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Silva RH, Lopes-Silva LB, Cunha DG, Becegato M, Ribeiro AM, Santos JR. Animal Approaches to Studying Risk Factors for Parkinson's Disease: A Narrative Review. Brain Sci 2024; 14:156. [PMID: 38391730 PMCID: PMC10887213 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite recent efforts to search for biomarkers for the pre-symptomatic diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD), the presence of risk factors, prodromal signs, and family history still support the classification of individuals at risk for this disease. Human epidemiological studies are useful in this search but fail to provide causality. The study of well-known risk factors for PD in animal models can help elucidate mechanisms related to the disease's etiology and contribute to future prevention or treatment approaches. This narrative review aims to discuss animal studies that investigated four of the main risk factors and/or prodromal signs related to PD: advanced age, male sex, sleep alterations, and depression. Different databases were used to search the studies, which were included based on their relevance to the topic. Although still in a reduced number, such studies are of great relevance in the search for evidence that leads to a possible early diagnosis and improvements in methods of prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Silva
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, SP, Brazil
| | - L B Lopes-Silva
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, SP, Brazil
| | - D G Cunha
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, SP, Brazil
| | - M Becegato
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, SP, Brazil
| | - A M Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Bioprospecting of Natural Products, Department of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos 11015-020, SP, Brazil
| | - J R Santos
- Behavioral and Evolutionary Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Itabaiana 49500-000, SE, Brazil
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Jauhari A, Singh T, Yadav S. Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Neurotoxicity: MicroRNA in Focus. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 120:102072. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Sanyal S, Law S. Chronic pesticide exposure induced aberrant Notch signalling along the visual pathway in a murine model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 282:117077. [PMID: 33839617 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides aid in crop-protection against pests and increase yield. However, the xenobiotic stress exerted by pesticides leads to the deterioration of human and animal health. There is a lacuna in our knowledge about their impact on the ocular surface The present work sheds light on this gap by analysing the deterioration of visual acuity as a consequence of pesticide induced xenobiotic stress and Notch pathway dysregulation. Alteration in the expression of vital components of the notch signalling was analyzed along the visual pathway with special focus on its two terminals-the cornea and the visual cortex, by mimicking the on-field scenario regarding chronic pesticide exposure in experimental murine model (Swiss albino mice; Mus musculus). Various aspects were taken into consideration through visual acuity tests, histological evaluations, culture analyses, wound healing assays, flowcytometric evaluation, fluorescence microscopic studies etc. Complete dysregulation of key players of the Notch signalling pathway was observed in both: cells of the ocular surface as well as those in the murine visual cortex post pesticide exposure, indicating activities relating to cell proliferation, differentiation and wound healing in the pesticide exposed samples. Ultra-microscopic analyses corroborated our findings by revealing the loss of fine neural processes in the visual cortex of the pesticide exposed murine samples, thereby hinting at delayed perception to visual stimuli. In vivo evaluations of the functional capacity of the neuroanatomical structures along the visual pathway also confirmed that pesticide exposure leads to severe damage along the various parts of the visual pathway, right from the ocular surface to the visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Sanyal
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, India
| | - Sujata Law
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, India.
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Dysregulation of PGC-1α-Dependent Transcriptional Programs in Neurological and Developmental Disorders: Therapeutic Challenges and Opportunities. Cells 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cells10020352
expr 820281011 + 880698691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence indicates that mitochondrial impairment contributes to neuronal dysfunction and vulnerability in disease states, leading investigators to propose that the enhancement of mitochondrial function should be considered a strategy for neuroprotection. However, multiple attempts to improve mitochondrial function have failed to impact disease progression, suggesting that the biology underlying the normal regulation of mitochondrial pathways in neurons, and its dysfunction in disease, is more complex than initially thought. Here, we present the proteins and associated pathways involved in the transcriptional regulation of nuclear-encoded genes for mitochondrial function, with a focus on the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α). We highlight PGC-1α’s roles in neuronal and non-neuronal cell types and discuss evidence for the dysregulation of PGC-1α-dependent pathways in Huntington’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, and developmental disorders, emphasizing the relationship between disease-specific cellular vulnerability and cell-type-specific patterns of PGC-1α expression. Finally, we discuss the challenges inherent to therapeutic targeting of PGC-1α-related transcriptional programs, considering the roles for neuron-enriched transcriptional coactivators in co-regulating mitochondrial and synaptic genes. This information will provide novel insights into the unique aspects of transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial function in neurons and the opportunities for therapeutic targeting of transcriptional pathways for neuroprotection.
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Dysregulation of PGC-1α-Dependent Transcriptional Programs in Neurological and Developmental Disorders: Therapeutic Challenges and Opportunities. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020352. [PMID: 33572179 PMCID: PMC7915819 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence indicates that mitochondrial impairment contributes to neuronal dysfunction and vulnerability in disease states, leading investigators to propose that the enhancement of mitochondrial function should be considered a strategy for neuroprotection. However, multiple attempts to improve mitochondrial function have failed to impact disease progression, suggesting that the biology underlying the normal regulation of mitochondrial pathways in neurons, and its dysfunction in disease, is more complex than initially thought. Here, we present the proteins and associated pathways involved in the transcriptional regulation of nuclear-encoded genes for mitochondrial function, with a focus on the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α). We highlight PGC-1α's roles in neuronal and non-neuronal cell types and discuss evidence for the dysregulation of PGC-1α-dependent pathways in Huntington's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and developmental disorders, emphasizing the relationship between disease-specific cellular vulnerability and cell-type-specific patterns of PGC-1α expression. Finally, we discuss the challenges inherent to therapeutic targeting of PGC-1α-related transcriptional programs, considering the roles for neuron-enriched transcriptional coactivators in co-regulating mitochondrial and synaptic genes. This information will provide novel insights into the unique aspects of transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial function in neurons and the opportunities for therapeutic targeting of transcriptional pathways for neuroprotection.
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Doherty JD. Bridging the Gap Between Alleged Toxicity and Forcing Chemical Regulation: Science Transparency Demands a Specialized Interagency Peer Review Panel for Chemical Epidemiology. Toxicol Sci 2020; 177:156-157. [PMID: 32856081 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Zheng F, Gonçalves FM, Abiko Y, Li H, Kumagai Y, Aschner M. Redox toxicology of environmental chemicals causing oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101475. [PMID: 32336668 PMCID: PMC7327986 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms are surrounded with heavy metals such as methylmercury, manganese, cobalt, cadmium, arsenic, as well as pesticides such as deltamethrin and paraquat, or atmospheric pollutants such as quinone. Extensive studies have demonstrated a strong link between environmental pollutants and human health. Redox toxicity is proposed as one of the main mechanisms of chemical-induced pathology in humans. Acting as both a sensor of oxidative stress and a positive regulator of antioxidants, the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) has attracted recent attention. However, the role NRF2 plays in environmental pollutant-induced toxicity has not been systematically addressed. Here, we characterize NRF2 function in response to various pollutants, such as metals, pesticides and atmospheric quinones. NRF2 related signaling pathways and epigenetic regulations are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States.
| | - Filipe Marques Gonçalves
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States
| | - Yumi Abiko
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Huangyuan Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China.
| | - Yoshito Kumagai
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States.
