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Grodin EN, Burnette EM, Rodriguez C, Fulcher JA, Ray LA. The gut microbiome in alcohol use disorder and alcohol-associated liver disease: A systematic review of clinical studies. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 48:1221-1242. [PMID: 38719790 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that a relationship exists between the gut microbiome and the pathogenesis of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and alcohol-associated liver disease (AALD). This systematic review identified studies that investigated the gut microbiome in individuals with an AUD or an AALD. A search was conducted on October 27, 2022, in PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases. Fifty studies satisfied eligibility criteria. Most studies found evidence for gut dysbiosis in individuals with AUD and AALD. Microbiome intervention studies have mostly been conducted in AALD patients; fecal microbial transplant interventions show the most promise. Because most studies were conducted cross-sectionally, the causal relationship between the gut microbiome and alcohol use is unknown. Furthermore, almost all studies have been conducted in predominantly male populations, leaving critical questions regarding sex differences and generalizability of the findings. The study summaries and recommendations provided in this review seek to identify areas for further research and to highlight potential gut microbial interventions for treating AUD and AALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica N Grodin
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Burnette
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Crystal Rodriguez
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jennifer A Fulcher
- Division of Infectious Diseases, David Gefen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lara A Ray
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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2
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Leca BM, Lagojda L, Kite C, Karteris E, Kassi E, Randeva HS, Kyrou I. Maternal obesity and metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease in pregnancy: a comprehensive narrative review. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2024; 19:335-348. [PMID: 38860684 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2024.2365791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) during pregnancy constitute significant problems for routine antenatal care, with increasing prevalence globally. Similar to obesity, MAFLD is associated with a higher risk for maternal complications (e.g. pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes) and long-term adverse health outcomes for the offspring. However, MAFLD during pregnancy is often under-recognized, with limited management/treatment options. AREAS COVERED PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Scopus were searched based on a search strategy for obesity and/or MAFLD in pregnancy to identify relevant papers up to 2024. This review summarizes the pertinent evidence on the relationship between maternal obesity and MAFLD during pregnancy. Key mechanisms implicated in the underlying pathophysiology linking obesity and MAFLD during pregnancy (e.g. insulin resistance and dysregulated adipokine secretion) are highlighted. Moreover, a diagnostic approach for MAFLD diagnosis during pregnancy and its complications are presented. Finally, promising relevant areas for future research are covered. EXPERT OPINION Research progress regarding maternal obesity, MAFLD, and their impact on maternal and fetal/offspring health is expected to improve the relevant diagnostic methods and lead to novel treatments. Thus, routine practice could apply more personalized management strategies, incorporating individualized algorithms with genetic and/or multi-biomarker profiling to guide prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca M Leca
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Lukasz Lagojda
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
- Clinical Evidence-Based Information Service (CEBIS), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Chris Kite
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Research Institute for Health & Wellbeing, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
- Chester Medical School, University of Chester, Shrewsbury, UK
| | - Emmanouil Karteris
- College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Division of Biosciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Eva Kassi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Harpal S Randeva
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Research Institute for Health & Wellbeing, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
- Institute of Cardiometabolic Medicine, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Research Institute for Health & Wellbeing, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
- Institute of Cardiometabolic Medicine, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
- Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
- College of Health, Psychology and Social Care, University of Derby, Derby, UK
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Ramachandran G, Pottakkat B. Probiotics-A Promising Novel Therapeutic Approach in the Management of Chronic Liver Diseases. J Med Food 2024; 27:467-476. [PMID: 38574254 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2023.k.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
An increased incidence of liver diseases has been observed in recent years and is associated with gut dysbiosis, which causes bacterial infection, intestinal permeability, and further leads to disease-related complications. Probiotics, active microbial strains, are gaining more clinical importance due to their beneficial effect in the management of many diseases, including liver diseases. Clinical scenarios show strong evidence that probiotics have efficacy in treating liver diseases due to their ability to improve epithelial barrier function, prevent bacterial translocation, and boost the immune system. Moreover, probiotics survive both bile and gastric acid to reach the gut and exert their health benefit. Evidence shows that probiotics are a promising approach to prevent several complications in clinical practice. Herein, we discuss the recent evidence, challenges, and appropriate use of probiotics in managing advanced liver diseases, which may have an impact on future therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, the superior effect of strain-specific probiotics and their efficacy and safety in managing liver diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokulapriya Ramachandran
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Biju Pottakkat
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
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Chang G, Sun J, Li J, Li T. Effect of Probiotics on Portal Hypertension (PH) with Cirrhosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2024; 48:102361. [PMID: 38701917 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2024.102361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are many options for the reduction of portal hypertension (pH) in cirrhotic patients, but all the current ones have side effects. Probiotics are a new approach for ameliorating the hyperdynamic circulation of cirrhotic patients. The aim of this study is to measure the effect of probiotics on pH in cirrhosis for the first time. METHODS A search was conducted across four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane) for English-language records evaluating probiotic effects on pH in cirrhotic patients. Quality assessment used the Cochrane Collaboration's tool, employing a random-effects model in statistical analysis with Stata software version 1. RESULTS A search yielded 1,251 articles, which were narrowed down to 5 through screening. These studies, involving 158 participants across Canada, India, Spain, and Russia, focused on probiotic interventions in cirrhotic patients. Meta-analysis of two RCTs (66 participants) indicated a significant decrease in hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) (SMD: -0.60 [-1.09, -0.12]). In single-arm analysis, four studies (58 participants) showed a substantial reduction in HVPG with probiotic use compared to the control (SMD: -2.55 [-3.42, -1.68]). CONCLUSION In summary, it showcased a notable reduction in HVPG compared to the control group, indicating a potential advantage of probiotics in decreasing pH in cirrhotic patients. Further research with larger samples and robust designs is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chang
- Department of Minimally invasive intervention, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Shandong University, No.11 Wuyingshan Middle Road, Tianqiao District, Jinan, Shandong 250031, PR China.
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Shandong University, No.11 Wuyingshan Middle Road, Tianqiao District, Jinan, Shandong 250031, PR China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Shandong University, No.11 Wuyingshan Middle Road, Tianqiao District, Jinan, Shandong 250031, PR China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Hepatic, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
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Buckholz AP, Brown RS. Future Therapies of Hepatic Encephalopathy. Clin Liver Dis 2024; 28:331-344. [PMID: 38548443 PMCID: PMC10987054 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy, either covert or overt, affects more than half of patients with cirrhosis and has lasting effects even after portal hypertension is corrected. Unfortunately, the current therapeutic options still result in high rates of relapse and progression, in part owing to cost barriers and side effects, leading to poor adherence. This review summarizes emerging treatment options, which could take advantage of alternative disease pathways to improve future care of those with hepatic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Buckholz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, New York/Presbyterian-Weill Cornell Medical College, 1305 York Avenue, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Robert S Brown
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, New York/Presbyterian-Weill Cornell Medical College, 1305 York Avenue, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Hsieh RH, Chien YJ, Lan WY, Lin YK, Lin YH, Chiang CF, Yang MT. Bacillus coagulans TCI711 Supplementation Improved Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver by Modulating Gut Microbiota: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Trial. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:102083. [PMID: 38510931 PMCID: PMC10951533 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of the major problems of chronic liver disease worldwide. It not only causes damage to the liver but also engenders chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Recent studies have shown that regulating Bacillus coagulans can improve NAFLD. Objectives This trial explores whether B. coagulans TCI711 (BCT) could ameliorate NAFLD. Methods A total of 57 patients with NAFLD were recruited through FibroScan liver fibrosis scanner and divided into placebo (n = 28) and BCT-supplemented groups (n = 29). Specifically, 1 BCT probiotic capsule was supplemented daily for 8 wk. Furthermore, the blood, stool, and fatty liver content were then examined. Results Parameters evaluated for liver and kidney indicators showed no side effects after supplementing BCT. A significant reduction of 8.7% in the fatty liver was achieved by effectively suppressing the grade of fatty liver as revealed by controlled attenuation parameter. BCT also regulated gut microbiota profiles, with significant increases observed in Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Ruminococcaceae, and Sellimonas compared with the baseline. Conclusions BCT may improve NAFLD by regulating gut microbiota, and parameters evaluated for liver and kidney indicate no side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Hong Hsieh
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Chien
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Lan
- Center for General Education, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Kai Lin
- Institute of Food Safety and Risk Management, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Chi-Fu Chiang
- Research & Design Center, TCI Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ta Yang
- Center for General Education, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Clinical Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Virk MS, Virk MA, He Y, Tufail T, Gul M, Qayum A, Rehman A, Rashid A, Ekumah JN, Han X, Wang J, Ren X. The Anti-Inflammatory and Curative Exponent of Probiotics: A Comprehensive and Authentic Ingredient for the Sustained Functioning of Major Human Organs. Nutrients 2024; 16:546. [PMID: 38398870 PMCID: PMC10893534 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Several billion microorganisms reside in the gastrointestinal lumen, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and yeast. Among them, probiotics were primarily used to cure digestive disorders such as intestinal infections and diarrhea; however, with a paradigm shift towards alleviating health through food, their importance is large. Moreover, recent studies have changed the perspective that probiotics prevent numerous ailments in the major organs. Probiotics primarily produce biologically active compounds targeting discommodious pathogens. This review demonstrates the implications of using probiotics from different genres to prevent and alleviate ailments in the primary human organs. The findings reveal that probiotics immediately activate anti-inflammatory mechanisms by producing anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-11, and IL-13, and hindering pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α by involving regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper cells (Th cells). Several strains of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus reuteri, Bifidobacterium longum, and Bifidobacterium breve have been listed among the probiotics that are excellent in alleviating various simple to complex ailments. Therefore, the importance of probiotics necessitates robust research to unveil the implications of probiotics, including the potency of strains, the optimal dosages, the combination of probiotics, their habitat in the host, the host response, and other pertinent factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Safiullah Virk
