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Windon MJ, D'Souza G, Fakhry C. The evolving landscape of oropharyngeal cancer: a window of opportunity for primary prevention. J Natl Cancer Inst 2023; 115:1454-1456. [PMID: 37794753 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djad171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melina J Windon
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Gypsyamber D'Souza
- Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carole Fakhry
- Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Maehama T, Shimada S, Sakamoto J, Shibata T, Fujita S, Takakura M, Takagi H, Sasagawa T. Chemical Peeling Therapy Using Phenol for the Cervico-Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia. Viruses 2023; 15:2219. [PMID: 38005896 PMCID: PMC10675195 DOI: 10.3390/v15112219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to validate the use of liquid phenol-based chemical peeling therapy for cervical and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN and VaIN, respectively), with the goal of circumventing obstetric complications associated with surgical treatment and to determine the factors associated with treatment resistance. Methods: A total of 483 eligible women diagnosed with CIN, VaIN, or both, participated in this study. Participants underwent phenol-based chemical peeling therapy every 4 weeks until disease clearance. Disease clearance was determined by negative Pap tests for four consecutive weeks or by colposcopy. HPV genotyping was conducted at the onset of the study and after disease clearance in select cases. Our preliminary analysis compared the recurrence and persistence rates between 294 individuals who received phenol-based chemical peeling therapy and 189 untreated patients. Results: At 2 years following diagnosis, persistent disease was observed in 18%, 60%, and 88% of untreated patients with CIN1-3, respectively, and <2% of patients with CIN who received phenol-based chemical peeling therapy. Among 483 participants, 10 immune-suppressed patients required multiple treatments to achieve disease clearance, and 7 were diagnosed with cervical cancer. Of the 466 participants, except those with cancer or immune suppression, the number of treatment sessions until CIN/VaIN clearance ranged from 2 to 42 (average: 9.2 sessions). In total, 43 participants (9.2%) underwent surgical treatment. Six patients (1.3%) experienced recurrence of CIN2 or worse, suggesting that treatment failed in 46 patients (9.9%). No obstetrical complications were noted among the 98 pregnancies following this therapy. Factors associated with resistance to this therapy include immune suppression, ages 35-39 years, higher-grade lesions, and multiple HPV-type infections. Conclusions: Phenol-based therapy is safe and effective for CINs and VaINs. Women aged < 35 years and with persistent CIN1 or CIN2 with a single HPV-type infection are suitable candidates for phenol-based chemical peeling therapy. However, this therapy requires multiple lengthy sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Maehama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yuai-Medical Center, Tomishiro 901-0224, Okinawa, Japan;
| | - Sumire Shimada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Kahoku-gun 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Jinichi Sakamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Kahoku-gun 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takeo Shibata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Kahoku-gun 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Satoko Fujita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Kahoku-gun 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takakura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Kahoku-gun 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takagi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Kahoku-gun 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sasagawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Kahoku-gun 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan
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Seaman WT, Madden V, Webster-Cyriaque J. HIVtat Alters Epithelial Differentiation State and Increases HPV16 Infectivity in Oral Keratinocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.08.531567. [PMID: 36945374 PMCID: PMC10028910 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.08.531567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oral disease has increased during the era of HIV antiretroviral therapy. HPV and HIV proteins may be co-present at mucosal surfaces. Recent published studies have determined that HIVtat is secreted in the saliva and has been detected in oral mucosa even in the context of antiretroviral therapy. We hypothesized that HIVtat promoted oral HPV pathogenesis. Clinical HPV16 cloned episomes were introduced into differentiated oral epithelial cells (OKF6tert1). HIVtat mediated transactivation, DNA damage, oxidative stress, and effects on cellular differentiation were assessed. Detection of keratin 10 and of loricrin confirmed terminal differentiation. Sodium butyrate-treated (NaB) cells demonstrated an eight-fold increase in cross-linked involucrin, suggesting full terminal differentiation. HIVtat modulated this differentiation both in the presence and absence of NaB. Later viral events, including E6* and E1^E4 gene expression were assessed. HIVtat mediated relief of repressed L1 expression that mapped to a known inhibitory region (nucleotides 5561-6820). Viruses from HIVtat co-expressing cells exhibited robust de novo HPV16 infection. In conclusion, a novel oral keratinocyte monolayer system supported replication of an HPV16 clinical isolate where direct HIVtat and oral HPV interactions enhanced HPV de novo infection.
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4
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Ferris RL, Westra W. Oropharyngeal Carcinoma with a Special Focus on HPV-Related Squamous Cell Carcinoma. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 18:515-535. [PMID: 36693202 PMCID: PMC11227657 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-031521-041424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV-OPSCC) has one of the most rapidly increasing incidences of any cancer in high-income countries. The most recent (8th) edition of the Union for International Cancer Control/American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system separates HPV-OPSCC from its HPV-negative counterpart to account for the improved prognosis seen in the former. Indeed, owing to its improved prognosis and greater prevalence in younger individuals, numerous ongoing trials are examining the potential for treatment deintensification as a means to improve quality of life while maintaining acceptable survival outcomes. Owing to the distinct biology of HPV-OPSCCs, targeted therapies and immunotherapies have become an area of particular interest. Importantly, OPSCC is often detected at an advanced stage, highlighting the need for diagnostic biomarkers to aid in earlier detection. In this review, we highlight important advances in the epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis, and clinical management of HPV-OPSCC and underscore the need for a progressive understanding of the molecular basis of this disease toward early detection and precision care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Westra
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
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5
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Elmusrati A, Wang J, Wang CY. Tumor microenvironment and immune evasion in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:24. [PMID: 34341329 PMCID: PMC8329257 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-021-00131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), an aggressive malignancy, is characterized by high morbidity and low survival rates with limited therapeutic options outside of regional surgery, conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy, and irradiation. Increasing studies have supported the synergistic role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in cancer advancement. The immune system, in particular, plays a key role in surveillance against the initiation, development, and progression of HNSCC. The understanding of how neoplastic cells evolve and evade the immune system whether through self-immunogenicity manipulation, or expression of immunosuppressive mediators, provides the foundation for the development of advanced therapies. Furthermore, the crosstalk between cancer cells and the host immune system have a detrimental effect on the TME promoting angiogenesis, proliferation, and metastasis. This review provides a recent insight into the role of the key inflammatory cells infiltrating the TME, with a focus on reviewing immunological principles related to HNSCC, as cancer immunosurveillance and immune escape, including a brief overview of current immunotherapeutic strategies and ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areeg Elmusrati
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Justin Wang
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Cun-Yu Wang
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
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Hernandez AL, Karthik R, Sivasubramanian M, Raghavendran A, Lensing S, Lee JY, Abraham P, Mathai D, Palefsky JM. Prevalence of oral human papillomavirus infection among Indian HIV-positive men who have sex with men: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:675. [PMID: 34247583 PMCID: PMC8274002 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been causally linked to a subset of oropharyngeal cancers in Western populations, and both oropharyngeal cancer and oral HPV infection are increased among HIV-positive individuals. India has high incidences of oral and oropharyngeal cancers, and Indian HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) may be at increased risk of developing oropharyngeal cancers. However, there is little information available on the prevalence of oral HPV in this population. METHODS We tested 302 HIV-positive Indian MSM for oral HPV infection using L1 HPV DNA PCR with probes specific for 29 types and a mixture of 10 additional types. CD4+ level and plasma HIV viral load (VL) were measured. Participants completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire including a sexual history. RESULTS The prevalence of oral HPV was 23.7% (95% CI: 19-29%) and 2.4% of participants had oncogenic HPV types. No participants had oral HPV type 16 (HPV-16) and the prevalence of other anogenital HPV types was low. Participants with higher CD4+ levels had reduced odds of having any oral HPV infection (OR: 3.1 [1.4-6.9]) in multivariable analyses. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of oral HPV among Indian HIV-positive MSM. Our results show a high prevalence of oral HPV infection consistent with studies from Western populations. However, oncogenic anogenital HPV types were relatively uncommon in our study population. It is unknown what the impact of this distribution of oral HPV will be on oropharyngeal cancers. HIV-positive MSM in India should be monitored closely for oral and oropharyngeal pre-cancer and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Hernandez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Box 0654, 513 Parnassus Ave, Room S420, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Public Health Program, College of Education and Health Sciences, Touro University, Vallejo, CA, USA.