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Vaccari C, El Dib R, Gomaa H, Lopes LC, de Camargo JL. Paraquat and Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2019; 22:172-202. [PMID: 31476981 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2019.1659197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This investigation aimed to conduct a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis to determine whether exposure to the herbicide paraquat was associated with the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Observational studies that enrolled adults exposed to paraquat with PD as the outcome of interest were searched in the PubMed, Embase, LILACS, TOXNET, and Web of Science databases up to May 2019. Two authors independently selected relevant studies, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality. The evidence certainty was assessed by the GRADE approach, which served as basis for a tentative causality assessment, supplemented by the Bradford Hill criteria when necessary. Results from nine case-control studies indicated that PD occurrence was 25% higher in participants exposed to paraquat. The only cohort investigation included demonstrated a non-significant OR of 1.08. Results from subgroup analyses also indicated higher PD frequency in participants that were exposed to paraquat for longer periods or individuals co-exposed with paraquat and any other dithiocarbamate. Data indicate apositive association between exposure to paraquat and PD occurrence, but the weight-of-evidence does not enable one to assume an indisputable cause-effect relationship between these two conditions. Better designed studies are needed to increase confidence in results. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO CRD42017069994.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Vaccari
- Department of Pathology, São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Botucatu , Brazil
| | - Regina El Dib
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP) , São Paulo , Brazil
- McMaster Institute of Urology, St. Joseph's Healthcare, McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University , Halifax , Canada
| | - Huda Gomaa
- Department of Bio-statistics, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt
- Drug Information Center, Tanta Chest Hospital, Ministry of Health , Tanta , Egypt
| | - Luciane C Lopes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO) , Sorocaba , Brazil
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Qu Y, Chen X, Xu MM, Sun Q. Relationship between high dietary fat intake and Parkinson's disease risk: a meta-analysis. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:2156-2163. [PMID: 31397355 PMCID: PMC6788237 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.262599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess whether dietary fat intake influences Parkinson’s disease risk. DATA SOURCES: We systematically surveyed the Embase and PubMed databases, reviewing manuscripts published prior to October 2018. The following terms were used: (“Paralysis agitans” OR “Parkinson disease” OR “Parkinson” OR “Parkinson’s” OR “Parkinson’s disease”) AND (“fat” OR “dietary fat” OR “dietary fat intake”). DATA SELECTION: Included studies were those with both dietary fat intake and Parkinson’s disease risk as exposure factors. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was adapted to investigate the quality of included studies. Stata V12.0 software was used for statistical analysis. OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes included the relationship between high total energy intake, high total fat intake, and Parkinson’s disease risk. The secondary outcomes included the relationship between different kinds of fatty acids and Parkinson’s disease risk. RESULTS: Nine articles met the inclusion criteria and were incorporated into this meta-analysis. Four studies scored 7 and the other five studies scored 9 on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, meaning that all studies were of high quality. Meta-analysis results showed that high total energy intake was associated with an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease (P = 0.000, odds ratio (OR) = 1.49, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.26–1.75); in contrast, high total fat intake was not associated with Parkinson’s disease risk (P = 0.123, OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.91–1.25). Subgroup analysis revealed that polyunsaturated fatty acid intake (P = 0.010, OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.88–1.20) reduced the risk of Parkinson’s disease, while arachidonic acid (P = 0.026, OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.97–1.37) and cholesterol (P = 0.002, OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.92–1.29) both increased the risk of Parkinson’s disease. Subgroup analysis also demonstrated that, although the results were not significant, consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (P = 0.071, OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.73–1.05), α-linolenic acid (P = 0.06, OR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.72–1.02), and the n-3 to n-6 ratio (P = 0.458, OR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.75–1.06) were all linked with a trend toward reduced Parkinson’s disease risk. Monounsaturated fatty acid (P = 0.450, OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.91–1.23), n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (P = 0.100, OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.96–1.36) and linoleic acid (P = 0.053, OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 0.94–1.32) intakes were associated with a non-significant trend toward higher PD risk. Saturated fatty acid (P = 0.619, OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.87–1.18) intake was not associated with Parkinson’s disease. CONCLUSION: Dietary fat intake affects Parkinson’s disease risk, although this depends on the fatty acid subtype. Higher intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids may reduce the risk of Parkinson’s disease, while higher cholesterol and arachidonic acid intakes may elevate Parkinson’s disease risk. However, further studies and evidence are needed to validate any link between dietary fat intake and Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Man-Man Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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Tangamornsuksan W, Lohitnavy O, Sruamsiri R, Chaiyakunapruk N, Norman Scholfield C, Reisfeld B, Lohitnavy M. Paraquat exposure and Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2018; 74:225-238. [PMID: 30474499 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2018.1492894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To reconcile and unify available results regarding paraquat exposure and Parkinson's disease (PD), we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide a quantitative estimate of the risk of PD associated with paraquat exposure. Six scientific databases including PubMed, Cochrane libraries, EMBASE, Scopus, ISI Web of Knowledge, and TOXLINE were systematically searched. The overall odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% CIs were calculated using a random-effects model. Of 7,309 articles identified, 13 case control studies with 3,231 patients and 4,901 controls were included into our analysis. Whereas, one prospective cohort studies was included into our systematic review. A subsequent meta-analysis showed an association between PD and paraquat exposure (odds ratio = 1.64 (95% CI: 1.27-2.13; I2 = 24.8%). There is a statistically significant association between paraquat exposure and PD. Thus, future studies regarding paraquat and Parkinson's disease are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wimonchat Tangamornsuksan
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Health & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University , Phitsanulok , Thailand
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University , Phitsanulok , Thailand
| | - Ornrat Lohitnavy
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Health & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University , Phitsanulok , Thailand
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University , Phitsanulok , Thailand
- Pharmacokinetic Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University , Phitsanulok , Thailand
| | - Rosarin Sruamsiri
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University , Phitsanulok , Thailand
- Center of Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University , Phitsanulok , Thailand
| | - Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University , Phitsanulok , Thailand
- Center of Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University , Phitsanulok , Thailand
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia , Malaysia , Selangor
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin , USA
- School of Population Health, University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - C Norman Scholfield
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Health & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University , Phitsanulok , Thailand
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University , Phitsanulok , Thailand
| | - Brad Reisfeld
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Health & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University , Phitsanulok , Thailand
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado , USA
| | - Manupat Lohitnavy
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Health & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University , Phitsanulok , Thailand
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University , Phitsanulok , Thailand
- Pharmacokinetic Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University , Phitsanulok , Thailand