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
| | | | - Yufeng He
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
| | - Tabussam Tufail
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mehak Gul
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qayum
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
| | - Abdur Rehman
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
| | - Arif Rashid
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
| | - John-Nelson Ekumah
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
| | - Xu Han
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
| | - Junxia Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
| | - Xiaofeng Ren
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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8
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Rodrigues SG, van der Merwe S, Krag A, Wiest R. Gut-liver axis: Pathophysiological concepts and medical perspective in chronic liver diseases. Semin Immunol 2024; 71:101859. [PMID: 38219459 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana G Rodrigues
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Schalk van der Merwe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University hospital Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aleksander Krag
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Centre for Liver Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Reiner Wiest
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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Chi X, Sun X, Cheng D, Liu S, Q. Pan C, Xing H. Intestinal microbiome-targeted therapies improve liver function in alcohol-related liver disease by restoring bifidobacteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1274261. [PMID: 38259268 PMCID: PMC10800551 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1274261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: To systematically evaluate the efficacy of intestinal microbiome-targeted therapies (MTTs) in alcohol-related liver disease (ALD). Methods: With pre-specified keywords and strategies, we searched databases including Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and Weipu for RCTs on intestinal MTTs in ALD patients from January 2000 to May 2021. Two researchers independently conducted literature screening, data extraction, and quality evaluation according to the eligible criteria. Outcomes of interest included the effects of intestinal MTTs on ALT, AST, GGT, TBIL, TNF-α, IL-6, intestinal Escherichia coli, and Bifidobacteria when compared to the control group. Pooled data were compiled and analyzed with Revman 5.4 software. Results: Among 5 RCTs included with 456 ALD patients who received probiotics, the therapeutic pooled effects in the experimental group were the followings: ALT (MD = -7.16.95% CI: 10.71∼-3.60; p < 0.0001)、AST (MD = -25.11.95% CI: 30.57∼-19.47; p < 0.00001)、GGT (MD = -6.72.95% CI: 11.91∼-1.53; p = 0.01)、IL-6(SMD = -0.82.95% CI: 1.10∼-0.54; p < 0.00001), which were significantly better than those in the placebo or standard treatment group respectively, while the difference of TBIL (SMD = -0.06, 95%CI: 0.29-0.16; p = 0.59), TNF-α(SMD = -0.53.95% CI: 1.57-0.50; p = 0.31)in the two groups was not significant. After intestinal MTT treatment, the number of intestinal Bifidobacteria increased significantly (MD = 0.79.95% CI: 0.00-1.58; p = 0.05)in the experimental group. However, there were no significant changes in the number of E. coli in both groups (SMD = -0.29.95% CI: 0.92-0.34; p = 0.36). Conclusion: Intestinal MTTs can significantly improve liver function, associated with the increase of intestinal Bifidobacteria, which may be beneficial to ALD. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021246067, Identifier CRD42021246067.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chi
- Center of Liver Diseases Division, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu Sun
- Center of Liver Diseases Division, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Danying Cheng
- Center of Liver Diseases Division, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shunai Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Calvin Q. Pan
- Center of Liver Diseases Division, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, NYU Langone Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Huichun Xing
- Center of Liver Diseases Division, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
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Li X, Chen W, Ren J, Gao X, Zhao Y, Song T, Fu K, Zheng Y, Yang J. Effects of curcumin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A scientific metrogy study. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 123:155241. [PMID: 38128395 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases encountered in clinical practice. Curcumin can alleviate insulin resistance, inhibit oxidative stress response, reduce inflammation, reduce liver fat deposition, and effectively improve NAFLD through various modalities, inhibiting the progression into cirrhosis and fibrosis. PURPOSE To explore the current status, hot spots, and developing trends of curcumin in NAFLD treatment through quantitative scientific analysis to serve as a reference for subsequent studies. STUDY DESIGN A comprehensive analysis of the mechanism of action of curcumin in the treatment of NAFLD and methods to increase curcumin bioavailability using bibliometric analysis and literature review. METHODS This study used VOSviewer software to analyze the literature related to curcumin treatment of NAFLD in the Web of Science (WOS) core set database. A comprehensive and in-depth review was conducted based on the results of scientific econometric research and literature review. RESULTS The review observed that curcumin can activate various signaling pathways such as AMPK and NF-κB to inhibit oxidative stress and apoptosis, thereby reflecting its pharmacological effects: lowering lipid, anti-inflammatory, reducing insulin resistance, and anti-fibrosis. These mechanisms improve or even reverse the complex pathological features of lipid metabolism disorders associated with NAFLD. Curcumin also can potentially serve as a primary regulatory target for treating hepatic steatosis using gut microbiota. However, these pharmacological effects of curcumin were limited owing to its low bioavailability. CONCLUSION This review discusses NAFLD treatment with curcumin, analyzes the reasons for its low bioavailability, and introduces models for studying and methods for improving curcumin bioavailability. As research on NAFLD grows, future research should capture the trend of basic research, pay attention to clinical research, and continuously explore the therapeutic potential of curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiankuan Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Weisan Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jiali Ren
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xinchen Gao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Tianbao Song
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Kun Fu
- Second Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300120, China
| | - Yanchao Zheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Jinlong Yang
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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11
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Islam MM, Islam MM, Rahman MA, Ripon MAR, Hossain MS. Gut microbiota in obesity and related complications: Unveiling the complex interplay. Life Sci 2023; 334:122211. [PMID: 38084672 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the obesity epidemic has escalated into a serious public health catastrophe that is only getting worse. However, research into the pathophysiological pathways behind the obesity development and the illnesses that it is associated with is ongoing. In the last decades, it is now clear that the gut microbiota plays a significant role in the genesis and progression of obesity and obesity-related illnesses, particularly changes in its metabolites and composition as obesity progresses. Here, we provide a summary of the processes by which variations in gut metabolite levels and the composition of gut microbiota affect obesity and associated disorders. The bacteria residing in the gut release several chemicals that influence the appetite control, metabolism, and other systems. Since it can either encourage or restrict the deposition of fat in several different ways, the gut microbiota's role in obesity is debatable. Additionally, we go over potential therapeutic approaches that could be utilized to alter gut microbiota composition and focus on the important metabolic pathways associated with obesity and metabolic disorders linked to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Monirul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mahmodul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdur Rahman Ripon
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Salim Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
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Maslennikov R, Poluektova E, Zolnikova O, Sedova A, Kurbatova A, Shulpekova Y, Dzhakhaya N, Kardasheva S, Nadinskaia M, Bueverova E, Nechaev V, Karchevskaya A, Ivashkin V. Gut Microbiota and Bacterial Translocation in the Pathogenesis of Liver Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16502. [PMID: 38003692 PMCID: PMC10671141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis is the end result of liver fibrosis in chronic liver diseases. Studying the mechanisms of its development and developing measures to slow down and regress it based on this knowledge seem to be important tasks for medicine. Currently, disorders of the gut-liver axis have great importance in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis. However, gut dysbiosis, which manifests as increased proportions in the gut microbiota of Bacilli and Proteobacteria that are capable of bacterial translocation and a decreased proportion of Clostridia that strengthen the intestinal barrier, occurs even at the pre-cirrhotic stage of chronic liver disease. This leads to the development of bacterial translocation, a process by which those microbes enter the blood of the portal vein and then the liver tissue, where they activate Kupffer cells through Toll-like receptor 4. In response, the Kupffer cells produce profibrogenic cytokines, which activate hepatic stellate cells, stimulating their transformation into myofibroblasts that produce collagen and other elements of the extracellular matrix. Blocking bacterial translocation with antibiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and other methods could slow down the progression of liver fibrosis. This was shown in a number of animal models but requires further verification in long-term randomized controlled trials with humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Maslennikov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia (A.S.); (N.D.); (M.N.); (E.B.)
- The Interregional Public Organization “Scientific Community for the Promotion of the Clinical Study of the Human Microbiome”, 119048 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Poluektova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia (A.S.); (N.D.); (M.N.); (E.B.)
- The Interregional Public Organization “Scientific Community for the Promotion of the Clinical Study of the Human Microbiome”, 119048 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oxana Zolnikova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia (A.S.); (N.D.); (M.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Alla Sedova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia (A.S.); (N.D.); (M.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Anastasia Kurbatova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia (A.S.); (N.D.); (M.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Yulia Shulpekova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia (A.S.); (N.D.); (M.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Natyia Dzhakhaya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia (A.S.); (N.D.); (M.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Svetlana Kardasheva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia (A.S.); (N.D.); (M.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Maria Nadinskaia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia (A.S.); (N.D.); (M.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Elena Bueverova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia (A.S.); (N.D.); (M.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Vladimir Nechaev
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia (A.S.); (N.D.); (M.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Anna Karchevskaya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia (A.S.); (N.D.); (M.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Vladimir Ivashkin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia (A.S.); (N.D.); (M.N.); (E.B.)