| | - Rajiv Karthik
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | | | - Shelly Lensing
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jeannette Y Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Priya Abraham
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Dilip Mathai
- Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Joel M Palefsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Box 0654, 513 Parnassus Ave, Room S420, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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Fernandes DT, van Heerden WF, Ribeiro AC, Brandão TB, Mello ES, Rivera C, van Heerden MB, Gondak R, Santos-Silva AR, Vargas PA, Lopes MA. Different methods of cell quantification can lead to different results: a comparison of digital methods using a pilot study of dendritic cells in HIV-positive patients. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2020; 25:e431-e438. [PMID: 32134901 PMCID: PMC7211365 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.23472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although new digital pathology tools have improved the positive cell quantification, there is a heterogeneity of the quantification methods in the literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate and propose a novel dendritic cells quantification method in squamous cell carcinoma comparing it with a conventional quantification method. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-six squamous cell carcinomas HIV-positive cases affecting the oropharynx, lips and oral cavity were selected. Immunohistochemistry for CD1a, CD83, and CD207 was performed. The immunohistochemical stains were evaluated by automated examination using a positive pixel count algorithm. A conventional quantification method (unspecific area method; UA) and a novel method (specific area method; SA) were performed obtaining the corresponding density of positive dendritic cells for the intratumoral and peritumoral regions. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to verify the influence of the quantification methods on the positive cell counting according to the evaluated regions. Data were subjected to the ANOVA and Student's t-test to verify the influence of the tumour location, stage, histological grade, and amount of inflammation on the dendritic cells density counting. RESULTS The cell quantification method affected the dendritic cells counting independently of the evaluated region (P-value <0.05). Significant differences between methods were also observed according to the tumour features evaluations. CONCLUSIONS The positive cell quantification method influences the dendritic cells density results. Unlike the conventional method (UA method), the novel SA method avoids non-target areas included in the hotspots improving the reliability and reproducibility of the density cell quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-T Fernandes
- Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba - UNICAMP Departamento de Diagnóstico Oral - Semiologia Av. Limeira, 901 CEP 13.414-903 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil
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8
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Rocco JM, York Z, Shen C, Shiboski C, Cyriaque-Webster J, McLaughlin J, Borowski L, Chen H, Aberg JA, Dittmer DP, Ghannoum M, Rinaldo CR, Macatangay B. Oral Cytokine Levels Are More Linked to Levels of Plasma and Oral HIV-1 RNA Than to CD4 + T-Cell Counts in People With HIV. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa047. [PMID: 32158775 PMCID: PMC7051037 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We determined the levels of 11 soluble immune mediators in oral washings of AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5254 participants with varying degrees of plasma viremia and CD4 T-cell counts to characterize the mucosal immune response at different stages of HIV-1 infection. Methods A5254 was a multicenter, cross-sectional study in people with HIV (PWH) recruited into 4 strata based on CD4 count and levels of plasma viremia: stratum (St) A: CD4 ≤200 cells/mm3, HIV-1 RNA (viral load [VL]) >1000 cps/mL; St B: CD4 ≤200, VL ≤1000; St C: CD4 >200, VL >1000; St D: CD4 >200, VL ≤1000. Oral/throat washings were obtained from all participants. Soluble markers were tested in oral/throat washings using a multibead fluorescent platform and were compared across strata. Linear regression was used to determine the associations between cytokines and HIV-1 in plasma and oral fluid. Results St A participants had higher levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and interferon gamma (IFNγ) compared with St B and D (P = .02; P < .0001) but were not different from St C. IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12 were elevated in St A compared with the other 3 strata (P = .046; P < .0001). Linear regression demonstrated that oral HIV-1 levels were associated with IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα production (R > .40; P < .001) when controlling for CD4 count and opportunistic infections. Conclusions Our results show that high levels of oral HIV-1, rather than low CD4 counts, were linked to the production of oral immune mediators. Participants with AIDS and uncontrolled viremia demonstrated higher levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory soluble immune mediators compared with participants with lower HIV-1 RNA. The interplay of HIV-1 and these immune mediators could be important in the oral health of PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary York
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Chengli Shen
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Caroline Shiboski
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Huichao Chen
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Judith A Aberg
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Lien K, Mayer W, Herrera R, Rosbe K, Tugizov SM. HIV-1 proteins gp120 and tat induce the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in oral and genital mucosal epithelial cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226343. [PMID: 31869348 PMCID: PMC6927651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral, cervical, and genital mucosa, covered by stratified squamous epithelia with polarized organization and strong tight and adherens junctions, play a critical role in preventing transmission of viral pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV-1 interaction with mucosal epithelial cells may depolarize epithelia and disrupt their tight and adherens junctions; however, the molecular mechanism of HIV-induced epithelial disruption has not been completely understood. We showed that prolonged interaction of cell-free HIV-1 virions, and viral envelope and transactivator proteins gp120 and tat, respectively, with tonsil, cervical, and foreskin epithelial cells induces an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is an epigenetic process leading to the disruption of mucosal epithelia and allowing the paracellular spread of viral and other pathogens. Interaction of cell-free virions and gp120 and tat proteins with epithelial cells substantially reduced E-cadherin expression and activated vimentin and N-cadherin expression, which are well-known mesenchymal markers. HIV gp120- and tat-induced EMT was mediated by SMAD2 phosphorylation and activation of transcription factors Slug, Snail, Twist1 and ZEB1. Activation of TGF-β and MAPK signaling by gp120, tat, and cell-free HIV virions revealed the critical roles of these signaling pathways in EMT induction. gp120- and tat-induced EMT cells were highly migratory via collagen-coated membranes, which is one of the main features of mesenchymal cells. Inhibitors of TGF-β1 and MAPK signaling reduced HIV-induced EMT, suggesting that inactivation of these signaling pathways may restore the normal barrier function of mucosal epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Lien
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Wasima Mayer
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Rossana Herrera
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Kristina Rosbe
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Sharof M. Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Anaya-Saavedra G, Ramírez-Amador V, Castillejos-García I, Saeb-Lima M. Impact of early recognition of potentially malignant oral disorders on the prognosis in people living with HIV. Int J STD AIDS 2019; 30:723-726. [PMID: 31046610 DOI: 10.1177/0956462419838102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the success of combination antiretroviral therapies, people living with HIV (PLWH) are at an increased risk of developing diverse malignancies, including oral cancer. We here present two cases of PLWH where the early diagnosis of potentially malignant disorders in the oral cavity impacted their treatment and survival, remaining free of disease after their complete elimination. These cases demonstrate the importance of oral examinations and tissue biopsies as a part of the close monitoring of PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Velia Ramírez-Amador
- 1 Health Care Department, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Marcela Saeb-Lima
- 2 Dermathopatology Service, Pathology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
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Abstract
Since their discovery as the etiologic agents of cervical cancer in the mid-1970s, human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been linked with a growing number of epithelial-derived tumors, including head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. HPV demonstrates a particular predilection for causing tumors of the oropharynx, with the majority of cases involving infection with high-oncogenic risk HPV-16. People living with HIV are at increased risk of infection with HPV- and HPV-related oral complications even with adequate control of their HIV infection with antiretroviral therapy. In this chapter, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that underlie HPV-mediated oncogenesis in the oropharynx. We also describe the progress that has been made in understanding the epidemiology of oral HPV infection and the determinants of oral HPV-related pathology. Finally, we examine what can be done to treat and prevent oral HPV infection, benign lesions, and cancer, particularly in the context of the HIV-positive patient.
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12
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Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in people living with HIV in France. Med Mal Infect 2018; 48:503-508. [PMID: 29887186 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), mainly due to smoking, is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths. However, an increasing number of tumors - especially oropharyngeal cancer - are reported in non-smokers in association with the human papillomavirus (HPV). As HIV-infected individuals are particularly at risk of HPV-related disease, we aimed to describe the burden of HNSCC in this population. METHODS Retrospective chart review of patients from HIV clinics diagnosed with HNSCC between 2004 and 2014. Case patients were defined using the International Classification of Disease for Oncology (3rd edition). Age at HIV diagnosis and time from HIV diagnosis to HNSCC diagnosis were collected. Oropharyngeal cancers were considered as potentially HPV-related cancers, and their prevalence was compared with other HNSCCs over time. RESULTS The 286 patients enrolled in the study had a median age at HNSCC diagnosis of 52 years; 84% were males and 68% had a history of smoking. The oropharynx was the most frequent site (41%), followed by cancer of the oral cavity (31%), larynx (22%), and hypopharynx (7%). The prevalence (and proportion) of potentially HPV-related cancers increased significantly over time with a mean of 0.78 additional case patient per year. CONCLUSION The prevalence of HNSCC is modest compared with other cancers in HIV-infected individuals. The prevalence of oropharynx carcinoma, a potentially HPV-related carcinoma, seems to increase over time. Even if tobacco may be an important contributor, the role of HPV in HIV-infected individuals presenting with HNSCC should be investigated.