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Pamies D, Block K, Lau P, Gribaldo L, Pardo CA, Barreras P, Smirnova L, Wiersma D, Zhao L, Harris G, Hartung T, Hogberg HT. Rotenone exerts developmental neurotoxicity in a human brain spheroid model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 354:101-114. [PMID: 29428530 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Growing concern suggests that some chemicals exert (developmental) neurotoxicity (DNT and NT) and are linked to the increase in incidence of autism, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders. The high cost of routine tests for DNT and NT assessment make it difficult to test the high numbers of existing chemicals. Thus, more cost effective neurodevelopmental models are needed. The use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) in combination with the emerging human 3D tissue culture platforms, present a novel tool to predict and study human toxicity. By combining these technologies, we generated multicellular brain spheroids (BrainSpheres) from human iPSC. The model has previously shown to be reproducible and recapitulates several neurodevelopmental features. Our results indicate, rotenone's toxic potency varies depending on the differentiation status of the cells, showing higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) and higher mitochondrial dysfunction during early than later differentiation stages. Immuno-fluorescence morphology analysis after rotenone exposure indicated dopaminergic-neuron selective toxicity at non-cytotoxic concentrations (1 μM), while astrocytes and other neuronal cell types were affected at (general) cytotoxic concentrations (25 μM). Omics analysis showed changes in key pathways necessary for brain development, indicating rotenone as a developmental neurotoxicant and show a possible link between previously shown effects on neurite outgrowth and presently observed effects on Ca2+ reabsorption, synaptogenesis and PPAR pathway disruption. In conclusion, our BrainSpheres model has shown to be a reproducible and novel tool to study neurotoxicity and developmental neurotoxicity. Results presented here support the idea that rotenone can potentially be a developmental neurotoxicant.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pamies
- Center for Alternative to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Katharina Block
- Center for Alternative to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pierre Lau
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, European Reference Laboratory - European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (EURL ECVAM), Via Enrico Fermi 2749, Ispra, VA 21027, Italy
| | - Laura Gribaldo
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, European Reference Laboratory - European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (EURL ECVAM), Via Enrico Fermi 2749, Ispra, VA 21027, Italy
| | - Carlos A Pardo
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, 600 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Paula Barreras
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, 600 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Lena Smirnova
- Center for Alternative to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Daphne Wiersma
- Center for Alternative to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Center for Alternative to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, 650 Orleans Street, CRB1, Rm 464, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Georgina Harris
- Center for Alternative to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternative to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; University of Konstanz, CAAT-Europe, Universitätsstr. 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| | - Helena T Hogberg
- Center for Alternative to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Vaccari C, El Dib R, de Camargo JLV. Paraquat and Parkinson's disease: a systematic review protocol according to the OHAT approach for hazard identification. Syst Rev 2017; 6:98. [PMID: 28506248 PMCID: PMC5433017 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-017-0491-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition that has genetic susceptibility, aging, and exposure to certain chemicals as risk factors. In recent decades, epidemiological and experimental studies have investigated the role of pesticides in the development of PD, in particular that of the herbicide paraquat. Here, we, therefore, aim to systematically review the association between paraquat exposure and PD. METHODS Observational studies (cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional) eligible for this systematic review will enroll any participant who was occupationally and/or environmentally exposed to paraquat. Experimental studies, including in vivo and in vitro assays designed to assess neurotoxicological endpoints or mechanisms of paraquat neurotoxicity, will also be eligible. Outcomes of interest include the following: PD diagnosis; neurobehavioral, biochemical, and/or morphological alterations; and cellular, biochemical, and/or molecular pathways to oxidative stress. Using terms to include all forms of paraquat combined with PD, the following electronic databases will be searched: PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS, Toxnet, and Web of Science, without restrictions as to language, year, or status of publication. A team of reviewers will independently select potential titles and abstracts, extract data, assess risk of bias, and determine the overall quality of evidence for each outcome using the Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) approach for systematic reviews and evidence integration. Dichotomous data will be summarized as odds ratios, and continuous data will be given as mean differences, both with their respective 95% confidence intervals. DISCUSSION This is the first time that the OHAT systematic review protocol will be applied to investigate a possible causal association between exposure to paraquat and PD. Results from this study could serve as basis for regulatory agencies to define paraquat levels of concern, supporting its risk assessment process. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42016050861.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Vaccari
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Department of Pathology, Center for the Evaluation of the Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Regina El Dib
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.,McMaster Institute of Urology, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Canada
| | - João Lauro V de Camargo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Department of Pathology, Center for the Evaluation of the Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Paraquat and maneb co-exposure induces noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurodegeneration through NADPH oxidase-mediated microglial activation. Toxicology 2017; 380:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Association between Parkinson's Disease and Cigarette Smoking, Rural Living, Well-Water Consumption, Farming and Pesticide Use: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151841. [PMID: 27055126 PMCID: PMC4824443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Bradford Hill’s viewpoints were used to conduct a weight-of-the-evidence assessment of the association between Parkinson’s disease (PD) and rural living, farming and pesticide use. The results were compared with an assessment based upon meta-analysis. For comparison, we also evaluated the association between PD and cigarette smoking as a “positive control” because a strong inverse association has been described consistently in the literature. Methods PubMed was searched systematically to identify all published epidemiological studies that evaluated associations between Parkinson’s disease (PD) and cigarette smoking, rural living, well-water consumption, farming and the use of pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides or paraquat. Studies were categorized into two study quality groups (Tier 1 or Tier 2); data were abstracted and a forest plot of relative risks (RRs) was developed for each risk factor. In addition, when available, RRs were tabulated for more highly exposed individuals compared with the unexposed. Summary RRs for each risk factor were calculated by meta-analysis of Tier 1, Tier 2 and all studies combined, with sensitivity analyses stratified by other study characteristics. Indices of between-study heterogeneity and evidence of reporting bias were assessed. Bradford Hill’s viewpoints were used to determine if a causal relationship between PD and each risk factor was supported by the weight of the evidence. Findings There was a consistent inverse (negative) association between current cigarette smoking and PD risk. In contrast, associations between PD and rural living, well-water consumption, farming and the use of pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides or paraquat were less consistent when assessed quantitatively or qualitatively. Conclusion The weight of the evidence and meta-analysis support the conclusion that there is a causal relationship between PD risk and cigarette smoking, or some unknown factor correlated with cigarette smoking. There may be risk factors associated with rural living, farming, pesticide use or well-water consumption that are causally related to PD, but the studies to date have not identified such factors. To overcome the limitations of research in this area, future studies will have to better characterize the onset of PD and its relationship to rural living, farming and exposure to pesticides.
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Parkinson's Disease Prevalence and Proximity to Agricultural Cultivated Fields. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2015; 2015:576564. [PMID: 26357584 PMCID: PMC4556329 DOI: 10.1155/2015/576564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The risk for developing Parkinson's disease (PD) is a combination of multiple environmental and genetic factors. The Negev (Southern Israel) contains approximately 252.5 km2 of agricultural cultivated fields (ACF). We aimed to estimate the prevalence and incidence of PD and to examine possible geographical clustering and associations with agricultural exposures. We screened all “Clalit” Health Services members in the Negev (70% of the population) between the years 2000 and 2012. Individual demographic, clinical, and medication prescription data were available. We used a refined medication tracer algorithm to identify PD patients. We used mixed Poisson models to calculate the smoothed standardized incidence rates (SIRs) for each locality. We identified ACF and calculate the size and distance of the fields from each locality. We identified 3,792 cases of PD. SIRs were higher than expected in Jewish rural localities (median SIR [95% CI]: 1.41 [1.28; 1.53] in 2001–2004, 1.62 [1.48; 1.76] in 2005–2008, and 1.57 [1.44; 1.80] in 2009–2012). Highest SIR was observed in localities located in proximity to large ACF (SIR 1.54, 95% CI 1.32; 1.79). In conclusion, in this population based study we found that PD SIRs were higher than expected in rural localities. Furthermore, it appears that proximity to ACF and the field size contribute to PD risk.
