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Shishkina EA, Napier BA, Preston DL, Degteva MO. Dose estimates and their uncertainties for use in epidemiological studies of radiation-exposed populations in the Russian Southern Urals. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288479. [PMID: 37561738 PMCID: PMC10414627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Many residents of the Russian Southern Urals were exposed to radioactive environmental pollution created by the operations of the Mayak Production Association in the mid- 20th century. There were two major releases: the discharge of about 1x1017 Bq of liquid waste into the Techa River between 1949 and 1959; and the atmospheric release of 7.4 * 1016 Bq as a result an explosion in the radioactive waste-storage facility in 1957. The releases into the Techa River resulted in the exposure of more than 30,000 people who lived in riverside villages between 1950 and 1961. The 1957 accident contaminated a larger area with the highest exposure levels in an area that is called the East Urals Radioactive Trace (EURT). Current epidemiologic studies of the exposed populations are based on dose estimates obtained using a Monte-Carlo dosimetry system (TRDS-2016MC) that provides multiple realizations of the annual doses for each cohort member. These dose realizations provide a central estimate of the individual dose and information on the uncertainty of these dose estimates. In addition, the correlation of individual annual doses over realizations provides important information on shared uncertainties that can be used to assess the impact of shared dose uncertainties on risk estimate uncertainty.This paper considers dose uncertainties in the TRDS-2016MC. Individual doses from external and internal radiation sources were reconstructed for 48,036 people based on environmental contamination patterns, residential histories, individual 90Sr body-burden measurements and dietary intakes. Dietary intake of 90Sr resulted in doses accumulated in active bone marrow (or simply, marrow) that were an order of magnitude greater than those in soft tissues. About 84% of the marrow dose and 50% of the stomach dose was associated with internal exposures. The lognormal distribution is well-fitted to the individual dose realizations, which, therefore, could be expressed and easily operated in terms of geometric mean (GM) and geometric standard deviation (GSD). Cohort average GM for marrow and stomach cumulative doses are 0.21 and 0.03 Gy, respectively. Cohort average dose uncertainties in terms of GSD are as follows: for marrow it is 2.93 (90%CI: 2.02-4.34); for stomach and the other non-calcified tissues it is 2.32 (90% CI: 1.78-2.9).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Shishkina
- Biophysics Laboratory, Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Chelyabinsk, Russia
- Chelyabinsk State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Bruce A. Napier
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dale L. Preston
- Hirosoft International LLC, Eureka, California, United States of America
| | - Marina O. Degteva
- Biophysics Laboratory, Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Chelyabinsk, Russia
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Masiuk S, Chepurny M, Buderatska V, Ivanova O, Boiko Z, Zhadan N, Mabuchi K, Cahoon EK, Little MP, Kukush A, Bogdanova T, Shpak V, Zamotayeva G, Tronko M, Drozdovitch V. Exposure to the Thyroid from Intake of Radioiodine Isotopes after the Chornobyl Accident. Report I: Revised Doses and Associated Uncertainties for the Ukrainian-American Cohort. Radiat Res 2023; 199:61-73. [PMID: 36366807 PMCID: PMC9899004 DOI: 10.1667/rade-21-00152.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid doses from intake of radioiodine isotopes (131I, 132Te+132I, and 133I) and associated uncertainties were revised for the 13,204 Ukrainian-American cohort members exposed in childhood and adolescence to fallout from the Chornobyl nuclear power plant accident. The main changes related to the revision of the 131I thyroid activity measured in cohort members, the use of thyroid-mass values specific to the Ukrainian population, and the revision of the 131I ground deposition densities in Ukraine. Uncertainties in doses were assessed considering shared and unshared errors in the parameters of the dosimetry model. Using a Monte-Carlo simulation procedure, 1,000 individual stochastic thyroid doses were calculated for each cohort member. The arithmetic mean of thyroid doses from intake of 131I, 132Te+132I, and 133I for the entire cohort was 0.60 Gy (median = 0.22 Gy). For 9,474 subjects (71.6% of the total), the thyroid doses were less than 0.5 Gy. Thyroid doses for 42 cohort members (0.3% of the total) exceeded 10 Gy while the highest dose was 35 Gy. Intake of 131I contributed around 95% to internal thyroid exposure from radioiodine isotopes. The geometric standard deviation of individual stochastic thyroid doses varied among cohort members from 1.4 to 4.3 with an arithmetic mean of 1.6 and a median of 1.4. It was shown that the contribution of shared errors to the dose uncertainty was small. The revised thyroid doses resulted, in average, in around 40% decrease for cohort members from Zhytomyr Oblast and an increase of around 24% and 35% for the cohort members from Kyiv and Chernihiv Oblast, respectively. Arithmetic mean of TD20 doses for the cohort was around 8% less than that estimated in TD10, 0.60 Gy vs. 0.65 Gy, respectively; however, global median of TD20 doses somewhat increased compared to TD10: 0.22 Gy vs. 0.19 Gy, respectively. The difference between TD10 and TD20 was mainly due to a revision of the individual 131I thyroid activity measured in the cohort members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergii Masiuk