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13
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Fernández-López C, Morales-Angulo C. Otorhinolaryngology Manifestations Secondary to Oral Sex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otoeng.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Chew EY, Hartman CM, Richardson PA, Zevallos JP, Sikora AG, Kramer JR, Chiao EY. Risk factors for oropharynx cancer in a cohort of HIV-infected veterans. Oral Oncol 2017; 68:60-66. [PMID: 28438295 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate HIV-related and other clinical risk factors associated with oropharynx cancer (OPSCC) in HIV-infected U.S. Veterans. METHODS Retrospective cohort study utilizing Veterans Affairs HIV Clinical Case Registry (CCR) data from 1985 to 2010. Outcome was incident OPSCC as indicated by 1 inpatient or 2 outpatient ICD-9 codes. Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each risk factor on the time to OPSCC diagnosis. RESULTS A total of 40,996 HIV-infected male veterans were included in the cohort with 97 cases of OPSCC. The age adjusted incidence rate was 23.2/100,000 [95% CI 17.8-29.2]. Age>50 (aHR=3.8, 95% CI 1.9-7.8), recent CD4<200 (aHR=3.8, 95% CI 2.0-7.3), and undetectable HIV viral loads 40-79% of the time (aHR=1.8, 95% CI 1.1-3.0) were associated with an increased risk of OPSCC. Era of HIV diagnosis, utilization of cART, nadir CD4 count, race, smoking history, and previous risk of HPV disease, including condyloma or invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA) were not associated with increased risk of OPSCC. CONCLUSION Patients who were older at beginning of follow up, had lower CD4 counts around the time of OPSCC diagnosis, and moderate HIV viral control during follow-up had an increased risk of OPSCC. Other HPV-related diseases such as SCCA and condyloma did not increase the risk for OPSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Y Chew
- One Baylor Plaza, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christine M Hartman
- 2002 Holcombe Boulevard, Center of Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peter A Richardson
- 2002 Holcombe Boulevard, Center of Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jose P Zevallos
- 170 Manning Drive, CB# 7070 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; 170 Rosenau Hall CB, #7400 Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Andrew G Sikora
- One Baylor Plaza, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer R Kramer
- 2002 Holcombe Boulevard, Center of Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Elizabeth Y Chiao
- One Baylor Plaza, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; 2002 Holcombe Boulevard, Center of Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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15
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Walline HM, Carey TE, Goudsmit CM, Bellile EL, D'Souza G, Peterson LA, McHugh JB, Pai SI, Lee JJ, Shin DM, Ferris RL. High-Risk HPV, Biomarkers, and Outcome in Matched Cohorts of Head and Neck Cancer Patients Positive and Negative for HIV. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 15:179-188. [PMID: 27899422 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, high-risk HPV (hrHPV) incidence, prognostic biomarkers, and outcome were assessed in HIV-positive (case) and HIV-negative (control) patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). HIV-positive cases were matched to controls by tumor site, sex, and age at cancer diagnosis. A tissue microarray (TMA) was constructed and DNA isolated from tumor tissue. MultiPlex-PCR MassArray, L1-PCR, and in situ hybridization were used to assess hrHPV. TMA sections were stained for p16ink4a, TP53, RB, CCND1, EGFR, and scored for intensity and proportion of positive tumor cells. The HNSCC cohort included 41 HIV-positive cases and 41 HIV-negative controls. Tumors from 11 of 40 (28%) cases, and 10 of 41 (24%) controls contained hrHPV. p16 expression, indicative of E7 oncogene activity, was present in 10 of 11 HPV-positive cases and 7 of 10 HPV-positive controls. Low p16 and high TP53 expression in some HPV-positive tumors suggested HPV-independent tumorigenesis. Survival did not differ in cases and controls. RB expression was significantly associated with poor survival (P = 0.01). High TP53 expression exhibited a trend for poorer survival (P = 0.12), but among cases, association with poor survival reached statistical significance (P = 0.04). The proportion of HPV-positive tumors was similar, but the heterogeneity of HPV types was higher in the HIV-positive cases than in HIV-negative controls. High RB expression predicted poor survival, and high TP53 expression was associated with poorer survival in the HIV-positive cases but not HIV-negative controls. IMPLICATIONS HIV infection did not increase risk of death from HNSCC, and HPV-positive tumors continued to be associated with a significantly improved survival, independent of HIV status. Mol Cancer Res; 15(2); 179-88. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Walline
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Cancer Biology Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Thomas E Carey
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Christine M Goudsmit
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Emily L Bellile
- Biostatistics Core, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gypsyamber D'Souza
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lisa A Peterson
- Head and Neck SPORE, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jonathan B McHugh
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sara I Pai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - J Jack Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Dong M Shin
- Department of Medicine, Medical Oncology Winship Cancer Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robert L Ferris
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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16
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Fernández-López C, Morales-Angulo C. Otorhinolaryngology manifestations secondary to oral sex. ACTA OTORRINOLARINGOLOGICA ESPANOLA 2016; 68:169-180. [PMID: 27793330 DOI: 10.1016/j.otorri.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the last few years, oral and pharyngeal signs and symptoms due to oral sex have increased significantly. However, no review articles related to this subject have been found in the medical literature. The objective of our study was to identify otorhinolaryngological manifestations associated with orogenital/oroanal contact, both in adults and children, in the context of consensual sex or sexual abuse. METHODS We performed a review of the medical literature on otorhinolaryngological pathology associated with oral sex published in the last 20 years in the PubMed database. RESULTS Otorhinolaryngological manifestations secondary to oral sex practice in adults can be infectious, tumoral or secondary to trauma. The more common signs and symptoms found in the literature were human papillomavirus infection (above all, condyloma acuminata and papilloma/condyloma), oral or pharyngeal syphilis, gonococcal pharyngitis, herpes simplex virus infection and pharyngitis from Chlamydia trachomatis. The incidence of human papillomavirus -induced oropharyngeal carcinoma has dramatically increased. In children past the neonatal period, the presence of condyloma acuminatus, syphilis, gonorrhoea or palatal ecchymosis (the last one, unless justified by other causes) should make us suspect sexual abuse. CONCLUSIONS Sexual habits have changed in the last decades, resulting in the appearance of otorhinolaryngological pathology that was rarely seen previously. For this reason, it is important for primary care physicians to have knowledge about the subject to perform correct diagnosis and posterior treatment. Some sexual abuse cases in children may also be suspected based on the knowledge of the characteristic oropharyngeal manifestations secondary to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fernández-López
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, HUMV Santander, IDIVAL, Cantabria, Santander, España
| | - Carmelo Morales-Angulo
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, HUMV Santander, IDIVAL, Cantabria, Santander, España.
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MARTINELLI M, MAZZA F, FRATI ER, FASOLO MM, COLZANI D, BIANCHI S, FASOLI E, AMENDOLA A, ORLANDO G, TANZI E. HPV genotypes detected in the oropharyngeal mucosa of HIV-infected men who have sex with men in Northern Italy. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:2641-7. [PMID: 27267944 PMCID: PMC9150477 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816001163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological profile of HPV oropharyngeal infections in HIV-infected men who have sex with men. A total of 135 subjects were enrolled at the L. Sacco University Hospital (Milan, Italy) to evaluate their HPV oropharyngeal infection status at baseline and at a follow-up visit at least 12 months later. HPV DNA was detected from oropharyngeal swabs using an in-house nested PCR that amplifies a segment of the L1 gene. The PCR products were then sequenced and genotyped. A greater percentage of high-risk genotypes was identified compared to low-risk genotypes (13·7% vs. 6·9%, P < 0·05), and two uncommon alpha-HPV genotypes were detected, i.e. HPV-102 and HPV-114. HPV infection prevalence was 24·4% and the cumulative incidence was 24·1%. During the follow-up period, one case of HPV infection (HPV-33) persisted, while the overall rate of infection clearance was 58·3%. HPV oropharyngeal infection was widespread in the cohort examined, and most of the infections were transient and cleared within 12 months. These results may help to clarify the role of HPV in the oropharynx and may also improve our understanding of the need to implement preventive strategies in at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. MARTINELLI
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F. MAZZA
- STD Unit, Infectious Diseases I, Department of Infectious Diseases, L Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - E. R. FRATI
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M. M. FASOLO
- STD Unit, Infectious Diseases I, Department of Infectious Diseases, L Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - D. COLZANI
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S. BIANCHI
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E. FASOLI
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A. AMENDOLA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G. ORLANDO
- STD Unit, Infectious Diseases I, Department of Infectious Diseases, L Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - E. TANZI
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Immunotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. MEMO-MAGAZINE OF EUROPEAN MEDICAL ONCOLOGY 2016; 9:66-69. [PMID: 27429658 PMCID: PMC4923082 DOI: 10.1007/s12254-016-0270-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the past years immuno-oncology has evolved and become a novel promising strategy for cancer therapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as pembrolizumab or nivolumab, which target the interaction between programmed death receptor 1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PDL-1) and PDL-2, have been recently approved for the treatment of various malignancies and are currently being investigated in clinical phase III trials for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Data available from these trials indicate substantial activity accompanied by a favorable safety and toxicity profile in this patient population. This review article focuses on the molecular background, gives an overview of current clinical data of checkpoint inhibitors in HNSCC, and points out future challenges such as the need for appropriate biomarkers for these novel compounds.