- The Interregional Public Organization “Scientific Community for the Promotion of the Clinical Study of the Human Microbiome”, 119048 Moscow, Russia
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Ralli T, Saifi Z, Tyagi N, Vidyadhari A, Aeri V, Kohli K. Deciphering the role of gut metabolites in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023; 49:815-833. [PMID: 36394607 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2142091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Perturbations in microbial abundance or diversity in the intestinal lumen leads to intestinal inflammation and disruption of intestinal membrane which eventually facilitates the translocation of microbial metabolites or whole microbes to the liver and other organs through portal vein. This process of translocation finally leads to multitude of health disorders. In this review, we are going to focus on the mechanisms by which gut metabolites like SCFAs, tryptophan (Trp) metabolites, bile acids (BAs), ethanol, and choline can either cause the development/progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or serves as a therapeutic treatment for the disease. Alterations in some metabolites like SCFAs, Trp metabolites, etc., can serve as biomarker molecules whereas presence of specific metabolites like ethanol definitely leads to disease progression. Thus, proper understanding of these mechanisms will subsequently help in designing of microbiome-based therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, we have also focussed on the role of dysbiosis on the mucosal immune system. In addition, we would also compile up the microbiome-based clinical trials which are currently undergoing for the treatment of NAFLD and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). It has been observed that the use of microbiome-based approaches like prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotics, etc., can act as a beneficial treatment option but more research needs to be done to know how to manipulate the composition of gut microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Ralli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Zoya Saifi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Neha Tyagi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Arya Vidyadhari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Vidhu Aeri
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Kanchan Kohli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
- Research and Publications, Llyod Institute of Management and Technology, Greater Noida, India
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Zhang D, Liu Z, Bai F. Roles of Gut Microbiota in Alcoholic Liver Disease. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:3735-3746. [PMID: 37641627 PMCID: PMC10460590 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s420195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD)-one of the most common liver diseases - involves a wide range of disorders, including asymptomatic hepatic steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis (AH), liver fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Alcohol consumption induces a weakened gut barrier and changes in the composition of the gut microbiota. The presence of CYP2E1 and its elevated levels in the gastrointestinal tract after alcohol exposure lead to elevated levels of ROS and acetaldehyde, inducing inflammation and oxidative damage in the gut. At the same time, the influx of harmful molecules such as the bacterial endotoxin LPS and peptidogly from gut dysbiosis can induce intestinal inflammation and oxidative damage, further compromising the intestinal mucosal barrier. In this process, various oxidative stress-mediated post-translational modifications (PTMs) play an important role in the integrity of the barrier, eg, the presence of acetaldehyde will result in the sustained phosphorylation of several paracellular proteins (occludin and zona occludens-1), which can lead to intestinal leakage. Eventually, persistent oxidative stress, LPS infiltration and hepatocyte damage through the enterohepatic circulation will lead to hepatic stellate cell activation and hepatic fibrosis. In addition, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, fecal microbial transplantation (FMT), bioengineered bacteria, gut-restricted FXR agonists and others are promising therapeutic approaches that can alter gut microbiota composition to improve ALD. In the future, there will be new challenges to study the interactions between the genetics of individuals with ALD and their gut microbiome, to provide personalized interventions targeting the gut-liver axis, and to develop better techniques to measure microbial communities and metabolites in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daya Zhang
- Graduate School, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - ZhengJin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feihu Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
- The Gastroenterology Clinical Medical Center of Hainan Province, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
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15
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Grander C, Grabherr F, Tilg H. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: pathophysiological concepts and treatment options. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:1787-1798. [PMID: 37364164 PMCID: PMC10405569 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is continually increasing due to the global obesity epidemic. NAFLD comprises a systemic metabolic disease accompanied frequently by insulin resistance and hepatic and systemic inflammation. Whereas simple hepatic steatosis is the most common disease manifestation, a more progressive disease course characterized by liver fibrosis and inflammation (i.e. non-alcoholic steatohepatitis) is present in 10-20% of affected individuals. NAFLD furthermore progresses in a substantial number of patients towards liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Whereas this disease now affects almost 25% of the world's population and is mainly observed in obesity and type 2 diabetes, NAFLD also affects lean individuals. Pathophysiology involves lipotoxicity, hepatic immune disturbances accompanied by hepatic insulin resistance, a gut dysbiosis, and commonly hepatic and systemic insulin resistance defining this disorder a prototypic systemic metabolic disorder. Not surprisingly many affected patients have other disease manifestations, and indeed cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and extrahepatic malignancies are all contributing substantially to patient outcome. Weight loss and lifestyle change reflect the cornerstone of treatment, and several medical treatment options are currently under investigation. The most promising treatment strategies include glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor antagonists, sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors, Fibroblast Growth Factor analogues, Farnesoid X receptor agonists, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists. Here, we review epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutic options for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Grander
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Felix Grabherr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
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16
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Guo GJ, Yao F, Lu WP, Xu HM. Gut microbiome and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: Current status and potential applications. World J Hepatol 2023; 15:867-882. [PMID: 37547030 PMCID: PMC10401411 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i7.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases worldwide. In recent years, the occurrence rate of MAFLD has been on the rise, mainly due to lifestyle changes, high-calorie diets, and imbalanced dietary structures, thereby posing a threat to human health and creating heavy social and economic burdens. With the development of 16S sequencing and integrated multi-omics analysis, the role of the gut microbiota (GM) and its metabolites in MAFLD has been further recognized. The GM plays a role in digestion, energy metabolism, vitamin synthesis, the prevention of pathogenic bacteria colonisation, and immunoregulation. The gut-liver axis is one of the vital links between the GM and the liver. Toxic substances in the intestine can enter the liver through the portal vascular system when the intestinal barrier is severely damaged. The liver also influences the GM in various ways, such as bile acid circulation. The gut-liver axis is essential in maintaining the body’s normal physiological state and plays a role in the onset and prognosis of many diseases, including MAFLD. This article reviews the status of the GM and MAFLD and summarizes the GM characteristics in MAFLD. The relationship between the GM and MAFLD is discussed in terms of bile acid circulation, energy metabolism, micronutrients, and signalling pathways. Current MAFLD treatments targeting the GM are also listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong-Jing Guo
- Gastroenterology Department of The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fei Yao
- Department of Science and Education, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510370, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei-Peng Lu
- The First Clinical School, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hao-Ming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, Guangdong Province, China
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17
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Ng JJJ, Loo WM, Siah KTH. Associations between irritable bowel syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review. World J Hepatol 2023; 15:925-938. [PMID: 37547029 PMCID: PMC10401413 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i7.925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. IBS and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are highly prevalent entities worldwide and may share similar mechanisms including gut dysbiosis, impaired intestinal mucosal barrier and immune system activation.
AIM To systematically review their association according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Review and Meta-analyses guidelines.
METHODS PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched for relevant papers. Manual searches were also performed.
RESULTS Six studies were included. Both IBS and NAFLD subjects had significantly more metabolic risk factors like hypertension, obesity, dyslipidaemia and diabetes. Our review showed that 23.2% to 29.4% of NAFLD patients had IBS. IBS was significantly higher in NAFLD patients compared with patients without NAFLD (23.2% vs 12.5%, P < 0.01). A higher proportion of IBS patients had NAFLD (65.8% to 74.0%). IBS patients were three times more likely to have NAFLD compared with non-IBS patients (P < 0.001). Two studies showed a significant correlation between the severity of IBS and NAFLD. The proportion of NAFLD subjects with IBS increased with NAFLD severity.
CONCLUSION Further prospective studies are warranted to evaluate the relationship and shared pathways between IBS and NAFLD, potentially leading to the development of future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jareth Jun Jie Ng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Wai Mun Loo
- AliveoMedical, Mount Alvernia and Mount Elizabeth Hospitals, Singapore 574623, Singapore
| | - Kewin Tien Ho Siah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Hospital, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119228, Singapore
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Escouto GS, Port GZ, Tovo CV, Fernandes SA, Peres A, Dorneles GP, Houde VP, Varin TV, Pilon G, Marette A, Buss C. Probiotic Supplementation, Hepatic Fibrosis, and the Microbiota Profile in Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2023; 153:1984-1993. [PMID: 37225124 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Promising results in improvement of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) have been identified following probiotic (PRO) treatment. OBJECTIVES To evaluate PRO supplementation on hepatic fibrosis, inflammatory and metabolic markers, and gut microbiota in NASH patients. METHODS In a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 48 patients with NASH with a median age of 58 y and median BMI of 32.7 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to receive PROs (Lactobacillus acidophilus 1 × 109 colony forming units and Bifidobacterium lactis 1 × 109 colony forming units) or a placebo daily for 6 mo. Serum aminotransferases, total cholesterol and fractions, C-reactive protein, ferritin, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and leptin were assessed. To evaluate liver fibrosis, Fibromax was used. In addition, 16S rRNA gene-based analysis was performed to evaluate gut microbiota composition. All assessments were performed at baseline and after 6 mo. For the assessment of outcomes after treatment, mixed generalized linear models were used to evaluate the main effects of the group-moment interaction. For multiple comparisons, Bonferroni correction was applied (α = 0.05/4 = 0.0125). Results for the outcomes are presented as mean and SE. RESULTS The AST to Platelet Ratio Index (APRI) score was the primary outcome that decreased over time in the PRO group. Aspartate aminotransferase presented a statistically significant result in the group-moment interaction analyses, but no statistical significance was found after the Bonferroni correction. Liver fibrosis, steatosis, and inflammatory activity presented no statistically significant differences between the groups. No major shifts in gut microbiota composition were identified between groups after PRO treatment. CONCLUSIONS Patients with NASH who received PRO supplementation for 6 mo presented improvement in the APRI score after treatment. These results draw attention to clinical practice and suggest that supplementation with PROs alone is not sufficient to improve enzymatic liver markers, inflammatory parameters, and gut microbiota in patients with NASH. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02764047.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle S Escouto
- Graduate Study Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Z Port
- Graduate Study Program (GSP) in Medicine: Hepatology (GSP-Hepatology), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristiane V Tovo
- Graduate Study Program (GSP) in Medicine: Hepatology (GSP-Hepatology), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sabrina A Fernandes
- Graduate Study Program (GSP) in Medicine: Hepatology (GSP-Hepatology), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Peres
- Basic Health Sciences Department, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gilson P Dorneles
- Graduate Study Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vanessa P Houde
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, and Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Thibault V Varin
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, and Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Pilon
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, and Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - André Marette
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, and Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Caroline Buss
