenguo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Sheriff RJS, Forbes HJ, Wessely SC, Greenberg N, Jones N, Fertout M, Harrison K, Fear NT. Risky driving among UK regular armed forces personnel: changes over time. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e008434. [PMID: 26399573 PMCID: PMC4593148 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the prevalence of self-reported risky driving in a sample of UK military personnel at 2 different time points (2004 and 2009), and to identify the incidence of new onset risky driving and possible determinants of becoming a new risky driver. METHODS Data were used from 2 phases of a military cohort study investigating the health and well-being of UK military personnel between 2004 and 2009. Participants were included if they were undertaking regular (rather than reserve) engagements, had completed both surveys and reported being a driver at both surveys. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the relationship between risky driving status and sociodemographic and military characteristics. Data analysis was conducted in 2011. RESULTS The prevalence of risky driving reduced from 18% to 14%, over an average of 3.3 years. The incidence of new onset risky driving was 7%. Predictors for becoming a new risky driver were: younger age, not being in a relationship at phase 2 and harmful alcohol use. Those deployed after 2007 were less likely to become risky drivers following deployment, compared with those deployed before 2007 (adjusted OR 0.62 (95% CI 0.40 to 0.95)). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of becoming a risky driver appears to have reduced over time. This paper suggests a number of explanations for this reduction, including changes in the way that the UK military have dealt with road safety with the introduction of the road safety campaign (in 2007).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Syed Sheriff
- King's Centre for Military Health Research, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, London, UK
- Centre for Mental Health Research, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australia National University, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Harriet J Forbes
- King's Centre for Military Health Research, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, London, UK
| | - Simon C Wessely
- King's Centre for Military Health Research, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, London, UK
| | - Neil Greenberg
- Academic Centre for Defence Mental Health, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, London, UK
| | - Norman Jones
- Academic Centre for Defence Mental Health, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, London, UK
| | - Mohammed Fertout
- Academic Centre for Defence Mental Health, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, London, UK
| | | | - Nicola T Fear
- Academic Centre for Defence Mental Health, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, London, UK
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Ge Y, Qu W, Jiang C, Du F, Sun X, Zhang K. The effect of stress and personality on dangerous driving behavior among Chinese drivers. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2014; 73:34-40. [PMID: 25171523 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2014.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between stress and road safety has been studied for many years, but the effect of global stress and its joint effect with personality on driving behavior have received little attention in previous studies. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of global stress and various personality traits on driving behavior. 242 drivers completed the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10), the Dula Dangerous Driving Index (DDDI), and several personality trait scales related to anger, sensation seeking, and altruism. The results showed that perceived stress and sensation seeking were significantly correlated with the four subcategories of dangerous driving behavior, namely, negative cognitive/emotional driving (NCED), aggressive driving (AD), risky driving (RD), and drunk driving (DD). Moreover, anger was positively correlated with negative cognitive/emotional driving, aggressive driving, and risky driving, and altruism was negatively correlated with aggressive driving and drunk driving. Hierarchical multiple regressions were applied to analyze the mediating effect of personality traits, and the results showed that anger mediated the relationship between stress and dangerous driving behavior and that this mediating role was especially strong for negative cognitive/emotional driving and aggressive driving. Collectively, the results showed that stress is an important factor that can affect people's driving behavior but that personality traits mediate the effect of stress on driving behavior. The findings from this study regarding the relationship among stress, anger, and dangerous driving behavior could be applied in the development of intervention programs for stress and anger management in order to improve drivers' ability to manage emotional thoughts and adjust their behavior on the road.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Weina Qu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China.