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19
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Tsao AS, Papadimitrakopoulou V, Lin H, Guo M, Lee JJ, Holsinger FC, Hong WK, Sturgis EM. Concordance of oral HPV prevalence between patients with oropharyngeal cancer and their partners. Infect Agent Cancer 2016; 11:21. [PMID: 27123042 PMCID: PMC4847345 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-016-0066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a known causative factor in oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer (OPC). In this prospective study, we sought to define the risk of HPV transmission between OPC patients and their sexual partners by performing HPV genotyping on oral cytology brushings. Methods Newly diagnosed OPC patients and their sexual partners underwent oral mouth swabs and answered a risk factor questionnaire. Patient tumor samples and oral swabs from both the patient and partner were assessed for HPV status and genotyped using Easy-Chip HPV Blot PCR. Results We enrolled 227 patient-partner pairs and obtained sufficient analyzable DNA from both members in 198 pairs. Of 144 patients with available OPC tumor tissue, 128 (89 %) had HPV-positive tumors by either in situ hybridization or p16 immunohistochemical analysis (104 or 121, respectively). In total, there were 28 patients and 30 partners who were HPV positive by oral swab. The prevalence rate of oral HPV in partners was 15 %. There were 39 patient-partner pairs who had one or both members returning positive for HPV in the oral swab, and 49 % of these pairs were concordant for their HPV-genotype. Female partners had a higher oral HPV prevalence (16 %) than did male partners (11 %). Patients who were non-white were also found to have a higher oral prevalence of HPV (p = 0.032) by mouth swab. Conclusions Partners of OPC patients may have a higher prevalence of oral HPV and should be studied prospectively to understand their OPC risk. Additional future research is needed to identify oral HPV persistence in partners to OPC patients and to determine the optimal sampling methods and technologies to screen patients at high risk for HPV-related disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13027-016-0066-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Tsao
- Departments of Thoracic & Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Unit 432, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou
- Departments of Thoracic & Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Unit 432, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Heather Lin
- Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Ming Guo
- Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - J Jack Lee
- Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - F Christopher Holsinger
- Department of Otolaryngology Head/Neck Surgery, The Cancer Center and School of Medicine Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Waun Ki Hong
- Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Erich M Sturgis
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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20
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Vernon LT, Jayashantha P, Chidzonga MM, Komesu MC, Nair RG, Johnson NW. Comorbidities associated with HIV and antiretroviral therapy (clinical sciences): a workshop report. Oral Dis 2016; 22 Suppl 1:135-48. [PMID: 27109282 PMCID: PMC5986297 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), parsing out the effects of HIV vs ART on health outcomes is challenging. Nadir CD4 count, a marker of the extent of immunosuppression, has significant long-term impact on an array of disease states in HIV+ persons; however, in the dental literature, reporting of pre-ART exposure to immunosuppression has largely been ignored and this limits the validity of previous studies. In Workshop A1, we explain fully the importance of nadir CD4, pre-ART immunosuppression, and identify a need to include specific variables in future research. The questions posed herein are challenging, typically not neatly addressed by any one study and require integration of the latest evidence from the wider medical literature. We consider topics beyond the confines of the oral cavity and examine oral health in the complex context of ART era HIV immunopathophysiology. We depict how variability in geographic setting and time period (pre- and post-ART era) can impact oral conditions - influencing when HIV infection was detected (at what CD4 count), the type and timing of ART as well as social determinants such as strong stigma and limited access to care. We hope our Workshop will stir debate and energize a rigorous focus on relevant areas of future research in HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Vernon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Plp Jayashantha
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia and Dental Hospital, and Sri Lanka Air Force Station Colombo, Sri Lanka, Australia
| | - M M Chidzonga
- College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - M C Komesu
- Department of Morphology, Stomatology Physiology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - R G Nair
- Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia and Cancer Services, Gold Coast University Hospital, Queensland Health, Qld, Autralia, Australia
| | - N W Johnson
- Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
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21
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Behavioral, immunologic, and virologic correlates of oral human papillomavirus infection in HIV-infected youth. Sex Transm Dis 2015; 42:246-52. [PMID: 25868136 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the epidemiology or risk factors for oral human papillomavirus (HPV) in HIV-infected youth. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence and correlates of oral HPV infection and to explore the association between HPV vaccination and oral infection in HIV-infected youth. METHODS Youth 12 to 24 years of age with behaviorally acquired HIV were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Procedures involved medical chart review, survey, and collection of an oral rinse sample. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine whether demographic, behavioral, immunologic, and virologic factors and history of vaccination were significantly associated with oral HPV infection. RESULTS Mean age of the 272 participants was 21.5 years; 64% were non-Hispanic black and 20.2% were Hispanic; and 10.8% of men compared with 20.3% of women were fully vaccinated. Human papillomavirus prevalence was 19.7% in men and 18.6% in women (P = 1.0). Only men were positive for vaccine-type HPV: 5.6% were positive for HPV-6, HPV-11, HPV-16, and/or HPV-18, and 4.2% were positive for HPV-16 and/or HPV-18. Among men who were fully vaccinated, none were positive for HPV-6, HPV-11, HPV-16, and/or HPV-18, compared with 12 (6.3%) of men who were not fully vaccinated (P = 0.37). Two variables were marginally associated with oral HPV (P < 0.10): marijuana use in the previous 3 months and lower CD4+ T-cell count. CONCLUSIONS Prevalence rates of oral HPV were relatively high in this population of HIV-infected youth and were similar in male and female youth. No fully vaccinated men were infected with vaccine-type HPV.
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Abstract
The immune system plays a key role in the development, establishment, and progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). A greater understanding of the dysregulation and evasion of the immune system in the evolution and progression of HNSCC provides the basis for improved therapies and outcomes for patients. HNSCC cells evade the host immune system through manipulation of their own immunogenicity, production of immunosuppressive mediators, and promotion of immunomodulatory cell types. Through the tumor's influence on the microenvironment, the immune system can be exploited to promote metastasis, angiogenesis, and growth. This article provides a brief overview of key components of the immune infiltrating cells in the tumor microenvironment, reviewing immunological principles related to head and neck cancer, including the concept of cancer immunosurveillance and immune escape. Current immunotherapeutic strategies and emerging results from ongoing clinical trials are presented.
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Faggons CE, Mabedi C, Shores CG, Gopal S. Review: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in sub-Saharan Africa. Malawi Med J 2015; 27:79-87. [PMID: 26715951 PMCID: PMC4688867 DOI: 10.4314/mmj.v27i3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Review the literature from 1990 to 2013 to determine known anatomic sites, risk factors, treatments, and outcomes of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS Using a systematic search strategy, literature pertaining to HNSCC in sub-Saharan Africa was reviewed and patient demographics, anatomic sites, histology, stage, treatment, and outcomes were abstracted. The contributions of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV) and behavioural risk factors to HNSCC in the region were assessed. RESULTS Of the 342 papers identified, 46 were utilized for review, including 8611 patients. In sub-Saharan Africa, the oropharyngeal/oral cavity was found to be the most common site, with 7750 cases (90% of all cases). Few papers distinguished oropharyngeal from oral cavity, making identification of possible HPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) difficult. SCC of the nasopharynx, nasal cavity, or paranasal sinuses was identified in 410 patients (4.8% of all cases). Laryngeal SCC was found in 385 patients (4.5% of all cases), and only 66 patients (0.8% of all cases) with hypopharyngeal SCC were identified. In 862 patients with data available, 43% used tobacco and 42% used alcohol, and reported use varied widely and was more common in laryngeal SCC than that of the oropharyngeal/oral cavity. Toombak and kola nut use was reported to be higher in patients with HNSCC. Several papers reported HIV-positive patients with HNSCC, but it was not possible to determine HNSCC prevalence in HIV-positive compared to negative patients. Reports of treatment and outcomes were rare. CONCLUSIONS The oropharyngeal/oral cavity was by far the most commonly reported site of HNSCC reported in sub-Saharan Africa. The roles of risk factors in HNSCC incidence in sub-Saharan Africa were difficult to delineate from the available studies, but a majority of patients did not use tobacco and alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Faggons
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - C Mabedi
- Department of Surgery, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - C G Shores
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - S Gopal
- UNC Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
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Abstract
The oropharynx has a crucial role in swallowing because of the surrounding constrictor musculature, need for mobility and pliability, and proximity of the base of tongue to the larynx. Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection as a cause of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma has increased dramatically in proportion and overall numbers of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma cases. Better clinical response to therapy and younger age of the HPV+ oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients have caused functional and quality-of-life considerations to become more important endpoints in evaluating efficacy of therapeutic options; "deintensification" to ameliorate toxicity is under investigation for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Clump
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Julie E Bauman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Robert L Ferris
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Eye and Ear Institute, Suite 500, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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25
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Nittayananta W, Tao R, Jiang L, Peng Y, Huang Y. Oral innate immunity in HIV infection in HAART era. J Oral Pathol Med 2015; 45:3-8. [PMID: 25639844 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oral innate immunity, an important component in host defense and immune surveillance in the oral cavity, plays a crucial role in the regulation of oral health. As part of the innate immune system, epithelial cells lining oral mucosal surfaces not only provide a physical barrier but also produce different antimicrobial peptides, including human β-defensins (hBDs), secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), and various cytokines. These innate immune mediators help in maintaining oral homeostasis. When they are impaired either by local or systemic causes, various oral infections and malignancies may be developed. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and other co-infections appear to have both direct and indirect effects on systemic and local innate immunity leading to the development of oral opportunistic infections and malignancies. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the standard treatment of HIV infection, contributed to a global reduction of HIV-associated oral lesions. However, prolonged use of HAART may lead to adverse effects on the oral innate immunity resulting in the relapse of oral lesions. This review article focused on the roles of oral innate immunity in HIV infection in HAART era. The following five key questions were addressed: (i) What are the roles of oral innate immunity in health and disease?, (ii) What are the effects of HIV infection on oral innate immunity?, (iii) What are the roles of oral innate immunity against other co-infections?, (iv) What are the effects of HAART on oral innate immunity?, and (v) Is oral innate immunity enhanced by HAART?