- Graduate Study Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Nutrition Department, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Kaufmann B, Seyfried N, Hartmann D, Hartmann P. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and alcohol-associated liver disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 325:G42-G61. [PMID: 37129252 PMCID: PMC10312326 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00017.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics has become an important therapy in numerous gastrointestinal diseases in recent years. Modifying the gut microbiota, this therapeutic approach helps to restore a healthy microbiome. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and alcohol-associated liver disease are among the leading causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. A disrupted intestinal barrier, microbial translocation, and an altered gut microbiome metabolism, or metabolome, are crucial in the pathogenesis of these chronic liver diseases. As pro-, pre-, and synbiotics modulate these targets, they were identified as possible new treatment options for liver disease. In this review, we highlight the current findings on clinical and mechanistic effects of this therapeutic approach in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and alcohol-associated liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Kaufmann
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nick Seyfried
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Hartmann
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Phillipp Hartmann
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
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20
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Zhang B, Li J, Fu J, Shao L, Yang L, Shi J. Interaction between mucus layer and gut microbiota in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Soil and seeds. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:1390-1400. [PMID: 37200041 PMCID: PMC10278733 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The intestinal mucus layer is a barrier that separates intestinal contents and epithelial cells, as well as acts as the "mucus layer-soil" for intestinal flora adhesion and colonization. Its structural and functional integrity is crucial to human health. Intestinal mucus is regulated by factors such as diet, living habits, hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines, and intestinal flora. The mucus layer's thickness, viscosity, porosity, growth rate, and glycosylation status affect the structure of the gut flora colonized on it. The interaction between "mucus layer-soil" and "gut bacteria-seed" is an important factor leading to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and wash microbial transplantation are efficient methods for managing NAFLD, but their long-term efficacy is poor. FMT is focused on achieving the goal of treating diseases by enhancing the "gut bacteria-seed". However, a lack of effective repair and management of the "mucus layer-soil" may be a reason why "seeds" cannot be well colonized and grow in the host gut, as the thinning and destruction of the "mucus layer-soil" is an early symptom of NAFLD. This review summarizes the existing correlation between intestinal mucus and gut microbiota, as well as the pathogenesis of NAFLD, and proposes a new perspective that "mucus layer-soil" restoration combined with "gut bacteria-seed" FMT may be one of the most effective future strategies for enhancing the long-term efficacy of NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Zhang
- Department of Translational Medicine Platform, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
- Department of School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Jinlong Fu
- Department of School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Li Shao
- Department of Translational Medicine Platform, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
- Department of School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Luping Yang
- Department of Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Junping Shi
- Department of Translational Medicine Platform, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
- Department of Infectious & Hepatology Diseases, Metabolic Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
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Mishra G, Singh P, Molla M, Yimer YS, Dinda SC, Chandra P, Singh BK, Dagnew SB, Assefa AN, Ewunetie A. Harnessing the potential of probiotics in the treatment of alcoholic liver disorders. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1212742. [PMID: 37361234 PMCID: PMC10287977 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1212742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current scenario, prolonged consumption of alcohol across the globe is upsurging an appreciable number of patients with the risk of alcohol-associated liver diseases. According to the recent report, the gut-liver axis is crucial in the progression of alcohol-induced liver diseases, including steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite several factors associated with alcoholic liver diseases, the complexity of the gut microflora and its great interaction with the liver have become a fascinating area for researchers due to the high exposure of the liver to free radicals, bacterial endotoxins, lipopolysaccharides, inflammatory markers, etc. Undoubtedly, alcohol-induced gut microbiota imbalance stimulates dysbiosis, disrupts the intestinal barrier function, and trigger immune as well as inflammatory responses which further aggravate hepatic injury. Since currently available drugs to mitigate liver disorders have significant side effects, hence, probiotics have been widely researched to alleviate alcohol-associated liver diseases and to improve liver health. A broad range of probiotic bacteria like Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, Escherichia coli, Sacchromyces, and Lactococcus are used to reduce or halt the progression of alcohol-associated liver diseases. Several underlying mechanisms, including alteration of the gut microbiome, modulation of intestinal barrier function and immune response, reduction in the level of endotoxins, and bacterial translocation, have been implicated through which probiotics can effectively suppress the occurrence of alcohol-induced liver disorders. This review addresses the therapeutic applications of probiotics in the treatment of alcohol-associated liver diseases. Novel insights into the mechanisms by which probiotics prevent alcohol-associated liver diseases have also been elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Mishra
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Pradeep Singh
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Molla
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Shumet Yimer
- Social Pharmacy Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | | | - Phool Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, India
| | | | - Samuel Berihun Dagnew
- Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Nigussie Assefa
- Social Pharmacy Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Amien Ewunetie
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
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Liu J, Sun J, Yu J, Chen H, Zhang D, Zhang T, Ma Y, Zou C, Zhang Z, Ma L, Yu X. Gut microbiome determines therapeutic effects of OCA on NAFLD by modulating bile acid metabolism. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:29. [PMID: 37258543 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disease, had no approved pharmacological agents yet. Obeticholic acid (OCA), a novel bile acid derivative, was demonstrated to ameliorate NAFLD-related manifestations. Regarding the role of gut-liver axis in liver disease development, this study aimed to explore the potential role of gut microbiota in the treatment of OCA in NAFLD mice induced by the high-fat diet (HFD). Antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion (AIMD) and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) confirmed the critical role of gut microbiota in OCA treatment for NAFLD by effectively alleviating histopathological lesions and restoring liver function impaired by HFD. Metagenomic analysis indicated that OCA intervention in HFD mice remarkably increased the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, Bifidobacterium spp., Bacteroides spp., Alistipes spp., Lactobacillus spp., Streptococcus thermophilus, and Parasutterella excrementihominis. Targeted metabolomics analysis indicated that OCA could modulate host bile acids pool by reducing levels of serum hydrophobic cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), and increasing levels of serum-conjugated bile acids, such as taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA) and tauroursodesoxycholic acid (TUDCA) in the HFD-fed mice. Strong correlations were observed between differentially abundant microbes and the shifted bile acids. Furthermore, bacteria enriched by OCA intervention exhibited much greater potential in encoding 7alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7α-HSDs) producing secondary bile acids rather than bile salt hydrolases (BSHs) mainly responsible for primary bile acid deconjugation. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that OCA intervention altered gut microbiota composition with specially enriched gut microbes modulating host bile acids, thus effectively alleviating NAFLD in the mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Jiayi Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jiangkun Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.
| | - Hang Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Yicheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Chenggang Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.
| | - Lanqing Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China.
| | - Xue Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Shin JH, Lee Y, Song EJ, Lee D, Jang SY, Byeon HR, Hong MG, Lee SN, Kim HJ, Seo JG, Jun DW, Nam YD. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii prevents hepatic damage in a mouse model of NASH induced by a high-fructose high-fat diet. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1123547. [PMID: 37007480 PMCID: PMC10060964 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1123547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionNonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an advanced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease characterized by chronic inflammation and fibrosis. A dysbiosis of the gut microbiota has been associated with the pathophysiology of NASH, and probiotics have proven helpful in its treatment and prevention. Although both traditional and next-generation probiotics have the potential to alleviate various diseases, studies that observe the therapeutic effect of next-generation probiotics on NASH are lacking. Therefore, we investigated whether a next-generation probiotic candidate, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, contributed to the mitigation of NASH.MethodsIn this study, we conducted 16S rRNA sequencing analyses in patients with NASH and healthy controls. To test F. prausnitzii could alleviate NASH symptoms, we isolated four F. prausnitzii strains (EB-FPDK3, EB-FPDK9, EB-FPDK11, and EB-FPYYK1) from fecal samples collected from four healthy individuals. Mice were maintained on a high-fructose high-fat diet for 16 weeks to induce a NASH model and received oral administration of the bacterial strains. Changes in characteristic NASH phenotypes were assessed via oral glucose tolerance tests, biochemical assays, and histological analyses.Results16S rRNA sequencing analyses confirmed that the relative abundance of F. prausnitzii reduced significantly in patients with NASH compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). In the NASH mice, F. prausnitzii supplementation improved glucose homeostasis, prevented hepatic lipid accumulation, curbed liver damage and fibrosis, restored damaged gut barrier functions, and alleviated hepatic steatosis and liver inflammation. Furthermore, real-time PCR assays documented that the four F. prausnitzii strains regulated the expression of genes related to hepatic steatosis in these mice.DiscussionOur study, therefore, confirms that the administration of F. prausnitzii bacteria can alleviate NASH symptoms. We propose that F. prausnitzii has the potential to contribute to the next-generation probiotic treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hee Shin
- Research Group of Personalized Diet, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonmi Lee
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Song
- Research Group of Personalized Diet, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyung Lee
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Yul Jang
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Rim Byeon
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Gi Hong
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Nam Lee
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gu Seo
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Jae-Gu Seo,
| | - Dae Won Jun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Dae Won Jun,
| | - Young-Do Nam
- Research Group of Personalized Diet, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Young-Do Nam,
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Yahoo N, Dudek M, Knolle P, Heikenwälder M. Role of immune responses for development of NAFLD-associated liver cancer and prospects for therapeutic modulation. J Hepatol 2023:S0168-8278(23)00165-4. [PMID: 36893854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
The liver is the central metabolic organ of the body regulating energy and lipid metabolism and at the same time has potent immunological functions. Overwhelming the metabolic capacity of the liver by obesity and sedentary lifestyle leads to hepatic lipid accumulation, chronic necro-inflammation, enhanced mitochondrial/ER-stress and development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), with its pathologic form nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Based on knowledge on pathophysiological mechanisms, specifically targeting metabolic diseases to prevent or slow down progression of NAFLD to liver cancer will become possible. Genetic/environmental factors contribute to development of NASH and liver cancer progression. The complex pathophysiology of NAFLD-NASH is reflected by environmental factors, particularly the gut microbiome and its metabolic products. NAFLD-associated HCC occurs in most of the cases in the context of a chronically inflamed liver and cirrhosis. Recognition of environmental alarmins or metabolites derived from the gut microbiota and the metabolically injured liver create a strong inflammatory milieu supported by innate and adaptive immunity. Several recent studies indicate that the chronic hepatic microenvironment of steatosis induces auto-aggressive CD8+CXCR6+PD1+ T cells secreting TNF and upregulating FasL to eliminate parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells in an antigen independent manner. This promotes chronic liver damage and a pro-tumorigenic environment. CD8+CXCR6+PD1+ T cells possess an exhausted, hyperactivated, resident phenotype and trigger NASH to HCC transition, and might be responsible for a less efficient treatment response to immune-check-point inhibitors - in particular atezolizumab/bevacizumab. Here, we provide an overview of NASH-related inflammation/pathogenesis focusing on new discoveries on the role of T cells in NASH-immunopathology and therapy response. This review discusses preventive measures to halt disease progression to liver cancer and therapeutic strategies to manage NASH-HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Yahoo
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Dudek
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Percy Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.
| | - Mathias Heikenwälder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; The M3 Research Institute, Karl Eberhards Universitaet Tübingen, Medizinische Fakultät, Otfried-Müller-Straße 37, 72076 Tübingen.