| | - Caihong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Du
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Xianghong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Kan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
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Vandoros S, Kavetsos G, Dolan P. Greasy roads: the impact of bad financial news on road traffic accidents. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2014; 34:556-566. [PMID: 24117892 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We use evidence from a natural experiment in Greece to study the effect of the announcement of austerity measures on road traffic accidents (RTAs). We use daily RTA data from 2010 and 2011, during which a number of austerity measures were announced, including salary and pension cuts and an increase in direct and indirect taxes. We find that controlling for other factors potentially influencing RTAs, the number of RTAs increased significantly on the first two days following the announcements of austerity measures. We put forward some tentative suggestions for why this happens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiris Vandoros
- London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK; Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
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Johnell K, Laflamme L, Möller J, Monárrez-Espino J. The role of marital status in the association between benzodiazepines, psychotropics and injurious road traffic crashes: a register-based nationwide study of senior drivers in Sweden. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86742. [PMID: 24489781 PMCID: PMC3906075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among senior drivers, benzodiazepines (BZDs) have a documented effect on the risk of road traffic crashes (RTCs). It remains unclear however if BZDs play the same role when considering marital status. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role of marital status in the association between BZD use and injurious RTCs among senior drivers. METHODS Matched case-control study based on five national Swedish registers (n = 154 225). Cases comprised the first non-alcohol-related injurious RTC sustained by drivers aged 50-80 years from July 2005 to December 2009 and controls included registered residents with a valid license who did not crash during that period. Four controls were matched to each case by sex, age and place of residence. Conditional logistic regression analysis for injurious RTC was performed with adjustment for occupation and number of medications. The main exposure was dispensation of BZDs, alone or in combination with other psychotropic medications, 1-30 days prior to the crash date stratified by marital status. RESULTS BZD use, alone or in combination with other psychotropic medications, increased the risk of being involved in an RTC (BZD only: adjusted OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.17-1.36; BZDs and other psychotropics: adjusted OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.12-1.41). Compared to married drivers, those divorced (1.48, 1.43-1.53) and widowed (1.54; 1.45-1.63) had higher adjusted ORs. Marital status modified the association between BZDs and RTCs, particularly among younger male drivers. CONCLUSIONS Both BZDs and marital status independently affect the risk for senior drivers to be involved in an RTC. However, marital status plays a role in the association between BZD use and RTCs and this may have implications for targeting risk populations for RTCs among senior drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Johnell
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lucie Laflamme
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jette Möller
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Constant A, Encrenaz G, Zins M, Lafont S, Chiron M, Lagarde E, Messiah A. Why Drivers Start Drinking and Driving—A Prospective Study Over a 6-Year Period in the GAZEL Cohort. Alcohol Alcohol 2011; 46:729-33. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agr126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Rowden P, Matthews G, Watson B, Biggs H. The relative impact of work-related stress, life stress and driving environment stress on driving outcomes. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2011; 43:1332-1340. [PMID: 21545862 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has shown the association between stress and crash involvement. The impact of stress on road safety may also be mediated by behaviours including cognitive lapses, errors, and intentional traffic violations. This study aimed to provide a further understanding of the impact that stress from different sources may have upon driving behaviour and road safety. It is asserted that both stress extraneous to the driving environment and stress directly elicited by driving must be considered part of a dynamic system that may have a negative impact on driving behaviours. Two hundred and forty-seven public sector employees from Queensland, Australia, completed self-report measures examining demographics, subjective work-related stress, daily hassles, and aspects of general mental health. Additionally, the Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ) and the Driver Stress Inventory (DSI) were administered. All participants drove for work purposes regularly, however the study did not specifically focus on full-time professional drivers. Confirmatory factor analysis of the predictor variables revealed three factors: DSI negative affect; DSI risk taking; and extraneous influences (daily hassles, work-related stress, and general mental health). Moderate intercorrelations were found between each of these factors confirming the 'spillover' effect. That is, driver stress is reciprocally related to stress in other domains including work and domestic life. Structural equation modelling (SEM) showed that the DSI negative affect factor influenced both lapses and errors, whereas the DSI risk-taking factor was the strongest influence on violations. The SEMs also confirmed that daily hassles extraneous to the driving environment may influence DBQ lapses and violations independently. Accordingly, interventions may be developed to increase driver awareness of the dangers of excessive emotional responses to both driving events and daily hassles (e.g. driving fast to 'blow off steam' after an argument). They may also train more effective strategies for self-regulation of emotion and coping when encountering stressful situations on the road.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rowden
- Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
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Spoerri A, Egger M, von Elm E. Mortality from road traffic accidents in Switzerland: longitudinal and spatial analyses. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2011; 43:40-48. [PMID: 21094295 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Road traffic accidents (RTA) are an important cause of premature death. We examined socio-demographic and geographical determinants of RTA mortality in Switzerland by linking 2000 census data to RTA mortality records 2000-2005 (ICD-10 codes V00-V99). Data from 5.5 million residents aged 18-94 years, 1744 study areas, and 1620 RTA deaths were analyzed, including 978 deaths (60.4%) in motor vehicle occupants, 254 (15.7%) in motorcyclists, 107 (6.6%) in cyclists, and 259 (16.0%) in pedestrians. Weibull survival models and Bayesian methods were used to calculate hazard ratios (HR), and standardized mortality ratios (SMR) across study areas. Adjusted HR comparing women with men ranged from 0.04 (95% CI 0.02-0.07) in motorcyclists to 0.43 (95% CI 0.32-0.56) in pedestrians. There was a u-shaped relationship with age in motor vehicle occupants and motorcyclists. In cyclists and pedestrians, mortality increased after age 55 years. Mortality was higher in individuals with primary education (HR 1.53; 95% CI 1.29-1.81), and higher in single (HR 1.24; 95% CI 1.05-1.46), widowed (HR 1.31; 95% CI 1.05-1.65) and divorced individuals (HR 1.62; 95% CI 1.33-1.97), compared to persons with tertiary education or married persons. The association with education was particularly strong for pedestrians (HR 1.87; 95% CI 1.20-2.91). RTA mortality increased with decreasing population density of study areas for motor vehicle occupants (test for trend p<0.0001) and motorcyclists (p=0.0021) but not for cyclists (p=0.39) or pedestrians (p=0.29). SMR standardized for socio-demographic and geographical variables ranged from 82 to 190. Prevention efforts should aim to reduce inequities across socio-demographic and educational groups, and across geographical areas, with interventions targeted at high-risk groups and areas, and different traffic users, including pedestrians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Spoerri
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Does psychological distress increase the risk for motor vehicle crashes in young people? findings from the DRIVE study. J Adolesc Health 2010; 47:488-95. [PMID: 20970084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Earlier research demonstrates increased and decreased risk of crash related to psychological distress; however, previous literature has almost entirely used retrospective study designs and has not been able to adequately control for important confounders such as exposure to driving, alcohol and drug use, or having had a previous crash. This study aimed to assess the relationship between psychological distress and risk of motor vehicle crashes. METHODS The DRIVE study is a prospective cohort study of 20,822 novice drivers aged 17-24 years in Australia. Information on risk factors for motor vehicle crash was collected through online questionnaire and subsequently linked to police-reported crashes. Poisson regression was used to analyze risk of various crash types by low, moderate, high, and very high levels of psychological distress, taking into account other known risk factors for crash. RESULTS Compared to the referent group with low or no distress, a protective effect against crash was observed for young people who reported a moderate amount of psychological distress in unadjusted (RR = .87; 95% CI = .76-1.00) and multivariable analyses (RR = .85; 95% CI = .74-.97). Severe psychological distress was not significantly associated with an increase or decrease in the risk of crash. Psychological distress was not significantly associated with an increased risk of single vehicle crash. CONCLUSION Earlier studies may have overestimated risk for motor vehicle crashes associated with psychological distress. This study found little convincing evidence to support a strong risk relationship for higher levels of distress and indeed found a modest protective association for low levels of distress.
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Versek BE, Carpenedo CM, Rosenwasser BJ, Dugosh KL, Bresani E, Kirby KC. Resets do not appear to increase the rate of adverse events or prolong relapse in voucher-based reinforcement therapy. J Subst Abuse Treat 2010; 39:167-73. [PMID: 20598837 PMCID: PMC3072222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Voucher-based reinforcement therapy (VBRT) is an efficacious contingency management intervention for substance use disorders that provides escalating voucher values to reinforce continuous abstinence and typically resets escalated values to the initial low level upon detection of drug use. The objective of this study involving 130 methadone-maintained outpatients receiving VBRT was to investigate whether resets (a) increase risk for adverse events (AEs) and (b) delay return to abstinence in relation to magnitude of voucher reset. Weeks following resets were examined for increased likelihood of AEs using a Poisson regression. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine if higher resets increased the number of days until a negative urine specimen. Results showed that resets did not increase the likelihood of AEs nor were higher resets related to an increased delay to abstinence. Research involving larger samples is needed to produce sufficient data directly addressing safety concerns of various treatment stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Versek
- Treatment Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA.