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renchuan Tao
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Lanlan Jiang
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Peng
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuxiao Huang
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
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Beachler DC, Abraham AG, Silverberg MJ, Jing Y, Fakhry C, Gill MJ, Dubrow R, Kitahata MM, Klein MB, Burchell AN, Korthuis PT, Moore RD, D'Souza G. Incidence and risk factors of HPV-related and HPV-unrelated Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma in HIV-infected individuals. Oral Oncol 2014; 50:1169-76. [PMID: 25301563 PMCID: PMC4253676 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the risk and trends of HPV-related and HPV-unrelated Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) in HIV-infected individuals and assess whether immunosuppression (measured through CD4 cell count) and other risk factors impact HNSCC risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS Incident HNSCCs at HPV-related and HPV-unrelated anatomic sites were detected in HIV-infected participants from pooled data from 17 prospective studies in the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA-ACCORD) between 1996 and 2009. HNSCC cases were validated using chart review or cancer registry matching. Risk factors for incident HPV-related and HPV-unrelated HNSCC were explored using mixed effects Poisson regression in a full prospective analysis, and the effect of CD4 prior to cancer diagnosis was examined in a nested case control analysis. RESULTS 66 HPV-related and 182 HPV-unrelated incident HNSCCs were detected among 82,375 HIV-infected participants. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for both HPV-related (SIR=3.2, 95%CI=2.5-3.4) and HPV-unrelated (SIR=3.0, 95%CI=2.5-4.1) HNSCC were significantly elevated in HIV-infected individuals compared with the US general population. Between 1996 and 2009, the age-standardized HPV-related HNSCC incidence increased non-significantly from 6.8 to 11.4per 100,000 person-years (p-trend=0.31) while the age-standardized incidence of HPV-unrelated HNSCC decreased non-significantly from 41.9 to 29.3 per 100,000 person-years (p-trend=0.16). Lower CD4 cell count prior to cancer diagnosis was significantly associated with increased HPV-related and HPV-unrelated HNSCC risk. CONCLUSION The standardized incidence of HPV-related and HPV-unrelated HNSCC are both elevated in HIV-infected individuals. Immunosuppression may have a role in the development of both HPV-related and HPV-unrelated HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Beachler
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Alison G Abraham
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Michael J Silverberg
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, USA.
| | - Yuezhou Jing
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Carole Fakhry
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 601 N. Caroline St., Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - M John Gill
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW., Calgary, Canada.
| | - Robert Dubrow
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Yale School of Public Health and Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208034, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | | | - Marina B Klein
- Division of Medicine, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Ann N Burchell
- Division of Oncology, Ontario HIV Treatment Network, 1300 Yong St. Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - P Todd Korthuis
- Department of Public Health/Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Richard D Moore
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1830 E. Monument St., Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Gypsyamber D'Souza
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Woods RSR, O’Regan EM, Kennedy S, Martin C, O’Leary JJ, Timon C. Role of human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: A review. World J Clin Cases 2014; 2:172-193. [PMID: 24945004 PMCID: PMC4061306 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v2.i6.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a subset of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. As a result, traditional paradigms in relation to the management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma have been changing. Research into HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma is rapidly expanding, however many molecular pathological and clinical aspects of the role of HPV remain uncertain and are the subject of ongoing investigation. A detailed search of the literature pertaining to HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma was performed and information on the topic was gathered. In this article, we present an extensive review of the current literature on the role of HPV in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, particularly in relation to epidemiology, risk factors, carcinogenesis, biomarkers and clinical implications. HPV has been established as a causative agent in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and biologically active HPV can act as a prognosticator with better overall survival than HPV-negative tumours. A distinct group of younger patients with limited tobacco and alcohol exposure have emerged as characteristic of this HPV-related subset of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. However, the exact molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis are not completely understood and further studies are needed to assist development of optimal prevention and treatment modalities.
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Genetic Susceptibility to Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014; 89:38-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Mbulawa ZZA, Johnson LF, Marais DJ, Coetzee D, Williamson AL. Risk factors for oral human papillomavirus in heterosexual couples in an African setting. J Infect 2013; 68:185-9. [PMID: 24184808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and factors associated with oral HPV infection were investigated. METHODS Cervical, penile and oral HPV types were determined in 221 heterosexual couples by Roche Linear Array HPV genotyping assay. RESULTS Oral HPV prevalence was found to be 6.8% in women and 13.5% in men (P = 0.23). The risk of oral infection with a specific HPV type in women was increased when the same type was detected in their genital tract (odd ratio (OR): 3.65, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.62-8.25, P = 0.002), the genital tract of their male partner (OR: 6.08, 95% CI: 2.90-12.73, P < 0.001) or the mouth of their male partner (OR: 8.30, 95% CI: 1.58-43.50, P = 0.012). In men, the risk of oral infection with a specific HPV type was increased when the same type was detected in the genital tract of their female partner (OR: 7.28, 95% CI: 1.45-36.58, P = 0.016) or the mouth of their female partner (OR: 5.43, 95% CI: 0.79-37.06, P = 0.084) but not when the same type was present in their own genital tract. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that in African settings oral HPV infection is acquired from sexual partners, and that in women may also be the result of self-inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizipho Z A Mbulawa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Disease, National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - Leigh F Johnson
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Dianne J Marais
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - David Coetzee
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with a subset of head and neck cancers. We compared prevalence of, and risk factors for, oral HPV infection among HIV-negative and HIV-infected MSM. DESIGN Analysis of baseline data from a prospective cohort study. METHODS MSM aged 18 years or older were recruited from three study sites in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Participants completed a self-administered risk-factor questionnaire. Oral-rinse and gargle specimens were analyzed for HPV DNA and genotyped using a highly sensitive PCR and reverse line blot assay [short PCR fragment (SPF)10-PCR-DNA Enzyme Immuno Assay (DEIA)/LiPA25 system]. RESULTS In 2010-2011, 794 MSM were included, of whom 767 participants had sufficient data for analysis. Median age was 40.1 years [interquartile range (IQR) 34.8-47.5] and 314 men were HIV-infected (40.9%). Any of 25 typable HPV types was present in 24.4% of all oral samples. Oncogenic HPV types were detected in 24.8 and 8.8% of oral samples from HIV-infected and HIV-negative MSM, respectively (P < 0.001). Of these high-risk types, HPV-16 was the most common (overall 3.4%). Oral infection with high-risk HPV was associated with HIV infection in multivariable analysis (P < 0.001). Increasing age was significantly associated with oral HPV infection in HIV-negative, but not in HIV-infected MSM. CONCLUSION Oral HPV infection is very common among MSM. HIV infection was independently associated with high-risk oral HPV infection, suggesting an important role of HIV in oral HPV infection.