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Lacher SE, Skagen K, Veit J, Dalton R, Woodahl EL. P-Glycoprotein Transport of Neurotoxic Pesticides. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 355:99-107. [PMID: 26272936 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.226373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) has been associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, although the mechanisms remain unclear. Altered transport of neurotoxic pesticides has been proposed in Parkinson's disease, but it is unknown whether these pesticides are P-gp substrates. We used three in vitro transport models, stimulation of ATPase activity, xenobiotic-induced cytotoxicity, and inhibition of rhodamine-123 efflux, to evaluate P-gp transport of diazinon, dieldrin, endosulfan, ivermectin, maneb, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+)), and rotenone. Diazinon and rotenone stimulated ATPase activity in P-gp-expressing membranes, with Vmax values of 22.4 ± 2.1 and 16.8 ± 1.0 nmol inorganic phosphate/min per mg protein, respectively, and Km values of 9.72 ± 3.91 and 1.62 ± 0.51 µM, respectively, compared with the P-gp substrate verapamil, with a Vmax of 20.8 ± 0.7 nmol inorganic phosphate/min per mg protein and Km of 0.871 ± 0.172 μM. None of the other pesticides stimulated ATPase activity. We observed an increased resistance to MPP(+) and rotenone in LLC-MDR1-WT cells compared with LLC-vector cells, with 15.4- and 2.2-fold increases in EC50 values, respectively. The resistance was reversed in the presence of the P-gp inhibitor verapamil. None of the other pesticides displayed differential cytotoxicity. Ivermectin was the only pesticide to inhibit P-gp transport of rhodamine-123, with an IC50 of 0.249 ± 0.048 μM. Our data demonstrate that dieldrin, endosulfan, and maneb are not P-gp substrates or inhibitors. We identified diazinon, MPP(+), and rotenone as P-gp substrates, although further investigation is needed to understand the role of P-gp transport in their disposition in vivo and associations with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Lacher
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.E.L., K.S., J.V., R.D., E.L.W.), Center for Environmental Health Sciences (S.E.L.), and Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (E.L.W.)
| | - Kasse Skagen
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.E.L., K.S., J.V., R.D., E.L.W.), Center for Environmental Health Sciences (S.E.L.), and Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (E.L.W.)
| | - Joachim Veit
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.E.L., K.S., J.V., R.D., E.L.W.), Center for Environmental Health Sciences (S.E.L.), and Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (E.L.W.)
| | - Rachel Dalton
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.E.L., K.S., J.V., R.D., E.L.W.), Center for Environmental Health Sciences (S.E.L.), and Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (E.L.W.)
| | - Erica L Woodahl
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.E.L., K.S., J.V., R.D., E.L.W.), Center for Environmental Health Sciences (S.E.L.), and Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (E.L.W.)
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Choi DK, Kim IS, Do JH. Signaling pathway analysis of MPP+-treated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-013-0754-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sunkaria A, Sharma DR, Wani WY, Gill KD. 4-Hydroxy TEMPO attenuates dichlorvos induced microglial activation and apoptosis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:115-27. [PMID: 24369695 DOI: 10.1021/cn400206w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells have been implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies from our lab have shown that dichlorvos (an organophosphate) could induce Parkinson's like features in rats. Recently, we have shown that dichlorvos can induce microglial activation, and if not checked in time could ultimately induce neuronal apoptosis. However, this activation does not always pose a threat to the neurons. Activated microglia also secrete various neuronal growth factors, suggesting that they have beneficial roles in CNS repair. Therefore, it is essential to control their detrimental functions selectively. Here, we tried to find out how microglial cells behave when exposed to dichlorvos in either the presence or absence of potent nitric oxide scavenger and superoxide dismutase mimetic, 4-hydroxy TEMPO (4-HT). Wistar rat pups (1 day) were used to isolate and culture primary microglial cells. We found 4-HT pretreatment successfully attenuated the dichlorvos mediated microglial activation. Moreover, 4-HT pretreatment decreased the up-regulated levels of p53 and its downstream effector, p21. The expression of various cell cycle regulators such as Chk2, CDC25a, and cyclin A remained close to their basal levels when 4-HT pretreatment was given. DNA fragmentation analysis showed significant reduction in the DNA damage of 4-HT pretreated microglia as compared to dichlorvos treated cells. In addition to this, we found 4-HT pretreatment prevented the microglial cells from undergoing apoptotic cell death even after 48 h of dichlorvos exposure. Taken together, our results showed 4-HT pretreatment could successfully ameliorate the dichlorvos induced microglial cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Sunkaria
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Deep Raj Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Willayat Yousuf Wani
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Kiran Dip Gill
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an idiopathic disease and its pathological feature is a loss of pigmented neurons in the substantia nigra. Some commonly used pesticides possess neurotoxicity, and exposure to such compounds may trigger mechanisms similar to those in the development of idiopathic PD. We conducted a systematic review of epidemiological studies, aiming at a critical evaluation of the association between the development of PD and pesticide exposure. Reported effect sizes (ES) in the relevant studies were pooled into the meta-analysis to derive summary ES. The summary ES suggested a significantly positive association between PD and overall pesticide use (non-occupational and/or occupational pesticide use) [1.42; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.32 to 1.52, the fixed-effects model], as well as between PD and occupational pesticide exposure (1.49 with a 95% CI of 1.34-1.66). Both occupational herbicide and occupational insecticide exposure showed a significant association with PD. The results of the meta-analysis reported in this study suggest the existence of a statistically positive association between PD and pesticide exposure. The majority of the studies that were pooled in the meta-analysis were case-control design with very few cohort studies and most with poor exposure characterization thus, any further case-control studies using similar methodologies are unlikely to have a significant impact or understanding on the currently-reported association between pesticide exposure and the development of idiopathic PD. Therefore, we believe that if further epidemiological studies are going to be conducted in the area, they should be prospective cohort studies that will include accurate exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Takamiya Allen
- Institute of Environment and Health, Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, United Kingdom.
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Caito SW, Valentine WM, Aschner M. Dopaminergic neurotoxicity of S-ethyl N,N-dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC), molinate, and S-methyl-N,N-diethylthiocarbamate (MeDETC) in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Neurochem 2013; 127:837-51. [PMID: 23786526 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies corroborate a correlation between pesticide use and Parkinson's disease (PD). Thiocarbamate and dithiocarbamate pesticides are widely used and produce neurotoxicity in the peripheral nervous system. Recent evidence from rodent studies suggests that these compounds also cause dopaminergic (DAergic) dysfunction and altered protein processing, two hallmarks of PD. However, DAergic neurotoxicity has yet to be documented. We assessed DAergic dysfunction in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) to investigate the ability of thiocarbamate pesticides to induce DAergic neurodegeneration. Acute treatment with either S-ethyl N,N-dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC), molinate, or a common reactive intermediate of dithiocarbamate and thiocarbamate metabolism, S-methyl-N,N-diethylthiocarbamate (MeDETC), to gradual loss of DAergic cell morphology and structure over the course of 6 days in worms expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under a DAergic cell specific promoter. HPLC analysis revealed decreased DA content in the worms immediately following exposure to MeDETC, EPTC, and molinate. In addition, worms treated with the three test compounds showed a drastic loss of DAergic-dependent behavior over a time course similar to changes in DAergic cell morphology. Alterations in the DAergic system were specific, as loss of cell structure and neurotransmitter content was not observed in cholinergic, glutamatergic, or GABAergic systems. Overall, our data suggest that thiocarbamate pesticides promote neurodegeneration and DAergic cell dysfunction in C. elegans, and may be an environmental risk factor for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Caito