- State Institution “National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine”, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mykola Chepurny
- State Institution “National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine”, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Valentyna Buderatska
- State Institution “National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine”, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olga Ivanova
- State Institution “National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine”, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Zulfira Boiko
- State Institution “National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine”, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Zhadan
- State Institution “National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine”, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Kiyohiko Mabuchi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth K Cahoon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark P Little
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Tetiana Bogdanova
- V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Victor Shpak
- V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Galyna Zamotayeva
- V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mykola Tronko
- V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland
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Vij V, Shpak V, Zamotayeva G, Lapikura O, Ryzhov A, Gorokh E, Zhang R, Mabuchi K, Little MP, Drozdovitch V, Chizhov K, Masuik S, Preston D, Tronko M, Cahoon EK. Breast cancer risk in Ukrainian women exposed to Chornobyl fallout while pregnant or lactating: standardized incidence ratio analysis, 1998 to 2016. Eur J Epidemiol 2022; 37:1195-1200. [PMID: 36197563 PMCID: PMC10655931 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-022-00913-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The radiation-related risk of breast cancer among women following the Chornobyl accident remains uncertain. During pregnancy, there is rapid cell proliferation in the breast while radioactive iodine from fallout exposure can concentrate in lactating breast tissues. We conducted a standardized incidence ratio (SIR) analysis of breast cancer in a cohort of 2,631 women who were lactating and/or pregnant at any time during the 2-month period of radioiodine fallout (April 26, 1986-June 30, 1986). There were 37,151 person-years of follow-up, and 26 incident breast cancers were identified through linkage with the National Cancer Registry of Ukraine. Breast cancer rates among pregnant or lactating women were compared to the general population rates, and SIRs were adjusted for oblast, urban/rural, age, and calendar year. The SIR was not significant for women pregnant at the time of the accident (SIR = 0.75; 95% CI 0.44, 1.18) or for women lactating anytime within 2 months of the accident (SIR = 0.96; 95% CI 0.48, 1.68). However, there was a non-significantly elevated risk for women lactating at the time of accident (SIR = 1.30, 95% CI 0.40, 3.01). The increased SIR for breast cancer among lactating women is consistent with the results of a similar study in Belarus and indicates the need to quantify the radiation risk of breast cancer in a larger study of women lactating during the period of fallout exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Vij
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9778, USA.
| | - Victor Shpak
- V.P. Komisarenka Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine
| | - Galyna Zamotayeva
- V.P. Komisarenka Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine
| | - Oles Lapikura
- V.P. Komisarenka Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine
| | - Anton Ryzhov
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
| | - Evgeniy Gorokh
- National Cancer Registry of Ukraine, National Cancer Institute, Kyiv, 03022, Ukraine
| | - Rui Zhang
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9778, USA
| | - Kiyohiko Mabuchi
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9778, USA
| | - Mark P Little
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9778, USA
| | - Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9778, USA
| | - Konstantin Chizhov
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9778, USA
| | - Sergii Masuik
- National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | | | - Mykola Tronko
- V.P. Komisarenka Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine
| | - Elizabeth K Cahoon
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9778, USA
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Sharifi A, Dinparastisaleh R, Kumar N, Mirsaeidi M. Health effects of radioactive contaminated dust in the aftermath of potential nuclear accident in Ukraine. Front Public Health 2022; 10:959668. [PMID: 36072376 PMCID: PMC9441805 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.959668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Sharifi
- Department of Marine Geosciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States,Isobar Science-Beta Analytic, Research and Development Department, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Roshan Dinparastisaleh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Mehdi Mirsaeidi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, College of Medicine-Jacksonville, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States,*Correspondence: Mehdi Mirsaeidi