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Nittayananta W, Amornthatree K, Kemapunmanus M, Talungchit S, Sriplung H. Expression of oral cytokines in HIV-infected subjects with long-term use of antiretroviral therapy. Oral Dis 2013; 20:e57-64. [PMID: 23718561 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the expression of oral pro-inflammatory cytokines in HIV-infected subjects compared with non-HIV individuals, (ii) the cytokine expression in the subjects with antiretroviral therapy (ART) compared with those without ART, and (iii) factors associated with the expression of the cytokines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Oral examination was performed and saliva samples were collected and analyzed for the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines using ELISA. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association between HIV/ART status and the cytokine expression. RESULTS One hundred and fifty-seven HIV-infected subjects with and without ART, and 50 non-HIV individuals were enrolled. TNF-α and IL-6 in saliva were significantly decreased, while IL-8 was significantly increased in HIV infection (P < 0.05). Changes in the expression of IL-8 were also observed between HIV-infected subjects who were and were not on ART (P < 0.05). Duration of HIV infection and smoking was significantly associated with the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in saliva (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Oral innate immunity is affected by HIV infection and use of ART. IL-8 may be the useful biomarker to identify subjects at risk of infection and malignant transformation due to HIV infection and long-term use of ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Nittayananta
- Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
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Beachler DC, D'Souza G, Sugar EA, Xiao W, Gillison ML. Natural history of anal vs oral HPV infection in HIV-infected men and women. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:330-9. [PMID: 23596319 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals are at greater risk for human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated anal than oropharyngeal cancers. The prevalence of anal vs oral HPV infections is higher in this population, but whether this is explained by higher incidence or persistence is unknown. METHODS Oral rinse and anal swab samples were collected semiannually from 404 HIV-infected adults in Baltimore, Maryland. Samples were tested for 37 HPV types using PGMY09/11 primers and reverse line-blot hybridization. Risk factors for HPV persistence were explored using adjusted Wei-Lin-Weissfeld models. RESULTS The prevalence (84% vs 28%), incidence (145 vs 31 per 1000 person-months), and 12-month persistence (54% vs 29%) were higher for anal vs oral HPV infections, respectively (each P < .001). Heterosexual men had lower incidence of anal HPV than men who have sex with men and women, but a higher incidence of oral HPV infection (test of interaction P < 0.001). In adjusted analyses, risk factors for HPV persistence included prevalent vs incident (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 4.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.5-4.8) and anal vs oral HPV infections (aHR = 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2-1.9). CONCLUSIONS The higher incidence and persistence of anal vs oral HPV infections likely contributes to the higher burden of anal as compared to oral HPV-associated cancers in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Beachler
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Mourad WF, Hu KS, Ishihara D, Shourbaji RA, Lin W, Kumar M, Jacobson AS, Tran T, Manolidis S, Urken M, Persky M, Harrison L. Tolerance and toxicity of primary radiation therapy in the management of seropositive HIV patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Laryngoscope 2013; 123:1178-83. [PMID: 23532683 DOI: 10.1002/lary.23874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To report tolerance and toxicity of radiotherapy (RT) with or without chemotherapy in HIV seropositive patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). METHODS This is a single institution retrospective study of 73 HIV seropositive patients with SCCHN treated from January 1997 through 2010. Stages I, II, III, and IV were 8%, 10%, 24%, and 58%, respectively. The median age at RT, HIV diagnosis. and the duration of HIV seropositive were 51 (32-72), 34 (25-50), and 11 (6-20) years, respectively. Patients were treated definitively with RT alone (35%) or concurrent chemo-RT (65%). Median dose of 70 Gy (66-70) was delivered to the gross disease. Median duration of treatment was 52 (49-64) days. Fifty patients (70%) were on HAART. RESULTS RT± chemotherapy induced acute toxicity was: median weight loss 20 pounds (6-40), 100% developed dysgeusia and xerostomia (grades 1-3). Acute mucositis and dysphagia/odynophagia grades ≤ 2 and 3 were 83% and 17%, respectively. Treatment breaks in excess of 10, 7, and 3 days were found in 5%, 13%, and 15% of patients, respectively. With a median follow-up of 4 years (2-12) the RT ±chemotherapy induced late dysphagia and xerostomia grades >2 were 26% and 23% of patients, respectively. CONCLUSION Our data show that primary RT ±chemotherapy for HIV seropositive SCCHN is less tolerated compared to the historical data for SCCHN without HIV. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed F Mourad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
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Oral human papillomavirus and human herpesvirus-8 infections among human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected men and women in Italy. Sex Transm Dis 2013; 39:894-8. [PMID: 23064540 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0b013e31826ef2da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral human papillomavirus (HPV) and human herpesvirus-8 (HHV8) infections are sexually transmitted and respectively associated with the development of oropharyngeal carcinoma and Kaposi sarcoma. The aim of the study was to evaluate HPV prevalence and its possible correlation with HHV8 oral shedding, in relation to sex, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) behavioral risk factor, and immune function. METHODS The study population comprised 100 HIV-infected individuals divided into 3 groups: (1) 38 men who have sex with men (MSM), (2) 24 heterosexual men, and (3) 38 women. DNA was obtained from cells of unstimulated whole saliva. Human papillomavirus sequences were searched for by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with MY09/MY11 primers or by nested PCR with GP5+/GP6+ primers as the second step. Typing was accomplished by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis or by direct sequencing or by reverse line blot. Human herpesvirus-8 sequences were detected and quantified by nested PCR and real-time PCR, respectively. RESULTS Oral HPV infection was present in 37 (prevalence, 37%) of 100 (13 with high-risk and 24 with low-risk types) patients; the most frequent types were HPV16, HPV6, HPV10, HPV61, HPV66, and HPV83. Human herpesvirus-8 DNA was detected in 46 (46%) of 100 subjects. Both infections had the highest prevalence among MSM and the lowest among women; women had a lower prevalence of high-risk HPV types than did both male groups (P = 0.05). An inverse correlation was observed with concomitant oral HHV8 infection (P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS High prevalence of oral HPV and HHV8 infections was observed; MSM had the highest figures, despite better control of HIV infection.
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Oral human papillomavirus detection in older adults who have human immunodeficiency virus infection. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 115:505-14. [PMID: 23375488 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate reproducibility of oral rinse self-collection for human papillomavirus (HPV) detection and investigate associations between oral HPV, oral lesions, immune and sociodemographic factors, we performed a cross-sectional study of older adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. STUDY DESIGN We collected oral rinse samples from 52 subjects at 2 different times of day, followed by an oral examination and interview. We identified HPV with the use of polymerase chain reaction platforms optimized for detection of mucosal and cutaneous types. RESULTS Eighty-seven percent of individuals had oral HPV, of which 23% had oncogenic alpha, 40% had nononcogenic alpha, and 46% had beta or gamma HPV. Paired oral specimens were concordant in all parameters tested. Significant associations observed for oral HPV with increased HIV viral load, hepatitis C seropositivity, history of sexually transmitted diseases, and lifetime number of sexual partners. CONCLUSIONS Oral cavity may be a reservoir of subclinical HPV in older adults who have HIV infection. Understanding natural history, transmission, and potential implications of oral HPV warrants further investigations.
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Anaya-Saavedra G, Flores-Moreno B, García-Carrancá A, Irigoyen-Camacho E, Guido-Jiménez M, Ramírez-Amador V. HPV oral lesions in HIV-infected patients: the impact of long-term HAART. J Oral Pathol Med 2012; 42:443-9. [PMID: 23278731 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), an increase in the frequency of human papillomavirus-associated oral lesions (HPV-OL) has been observed. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with HPV-OL in Mexican HIV-infected patients, as well as its genotyping, in the HAART era. METHODS In a cross-sectional study developed at an HIV/AIDS referral center in Mexico City, HIV-infected patients were consecutively included from 2004 to 2011. An oral exam was performed; lymphocyte CD4(+) count, HIV-viral load, CDC-stage, and HAART use were recorded. HPV-OL samples were taken for routine histopathological analysis (H-E) and HPV-DNA amplification/sequencing. Logistic regression models were performed and the interactions tested using the STATA software. RESULTS Among 787 HIV patients, 55 (6.9%) showed HPV-OL. HPV-OLs were independently associated with age (≥40 years) and with a longer time of HAART use (≥12 months). The most frequent lesion was squamous cell papilloma in 22 (40%) cases, followed by multifocal epithelial hyperplasia in 15 (27.3%) cases. Labial mucosa was the most common site involved (56.4%). Of the sequences obtained, 65.4% corresponded to low risk and 11.5% to high risk. Mixed high- and low-risk infection were identified in 7.7% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS Human papillomavirus-associated oral lesions were associated with older age and longer HAART use. All lesions were benign in nature and most of the HPV sequences corresponded to low-risk types. The rise of HPV-OLs in HIV patients on HAART may be related with the longer life expectancy of individuals with an impaired immune system rather than a direct effect of HAART.