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25
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The Effects of Probiotics on Small Intestinal Microbiota Composition, Inflammatory Cytokines and Intestinal Permeability in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020640. [PMID: 36831176 PMCID: PMC9953317 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has soared globally. As our understanding of the disease grows, the role of the gut-liver axis (GLA) in NAFLD pathophysiology becomes more apparent. Hence, we focused mainly on the small intestinal area to explore the role of GLA. We looked at how multi-strain probiotics (MCP® BCMC® strains) containing six different Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species affected the small intestinal gut microbiota, inflammatory cytokines, and permeability in NAFLD patients. After six months of supplementation, biochemical blood analysis did not show any discernible alterations in either group. Five predominant phyla known as Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidota and Fusobacteria were found in NAFLD patients. The probiotics group demonstrated a significant cluster formation of microbiota composition through beta-diversity analysis (p < 0.05). This group significantly reduced three unclassifiable species: unclassified_Proteobacteria, unclassified_Streptococcus, and unclassified_Stenotrophomonas. In contrast, the placebo group showed a significant increase in Prevotella_melaninogenica and Rothia_mucilaginosa, which were classified as pathogens. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis of small intestinal mucosal inflammatory cytokines revealed a significant decrease in IFN-γ (-7.9 ± 0.44, p < 0.0001) and TNF-α (-0.96 ± 0.25, p < 0.0033) in the probiotics group but an increase in IL-6 (12.79 ± 2.24, p < 0.0001). In terms of small intestinal permeability analysis, the probiotics group, unfortunately, did not show any positive changes through ELISA analysis. Both probiotics and placebo groups exhibited a significant increase in the level of circulating zonulin (probiotics: 107.6 ng/mL ± 124.7, p = 0.005 vs. placebo: 106.9 ng/mL ± 101.3, p = 0.0002) and a significant decrease in circulating zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) (probiotics: -34.51 ng/mL ± 18.38, p < 0.0001 vs. placebo: -33.34 ng/mL ± 16.62, p = 0.0001). The consumption of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium suggested the presence of a well-balanced gut microbiota composition. Probiotic supplementation improves dysbiosis in NAFLD patients. This eventually stabilised the expression of inflammatory cytokines and mucosal immune function. To summarise, more research on probiotic supplementation as a supplement to a healthy diet and lifestyle is required to address NAFLD and its underlying causes.
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26
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Demori I, Grasselli E. The Role of the Stress Response in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease: A Psychoneuroendocrineimmunology-Based Perspective. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030795. [PMID: 36771500 PMCID: PMC9921904 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel term metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), which has been proposed to describe the major cause of hepatic disease, pinpoints the coexistence of multiple metabolic disturbances and liver steatosis, giving rise to different phenotypic manifestations. Within the psychoneuroendocrineimmunological (PNEI) network that regulates body-mind interactions, the stress response plays a pervasive role by affecting metabolic, hormonal, immune, and behavioral balance. In this perspective, we focus on chronic psychosocial stress and high levels of cortisol to highlight their role in MAFLD pathogenesis and worsening. From a PNEI perspective, considering the stress response as a therapeutic target in MAFLD allows for simultaneously influencing multiple pathways in the development of MAFLD, including dysmetabolism, inflammation, feeding behaviors, gut-liver axis, and dysbiosis, with the hope of better outcomes.
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27
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Wang C, Sun X, Gao S, Liu R, Yang X. Alterations in hepatic transcriptome and cecum microbiota underlying potential ways to prevent early fatty liver in laying hens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102593. [PMID: 36972673 PMCID: PMC10066560 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver syndrome (FLS) is a kind of nutritional metabolic disease in laying hens. Revealing FLS pathogenesis during the early period is what really makes sense for the prevention or nutritional regulation strategies. In the study, 9 healthy or naturally occurring early FLS birds were screened based on visual inspection, liver index and morphologic analysis. Liver and fresh cecal content samples were collected. Then transcriptomic and 16S rRNA technologies are applied to investigate hepatic transcriptome and cecum microbiota composition. Unpaired Student t test and some omics methods were used for statistical analysis. Results showed higher liver weight and index were found in FLS group; morphologic analysis indicated that there existed more lipid droplets in the liver of birds with FLS. Based on DESeq2 analysis, there were 229 up- and 487 down-regulated genes in the FLS group, among which most genes related to de novo fatty acid synthesis were up-regulated such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, and ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 (ELOVL6). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that pathways associated with lipid metabolism and liver damage were affected. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis of cecum microbiota showed that there was a significant difference between the Con and FLS groups. LEfSe analysis revealed that the relative abundance of Coprococcus, Odoribacter, Collinsella, Turicibacter, YRC22, Enterococcus, Shigella, and Bifidobacterium were down-regulated in the FLS group, whereas the abundance of Bacteroides, Mucispirillum, Butyricicoccus, Campylobacter, Akkermansia, and Clostridium were up-regulated. The KEGG enrichment from differential microbiota suggested that some metabolism-related functions were altered to some extent. Taken together, during the developmental of early fatty liver of laying hens, lipogenesis was enhanced, whereas abnormal metabolism occurs not only in lipid transportation but also in hydrolysis, which caused structural damage to the liver organ. Moreover, the dysbiosis of the cecum microbiota occurred. All of these serve as targets or provide theoretical references for the development of probiotics for fatty liver prevention in laying hens.
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28
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Cao F, Ding Q, Zhuge H, Lai S, Chang K, Le C, Yang G, Valencak TG, Li S, Ren D. Lactobacillus plantarum ZJUIDS14 alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice in association with modulation in the gut microbiota. Front Nutr 2023; 9:1071284. [PMID: 36698477 PMCID: PMC9868733 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1071284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This present study was designed to explore the protective role of Lactobacillus plantarum ZJUIDS14 against Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in a high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced C57BL/6 mice model. The probiotic (109 CFU/every other day) was administered by oral gavage for 12 weeks. We found that L. plantarum ZJUIDS14 intervention significantly alleviated HFD related hepatic steatosis, liver damage, insulin resistance, and increased hepatic expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPAR-α) while stimulating the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Furthermore, L. plantarum ZJUIDS14 improved mitochondrial function as reflected by an increase in dynamin related protein 1 (DRP1) and a decrease of proteins associated with oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) after the treatment. Additionally, mice from the L. plantarum ZJUIDS14 group had a restored intestinal flora and homeostasis involving Coprostanoligenes group, Ruminococcaceae UCG-014, Allobaculum, Ruminiclostridium 1, and Roseburia. Meanwhile, these five genera exhibited a significant (negative or positive) association with ileum inflammation mRNA levels and SCFA contents, by Spearman's correlation analysis. In general, our data demonstrated that L. plantarum ZJUIDS14 mitigates hepatic steatosis and liver damage induced by HFD. Specifically, they strengthened the integrity of the intestinal barrier, regulated gut microbiota, and improved mitochondrial function. Our data provide an experimental basis for L. plantarum ZJUIDS14 as a promising candidate to prevent NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiwei Cao
- College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Dairy Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinchao Ding
- College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Dairy Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhuge
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanglei Lai
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaixin Chang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Le
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guorong Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Teresa G. Valencak
- College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Dairy Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Songtao Li
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Songtao Li,
| | - Daxi Ren
- College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Dairy Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Daxi Ren,
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29
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Sharma T, Sirpu Natesh N, Pothuraju R, Batra SK, Rachagani S. Gut microbiota: a non-target victim of pesticide-induced toxicity. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2187578. [PMID: 36919486 PMCID: PMC10026936 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2187578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota can be potentially disrupted due to exposure of various environmental contaminants, including pesticides. These contaminants enter into non-target species in multiple ways and cause potential health risks. The gut microbiota-derived metabolites have a significant role in maintaining the host's health by regulating metabolic homeostasis. An imbalance in this homeostasis can result in the development of various diseases and their pathogenesis. Pesticides have hazardous effects on the host's gut microbiota, which is evident in a few recent studies. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore the effect of pesticide on gut microbiota-mediated metabolic changes in the host, which may provide a better understanding of pesticide-induced toxicity. The present review summarizes the pesticide-induced effects on gut microbiota, which in turn, induces changes in the release of their secondary metabolites that could lead to various host health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tusha Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Nagabhishek Sirpu Natesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Roy Blunt NextGen Precision Health Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ramesh Pothuraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Roy Blunt NextGen Precision Health Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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30
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Wang JS, Liu JC. Intestinal microbiota in the treatment of metabolically associated fatty liver disease. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:11240-11251. [PMID: 36387806 PMCID: PMC9649557 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i31.11240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolically associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a common cause of chronic liver disease, the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Despite the increasing incidence of MAFLD, no effective treatment is available. Recent research indicates a link between the intestinal microbiota and liver diseases such as MAFLD. The composition and characteristics of the intestinal microbiota and therapeutic perspectives of MAFLD are reviewed in the current study. An imbalance in the intestinal microbiota increases intestinal permeability and exposure of the liver to adipokines. Furthermore, we focused on reviewing the latest "gut-liver axis" targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Shuai Wang
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jin-Chun Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
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31
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Abenavoli L, Maurizi V, Rinninella E, Tack J, Di Berardino A, Santori P, Rasetti C, Procopio AC, Boccuto L, Scarpellini E. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in NAFLD Treatment. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58111559. [PMID: 36363516 PMCID: PMC9695159 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58111559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Gut microbiota is not only a taxonomic biologic ecosystem but is also involved in human intestinal and extra-intestinal functions such as immune system modulation, nutrient absorption and digestion, as well as metabolism regulation. The latter is strictly linked to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathophysiology. Materials and methods: We reviewed the literature on the definition of gut microbiota, the concepts of “dysbiosis” and “eubiosis”, their role in NAFLD pathogenesis, and the data on fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in these patients. We consulted the main medical databases using the following keywords, acronyms, and their associations: gut microbiota, eubiosis, dysbiosis, bile acids, NAFLD, and FMT. Results: Gut microbiota qualitative and quantitative composition is different in healthy subjects vs. NALFD patients. This dysbiosis is associated with and involved in NAFLD pathogenesis and evolution to non-acoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In detail, microbial-driven metabolism of bile acids (BAs) and interaction with hepatic and intestinal farnesoid nuclear X receptor (FXR) have shown a determinant role in liver fat deposition and the development of fibrosis. Over the use of pre- or probiotics, FMT has shown preclinical and initial clinical promising results in NAFLD treatment through re-modulation of microbial dysbiosis. Conclusions: Promising clinical data support a larger investigation of gut microbiota dysbiosis reversion through FMT in NAFLD using randomized clinical trials to design precision-medicine treatments for these patients at different disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovico Abenavoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valentina Maurizi
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Emanuele Rinninella
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Jan Tack
- T.A.R.G.I.D., Gasthuisberg University Hospital, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arianna Di Berardino
- Clinical Nutrition and Internal Medicine Unit, “Madonna del Soccorso” General Hospital, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Santori
- Hepatology and Internal Medicine Unit, “Madonna del Soccorso” General Hospital, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | - Carlo Rasetti
- Clinical Nutrition and Internal Medicine Unit, “Madonna del Soccorso” General Hospital, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
- Hepatology and Internal Medicine Unit, “Madonna del Soccorso” General Hospital, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Boccuto
- Healthcare Genetics and Genomics Doctoral Program, School of Nursing, College of Behavioral, Social and Health Sciences, Clemson University, 105 Sikes Hall, Clemson, SC 29631, USA
| | - Emidio Scarpellini
- T.A.R.G.I.D., Gasthuisberg University Hospital, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Clinical Nutrition and Internal Medicine Unit, “Madonna del Soccorso” General Hospital, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +3907-3579-3301; Fax: +3907-3579-3306
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Kobayashi T, Iwaki M, Nakajima A, Nogami A, Yoneda M. Current Research on the Pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH and the Gut-Liver Axis: Gut Microbiota, Dysbiosis, and Leaky-Gut Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911689. [PMID: 36232990 PMCID: PMC9570241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Global lifestyle changes have led to an increased incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), requiring further in-depth research to understand the mechanisms and develop new therapeutic strategies. In particular, high-fat and high-fructose diets have been shown to increase intestinal permeability, which can expose the liver to endotoxins. Indeed, accumulating evidence points to a link between these liver diseases and the intestinal axis, including dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and leaky-gut syndrome. Here, we review the mechanisms contributing to these links between the liver and small intestine in the pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH, focusing on the roles of intestinal microbiota and their metabolites to influence enzymes essential for proper liver metabolism and function. Advances in next-generation sequencing technology have facilitated analyses of the metagenome, providing new insights into the roles of the intestinal microbiota and their functions in physiological and pathological mechanisms. This review summarizes recent research linking the gut microbiome to liver diseases, offering new research directions to elucidate the detailed mechanisms and novel targets for treatment and prevention.