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Little MP, Cahoon EK, Gudzenko N, Mabuchi K, Drozdovitch V, Hatch M, Brenner AV, Vij V, Chizhov K, Bakhanova E, Trotsyuk N, Kryuchkov V, Golovanov I, Chumak V, Bazyka D. Impact of uncertainties in exposure assessment on thyroid cancer risk among cleanup workers in Ukraine exposed due to the Chornobyl accident. Eur J Epidemiol 2022; 37:837-847. [PMID: 35226216 PMCID: PMC10641599 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-022-00850-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A large excess risk of thyroid cancer was observed among Belarusian/Russian/Baltic Chornobyl cleanup workers. A more recent study of Ukraine cleanup workers found more modest excess risks of thyroid cancer. Dose errors in this data are substantial, associated with model uncertainties and questionnaire response. Regression calibration is often used for dose-error adjustment, but may not adequately account for the full error distribution. We aimed to examine the impact of exposure-assessment uncertainties on thyroid cancer among Ukrainian cleanup workers using Monte Carlo maximum likelihood, and compare with results derived using regression calibration. Analyses assessed the sensitivity of results to various components of internal and external dose. Regression calibration yielded an excess odds ratio per Gy (EOR/Gy) of 0.437 (95% CI - 0.042, 1.577, p = 0.100), compared with the EOR/Gy using Monte Carlo maximum likelihood of 0.517 (95% CI - 0.039, 2.035, p = 0.093). Trend risk estimates for follicular morphology tumors exhibited much more extreme effects of full-likelihood adjustment, the EOR/Gy using regression calibration of 3.224 (95% CI - 0.082, 30.615, p = 0.068) becoming ~ 50% larger, 4.708 (95% CI - 0.075, 85.143, p = 0.066) when using Monte Carlo maximum likelihood. Results were sensitive to omission of external components of dose. In summary, use of Monte Carlo maximum likelihood adjustment for dose error led to increases in trend risks, particularly for follicular morphology thyroid cancers, where risks increased by ~ 50%, and were borderline significant. The unexpected finding for follicular tumors needs to be replicated in other exposed groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Little
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9778, USA.
| | - Elizabeth K Cahoon
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Natalia Gudzenko
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Kiyohiko Mabuchi
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maureen Hatch
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Vibha Vij
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Konstantin Chizhov
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elena Bakhanova
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Trotsyuk
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Victor Kryuchkov
- Burnasyan Federal Medical and Biophysical Centre, 46 Zhivopisnaya Street, Moscow, Russia, 123182
| | - Ivan Golovanov
- Burnasyan Federal Medical and Biophysical Centre, 46 Zhivopisnaya Street, Moscow, Russia, 123182
| | - Vadim Chumak
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Dimitry Bazyka
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
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Masiuk S, Chepurny M, Buderatska V, Ivanova O, Boiko Z, Zhadan N, Hatch M, Cahoon EK, Zamotayeva G, Shpak V, Tronko M, Drozdovitch V. Assessment of internal exposure to 131I and short-lived radioiodine isotopes and associated uncertainties in the Ukrainian cohort of persons exposed in utero. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2022; 63:364-377. [PMID: 35301522 PMCID: PMC9124623 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study revised the thyroid doses for 2582 Ukrainian in utero cohort members exposed to Chornobyl fallout (the Ukrainian in utero cohort) based on revision of: (i) 131I thyroid activity measured in the Ukrainian population, (ii) thyroid dosimetry system for entire Ukraine, and (iii) 131I ground deposition densities in Ukraine. Other major improvements included: (i) assessment of uncertainties in the thyroid doses considering shared and unshared error, and (ii) accounting for intake of short-lived radioisotopes of tellurium and iodine (132Te+132I and 133I). Intake of 131I was the major pathway for thyroid exposure, its median contribution to the thyroid dose was 97.4%. The mean prenatal and postnatal thyroid dose from 131I was 87 mGy (median = 17 mGy), higher than previous deterministic dose of 72 mGy (median = 12 mGy). For 39 individuals (1.5%) the dose exceeded 1.0 Gy, while the highest dose among the cohort members was 2.7 Gy. The geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 1000 individual stochastic doses varied from 1.9 to 5.2 with a mean of 3.1 and a median of 3.2. The lowest uncertainty (mean GSD = 2.3, median GSD = 2.2) was found for the subjects whose mothers were measured for 131I thyroid activity, while for individuals, whose mothers were not measured, the mean and median GSDs were 3.4. Uncertainties in thyroid doses were driven by shared errors associated with the parameters of the ecological model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergii Masiuk
- State Institution “National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine”, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Mykola Chepurny
- State Institution “National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine”, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Valentyna Buderatska
- State Institution “National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine”, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Olga Ivanova
- State Institution “National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine”, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Zulfira Boiko
- State Institution “National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine”, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Zhadan
- State Institution “National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine”, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Maureen Hatch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Cahoon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Galyna Zamotayeva