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Ramshankar V, Krishnamurthy A. Human papilloma virus in head and neck cancers-role and relevance in clinical management. Indian J Surg Oncol 2012; 4:59-66. [PMID: 24426701 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-012-0196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The biology and clinical behavior of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas (HNSCCs) is very distinct within different subgroups due to the distinct molecular profiles for the HPV positive versus HPV negative tumors. HPV status is the most important independent prognostic variable in multivariate analysis taking into account all other prognostic factors like tumour stage, smoking status, age and performance status. The debate today is whether the intense therapy is too aggressive in this group of patients since they show a superior survival regardless of treatment strategies. A highly divergent prognosis and distinct biology of HPV positive and HPV negative HNSCCs underlines the fact that treating them as distinct diseases is the need of the hour. Infection with HPV is associated with less aggressive disease, better loco regional control and lower rates of second primary cancers. An important caveat that remains is the emergence of intermediate prognosis of HPV positive smokers and HPV negative non smokers. Though molecular biology has provided important data on the interaction of the HPV onco proteins with genes important in cell cycle control, also speculated to be involved in pathogenesis of HNSCC, more basic research is needed to describe the differential mechanisms of tumorigenesis among the HNSCCs that show presence and absence of HPV. This is clinically relevant to reduce morbidity without compromising tumour control in HPV positive patients and improving tumour control and co-morbid illness that could be pre-existing or treatment related in HPV negative patients. There may be a need for treatment intensification and incorporation of newer agents into induction chemotherapy protocols for the HPV negative patients and so HPV detection is important to aid in this selection. HPV tumour status is therefore more important than just providing the prognostic information in these classes of tumours. This article discusses the role and clinical relevance of HPV in HNSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalakshmi Ramshankar
- Department of Preventive Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), 36, Sardar Patel Rd, Adyar, Chennai, 600020 India
| | - Arvind Krishnamurthy
- Departments of Surgical Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), 36, Sardar Patel Rd, Adyar, Chennai, 600020 India
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Firnhaber C, Wilkin T. Human papillomavirus vaccines: where do they fit in HIV-infected individuals? Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2012; 9:278-86. [PMID: 22744002 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-012-0128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the etiological agent for cervical cancer and a large majority of anal cancers worldwide. In 2006 two preventive vaccines against the HPV were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and have since been approved in over 100 countries. HIV-infected populations are at an increased risk for HPV-related cancers. None of the efficacy trials for these vaccines included HIV-infected populations. However, studies in HIV-infected children and adult men show that the vaccine is safe and highly immunogenic. Studies evaluating the vaccine in HIV-infected women are in progress. Based on these studies, the American Council on Immunization Practices recommends HPV vaccination for all HIV-infected children and young adults up to age 26 years. HPV vaccine policies in resource-limited countries, many of which have a high prevalence of HIV infection, are still being developed. Future studies should examine the role of HPV vaccination for older HIV-infected adults who likely have ongoing HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Firnhaber
- Clinical HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Witwatersand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Nittayananta W, Kemapunmanus M, Yangngam S, Talungchit S, Sriplung H. Expression of oral secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor in HIV-infected subjects with long-term use of antiretroviral therapy. J Oral Pathol Med 2012; 42:208-15. [PMID: 23126266 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the expression of oral secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) in HIV-infected subjects compared with non-HIV controls, (ii) the oral SLPI expression in HIV-infected subjects with antiretroviral therapy (ART) compared with those without ART, and (iii) factors associated with the expression of oral SLPI. METHODS Oral tissues and samples of both un-stimulated and stimulated saliva were collected from HIV-infected subjects with and without ART, and non-HIV individuals. The expression of SLPI mRNA in the tissue was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Salivary SLPI protein was detected using ELISA. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were performed to determine the association between HIV/ART status and the expression of oral SLPI. RESULTS One hundred and fifty-seven HIV-infected subjects were enrolled: 99 on ART (age range, 23-57 years; mean, 39 years), 58 not on ART (age range, 20-59 years; mean, 34 years), and 50 non-HIV controls (age range, 19-59 years; mean, 36 years). The most common ART regimen was 2NRTIs + 1NNRTI. The expression of oral SLPI in stimulated saliva was significantly decreased with HIV infection (P < 0.001). The expression was also significantly different with respect to ART use (P = 0.007). Smoking, CD4(+) cell count, and HIV viral load were the factors associated with the oral SLPI expression. CONCLUSION The expression of oral SLPI is altered by HIV infection and use of ART. Thus, oral SLPI may be the useful biomarker to identify subjects at risk of infections and malignant transformation due to HIV infection and long-term ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wipawee Nittayananta
- Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand.
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Panatto D, Amicizia D, Trucchi C, Casabona F, Lai PL, Bonanni P, Boccalini S, Bechini A, Tiscione E, Zotti CM, Coppola RC, Masia G, Meloni A, Castiglia P, Piana A, Gasparini R. Sexual behaviour and risk factors for the acquisition of human papillomavirus infections in young people in Italy: suggestions for future vaccination policies. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:623. [PMID: 22871132 PMCID: PMC3490840 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection. The main risk factors correlated with HPV infection are: early sexual debut, the number of partners, frequency and type of sexual contact and partner’s sexual histories. We surveyed sexual habits among young people in order to provide information that might orient decision-makers in adopting HPV multi-cohort vaccination policies. Methods We administered a questionnaire to students (14–24 years old) in five Italian cities. Results 7298 questionnaires were analyzed (4962 females and 2336 males); 55.3% of females (95% CI 53.9–56.7) and 52.5% of males (95% CI 50.5–54.5) reported regular sexual activity. The mean age at sexual debut was 15.7 ± 1.6 and 15.6 ± 1.6 for females and males, respectively, and the median age was 16 for both sexes. With regard to contraceptive use during the last year, 63.6% of males and 62.8% of females responded affirmatively; 42.6% of males and 42.8% of females used condoms. Conclusion The results reveal precocious sexual activity among respondents, with the mean age at first intercourse declining as age decreases. Condom use proved to be scant. Considering lifestyle-related risk factors, males appear to have a higher probability of acquiring HPV infection than females. These data support the importance of promoting multi-cohort HPV vaccination strategies for females up to 25 years of age. It is essential to improve vaccination coverage through different broad-spectrum strategies, including campaigns to increase awareness of sexually transmitted diseases and their prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Panatto
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via Pastore, 1 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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Nittayananta W, Mitarnun W, Talungchit S, Sriplung H. Changes in oral cytokeratin expression in HIV-infected subjects with long-term use of HAART. Oral Dis 2012; 18:793-801. [PMID: 22747944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2012.01947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the expression of oral cytokeratins (CKs) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects compared with non-HIV controls, (ii) the oral CK expression in the subjects with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) compared with those without HAART, and (iii) factors associated with the expression of oral CKs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Oral tissues from buccal mucosa were obtained by punched biopsy in HIV-infected subjects with and without HAART, and non-HIV individuals. The samples were processed for immunohistochemical studies of CK1, CK13, CK14, CK16, and involucrin. The staining intensity was scored and recorded. Logistic regression analysis and multi-way ANOVA test were performed. RESULTS The expression of CK13, CK14, and CK16 was found to be significantly different between HIV-infected subjects and non-HIV individuals (P < 0.05). The expression of those CKs was also significantly different between those who were and were not on HAART (P < 0.05). No significant difference between the groups was observed regarding CK1 and involucrin. CONCLUSIONS Oral epithelial cell differentiation as marked by the CK expression is affected by HIV infection and use of HAART. CKs may be the useful biomarkers to identify HIV-infected subjects who are at risk of malignant transformation of the oral mucosa because of HIV infection and HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Nittayananta
- Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla [corrected] University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.
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Nittayananta W, Kemapunmanus M, Amornthatree K, Talungchit S, Sriplung H. Oral human β-defensin 2 in HIV-infected subjects with long-term use of antiretroviral therapy. J Oral Pathol Med 2012; 42:53-60. [PMID: 22680235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2012.01183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objectives of this study were to determine (i) oral hBD2 expression in HIV-infected subjects compared with non-HIV controls, (ii) the expression of oral hBD2 in HIV-infected subjects with antiretroviral therapy (ART) compared with those without ART, and (iii) factors associated with the expression of oral hBD2. METHODS Oral examination and punched biopsy on buccal mucosa were performed in HIV-infected subjects with and without ART, and non-HIV individuals. The expression of hBD2 mRNA was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Saliva samples of both un-stimulated and stimulated saliva were collected and analyzed for hBD2 levels using ELISA. Student's t-test and nonparametric multi-way ANOVA test were used for comparison of measurements between or among groups. RESULTS One hundred and fifty-seven HIV-infected subjects were enrolled: 99 on ART (age range, 23-57 years; mean 39 years), 58 not on ART (age range, 20-59 years; mean 34 years), and 50 non-HIV controls (age range, 19-59 years; mean 36 years). The most common ART regimen was two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors + one non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Salivary levels of hBD2 were significantly increased in HIV infection (P < 0.001). The levels of hBD2 in stimulated saliva were also found to be significantly different between HIV-infected subjects who were and were not on ART (P < 0.001). No significant difference was observed with the expression of hBD2 mRNA. CONCLUSION Oral innate immunity is affected by HIV infection and use of ART. Salivary hBD2 levels may be the useful biomarkers to monitor those on long-term ART who are at risk of developing oral infections and malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wipawee Nittayananta
- Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.
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Upile T, Jerjes W, Al-Khawalde M, Radhi H, Sudhoff H. Oral sex, cancer and death: sexually transmitted cancers. HEAD & NECK ONCOLOGY 2012; 4:31. [PMID: 22673108 PMCID: PMC3448502 DOI: 10.1186/1758-3284-4-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We briefly highlight the growing body of recent evidence linking unprotected oral sex with the development of some types of head and neck cancer in younger patients. These tumours appear to be increasing in incidence although the development of more sensitive methods of HPV detection may be a confounding factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahwinder Upile
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Chase Farm & Barnet NHS Trust, Enfield, UK.