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Pediatric Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Jones BC, Miller DB, O'Callaghan JP, Lu L, Unger EL, Alam G, Williams RW. Systems analysis of genetic variation in MPTP neurotoxicity in mice. Neurotoxicology 2013; 37:26-34. [PMID: 23558233 PMCID: PMC4615717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed genetic variation in severity of neuronal damage using the known dopaminergic neurotoxicant, MPTP, as a prototypical chemical denervation agent. Male mice from ten members of the BXD family of recombinant inbred strains received 12.5 mg/kg MPTP s.c. (vs. saline) and 48 h later brains were taken for multiple related biochemical analyses. Striatal dopamine (DA) and its metabolites, DOPAC and HVA, and serotonin and its metabolite, 5-HIAAA, were analyzed by HPLC. DA turnover was assessed using DOPAC/DA and HVA/DA ratios. Striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), glial fibrilary acidic protein (GFAP), and iron content in ventral midbrain were quantified. All dopamine measures, as well as TH and GFAP, demonstrated wide, genotype-dependent differences in response to MPTP. Serotonin was largely unaffected. Principal components analysis (PC) on difference values, saline minus MPTP, for DA, DOPAC, HVA, and TH, yielded a dominant principal component. The PC trait residuals for each genotype were compared against complementary expression data for striatum of the same strains. Three transcripts representing Mtap2, Lancl 1, and Kansl1l were highly correlated with the PC, as was the difference score, MPTP minus saline for GFAP. This systems approach to the study of environmental neurotoxicants holds promise to define individual genetic differences that contribute to variability in susceptibility to risk factors for diseases such as Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron C Jones
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Moretto A, Colosio C. The role of pesticide exposure in the genesis of Parkinson's disease: Epidemiological studies and experimental data. Toxicology 2013; 307:24-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Dardiotis E, Xiromerisiou G, Hadjichristodoulou C, Tsatsakis AM, Wilks MF, Hadjigeorgiou GM. The interplay between environmental and genetic factors in Parkinson's disease susceptibility: The evidence for pesticides. Toxicology 2013; 307:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Noyce AJ, Bestwick JP, Silveira-Moriyama L, Hawkes CH, Giovannoni G, Lees AJ, Schrag A. Meta-analysis of early nonmotor features and risk factors for Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 2012; 72:893-901. [PMID: 23071076 PMCID: PMC3556649 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the association between diagnosis of Parkinson disease (PD) and risk factors or early symptoms amenable to population-based screening. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors for PD. Results The strongest associations with later diagnosis of PD were found for having a first-degree or any relative with PD (odds ratio [OR], 3.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.65–3.93 and OR, 4.45; 95% CI, 3.39–5.83) or any relative with tremor (OR, 2.74; 95% CI, 2.10–3.57), constipation (relative risk [RR], 2.34; 95% CI, 1.55–3.53), or lack of smoking history (current vs never: RR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.39–0.50), each at least doubling the risk of PD. Further positive significant associations were found for history of anxiety or depression, pesticide exposure, head injury, rural living, beta-blockers, farming occupation, and well-water drinking, and negative significant associations were found for coffee drinking, hypertension, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, calcium channel blockers, and alcohol, but not for diabetes mellitus, cancer, oral contraceptive pill use, surgical menopause, hormone replacement therapy, statins, acetaminophen/paracetamol, aspirin, tea drinking, history of general anesthesia, or gastric ulcers. In the systematic review, additional associations included negative associations with raised serum urate, and single studies or studies with conflicting results. Interpretation The strongest risk factors associated with later PD diagnosis are having a family history of PD or tremor, a history of constipation, and lack of smoking history. Further factors also but less strongly contribute to risk of PD diagnosis or, as some premotor symptoms, require further standardized studies to demonstrate the magnitude of risk associated with them. ANN NEUROL 2012
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair J Noyce
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Van Maele-Fabry G, Hoet P, Vilain F, Lison D. Occupational exposure to pesticides and Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 46:30-43. [PMID: 22698719 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To systematically review available cohort studies and estimate quantitatively the association between occupational exposure to pesticides and Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Studies were identified from a MEDLINE search through 30 November 2011 and from the reference lists of identified publications. Relative risk (RR) estimates were extracted from 12 studies published between 1985 and 2011. Meta-rate ratio estimates (mRR) were calculated according to fixed and random-effect meta-analysis models. Meta-analyses were performed on the whole set of data and separate analyses were conducted after stratification for gender, exposure characterisation, PD cases identification, geographic location, reported risk estimator and cohort study design. RESULTS A statistically significant increased risk of PD was observed when all studies were combined (mRR=1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-1.59) but there was a high heterogeneity and inconsistency among studies. The highest increased risks were observed for studies with the best design, i.e. reporting PD diagnosis confirmed by a neurologist (mRR=2.56; CI: 1.46-4.48; n=4), for cohort studies reporting incidence of PD (mRR=1.95; CI: 1.29-2.97; n=3) as well as for prospective cohorts (mRR=1.39; CI: 1.09-1.78; n=6). A significant increased risk was also seen for banana, sugarcane and pineapple plantation workers (mRR=2.05; CI: 1.23-3.42; n=2). CONCLUSIONS The present study provides some support for the hypothesis that occupational exposure to pesticides increases the risk of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Van Maele-Fabry
- Université catholique de Louvain, SSS/IREC/LTAP, Louvain Center for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Avenue E. Mounier 52, bte B1.52.12, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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Blanc-Lapierre A, Bouvier G, Garrigou A, Canal-Raffin M, Raherison C, Brochard P, Baldi I. Effets chroniques des pesticides sur le système nerveux central : état des connaissances épidémiologiques. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2012; 60:389-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Pesticide exposure and Parkinson's disease: epidemiological evidence of association. Neurotoxicology 2012; 33:947-71. [PMID: 22627180 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that exposure to pesticides might be involved in the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). We conducted an updated systematic review of the epidemiologic literature over the past decade on the relationship between pesticide exposure and PD, using the MEDLINE database. Despite methodological differences, a significantly increased PD risk was observed in 13 out of 23 case-control studies that considered overall exposure to pesticides (risk estimates of 1.1-2.4) and in 10 out of 12 studies using other research designs (risk estimates of 2 or higher). Various studies found stronger associations in genetically susceptible individuals. Among a growing number of studies on the effects of exposure to specific pesticides (n=20), an increased PD risk has been associated with insecticides, especially chlorpyrifos and organochlorines, in six studies (odds ratios of 1.8-4.4), and with the herbicide paraquat, the fungicide maneb or the combination of both. Findings considerably strengthen the evidence that exposure to pesticides in well water may contribute to PD, whereas studies of farming and rural residence found inconsistent or little association with the disease. Taken together, this comprehensive set of results suggests that the hypothesis of an association between pesticide exposure and PD cannot be ruled out. However, inadequate data on consistent responses to exposure hinder the establishment of a causal relationship with PD. Given the extensive worldwide use of many pesticides, further studies are warranted in larger populations that include detailed quantitative data on exposure and determination of genetic polymorphisms.
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Systematic review of parkinsonian syndromes in short- and long-term survivors of paraquat poisoning. J Occup Environ Med 2012; 53:1332-6. [PMID: 21988794 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e318233775d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess whether high-dose paraquat exposure was associated with the development of parkinsonism. METHODS We carried out a systematic review of all published cases of paraquat toxicity meeting a case-definition of paraquat poisoning and who either recovered or lived for at least 30 days (primary analysis) or lived for 15 to 30 days (secondary analysis). Cases were included if they contained sufficient information to determine whether they had signs of parkinsonism. RESULTS Our search yielded 818 publications containing 83 cases. The primary analysis yielded 70 cases. None manifested signs of parkinsonism. An additional 13 were in the secondary analysis and none exhibited signs of parkinsonism. CONCLUSION An analysis the world's entire published experience found no connection between high-dose paraquat exposure in humans and the development of parkinsonism.