- V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine
| | - Victor Shpak
- V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine
| | - Mykola Tronko
- V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Gunko NV, Ivanova OM, Loganovsky KM, Korotkova NV, Masiuk SV. SOME ISSUES OF LIFE ACTIVITIES OF POPULATION IN THE CHORNOBYL EXCLUSION ZONE IN UKRAINE. PROBLEMY RADIATSIINOI MEDYTSYNY TA RADIOBIOLOHII 2021; 26:141-161. [PMID: 34965546 DOI: 10.33145/2304-8336-2021-26-141-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation accidents at the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant (USSR, 1986) and Fukushima-1 (Japan,2011) have shown that global environmental contamination is an intervention in normal human life making nega-tive effect on population health. These accidents highlighted a number of statutory and regulatory both with me-dical and social problems for individuals, who returned voluntarily for permanent residence in the ChornobylExclusion Zone i.e. a radiation-hazardous area (they are named the «self-settlers»). OBJECTIVE generalization of experience in the settlement of normative-legal, ecological-dosimetric and medico-social life issues of population living in the Chornobyl NPP (ChNPP) Exclusion Zone («self-settlers»). OBJECT AND METHODS The chosen problem is complex, necessitating the generalization of radiation-hygienic, med-ical-biological, socio-economic, demographic and sociological research results obtained by the national and foreignauthors. A set of theoretical research and analysis of empirical data methods on the principles of interdisciplinaryinteraction was used; the systematic, legal, economic, medical-biological, demographic and retrospective-dosimet-ric approaches of research were applied. RESULTS It was shown that a part of population refused to evacuate or had returned for permanent residence to theradiation-hazardous lands after the ChNPP accident. In 1986-2009 the number of «self-settlers» ranged from 150to 2,000 in different years. In 2021 - the 101 people. Those were mainly people of working age, mostly females, single people or widows/widowers. Рrevious medical and dosimetric studies have shown that long-term residence inthe Exclusion Zone affects physical and mental health of «self-settlers» and causes atypical aging, includinginvolvement of the central nervous system. According to calculations, the average effective total radiation doseaccumulated by «self-settlers» for the first 3 years was 30 % of dose for the entire post-accident period, and thedose accumulated over 20 years was 54 % of the dose accumulated over 35 years. But the effective radiation dosesaccumulated in different periods after the accident differ significantly in residents of different Exclusion Zone settlements. This information needs further study in terms of the «radiation dose - health status» dependence. CONCLUSIONS The effective radiation doses accumulated in different periods after the accident differ significantlyin the residents of different Exclusion Zone settlements. Тhe average effective total radiation dose accumulated by«self-settlers» for the first 3 years was 30 % of the dose for the entire post-accident period, and the dose accumulated over 20 years was 54 % of the dose accumulated over 35 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Gunko
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», 53 Yuriia Illienka Str., Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - O M Ivanova
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», 53 Yuriia Illienka Str., Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - K M Loganovsky
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», 53 Yuriia Illienka Str., Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - N V Korotkova
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», 53 Yuriia Illienka Str., Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - S V Masiuk
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», 53 Yuriia Illienka Str., Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
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8
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Chumak V, Bakhanova E, Kryuchkov V, Golovanov I, Chizhov K, Bazyka D, Gudzenko N, Trotsuk N, Mabuchi K, Hatch M, Cahoon EK, Little MP, Kukhta T, de Gonzalez AB, Chanock SJ, Drozdovitch V. Estimation of radiation gonadal doses for the American-Ukrainian trio study of parental irradiation in Chornobyl cleanup workers and evacuees and germline mutations in their offspring. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2021; 41:10.1088/1361-6498/abf0f4. [PMID: 33752181 PMCID: PMC9426296 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/abf0f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Radiation doses of parents exposed from the Chornobyl accident as cleanup workers or evacuees were estimated in the National Cancer Institute-National Research Center for Radiation Medicine trio (i.e. father, mother, offspring) study aimed at investigating the radiation effects on germlinede novomutations in children as well as other outcomes. Paternal (testes) and maternal (ovaries) gonadal doses were calculated along with associated uncertainty distributions for the following exposure pathways: (a) external irradiation during the cleanup mission, (b) external irradiation during residence in Pripyat, and (c) external irradiation and (d) ingestion of radiocesium isotopes, such as134Cs and137Cs, during residence in settlements other than Pripyat. Gonadal doses were reconstructed for 298 trios for the periods from the time of the accident on 26 April 1986 to two time points before the child's date of birth (DOB): 51 (DOB-51) and 38 (DOB-38) weeks. The two doses, DOB-51 and DOB-38 were equal (within 1 mGy) in most instances, except for 35 fathers where the conception of the child occurred within 3 months of exposure or during exposure. The arithmetic mean of gonadal DOB-38 doses was 227 mGy (median: 11 mGy, range 0-4080 mGy) and 8.5 mGy (median: 1.0 mGy, range 0-550 mGy) for fathers and mothers, respectively. Gonadal doses varied considerably depending on the exposure pathway, the highest gonadal DOB-38 doses being received during the cleanup mission (mean doses of 376 and 34 mGy, median of 144 and 7.4 mGy for fathers and mothers, respectively), followed by exposure during residence in Pripyat (7.7 and 13 mGy for mean, 7.2 and 6.2 mGy for median doses) and during residence in other settlements (2.0 and 2.1 mGy for mean, 0.91 and 0.81 mGy for median doses). Monte Carlo simulations were used to estimate the parental gonadal doses and associated uncertainties. The geometric standard deviations (GSDs) in the individual parental stochastic doses due to external irradiation during the cleanup mission varied from 1.2 to 4.7 (mean of 1.8), while during residence in Pripyat they varied from 1.4 to 2.8 (mean of 1.8), while the mean GSD in doses received during residence in settlements other than Pripyat was 1.3 and 1.4 for external irradiation and ingestion of radiocesium isotopes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Chumak
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Elena Bakhanova
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Victor Kryuchkov
- Burnasyan Federal Medical and Biophysical Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Golovanov
- Burnasyan Federal Medical and Biophysical Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin Chizhov
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 7E548 MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD 20892-9778, United States of America
| | - Dimitry Bazyka
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Natalia Trotsuk
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Kiyohiko Mabuchi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 7E548 MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD 20892-9778, United States of America
| | - Maureen Hatch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 7E548 MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD 20892-9778, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth K Cahoon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 7E548 MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD 20892-9778, United States of America
| | - Mark P Little
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 7E548 MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD 20892-9778, United States of America
| | - Tatiana Kukhta
- United Institute of Informatics Problems, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Amy Berrington de Gonzalez
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 7E548 MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD 20892-9778, United States of America
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 7E548 MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD 20892-9778, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 7E548 MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD 20892-9778, United States of America
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9
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Masiuk S, Chepurny M, Buderatska V, Ivanova O, Boiko Z, Zhadan N, Fedosenko G, Bilonyk A, Kukush A, Lev T, Talerko M, Drozdovitch V. Thyroid doses in Ukraine due to 131I intake after the Chornobyl accident. Report II: dose estimates for the Ukrainian population. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2021; 60:591-609. [PMID: 34351497 PMCID: PMC8551045 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-021-00930-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the revision of the thyroid dosimetry system in Ukraine using new, recently available data on (i) revised 131I thyroid activities derived from direct thyroid measurements done in May and June 1986 in 146,425 individuals; (ii) revised estimates of 131I ground deposition density in each Ukrainian settlement; and (iii) estimates of age- and gender-specific thyroid masses for the Ukrainian population. The revised dosimetry system estimates the thyroid doses for the residents of the settlements divided into three levels depending on the availability of measurements of 131I thyroid activity among their residents. Thyroid doses due to 131I intake were estimated in this study for different age and gender groups of residents of 30,353 settlements in 24 oblasts of Ukraine, Autonomous Republic Krym, and cities of Kyiv and Sevastopol. Among them, dose estimates for 835 settlements were based on 131I thyroid activities measured in more than ten residents (the first level), for 690 settlements based on such measurements done in neighboring settlements (the second level), and for 28,828 settlements based on a purely empirical relationship between the thyroid doses due to 131I intake and the cumulative 131I ground deposition densities in settlements (the third level). The arithmetic mean of the thyroid doses due to 131I intake among 146,425 measured individuals was 0.23 Gy (median of 0.094 Gy); about 99.8% of them received doses less than 5 Gy. The highest oblast-average population-weighted thyroid doses were estimated for residents of Chernihiv (0.15 Gy for arithmetic mean and 0.060 Gy for geometric mean), Kyiv (0.13 and 0.051 Gy) and Zhytomyr (0.12 and 0.049 Gy) Oblasts followed by Rivne (0.10 and 0.039 Gy) and Cherkasy (0.088 and 0.032 Gy) Oblasts, and Kyiv City (0.076 and 0.031 Gy). The geometric mean of thyroid doses estimated in this study for the entire Ukraine essentially did not change in comparison with a previous estimate, 0.020 vs. 0.021 Gy, respectively. The ratio of geometric mean of oblast-specific thyroid doses estimated in the present study to previously calculated doses varied from 0.51 to 3.9. The highest increase in thyroid doses was found in areas remote from the Chornobyl nuclear power plant with a low level of radioactive contamination: by 3.9 times for Zakarpatska Oblast, 3.5 times for Luhansk Oblasts and 2.9 times for Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. The developed thyroid dosimetry system is being used to revise the thyroid doses due to 131I intake for the individuals of post-Chornobyl radiation epidemiological studies: the Ukrainian-American cohort of individuals exposed during childhood and adolescence, the Ukrainian in utero cohort, and the Chornobyl Tissue Bank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergii Masiuk