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Geng W, Zhang Y, Yang J, Zhang J, Zhao J, Wang J, Jia L, Wang Y. Identification of a novel probiotic and its protective effects on NAFLD via modulating gut microbial community. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:4620-4628. [PMID: 35174500 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming the most common progressive liver diseases. Therapeutic strategy based on gut-liver axis and probiotics is a promising approach for the treatment of NAFLD. However, rare probiotics have been applied in NAFLD treatment, and the involved molecular mechanism is not entirely clear. RESULTS We initially identified a novel functional probiotic, Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens ZW3, on the lipid deposition by a simple and rapid zebrafish model. Supplementation with ZW3 to the methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet induced NAFLD rats could improve the liver impairments and reduce inflammation through TLR4-MyD88 and JNK signaling pathways. Moreover, ZW3 modulated gut microbiota by promoting relative abundance of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus, decreasing the abundance of Escherichia-Shigella and Bacteroides. Functional prediction of microbiome showed ZW3 presented potential enhancement on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, cell process control and signal transduction processes, and reduced several human diseases. CONCLUSION This present study identified a novel probiotic and its protective effects on NAFLD, and interpreted the interactions of ZW3 with the immune system and gut microbiota involved in gut-liver axis. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Geng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingnan Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingqi Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinju Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Longgang Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
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Probiotic encapsulation in water-in-oil high internal phase emulsions: Enhancement of viability under food and gastrointestinal conditions. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Falalyeyeva T, Mamula Y, Scarpellini E, Leshchenko I, Humeniuk A, Pankiv I, Kobyliak N. Probiotics and obesity associated disease: an extended view beyond traditional strains. Minerva Gastroenterol (Torino) 2022; 67:348-356. [PMID: 35040301 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5985.21.02909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Interaction between intestinal microbiota and obesity is becoming abundantly according to current many scientific investigations. In this article, probiotic therapy was offered as the promising strategy of metabolic disorders control through the recovery of microbiota composition and health maintenance with the help of impact on the abovementioned mechanisms. First, this therapy is safe, with minimal side effects, well-tolerated, and appropriate for long-term use. Second, it can improve body mass, glucose, and fat metabolism, increase insulin sensitivity, and decrease systemic chronic inflammation. In conclusion, the restorative role of gut microbiota on metabolic disorders and associated diseases could open new ways in the treatment of obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Falalyeyeva
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Educational and Scientific Center, Taras Shevchenko National University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yelyzaveta Mamula
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Educational and Scientific Center, Taras Shevchenko National University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Emidio Scarpellini
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (ChroMetA), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Catholic University, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ivan Leshchenko
- Department of Physiology, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Alla Humeniuk
- Department of Physiology, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ivan Pankiv
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - Nazarii Kobyliak
- Department of Endocrinology, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine - .,Medical Laboratory CSD, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Kizilaslan N, Zekiye Erdem N, Katar M, Gevrek F. The Effects of Probiotics and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Liver Steatosis Induced in Rats by High-Fructose Corn Syrup. Int J Clin Pract 2022; 2022:7172492. [PMID: 35685520 PMCID: PMC9159191 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7172492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study was designed to reveal the effect of probiotics and omega-3 fatty acids in a fatty liver model in rats induced by high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS). METHODS In the study, 40 male Wistar Albino rats were used, and these rats were divided into five groups. HFCS was added to the drinking water (30% solution) of four groups (Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5) for three weeks, and the animals were fed ad libitum. At the end of three weeks, the rats in Groups 3, 4, and 5 were administered omega-3 fatty acids (400 mg/kg) and probiotics (1.5 × 109 cfu/mL/day) with the gavage method for four weeks. The body weights of rats were weighed and recorded before starting the experiment, at the end of the third week, and before the animals were sacrificed at the last week, all at the same hour. By subtracting the remaining amount of food and water from the daily food and water amount, the amount of food and water consumed was calculated. These values were recorded for seven weeks. At the end of the seven weeks, the rats were sacrificed after blood specimens and tissues were taken. RESULTS Analyzing the changes in the food intake of each group within itself throughout the experiment, it was observed that there was an increase in the food intake in the control group; from the starting week to the last week, the food intake amount of the HFCS group began to decrease particularly after the second week; and it began to decrease after the third week in the groups that were administered probiotics and omega-3 fatty acids. The changes in the sacrifice weights in the HFCS + omega-3 fatty acid, HFCS + probiotic, and HFCS + probiotic + omega-3 fatty acid groups were found to be lower than that in the HFCS group. The maximum levels of glucose, ALT, ALP, serum cholesterol, triglyceride and AST were found to be in the HFCS group. It was determined that the minimum mean steatosis level was in the control group, while the maximum steatosis level was in the HFCS group. CONCLUSIONS As a result, there was a protective effect of probiotic and omega-3 fatty acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nildem Kizilaslan
- Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Nihal Zekiye Erdem
- Istanbul Medipol University, School of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muzaffer Katar
- Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Fikret Gevrek
- Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology, Tokat, Turkey
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Understanding the Role of the Gut Microbiome and Microbial Metabolites in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Current Evidence and Perspectives. Biomolecules 2021; 12:biom12010056. [PMID: 35053205 PMCID: PMC8774162 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. NAFLD begins as a relatively benign hepatic steatosis which can evolve to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) increases when fibrosis is present. NAFLD represents a complex process implicating numerous factors—genetic, metabolic, and dietary—intertwined in a multi-hit etiopathogenetic model. Recent data have highlighted the role of gut dysbiosis, which may render the bowel more permeable, leading to increased free fatty acid absorption, bacterial migration, and a parallel release of toxic bacterial products, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and proinflammatory cytokines that initiate and sustain inflammation. Although gut dysbiosis is present in each disease stage, there is currently no single microbial signature to distinguish or predict which patients will evolve from NAFLD to NASH and HCC. Using 16S rRNA sequencing, the majority of patients with NAFLD/NASH exhibit increased numbers of Bacteroidetes and differences in the presence of Firmicutes, resulting in a decreased F/B ratio in most studies. They also present an increased proportion of species belonging to Clostridium, Anaerobacter, Streptococcus, Escherichia, and Lactobacillus, whereas Oscillibacter, Flavonifaractor, Odoribacter, and Alistipes spp. are less prominent. In comparison to healthy controls, patients with NASH show a higher abundance of Proteobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and Escherichia spp., while Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Akkermansia muciniphila are diminished. Children with NAFLD/NASH have a decreased proportion of Oscillospira spp. accompanied by an elevated proportion of Dorea, Blautia, Prevotella copri, and Ruminococcus spp. Gut microbiota composition may vary between population groups and different stages of NAFLD, making any conclusive or causative claims about gut microbiota profiles in NAFLD patients challenging. Moreover, various metabolites may be involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, such as short-chain fatty acids, lipopolysaccharide, bile acids, choline and trimethylamine-N-oxide, and ammonia. In this review, we summarize the role of the gut microbiome and metabolites in NAFLD pathogenesis, and we discuss potential preventive and therapeutic interventions related to the gut microbiome, such as the administration of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics, and bacteriophages, as well as the contribution of bariatric surgery and fecal microbiota transplantation in the therapeutic armamentarium against NAFLD. Larger and longer-term prospective studies, including well-defined cohorts as well as a multi-omics approach, are required to better identify the associations between the gut microbiome, microbial metabolites, and NAFLD occurrence and progression.