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van der Mark M, Brouwer M, Kromhout H, Nijssen P, Huss A, Vermeulen R. Is pesticide use related to Parkinson disease? Some clues to heterogeneity in study results. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:340-7. [PMID: 22389202 PMCID: PMC3295350 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1103881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous systematic reviews have indicated that pesticide exposure is possibly associated with Parkinson disease (PD). However, considerable heterogeneity has been observed in study results. OBJECTIVE We aimed at providing an update of the literature published on PD and exposure to pesticides by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis. In addition, we investigated whether methodological differences between studies could explain the heterogeneity in study results. METHODS We identified studies through a systematic literature search. We calculated summary risk ratios (sRRs) for pesticide exposure and subcategories using random effects meta-analyses and investigated sources of heterogeneity by meta-regression and stratified analyses. RESULTS Thirty-nine case-control studies, four cohort studies, and three cross-sectional studies were identified. An sRR of 1.62 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.40, 1.88] for pesticide exposure (ever vs. never) was found. Summary estimates for subclasses of pesticides indicated a positive association with herbicides and insecticides, but not with fungicides. Heterogeneity in individual study results was not related to study design, source of control population, adjustment of results for potential confounders, or geographical area. However, results were suggestive for heterogeneity related to differences in the exposure assessment. Job title-based exposure assignment resulted in a higher sRR (2.5; 95% CI: 1.5, 4.1) than did assignment based on self-reported exposure (e.g., for self-reported ever/never exposure, sRR = 1.5; 95% CI: 1.3, 1.8). CONCLUSIONS This review affirms the evidence that exposure to herbicides and insecticides increase the risk of PD. Future studies should focus on more objective and improved methods of pesticide exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne van der Mark
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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Saminathan H, Asaithambi A, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy AG, Kanthasamy A. Environmental neurotoxic pesticide dieldrin activates a non receptor tyrosine kinase to promote PKCδ-mediated dopaminergic apoptosis in a dopaminergic neuronal cell model. Neurotoxicology 2011; 32:567-77. [PMID: 21801747 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and apoptosis are two key pathophysiological mechanisms underlying dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, we identified that proteolytic activation of protein kinase C-delta (PKCδ), a member of the novel PKC family, contributes to oxidative stress-induced dopaminergic degeneration and that phosphorylation of tyrosine residue 311 (tyr311) on PKCδ is a key event preceding the PKCδ proteolytic activation during oxidative damage. Herein, we report that a non-receptor tyrosine kinase Fyn is significantly expressed in a dopaminergic neuronal N27 cell model. Exposure of N27 cells to the dopaminergic toxicant dieldrin (60 μM) rapidly activated Fyn kinase, PKCδ-tyr311 phosphorylation and proteolytic cleavage. Fyn kinase activation precedes the caspase-3-mediated proteolytic activation of PKCδ. Pre-treatment with p60-tyrosine-specific kinase inhibitor (TSKI) almost completely attenuated dieldrin-induced phosphorylation of PKCδ-tyr311 and its proteolytic activation. Additionally, TSKI almost completely blocked dieldrin-induced apoptotic cell death. To further confirm Fyn's role in the pro-apoptotic function of PKCδ, we adopted the RNAi approach. siRNA-mediated knockdown of Fyn kinase also effectively attenuated dieldrin-induced phosphorylation of PKCδ-tyr311, caspase-3-mediated PKCδ proteolytic cleavage, and DNA fragmentation, suggesting that Fyn kinase regulates the pro-apoptotic function of PKCδ. Collectively, these results demonstrate for the first time that Fyn kinase is a pro-apoptotic kinase that regulates upstream signaling of the PKCδ-mediated apoptotic cell death pathway in neurotoxicity models of pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariharan Saminathan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Tanner CM, Kamel F, Ross GW, Hoppin JA, Goldman SM, Korell M, Marras C, Bhudhikanok GS, Kasten M, Chade AR, Comyns K, Richards MB, Meng C, Priestley B, Fernandez HH, Cambi F, Umbach DM, Blair A, Sandler DP, Langston JW. Rotenone, paraquat, and Parkinson's disease. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:866-72. [PMID: 21269927 PMCID: PMC3114824 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 885] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are pathophysiologic mechanisms implicated in experimental models and genetic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Certain pesticides may affect these mechanisms, but no pesticide has been definitively associated with PD in humans. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to determine whether pesticides that cause mitochondrial dysfunction or oxidative stress are associated with PD or clinical features of parkinsonism in humans. METHODS We assessed lifetime use of pesticides selected by mechanism in a case-control study nested in the Agricultural Health Study (AHS). PD was diagnosed by movement disorders specialists. Controls were a stratified random sample of all AHS participants frequency-matched to cases by age, sex, and state at approximately three controls:one case. RESULTS In 110 PD cases and 358 controls, PD was associated with use of a group of pesticides that inhibit mitochondrial complex I [odds ratio (OR)=1.7; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0-2.8] including rotenone (OR=2.5; 95% CI, 1.3-4.7) and with use of a group of pesticides that cause oxidative stress (OR = 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2-3.6), including paraquat (OR=2.5; 95% CI, 1.4-4.7). CONCLUSIONS PD was positively associated with two groups of pesticides defined by mechanisms implicated experimentally-those that impair mitochondrial function and those that increase oxidative stress-supporting a role for these mechanisms in PD pathophysiology.
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Wirdefeldt K, Adami HO, Cole P, Trichopoulos D, Mandel J. Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson's disease: a review of the evidence. Eur J Epidemiol 2011; 26 Suppl 1:S1-58. [PMID: 21626386 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-011-9581-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 724] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is not well understood but likely to involve both genetic and environmental factors. Incidence and prevalence estimates vary to a large extent-at least partly due to methodological differences between studies-but are consistently higher in men than in women. Several genes that cause familial as well as sporadic PD have been identified and familial aggregation studies support a genetic component. Despite a vast literature on lifestyle and environmental possible risk or protection factors, consistent findings are few. There is compelling evidence for protective effects of smoking and coffee, but the biologic mechanisms for these possibly causal relations are poorly understood. Uric acid also seems to be associated with lower PD risk. Evidence that one or several pesticides increase PD risk is suggestive but further research is needed to identify specific compounds that may play a causal role. Evidence is limited on the role of metals, other chemicals and magnetic fields. Important methodological limitations include crude classification of exposure, low frequency and intensity of exposure, inadequate sample size, potential for confounding, retrospective study designs and lack of consistent diagnostic criteria for PD. Studies that assessed possible shared etiological components between PD and other diseases show that REM sleep behavior disorder and mental illness increase PD risk and that PD patients have lower cancer risk, but methodological concerns exist. Future epidemiologic studies of PD should be large, include detailed quantifications of exposure, and collect information on environmental exposures as well as genetic polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Wirdefeldt
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Morán JM, Ortiz-Ortiz MA, Ruiz-Mesa LM, Fuentes JM. Nitric oxide in paraquat-mediated toxicity: A review. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2011; 24:402-9. [PMID: 21182169 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat, a cationic herbicide, produces degenerative lesions in the lung and in the nervous system after systemic administration to man and animals. Many cases of acute poisoning and death have been reported over the past few decades. Although a definitive mechanism of toxicity of paraquat has not been delineated, a cyclic single electron reduction/oxidation is a critical mechanistic event. The redox cycling of paraquat has two potentially important consequences relevant to the development of toxicity: the generation of the superoxide anion, which can lead to the formation of more toxic reactive oxygen species which are highly reactive to cellular macromolecules; and the oxidation of reducing equivalents (e.g., NADPH, reduced glutathione), which results in the disruption of important NADPH-requiring biochemical processes necessary for normal cell function. Nitric oxide is an important signaling molecule that reacts with superoxide derived from the paraquat redox cycle, to form the potent oxidant peroxynitrite, which causes serious cell damage. Although nitric oxide has been involved in the mechanism of paraquat-mediated toxicity, the role of nitric oxide has been controversial as both protective and harmful effects have been described. The present review summarizes recent findings in the field and describes new knowledge on the role of nitric oxide in the paraquat-mediated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Morán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Moleculary Genética, EU Enfermería y TO, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda Universidad s/n 10071 Cáceres, Spain.