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Les défauts d’attention au volant : définitions, état des connaissances et pistes de recherches pour la prévention des risques routiers. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2010.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Schwerdtfeger A, Heims R, Heer J. Digit ratio (2D:4D) is associated with traffic violations for male frequent car drivers. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2010; 42:269-274. [PMID: 19887167 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Digit ratio (2D:4D) is a putative marker of prenatal hormone exposure. A lower digit ratio has been suggested as an index of higher testosterone relative to estrogen exposure during prenatal development. Digit ratio has been associated with a variety of psychological sex-dimorphic variables, including spatial orientation, aggression, or risk-taking behavior. The present study aimed to relate digit ratio to traffic violations for a male sample (N = 77) of frequent car drivers. Digit ratio was assessed via printout scans of the hand, and traffic offense behavior was assessed via self-reported penalty points as registered by the Central Register of Traffic Offenders in Germany. In addition, social desirability and sensation seeking were recorded. Results showed that digit ratio was inversely related to penalty point entries, suggesting more traffic violations for individuals with higher prenatal testosterone exposure. Sensation seeking was positively associated with traffic violations, but there was no relationship between sensation seeking and digit ratio, proposing additive effects of both variables. The results suggest that prenatal androgen exposure might be related to traffic violations for frequent car drivers.
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Kposowa AJ, Breault KD. Motor Vehicle Deaths among Men: Marital Status, Gender and Social Integration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3149/jmh.0802.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Vingilis E, Wilk P. The effects of health status, distress, alcohol and medicinal drug use on subsequent motor vehicle injuries. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2008; 40:1901-1907. [PMID: 19068292 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2008.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of health factors and substance use on subsequent motor vehicle collision (MVC) injuries of three different age groups, using the longitudinal dataset from the Canadian National Population Health Survey (NPHS) for the years 1994-2002. METHODS Path analysis technique was used to determine the relations between MVC injury and four risk factors: binge drinking; health status; distress; and medication use. The three demographic variables, age at 'baseline', sex, and immigration status were added into the model as control variables. Three age groups were examined: young=12-29.9; middle-aged=30-59.9 and old=60-85 years of age. The total sample size was 16,093. RESULTS A lower percentage of males, older persons, immigrants, and non-binge drinkers reported a subsequent MVC injury, as did respondents reporting better health and lower distress scores. Medication use was associated with higher subsequent MVC injuries. Path analysis found that among younger individuals, the variable binge drinking, was the only significant risk factor associated with subsequent injuries. In contrast, among middle-aged individuals, the variable medication use, was the only statistically significant risk factor for subsequent injuries. No variables were significant risk factors of injuries for older individuals. CONCLUSIONS Various demographic and risk factors were found to influence injuries among a nationally representative sample of Canadians. Reported binge drinking among young individuals and medication use among middle-aged individuals were found to be risk factors for subsequent MVC injury. These findings support the need for continued focus on alcohol, drugs and traffic safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Vingilis
- Population and Community Health Unit, Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1.
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Chiron M, Bernard M, Lafont S, Lagarde E. Tiring job and work related injury road crashes in the GAZEL cohort. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2008; 40:1096-1104. [PMID: 18460378 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to describe at-work and commuting crashes occurring in a cohort of French employees and to investigate occupational risk factors. The subjects were employees of the French national electricity and gas companies, Electricité de France and Gaz de France (EDF-GDF), who volunteered to join a research cohort (the GAZEL cohort which included 20,625 participants in 1989). Only crashes with injuries were considered. Crashes for the periods 1989--2001 were recorded together with the type of journey (commuting, work, private), the type of road-user, self-estimated responsibility, and injuries sustained by the subject. Annual incidences for gender/age groups and socio-occupational groups were computed for each of the two types of work related crashes. Occupational risk factor analyses were conducted using a Cox proportional hazards regression model with time-dependent covariates adjusting for the main confounders. A total of 146,285 person years at work were observed. Two indicators of self-reported work fatigue were associated with the occurrence of at-work crashes: "nervously tiring work" for males (RR=1.6, 95% CI [1.1; 2.3]), sustained standing for females (RR=3.0, 95% CI [1.0; 8.4]), adjusting for health status, location of residence, type of family, transport mode and mileage. As regards crashes while commuting, a self-reported uncomfortable position at work was a risk factor among women (RR=1.9, 95% CI [1.1; 3.3]). On the other hand, these occupational factors were not linked to road crashes in private trips. Work related road crashes seem then to be a matter for a specific prevention. Preventing employees from becoming exhausted should be considered as the first way to initiate such a prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Chiron
- Unité Mixte de Recherche et Surveillance Transport Travail Environnement (UMRESTTE, UMR T9405), 25 Avenue François Mitterrand, Bron F-69675, France.