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Kronsten VT, Shawcross DL. Hepatic encephalopathy and depression in chronic liver disease: is the common link systemic inflammation? Anal Biochem 2021; 636:114437. [PMID: 34715068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy and depression share a number of clinical features, such as cognitive impairment and psychomotor retardation, and are highly prevalent in patients with chronic liver disease. Both conditions signify a poor prognosis, carry an increased mortality and are major determinants of reduced health related quality of life. The pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy is complex. Whilst cerebral accumulation of ammonia is well-recognised as being central to the development of hepatic encephalopathy, systemic inflammation, which acts in synergy with hyperammonaemia, is emerging as a key driver in its development. The pro-inflammatory state is also widely documented in depression, and peripheral to brain communication occurs resulting in central inflammation, behavioural changes and depressive symptoms. Gut dysbiosis, with a similar reduction in beneficial bacteria, increase in pathogens and decreased bacterial diversity, has been observed in both hepatic encephalopathy and depression, and it may be that the resultant increased bacterial translocation causes their shared inflammatory pathophysiology. Whilst the literature on a positive association between hepatic encephalopathy and depression in cirrhosis remains to be substantiated, there is evolving evidence that treatment with psychobiotics may be of dual benefit, improving cognition and mood in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Tatiana Kronsten
- Institute of Liver Studies, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK.
| | - Debbie Lindsay Shawcross
- Institute of Liver Studies, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK
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Jacob JS, Ahmed A, Cholankeril G. The impact of alteration in gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2021; 34:477-482. [PMID: 34267042 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We have increasing evidence that alterations of the intestinal microbiome have a strong influence on human health. Previous work has demonstrated the association between changes in the microbiome and metabolic risk factors. One related area of interest is the relationship between dysbiosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), as the global prevalence of NAFLD, and its resultant complications, increases. RECENT FINDINGS In this review, we summarize the hypothesized pathophysiology of dysbiosis-mediated progression of NAFLD, including promotion of an inflammatory intestinal environment, increased intestinal permeability, endogenous ethanol production, short-chain fatty acid production, secondary bile acid metabolism, and choline depletion. We also review potential therapeutic interventions of the microbiome to slow or prevent NAFLD progression, including antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplant, and farnesoid × receptor agonism. SUMMARY Much of the evidence supporting dysbiosis-mediated NAFLD progression has been gathered in high-quality animal trials. There remains a need for additional observational and randomized controlled trials in humans to establish causality between the suspected factors and pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake S Jacob
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Aijaz Ahmed
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - George Cholankeril
- Liver Center, Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Michael E DeBakey Department of General Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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40
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Petrella C, Strimpakos G, Torcinaro A, Middei S, Ricci V, Gargari G, Mora D, De Santa F, Farioli-Vecchioli S. Proneurogenic and neuroprotective effect of a multi strain probiotic mixture in a mouse model of acute inflammation: Involvement of the gut-brain axis. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105795. [PMID: 34339837 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation can severely affect brain homeostasis and adult hippocampal neurogenesis with detrimental effects on cognitive processes. Brain and gut are intimately connected via the "gut-brain axis", a bidirectional communication system, and the administration of live bacteria (probiotics) has been shown to represent an intriguing approach for the prevention or even the cure of several diseases. In the present study we evaluated the putative neuroprotective effect of 15-days consumption of a multi-strain probiotic formulation based on food-associated strains and human gut bacteria at the dose of 109 CFU/mouse/day in a mouse model of acute inflammation, induced by an intraperitoneal single injection of LPS (0.1 mg/kg) at the end of probiotic administration. The results indicate that the prolonged administration of the multi-strain probiotic formulation not only prevents the LPS-dependent increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines in specific regions of the brain (hippocampus and cortex) and in the gastrointestinal district but also triggers a potent proneurogenic response capable of enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis. This effect is accompanied by a potentiation of intestinal barrier, as documented by the increased epithelial junction expression in the colon. Our hypothesis is that pre-treatment with the multi-strain probiotic formulation helps to create a systemic protection able to counteract or alleviate the effects of LPS-dependent acute pro-inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Petrella
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, IBBC, CNR, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Georgios Strimpakos
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, IBBC, CNR, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Torcinaro
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, IBBC, CNR, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Middei
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, IBBC, CNR, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy; European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Ricci
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, IBBC, CNR, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gargari
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Mora
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca De Santa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, IBBC, CNR, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
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Wang T, Wang Z, Yang Z, Cui X, Yan L, Xu Z, Liu X. Effect of the Fermentation Broth of the Mixture of Pueraria lobata, Lonicera japonica, and Crataegus pinnatifida by Lactobacillus rhamnosus 217-1 on Liver Health and Intestinal Flora in Mice With Alcoholic Liver Disease Induced by Liquor. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:722171. [PMID: 34484163 PMCID: PMC8416100 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.722171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we discovered a new fermentation broth that can prevent and regulate alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and intestinal flora, which fermented the mixture of Pueraria lobata, Lonicera japonica, and Crataegus pinnatifida by Lactobacillus rhamnosus 217-1. The contents of polyphenols, puerarin, total isoflavones, and amino acids were significantly increased. Animal experiments showed that the fermentation broth could improve the liver indexes of ALD mice model, increase the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione in liver tissue, and reduce the level of malondialdehyde (MDA). Furthermore, the fermentation broth can reduce the levels of serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS), inflammatory factors interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Importantly, intestinal flora analysis showed that the fermentation broth could increase the abundance of Lactobacillales and reduce the production of Gram-negative bacteria, thereby reducing the abnormal increase in bacterial diversity caused by alcohol. In conclusion, we may have discovered a new functional food raw material with great application potential. The above findings indicate that the fermentation broth can actively regulate the intestinal flora and improve liver inflammation. The underlying mechanism might be that the fermentation broth could enhance intestinal permeability and reduce the inflammatory signals and LPS transmitted through the gut-liver axis, thereby reducing the oxidative stress and inflammation of the liver caused by alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
| | - Zhipeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
| | - Liang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenshang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
| | - Xinli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
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42
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Liu L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Wang C, Li Y, Dai W, Piao C, Liu J, Yu H, Li X, Wang Y, Liu J. Probiotics in treating with alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1967380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingchong Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Youbao Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Weichang Dai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Chunhong Piao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Junmei Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Hansong Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Xia Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Jingsheng Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
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Malyar RM, Naseri E, Li H, Ali I, Farid RA, Liu D, Maroof K, Nasim M, Banuree SAH, Huang K, Waldron KJ, Chen X. Hepatoprotective Effects of Selenium-Enriched Probiotics Supplementation on Heat-Stressed Wistar Rat Through Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:3445-3456. [PMID: 33161525 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02475-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of selenium-enriched probiotics on the liver of heat-stressed Wistar rats. Ten-week-old male rats were assigned to four groups: control (Con); high temperature (HT); high temperature plus probiotics (HT + P: 1011 CFU/mL Lactobacillus acidophilus and 109 CFU/mL Saccharomyces cerevisiae); or high temperature plus selenium-enriched probiotics (HT + SeP: 0.3 mg/kg Se, 1011 CFU/mL L. acidophilus and 109 CFU/mL S. cerevisiae). The HT, HT + P, and HT + SeP groups were maintained at higher ambient temperature (40-42 °C), while the control group was kept at room temperature (25 °C). After 42 days of thermal exposure, blood and liver tissues were collected and analyzed for morphological and molecular markers of liver physiology. The body weight of rats in the HT group decreased but liver weight and live index were increased. Histological examination showed dilation of liver sinusoids and congestion of interstitial veins in HT group. Moreover, the histomorphology of the liver in HT + P and HT + SeP groups was restored, and the serum AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, and hepatic MDA level decreased significantly, but the serum total protein level and the liver SOD, T-AOC, and GSH-PX activities were increased significantly relative to the HT group. In addition, the mRNA level of Gpx1, SOD1, Nrf2, and Bcl-2 was significantly increased, while the expression level of Bax, IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2, NF-κB, α-SMA, TGFβ1, Collagen I, HSP70, and HSP90 was significantly decreased in liver tissues after SeP supplementation. We concluded that SeP can protect Wistar rats from oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and liver fibrosis induced by heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmani Mohammad Malyar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowl, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nangarhar University, Jalalabad, Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan
| | - Emal Naseri
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Science and Technology/College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowl, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ilyas Ali
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Rawan Ahmad Farid
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nangarhar University, Jalalabad, Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan
| | - Dandan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowl, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Khushdil Maroof
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nangarhar University, Jalalabad, Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan
| | - Maazullah Nasim
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Science and Technology/College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | | | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowl, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kevin J Waldron
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Xingxiang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowl, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Probiotics Alleviated Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats via Gut Microbiota/FXR/FGF15 Signaling Pathway. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:2264737. [PMID: 34458376 PMCID: PMC8387197 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2264737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis and bile acid (BA) metabolism disorder play an important role in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Probiotics had a beneficial effect on NAFLD, but further study is needed to explore probiotics as a potential therapeutic agent to NAFLD. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory effect of probiotics on gut microbiota in NAFLD rats and to explore the possible mechanism of probiotics regulating the bile acid receptor farnesoid X receptor/growth factor 15 (FXR/FGF15) signaling pathway in rats. We established a rat model of NAFLD fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 14 weeks, which was given different interventions (312 mg/kg/day probiotics or 10 mg/kg/day atorvastatin) from the 7th week. Serum lipids and total bile acids (TBA) were biochemically determined; hepatic steatosis and lipid accumulation were evaluated with HE staining. The expression levels of FXR, FGF15 mRNA, and protein in rat liver were detected. 16S rDNA was used to detect the changes of gut microbiota in rats. Compared with the HFD group, probiotics and atorvastatin significantly reduced serum lipids and TBA levels. And probiotics increased dramatically the expression of FXR, FGF15 mRNA, and protein in the liver. But there were no significant changes in the atorvastatin group. Probiotics and atorvastatin can upregulate the diversity of gut microbiota and downregulate the abundance of pathogenic bacteria in NAFLD model rats. In summary, probiotics alleviated NAFLD in HFD rats via the gut microbiota/FXR/FGF15 signaling pathway.