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Tomenson JA, Campbell C. Mortality from Parkinson's disease and other causes among a workforce manufacturing paraquat: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2011; 1:e000283. [PMID: 22080539 PMCID: PMC3211049 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) and update information on mortality from major causes of death among a UK workforce who manufactured paraquat (PQ) between 1961 and 1995. There have been no previous studies of the incidence of PD among PQ production workers, although much epidemiological literature exists concerning the relationship between pesticides and PD, and interest has focused on PQ and its users. Methods The cohort included all employees who had ever worked on any of the four plants at Widnes where PQ was manufactured between 1961 and 1995, and 926 male and 42 female workers were followed through 30 June 2009. Mortalities for males were compared with national and local rates, including rates for PD as a mentioned cause of death. Results Overall, 307 workers had died by 30 June 2009. One male death was due to PD, and no other death certificate mentioned PD. At least 3.3 death certificates of male employees would have been expected to have mentioned PD (standardised mortality ratio=31; 95% CI 1 to 171). Personal monitoring results were indicative that the exposure of a PQ production worker on a daily basis was at least comparable with that of a PQ sprayer or mixer/loader. Reduced mortalities compared with local rates were found for major causes of death. Conclusions The study provided no evidence of an increased risk of PD, or increased mortalities from other causes.
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Can dietary substances protect against Parkinson's disease? The case of caffeine. Exp Neurol 2010; 225:246-9. [PMID: 20659450 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Vlajinac HD, Hristina VD, Sipetic SB, Maksimovic JM, Marinkovic JM, Dzoljic ED, Ratkov IS, Kostic VS. Environmental factors and Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in Belgrade, Serbia. Int J Neurosci 2010; 120:361-7. [PMID: 20402575 DOI: 10.3109/00207451003668374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A case-control study was performed in Belgrade in order to investigate the association between Parkinson's disease (PD) and some environmental factors. During the period 2001-2005, 110 new PD cases and 220 hospital controls were interviewed. Cases and controls were matched by sex, age (+/-2 years), and place of residence (urban/rural). According to multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis, PD was positively asssociated with exposure to insecticides (odds ratio (OR) 3.22, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.32-7.87), dyes (OR 25.33; 95% CI, 2.89-222.0), and naphtha and its derivates (OR 9.53; 95% CI, 1.04-86.96), and with gardening (OR 5.51; 95% CI, 3.04-10.01), well water drinking (OR 2.62; 95% CI, 1.40-4.90), and spring water drinking (OR 2.19; 95% CI, 1.15-4.16). Negative association was found for service-sector working (OR 0.15; 95% CI, 0.04-0.59). The results obtained did not changed after adjustment for smoking. The findings of the present study support the role of environmental factors in the occurence of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hristina D Vlajinac
- Institute of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Visegradska 26, Belgrade, 11000 Serbia.
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Abstract
Pesticides are routinely screened in studies that follow specific
guidelines for possible neuropathogenicity in laboratory animals.
These tests will detect chemicals that are by themselves strong
inducers of neuropathogenesis if the tested strain is susceptible
relative to the time of administration and methodology of
assessment. Organophosphate induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) is
the only known human neurodegenerative disease associated with
pesticides and the existing study guidelines with hens are a
standard for predicting the potential for organophosphates to
cause OPIDN. Although recent data have led to the suggestion that
pesticides may be risk factors for Parkinsonism syndrome, there
are no specific protocols to evaluate this syndrome in the
existing study guidelines. Ideally additional animal models for
human neurodegenerative diseases need to be developed and
incorporated into the guidelines to further assure the public that
limited exposure to pesticides is not a risk factor for
neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Doherty
- Health Effects Division (7509C), Office of Pesticide
Programs, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington DC 20460, USA
- *John D. Doherty:
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Dual effects of α-synuclein on neurotoxicity induced by low dosage of rotenone are dependent on exposure time in dopaminergic neuroblastoma cells. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2010; 53:590-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-010-0104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Berry C, La Vecchia C, Nicotera P. Paraquat and Parkinson's disease. Cell Death Differ 2010; 17:1115-25. [DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Dodd CA, Klein BG. Pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticide exposure in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson’s disease: an immunohistochemical analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase and glial fibrillary acidic protein in dorsolateral striatum. Toxicol Ind Health 2009; 25:25-39. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233709102752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pyrethroid insecticide permethrin and the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos can experimentally produce Parkinson’s disease (PD)-associated changes in the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway, short of frank degeneration, although at doses considerably higher than from a likely environmental exposure. The ability of permethrin (200 mg/kg), chlorpyrifos (50 mg/kg), or combined permethrin + chlorpyrifos to facilitate nigrostriatal damage in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) (30 mg/kg) C57BL/6 mouse model of PD was investigated in three separate experiments. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry assessed nigrostriatal degeneration or nigrostriatal damage more subtle than frank degeneration. Four fields in the dorsolateral caudate-putamen were examined at two rostrocaudal locations. The dopaminergic neurotoxin MPTP decreased striatal TH immunopositive neuropil and increased GFAP immunopositive neuropil. Neither permethrin nor chlorpyrifos, alone or in combination, altered the effects of MPTP upon TH or GFAP immunostaining. Permethrin alone increased striatal GFAP immunopositive neuropil but not when combined with chlorpyrifos treatment. Therefore, combined administration of the two insecticides appeared to protect against an increase in a neuropathological indicator of striatal damage seen with permethrin treatment alone. Differences compared with analysis of entire striatum emphasize the value of varying the topographic focus used to assess nigrostriatal degeneration in studies of insecticides in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- CA Dodd
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - BG Klein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Jadavji N, Metz G. Both pre- and post-lesion experiential therapy is beneficial in 6-hydroxydopamine dopamine-depleted female rats. Neuroscience 2009; 158:373-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Carvour M, Song C, Kaul S, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy A, Kanthasamy A. Chronic low-dose oxidative stress induces caspase-3-dependent PKCdelta proteolytic activation and apoptosis in a cell culture model of dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1139:197-205. [PMID: 18991865 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1432.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated as a key event in the degenerative process of dopaminergic neurons; however, the cellular mechanisms underlying chronic oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration remain to be established. In this study, N27 cells, a dopaminergic neuronal cell line derived from rat mesencephalon, exposed to low doses of H(2)O(2) (0-30 muM for 12-24 hr) exhibited dose- and time-dependent increases in cytotoxicity and ROS generation. In addition, the H(2)O(2)-induced neurotoxicity was accompanied by increased caspase-3 activity and PKCdelta cleavage. Notably, treatment with antioxidants Trolox and MnTBAP or PKCdelta cleavage inhibitor z-DIPD-fmk significantly protected against oxidative stress-induced apoptotic cell death. These results demonstrate that the N27 cell line is a useful model for the study of the chronic low-dose oxidative stress-induced apoptotic cell death cascade and that caspase-3-dependent PKCdelta proteolytic activation may be important in the apoptotic process in dopaminergic neurons undergoing chronic oxidative insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Carvour
- Parkinson's Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Jones DC, Miller GW. The effects of environmental neurotoxicants on the dopaminergic system: A possible role in drug addiction. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:569-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chesselet MF. In vivo alpha-synuclein overexpression in rodents: a useful model of Parkinson's disease? Exp Neurol 2008; 209:22-7. [PMID: 17949715 PMCID: PMC2262051 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2007] [Revised: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in alpha-synuclein were the first genetic defect linked to Parkinson's disease (PD). The relevance of alpha-synuclein to sporadic PD is strongly supported by the presence of alpha-synuclein aggregates in neurons of patients. This has prompted the development of numerous animal models based on alpha-synuclein overexpression, primarily through genetic methods in mice and viral transduction in rats. In mice, different promoters and transgenes lead to a wide variety of phenotypes accompanied by non-existent, late onset, or non-specific neurodegeneration. Rapid neurodegeneration, in contrast, is observed after viral transduction but is limited to the targeted region and does not mimic the broad pathology observed in the disease. Overall, each model reproduces a subset of features of PD and can be used to identify therapeutic targets and test disease-modifying therapies. The predictive value of all models of the disease, however, remains speculative in the absence of effective neuroprotective treatments for PD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Francoise Chesselet
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Radad K, Gille G, Rausch WD. Dopaminergic neurons are preferentially sensitive to long-term rotenone toxicity in primary cell culture. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 22:68-74. [PMID: 17923380 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the subsequent decrease of dopamine levels in the striatum. Epidemiological studies indicate environmental pollutants as a causative factor of sporadic PD. Experimental cell culture models have the inherent problem to mimic long-lasting neurodegeneration and to tackle its time-concentration relationship. The present study was designed to investigate the sensitivity of primary dopaminergic neurons to long-term rotenone exposure relevant to PD. Primary cultures prepared from embryonic mouse mesencephala were treated with nanomolar concentrations of rotenone (1, 3, 5, 10nM) on the 6th day in vitro (DIV) for 2, 4 and 6 days. The number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH(+)) neurons and total hematoxylin-stained nuclei were counted. Astrocyte density was qualitatively evaluated by anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (anti-GFAP) immunocytochemistry. It was found that dopaminergic neurons were highly sensitive to long-term rotenone treatment. Rotenone in a concentration- and time-dependent manner decreased the number of TH(+) neurons and led to degenerative changes of their morphology. Counting of the total cell number revealed a significant deleterious effect on the overall culture after 6 days of rotenone exposure. However, our study demonstrates a higher sensitivity of dopaminergic neurons to long-term exposure to nanomolar concentrations of rotenone. Other cells in the culture including non-dopaminergic neurons and glia cells appeared less affected compared to dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Radad
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.