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Beachler DC, Weber KM, Margolick JB, Strickler HD, Cranston RD, Burk RD, Wiley DJ, Minkoff H, Reddy S, Stammer EE, Gillison ML, D’Souza G. Risk factors for oral HPV infection among a high prevalence population of HIV-positive and at-risk HIV-negative adults. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 21:122-33. [PMID: 22045700 PMCID: PMC3280125 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-0734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an important risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer. Individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have higher oral HPV prevalence but the risk factors for oral HPV infection are not well understood for either HIV-positive or HIV-negative individuals. METHODS This study was nested within the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS; men) and Women Interagency HIV Study (WIHS; women) cohorts. Exfoliated oral epithelial cells were collected from 379 HIV-positive and 266 at-risk HIV-negative individuals using a rinse and gargle with Scope mouthwash. Samples were tested for 36 types of HPV DNA using PGMY09/11 consensus primers and reverse line blot hybridization. Risk factors for oral HPV infection were explored using logistic regression with generalized estimating equations in this cross-sectional analysis. RESULTS Prevalent oral HPV infection was common (34%), including HPV16 infection in 5.7% of participants. HIV-positive individuals had increased odds of prevalent oral HPV infection compared with HIV-negative individuals [adjusted OR = 2.1; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.6-2.8]. Risk factors for prevalent oral HPV differed in HIV-positive and HIV-negative participants. Among HIV-negative individuals, higher number of recent oral sex or rimming partners were strong risk factors for prevalent oral HPV infection (each P(trend) < 0.01). In contrast, among HIV-positive individuals, lower CD4 T-cell count (P(trend) < 0.001) and higher number of lifetime sexual partners (P(trend) = 0.03) were strong risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Oral HPV prevalence was elevated in HIV-positive individuals after controlling for differences in cigarette smoking and sexual behavior, supporting the possibility that HIV may affect the natural history of oral HPV. IMPACT Immunosuppression may contribute to increased persistence or progression of oral HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Beachler
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kathleen M. Weber
- Hektoen Institute of Medicine, The CORE Center at John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL
| | - Joseph B. Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Howard D. Strickler
- Departments of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Ross D. Cranston
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Robert D. Burk
- Departments of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Department of Pediatrics, Microbiology & Immunology and Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women’s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Dorothy J. Wiley
- School of Nursing, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Howard Minkoff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Susheel Reddy
- Department of Infectious Disease, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Emily E. Stammer
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Maura L. Gillison
- Viral Oncology Program, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gypsyamber D’Souza
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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Amornthatree K, Sriplung H, Mitarnun W, Nittayananta W. Impacts of HIV infection and long-term use of antiretroviral therapy on the prevalence of oral human papilloma virus type 16. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 41:309-14. [PMID: 22098553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the prevalence and the copy numbers of oral human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV-16) in HIV-infected patients compared with non-HIV controls, and (ii) the effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and its duration on the virus. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out in HIV-infected patients with and without ART and in non-HIV controls. Saliva samples were collected, and the DNA extracted from those samples was used as a template to detect HPV-16 E6 and E7 by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Student's t-test and ANOVA test were performed to determine the prevalence rates among groups. RESULTS Forty-nine HIV-infected patients: 37 on ART (age range, 23-54 years; mean, 37 years), 12 not on ART (age range, 20-40 years; mean, 31 years), and 20 non-HIV controls (age range, 19-53 years; mean, 31 years) were enrolled. The prevalence of oral HPV-16 infection and the copy numbers of the virus were significantly higher in HIV-infected patients than in non-HIV controls when using E6 assay (geometric mean = 10696 vs. 563 copies/10(5) cells, P < 0.001), but not E7 assay. No significant difference was observed between those who were and were not on ART. Long-term use of ART did not significantly change the prevalence of oral HPV-16 infection and the copy numbers of the virus (P = 0.567). CONCLUSION We conclude that the prevalence of oral HPV-16 infection and the copy numbers of the virus are increased by HIV infection. Neither the use of ART nor its duration significantly affected the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korntip Amornthatree
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
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Steinau M, Reddy D, Sumbry A, Reznik D, Gunthel CJ, Del Rio C, Lennox JL, Unger ER, Nguyen MLT. Oral sampling and human papillomavirus genotyping in HIV-infected patients. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 41:288-91. [PMID: 22082117 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with several health complications especially in combination with HIV infections. Screening may be useful, but methodologies and results have varied widely in previous studies. We conducted a pilot study in an HIV-positive population to evaluate HPV detection in four different oral sample types. METHODS Upon enrollment, an oral-rinse (OR) sample was collected in 10 ml saline. Additional samples of the buccal mucosa, tonsils, and oral lesion if present were collected with cytology brushes. DNA was extracted using LC-MagNAPure, and the Linear Array HPV genotyping Assay (Roche) was used for HPV genotyping. RESULTS In samples from 100 HIV-positive participants, HPV was detected in 39 (%) of the oral rinses, 13 (%) mucosal and 11 (12.9%) tonsil brushings. Of seven lesion brushings collected, four were HPV positive. All participants with HPV detected in mucosal, tonsil, or lesion brushings were also positive in the OR sample. Among the rinse samples, 27 different genotypes were detected with HPV84 (n = 6), HPV55 (n = 5), and HPV83 (n = 5) being the most common. Multiple infections were detected in 17 samples (range 2-9, mean 1.9 types). As potential cofactors, only receptive oral sex was significantly associated with HPV (P = 0.018, odds ratio 2.9, 95% CI 1.2-6.9). CONCLUSION Sampling is a significant factor for oral prevalence studies. Oral rinse provides the best representation for HPV in the oral cavity. To evaluate associated cofactors other than receptive oral sex, larger studies with case-control design are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Steinau
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Amornthatree K, Sriplung H, Mitarnun W, Nittayananta W. Effects of long-term use of antiretroviral therapy on the prevalence of oral Epstein-Barr virus. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 41:249-54. [PMID: 21981060 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the prevalence of oral Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in HIV-infected subjects compared to non-HIV controls and (ii) the effects of long-term use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the prevalence of oral EBV. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed in HIV-infected subjects with and without ART, and non-HIV individuals. DNA in saliva samples was extracted and used as a template to detect EBV BamH1W and EBNA1 by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Student t-test and ANOVA test were performed to determine the prevalence rates among groups. RESULTS Forty-nine HIV-infected subjects: 37 on ART (age range 23-54 year, mean 37 year), 12 not on ART (age range 20-40 year, mean 31 year), and 20 non-HIV controls (age range 19-53 year, mean 31 year) were enrolled. The numbers of EBV BamH1W in saliva were found to be significantly higher in HIV-infected subjects than non-HIV controls (80% vs. 20%, mean = 12118 vs. 134 copies/10(5) cells, P < 0.001). HIV-infected subjects who were on ART had significantly lower numbers of EBV BamH1W than those who were not (mean = 4102 vs. 138613 copies/10(5) cells, P = 0.011). The numbers were significantly lower in those who received long-term ART compared with short-term (mean = 1401 vs. 11124 copies/10(5) cells, P = 0.034). No significant difference was observed between the groups when using EBNA1 primers. CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of oral EBV was significantly higher in HIV-infected subjects than non-HIV-controls. The numbers of the virus were significantly decreased by ART. Long-term use of ART did not increase oral EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korntip Amornthatree
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
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Abstract
Recent data demonstrate that human papillomavirus also plays a role in cancers other than ano-genital cancers, specifically head and neck cancers, and non-cancerous conditions such as recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. As more and more information about the role of infection in non-cervical diseases is amassed, additional questions about whether prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines will effectively prevent these conditions are raised. This article reviews the epidemiology of oral human papillomavirus infection and the role of human papillomavirus in head and neck cancers. In addition, it will review the known clinical indications for human papillomavirus vaccination, and highlight other potential clinical targets for the vaccine that have not yet been demonstrated in clinical trials but for which there is biologic plausibility.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV-positive men and women are at greater risk of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancers compared with the general population. This study describes recent findings in HPV-related cancers and precancerous lesions and discuss the potential benefit of recently developed prophylactic HPV vaccines. RECENT FINDINGS Despite improving access to antiretroviral therapy (ART), particularly in developing countries, the incidence of cervical cancer has not declined and the incidence of anal cancer is still rising in HIV-infected individuals. HIV appears to affect the history of HPV infection, and the distribution of genotypes detected in precancerous lesions in HIV-infected women is not similar to that of the general population. The use of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine has been shown to prevent cervical precursor lesions caused by the vaccine types in women in the general population. Safety and immunogenicity studies of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine in HIV-infected individuals are underway. Efficacy has to be proven in the context of both a different epidemiology of HPV infection and of immunosuppression. SUMMARY Recent data imply that the issue of HPV-related cancers will not decline in HIV-infected individuals. Therefore, efficacy studies of HPV vaccines are sorely needed in the setting of HIV.
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