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Nabi H, Kivimäki M, Zins M, Elovainio M, Consoli SM, Cordier S, Ducimetière P, Goldberg M, Singh-Manoux A. Does personality predict mortality? Results from the GAZEL French prospective cohort study. Int J Epidemiol 2008; 37:386-96. [PMID: 18263645 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyn013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Majority of studies on personality and physical health have focused on one or two isolated personality traits. We aim to test the independent association of 10 personality traits, from three major conceptual models, with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the French GAZEL cohort. METHODS A total of 14,445 participants, aged 39-54 in 1993, completed the personality questionnaires composed of the Bortner Type-A scale, the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (for total, neurotic and reactive hostility) and the Grossarth-Maticek-Eysenck Personality Stress Inventory that assesses six personality types [cancer-prone, coronary heart disease (CHD)-prone, ambivalent, healthy, rational, anti-social]. The association between personality traits and mortality, during a mean follow-up of 12.7 years, was assessed using the Relative Index of Inequality (RII) in Cox regression. RESULTS In models adjusted for age, sex, marital status and education, all-cause and cause-specific mortality were predicted by 'total hostility', its 'neurotic hostility' component as well as by 'CHD-prone', 'ambivalent' 'antisocial', and 'healthy' personality types. After mutually adjusting personality traits for each other, only high 'neurotic hostility' remained a robust predictor of excess mortality from all causes [RII = 2.62; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.68-4.09] and external causes (RII = 3.24; 95% CI = 1.03-10.18). 'CHD-prone' (RII = 2.23; 95% CI = 0.72-6.95) and 'anti-social' (RII = 2.13; 95% CI 0.61-6.58) personality types were associated with cardiovascular mortality and with mortality from external causes, respectively, but CIs were wider. Adjustment for potential behavioural mediators had only a modest effect on these associations. CONCLUSIONS Neurotic hostility, CHD-prone personality and anti-social personality were all predictive of mortality outcomes. Further research is required to determine the precise mechanisms that contribute to these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Nabi
- INSERM, U687-IFR69, Saint-Maurice, F-94415 France.
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Leproust S, Lagarde E, Salmi LR. Systematic screening for unsafe driving due to medical conditions: still debatable. BMC Public Health 2008; 8:27. [PMID: 18215269 PMCID: PMC2259338 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Assessing people's ability to drive has become a public health concern in most industrialized countries. Although age itself is not a predictive factor of an increased risk for dangerous driving, the prevalence of medical conditions that may impair driving increases with age. Because the implementation of a screening for unsafe driving due to medical conditions is a public health issue, its usefulness should be judged using standardised criteria already proposed for screening for chronic disease. The aim of this paper is to propose standardised criteria suitable to assess the scientific validity of screening for unsafe driving due to medical conditions, and identify potential issues to be clarified before screening can be implemented and effective. Discussion Using criteria developed for screening for chronic diseases and published studies on driving with medical conditions, we specify six criteria to judge the opportunity of screening for unsafe driving due to medical conditions. This adaptation was needed because of the complexity of the natural history of medical conditions and their potential consequences on driving and road safety. We then illustrate that published studies pleading for or against screening for unsafe driving due to medical conditions fail to provide the needed documentation. Individual criteria were mentioned in 3 to 72% of 36 papers pleading for or against screening. Quantitative estimates of relevant indicators were provided in at most 42% of papers, and some data, such as the definition of an appropriate unsafe driving period were never provided. Summary The standardised framework described in this paper provides a template for assessing the effectiveness (or lack of effectiveness) of proposed measures for screening for unsafe driving due to medical conditions. Even if most criteria were mentioned in the published literature pleading for or against such a screening, the failure to find quantitative and evidence-based estimates of relevant indicators provides useful insight for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Leproust
- INSERM, U593, Equipe Avenir Santé et Insécurité Routière, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33076, France.