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Lenaz G, Fato R, Formiggini G, Genova ML. The role of Coenzyme Q in mitochondrial electron transport. Mitochondrion 2007; 7 Suppl:S8-33. [PMID: 17485246 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In mitochondria, most Coenzyme Q is free in the lipid bilayer; the question as to whether tightly bound, non-exchangeable Coenzyme Q molecules exist in mitochondrial complexes is still an open question. We review the mechanism of inter-complex electron transfer mediated by ubiquinone and discuss the kinetic consequences of the supramolecular organization of the respiratory complexes (randomly dispersed vs. super-complexes) in terms of Coenzyme Q pool behavior vs. metabolic channeling, respectively, both in physiological and in some pathological conditions. As an example of intra-complex electron transfer, we discuss in particular Complex I, a topic that is still under active investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Lenaz
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Università di Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Fong CS, Wu RM, Shieh JC, Chao YT, Fu YP, Kuao CL, Cheng CW. Pesticide exposure on southwestern Taiwanese with MnSOD and NQO1 polymorphisms is associated with increased risk of Parkinson's disease. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 378:136-41. [PMID: 17188257 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Revised: 11/05/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothetic mechanism of the individual vulnerability to oxidative stress through metabolism of environmental xenobiotics and genotypic polymorphisms has been considered to promote the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this case-control study, we determined the role of manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) genes in PD risk in a population with high prevalence of pesticide exposure. METHODS From southwestern region of Taiwan, we enrolled 153 patients with idiopathic PD and 155 healthy control subjects matched for age, sex and origin. Detailed questionnaires of face-to-face interviews among these subjects were collected. PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays were used to determine the genotypes of MnSOD (-9 T>C) and NQO1 (609 C>T) genes. RESULTS Exposure to pesticides associated with PD was significant among patients with an increased odds ratio (OR) of 1.69 (95%CI, 1.07-2.65), and this association remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, and cigarette smoking (aOR=1.68, 95%CI, 1.03-2.76, P=0.023). Considering genetic factors, there were no significant differences in frequencies of both genotypes of MnSOD and NQO1 polymorphisms between PD patients and the control subjects (P>0.05). However, this difference in genotype distribution was significant among subjects who had been exposed to pesticide, with aOR of 2.49 (95%CI, 1.18-5.26, P=0.0072) for MnSOD C allele and aOR of 2.42 (95%CI, 1.16-4.76, P=0.0089) for NQO1 T allele, respectively. Moreover, among subjects exposed to pesticide, the combined MnSOD/NQO1 variant genotype was significantly associated with a 4.09-fold increased risk of PD (95%CI, 1.34-10.64, P=0.0052). CONCLUSION Susceptible variants of MnSOD and NQO1 genes may interact with occupational pesticide exposure to increase PD risk in southwestern Taiwanese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Shih Fong
- Department of Neurology, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chia-Yi, and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Babot Z, Vilaró MT, Suñol C. Long-term exposure to dieldrin reduces γ-aminobutyric acid type A and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function in primary cultures of mouse cerebellar granule cells. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:3687-95. [PMID: 17663462 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The organochlorine pesticide dieldrin is a persistent organic pollutant that accumulates in the fatty tissue of living organisms. In mammals, it antagonizes the GABA(A) receptor, producing convulsions after acute exposure. Although accumulation in human brain has been reported, little is known about the effects of long-term exposure to dieldrin in the nervous system. Homeostatic control of the balance between excitation and inhibition has been reported when neuronal activity is chronically altered. We hypothesized that noncytotoxic concentrations of dieldrin could decrease glutamatergic neurotransmission as a consequence of a prolonged reduction in GABA(A) receptor function. Long-term exposure of primary cerebellar granule cell cultures to 3 microM dieldrin reduced the GABA(A) receptor function to 55% of control, as measured by the GABA-induced (36)Cl(-) uptake. This exposure produced a significant reduction (approximately 35%) of the NMDA-induced increase in [Ca(2+)](i) and of the [(3)H]MK-801 binding, which was not accompanied by a reduction in the NMDA receptor subunit NR1, as determined by Western blot. Consistent with the decreased NMDA receptor function, dieldrin-treated cultures were insensitive to an excitotoxic stimulus induced by exposure to high potassium. In summary, we report that the chronic reduction of GABA(A) receptor function induced by dieldrin decreases the number of functional NMDA receptors, which may be attributable to a mechanism of synaptic scaling. These effects could underlie neural mechanisms involved in cognitive impairment produced by low-level exposure to dieldrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoila Babot
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC-IDIBAPS, Rosselló 161, Barcelona, Spain
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Hardy J, Cai H, Cookson MR, Gwinn-Hardy K, Singleton A. Genetics of Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism. Ann Neurol 2006; 60:389-98. [PMID: 17068789 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Until 10 years ago, conventional wisdom held that Parkinson's disease was not a genetic disorder. Since that time, there have been a plethora of genetic findings, culminating in the cloning of several genes that derive from the loci given the nomenclature PARK1-PARK12 (OMIM 168600). Recently, these research findings have begun to impact clinical practice, and this impact is likely to increase. The primary purpose of this article is to outline these genetic advances, discuss their importance for current practice in clinical and related settings, and outline briefly how they are influencing research into the causes of and possible future treatments for this prevalent disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hardy
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Porter Neuroscience Building, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Lange JH, Buja A, Mastrangelo G. Endotoxin, a Possible Agent in the Causation of Parkinson???s Disease. J Occup Environ Med 2006; 48:655; author reply 655-6. [PMID: 16832216 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000214446.94586.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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