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Kessoku T, Kobayashi T, Tanaka K, Yamamoto A, Takahashi K, Iwaki M, Ozaki A, Kasai Y, Nogami A, Honda Y, Ogawa Y, Kato S, Imajo K, Higurashi T, Hosono K, Yoneda M, Usuda H, Wada K, Saito S, Nakajima A. The Role of Leaky Gut in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Novel Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158161. [PMID: 34360923 PMCID: PMC8347478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver directly accepts blood from the gut and is, therefore, exposed to intestinal bacteria. Recent studies have demonstrated a relationship between gut bacteria and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Approximately 10–20% of NAFLD patients develop nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and endotoxins produced by Gram-negative bacilli may be involved in NAFLD pathogenesis. NAFLD hyperendotoxicemia has intestinal and hepatic factors. The intestinal factors include impaired intestinal barrier function (leaky gut syndrome) and dysbiosis due to increased abundance of ethanol-producing bacteria, which can change endogenous alcohol concentrations. The hepatic factors include hyperleptinemia, which is associated with an excessive response to endotoxins, leading to intrahepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Clinically, the relationship between gut bacteria and NAFLD has been targeted in some randomized controlled trials of probiotics and other agents, but the results have been inconsistent. A recent randomized, placebo-controlled study explored the utility of lubiprostone, a treatment for constipation, in restoring intestinal barrier function and improving the outcomes of NAFLD patients, marking a new phase in the development of novel therapies targeting the intestinal barrier. This review summarizes recent data from studies in animal models and randomized clinical trials on the role of the gut–liver axis in NAFLD pathogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaomi Kessoku
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Yokohama City University Hospital, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-45-787-2640; Fax: +81-45-784-3546
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Kosuke Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Yokohama City University Hospital, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Kota Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Michihiro Iwaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Yokohama City University Hospital, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Anna Ozaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Yuki Kasai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Asako Nogami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Yasushi Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Yokohama City University Hospital, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yuji Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Shingo Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Kento Imajo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Takuma Higurashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Kunihiro Hosono
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Masato Yoneda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Haruki Usuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enyacho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.U.); (K.W.)
| | - Koichiro Wada
- Department of Pharmacology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enyacho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.U.); (K.W.)
| | - Satoru Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
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Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) as Model of Gut-Liver Axis Interaction: From Pathophysiology to Potential Target of Treatment for Personalized Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126485. [PMID: 34204274 PMCID: PMC8233936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of liver disease worldwide, affecting both adults and children and will result, in the near future, as the leading cause of end-stage liver disease. Indeed, its prevalence is rapidly increasing, and NAFLD is becoming a major public health concern. For this reason, great efforts are needed to identify its pathogenetic factors and new therapeutic approaches. In the past decade, enormous advances understanding the gut-liver axis-the complex network of cross-talking between the gut, microbiome and liver through the portal circulation-have elucidated its role as one of the main actors in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Indeed, evidence shows that gut microbiota is involved in the development and progression of liver steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis seen in the context of NAFLD, as well as in the process of hepatocarcinogenesis. As a result, gut microbiota is currently emerging as a non-invasive biomarker for the diagnosis of disease and for the assessment of its severity. Additionally, to its enormous diagnostic potential, gut microbiota is currently studied as a therapeutic target in NAFLD: several different approaches targeting the gut homeostasis such as antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotics, adsorbents, bariatric surgery and fecal microbiota transplantation are emerging as promising therapeutic options.
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Doğan B, Kemer Doğan ES, Özmen Ö, Fentoğlu Ö, Kırzıoğlu FY, Calapoğlu M. Synergistic Effect of Omega-3 and Probiotic Supplementation on Preventing Ligature-Induced Periodontitis. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 14:114-120. [PMID: 34037942 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 and probiotics were shown to improve periodontal health by modulating the host immune response. Recently, the combination of omega-3 and probiotics has been shown to have a potential synergistic effect on host modulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prophylactic role of an omega-3 and probiotic combination on alveolar bone loss (ABL) via inflammatory response in an experimental periodontitis model. Forty-three rats were divided into 5 groups as control (C, n = 8), periodontitis (P, n = 8), omega-3 + periodontitis (O, n = 8), probiotic + periodontitis (Pro, n = 10), and omega-3 + probiotic + periodontitis (OPro, n = 9). Additionally to a standardized diet, omega-3 and/or probiotics were supplemented with oral gavage to the O, Pro, and OPro groups for 44 days. Periodontitis was induced by ligature to the P, O, Pro, and OPro groups on the 30th day for 2 weeks. ABL levels were measured histopathologically, and serum interleukin (IL) 1β, IL6, and IL10 levels were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. ABL increased in all periodontitis groups (P, O, Pro, and OPro), compared to C group. Compared to P group, all oral gavage groups (O, Pro, and OPro) revealed decreased ABL, which was lowest in OPro group. IL1β and IL6 decreased and IL10 increased in OPro group, compared to P group. In conclusion, prophylactic administration of omega-3 and probiotic combination reduced ABL and improved serum IL1β, IL6, and IL10 levels more than their single use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Doğan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey.
| | - Esra Sinem Kemer Doğan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Özlem Özmen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Özlem Fentoğlu
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Fatma Yeşim Kırzıoğlu
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Calapoğlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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Moreno-Gonzalez M, Beraza N. The Role of the Microbiome in Liver Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2330. [PMID: 34066064 PMCID: PMC8150469 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common malignancy occuring in the context of chronic liver disease and is one of the main causes of cancer-derived death worldwide. The lack of effective treatments, together with the poor prognosis, underlines the urge to develop novel and multidisciplinary therapeutics. An increasing body of evidence shows that HCC associates with changes in intestinal microbiota abundance and composition as well as with impaired barrier function, leading to the release of bacteria and their metabolites to the liver. These factors trigger a cascade of inflammatory responses contributing to liver cirrhosis and constituting an ideal environment for the progression of HCC. Interestingly, the use of bacteriotherapy in human and preclinical studies of chronic liver disease and HCC has been shown to successfully modify the microbiota composition, reducing overall inflammation and fibrosis. In this review, we explore the existing knowledge on the characterisation of the intestinal microbial composition in humans and experimental murine chronic liver disease and HCC, as well as the use of antibiotics and bacteriotherapy as therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Moreno-Gonzalez
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK;
| | - Naiara Beraza
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK;
- Food Innovation and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
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Metformin and Probiotics Interplay in Amelioration of Ethanol-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response in an In Vitro and In Vivo Model of Hepatic Injury. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:6636152. [PMID: 33953643 PMCID: PMC8064785 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6636152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-induced liver injury implicates inflammation and oxidative stress as important mediators. Despite rigorous research, there is still no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved therapies for any stage of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Interestingly, metformin (Met) and several probiotic strains possess the potential of inhibiting alcoholic liver injury. Therefore, we investigated the effectiveness of combination therapy using a mixture of eight strains of lactic acid-producing bacteria, commercialized as Visbiome® (V) and Met in preventing the ethanol-induced hepatic injury using in vitro and in vivo models. Human HepG2 cells and male Wistar rats were exposed to ethanol and simultaneously treated with probiotic V or Met alone as well as in combination. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers, inflammatory markers, lipid metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and oxidative stress were evaluated, using qRT-PCR, Oil red O staining, fluorimetry, and HPLC. In vitro, probiotic V and Met in combination prevented ethanol-induced cellular injury, ER stress, oxidative stress, and regulated lipid metabolism as well as inflammatory response in HepG2 cells. Probiotic V and Met also promoted macrophage polarization towards the M2 phenotype in ethanol-exposed RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. In vivo, combined administration of probiotic V and Met ameliorated the histopathological changes, inflammatory response, hepatic markers (liver enzymes), and lipid metabolism induced by ethanol. It also improved the antioxidant markers (HO-1 and Nrf-2), as seen by their protein levels in both HepG2 cells as well as liver tissue using ELISA. Hence, probiotic V may act, in addition to the Met, as an effective preventive treatment against ethanol-induced hepatic injury.
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Chong PL, Laight D, Aspinall RJ, Higginson A, Cummings MH. A randomised placebo controlled trial of VSL#3 ® probiotic on biomarkers of cardiovascular risk and liver injury in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:144. [PMID: 33794784 PMCID: PMC8015038 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01660-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with increased cardiovascular risk irrespective of conventional risk factors. The role of gut-liver interaction is implicated in its development. We investigated the effects of VSL#3® probiotic supplementation on biomarkers of cardiovascular risk and liver injury in patients with NAFLD. METHODS A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept study was undertaken. Patients with NAFLD were randomly allocated to take 2 sachets VSL#3® probiotic or placebo twice daily for 10 weeks. Measurements of endothelial function (digital photoplethysmography, sVCAM-1 and cGMP), oxidative stress (glutathione ratio and LHP), inflammation (hsCRP), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and liver injury [transaminases, fibrosis risk score and acoustic structure quantification (ASQ)] were undertaken before and after intervention. Difference in baseline characteristics between the treatment groups was analysed using independent t-test or Mann Whitney U test for non-parametric data. Independent t-test was used to compare the outcomes at the end of the study between the two treatment groups. Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used to determine the difference in fibrosis risk scores before and after treatment. Spearman's correlation was used to determine any association between cardiovascular and hepatic markers at baseline. RESULTS Thirty-five patients completed the study (28 males and 7 females) with a mean age of 57 ± 8 years, body mass index of 32.6 ± 5.0 kg/m2 and a relatively short duration of NAFLD (median duration 0.3 IQR 2.0 years). No significant difference was observed in biomarkers of cardiovascular risk and liver injury following VSL#3® supplementation. Significant correlations were noted between sVCAM-1 and hsCRP (rho = 0.392, p = 0.01), and HOMA-IR and AST (rho = 0.489, p < 0.01) at baseline. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to evaluate the effect of VSL#3® on ASQ in patients with NAFLD. VSL#3® did not significantly improve markers of cardiovascular risk and liver injury in patients with NAFLD. However, the study supports an association between endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in patients with NAFLD and suggests that NAFLD is linked with insulin resistance. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN05474560 ( https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN05474560 ) Registered 9 August 2012 (retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Lin Chong
- Academic Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK. .,Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Hospital, Bandar Seri Begawan, 1710, Brunei Darussalam.
| | - David Laight
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Richard J Aspinall
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK
| | | | - Michael H Cummings
- Academic Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK
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