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Lenguerrand E, Martin JL, Chiron M, Lagarde E, Laumon B. Road crash involvement and professional status: a prospective study using the French Gazel cohort. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2008; 40:126-136. [PMID: 18215540 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess professional status (PS) differences in the risk of road crash involvement (RCI) (irrespective of crash severity), and to examine the underlying mechanism by evaluating the role of exposure to road risk (ERR). METHOD A total of 15,271 subjects selected from the French GAZEL cohort were studied. A proportional hazard model for recurrent events was used to calculate the relative risks (RR) of RCI associated with PS. The associations between RCI and PS were investigated by adjusting for ERR (kilometers travelled and risk behaviors on the road). RESULTS In all, 1890 RCI were reported. Managers have greater crude RCI risk than unskilled workers (male, RR=1.30; female, RR=1.44). This difference was no longer statistically significant when adjusting for factors describing the drivers' behaviors. Female managers' risks were also insignificant when adjusted for vehicle kilometers travelled (VKT). Managers seemed at lower risk of injury when involved in a crash. CONCLUSION Socially advantaged subjects have the greatest RCI risk. Qualitative and quantitative ERR factors explain these disparities. These results highlight the importance to focus on ERR when studying the effect of an individual characteristic on RCI. They also highlight the importance to analyse separately the "RCI" and the "susceptibility to injury".
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lenguerrand
- Unité mixte de recherche et surveillance transport travail environnement, UMRESTTE, Bron 69675, France.
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Vingilis E, Wilk P. Predictors of motor vehicle collision injuries among a nationally representative sample of Canadians. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2007; 8:411-418. [PMID: 17994496 DOI: 10.1080/15389580701626202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine predictors of subsequent motor vehicle collision injuries, with a particular focus on health-related variables, using the longitudinal dataset from the Canadian National Population Health Survey (NPHS) for the years 1994-2002. METHODS Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the relations between motor vehicle collision injury and four risk factors: binge drinking, health status, distress, and medication use. Age and sex were included as control variables. The total sample size was 14,529. RESULTS A higher percentage of females and younger persons reported a motor vehicle collision injury. Binge drinkers, respondents with poor health, respondents with distress, and respondents reported using two or more medications reported a higher percentage of subsequent injuries. Logistic regression analysis found that persons with poorer health status and persons who used more medications had higher odds of motor vehicle injuries. Only one statistically significant interaction effect was found: alcohol bingeing and medication use. CONCLUSIONS Among a nationally representative sample of Canadians, various demographic and risk factors predict subsequent injuries. Given that this number represents a considerable economic burden, this study underscores the need for continued research and countermeasures on alcohol, drugs, and driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Vingilis
- Population and Community Health Unit, Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Goldberg M, Leclerc A, Bonenfant S, Chastang JF, Schmaus A, Kaniewski N, Zins M. Cohort profile: the GAZEL Cohort Study. Int J Epidemiol 2006; 36:32-9. [PMID: 17101614 PMCID: PMC2258334 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyl247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Goldberg
- INSERM Unité 687, 14 rue du Val d'Osne, 99410 Saint Maurice, France.
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Jerome L, Habinski L, Segal A. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and driving risk: a review of the literature and a methodological critique. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2006; 8:416-26. [PMID: 16968625 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-006-0045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This article examines the literature on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and unintentional driving injury. This literature has emerged over the last decade as part of the burgeoning epidemic of road traffic death and injury, which is the number-one cause of death among young adults in North America. The available literature on observational outcome studies and experimental pharmacologic interventions is critically reviewed. A meta-analysis of behavioral outcomes and a review of effect size of pharmacologic studies are presented. Current data support the utility of stimulant medication in improving driving performance in younger ADHD drivers. A conceptual model of risk factors in young ADHD drivers is offered. The current state of screening instruments for identifying high-risk subjects within this clinical group is summarized along with a final section on emerging trends and future prospects for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Jerome
- University of Western Ontario, 90 Wharncliffe Road South, London, Ontario N6J 2K1 Canada.
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Reimer B, D'Ambrosio LA, Coughlin JE, Kafrissen ME, Biederman J. Using self-reported data to assess the validity of driving simulation data. Behav Res Methods 2006; 38:314-24. [PMID: 16956108 DOI: 10.3758/bf03192783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we use self-reported driving behaviors from a written questionnaire to assess the measurement validity of data derived from a driving simulation. The issue of validity concerns the extent to which measures from the experimental context map onto constructs of interest. Following a description of the experimental methods and setting, an argument for the face validity of the data is advanced. Convergent validity was assessed by regressing behaviors observed in thedriving simulatoron self-reported measures of driving behaviors. Significant relationships were found across six measures: accidents, speeding, velocity, passing, weaving between traffic, and behavior at stop signs. Concurrent validity was evaluated with an analysis of simulator accident involvement and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder status. Discriminant validity was assessed using a multitrait-multimethod matrix of simulator and questionnaire data. We concluded that although the relationship between self-reported behaviors and observed responses in the simulator falls short of perfect correspondence, the data collected from the driving simulator are valid measures of the behaviors of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Reimer
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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Parmentier G, Chastang JF, Nabi H, Chiron M, Lafont S, Lagarde E. Road mobility and the risk of road traffic accident as a driver. The impact of medical conditions and life events. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2005; 37:1121-34. [PMID: 16043106 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2005.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2005] [Revised: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE We conducted a longitudinal investigation of the impact of self-reported life events and medical conditions on changes in road mobility on the wheel between 2000 and 2002 in order to assess whether these changes would affect the risk of road traffic accident (RTA). METHODS Data are from a cohort of workers and retirees from the French national gas and electricity companies (the Gazel cohort). In the present study, 10,483 participants were included (7843 men aged 51-61 years and 2640 women aged 46-61 years, in 2000). The link between mobility and the risk of RTA was approximated using data on RTA number during lifetime and reported mobility in 2000. We then compared changes in road mobility between 2000 and 2002 resulting from life events and medical conditions reported to have occurred in the year 2001 or changed when compared to year 2000. We also compared road mobilities in 2000 in order to assess any pre-existing differences before life events and medical conditions. This led to estimation of the effect of road mobility changes on the risk of RTA. RESULTS Changes in road mobility associated with life events and medical conditions were only found among men. These changes in road mobility were minimal. Ensuing changes in the risk of RTA were estimated to be small (odds-ratios ranged from 0.94 to 1.01). The only life events found to be associated with increased road mobility was an important purchase. Hospitalization, serious RTA, and retiring were associated with reduced road mobility. Concerning medical conditions, men who reported cataract, angina pectoris, diabetes, anxiety and stress, sleep disorder, and depression decreased their road mobility. CONCLUSION We found no or moderate changes in road mobility resulting from life events and medical conditions, suggesting that results from previous published studies that assessed the impact of life events or medical conditions on RTA were not jeopardized by improper adjustment for road mobility.
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Wynne-Jones G, Macfarlane GJ, Silman AJ, Jones GT. Does physical trauma lead to an increase in the risk of new onset widespread pain? Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 65:391-3. [PMID: 16014672 PMCID: PMC1798040 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2005.037531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the rate of new onset of widespread pain after a traumatic event (motor vehicle crash). METHODS A prospective cohort study of persons registered with an insurance company who had or had not experienced a motor vehicle crash. All participants were sent a questionnaire to assess pre-crash (or for the non-crash group, prior) psychosocial factors and widespread pain. Participants reporting pre-crash (prior) widespread pain were excluded. At six months, participants were sent a follow up questionnaire to ascertain new prevalent widespread pain. RESULTS 597 (51%) of participants returned a baseline questionnaire (465 crash and 132 non-crash). Among the cohort who had experienced a crash, the new onset rate of widespread pain six months later was low (8%), though in comparison with the non-crash group there was an increased risk (RR = 1.9 (95% CI, 0.8 to 4.8, adjusted for age and sex)); this was attenuated after adjustment for pre-crash (prior) psychological distress and somatic symptoms (RR = 1.4 (95% CI, 0.5 to 3.2)). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that a motor vehicle crash (as an example of a physically traumatic event) is unlikely to have a major impact on the new onset of widespread pain. Any observed relation may, in part, be explained by psychological distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wynne-Jones
- Epidemiology Group, Department of Public Health, University of Aberdeen, Polwarth Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
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