- State Institution "National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mykola Chepurny
- State Institution "National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Valentyna Buderatska
- State Institution "National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olga Ivanova
- State Institution "National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Zulfira Boiko
- State Institution "National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Zhadan
- State Institution "National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Galyna Fedosenko
- State Institution "National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Andriy Bilonyk
- State Institution "National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Tatiana Lev
- Institute for Safety Problems of Nuclear Power Plants, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mykola Talerko
- Institute for Safety Problems of Nuclear Power Plants, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 7E548 MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9778, USA.
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10
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Cahoon EK, Preston D, Zhang R, Vij V, Little MP, Mabuchi K, Drozdovitch V, Chizhov K, Yauseyenka VV, Rozhko AV, Velalkin IV. Breast cancer risk in residents of Belarus exposed to Chernobyl fallout while pregnant or lactating: standardized incidence ratio analysis, 1997 to 2016. Int J Epidemiol 2021; 51:547-554. [PMID: 34687542 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyab226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy and lactation may constitute radiation-sensitive reproductive periods due to rapid cell proliferation and concentration of radioiodine in the lactating breast. However, there are limited epidemiological data among women exposed to radiation during these periods. METHODS We examined incidence of breast cancer in a cohort of 3214 women who were pregnant and/or lactating within 2 months (26 April to 30 June 1986) of the Chernobyl accident and residing in contaminated regions of Belarus. There were 33 breast cancers identified through linkage with the Belarusian National Cancer Registry. Breast cancer rates among women who were either pregnant and/or lactating were compared with population rates by calculating standardized incidence ratios (SIR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusting for attained age, oblast, urban/rural residence and calendar year. RESULTS Among women who were lactating, we found a greater than 2-fold increased risk of breast cancer compared with the general population, SIR = 2.49 (95% CI: 1.55, 3.75). In contrast, women who were pregnant were not at increased risk (SIR = 0.84 95% CI: 0.46, 1.38). The SIR was highest in women who were exposed at a younger age and at the earliest time period since the accident, though stratified analyses had limited sample sizes. CONCLUSIONS We found a significantly increased risk of breast cancer among women residing in contaminated areas of Belarus who were lactating at the time of the accident and may have had elevated exposure to radioiodine, when compared with the general population. Studies of breast cancer with individual radiation dose estimates among women exposed during lactation are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Cahoon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Rui Zhang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vibha Vij
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark P Little
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kiyohiko Mabuchi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Konstantin Chizhov
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Alexander V Rozhko
- Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel, Belarus
| | - Ilya V Velalkin
- Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel, Belarus
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11
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Drozdovitch V, Minenko V, Kukhta T, Viarenich K, Trofimik S, Rogounovitch T, Nakayama T, Drozd V, Veyalkin I, Mitsutake N, Ostroumova E, Saenko V. Thyroid dose estimates for the genome-wide association study of thyroid cancer in persons exposed in Belarus to 131I after the Chernobyl accident. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2021:rrab082. [PMID: 34536956 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Chernobyl accident on 26 April 1986 led to a sharp increase in thyroid cancer (TC) incidence in the individuals exposed to radiation in childhood. The major risk factor for TC was exposure to Iodine-131 (131I). Here, we estimated the thyroid doses due to 131I intake for 2041 participants of the genome-wide association study of TC in Belarusian people exposed to radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl accident. The following parameter-values specially developed in this study were used to estimate individual thyroid doses: (i) scaling factors for adjustment of the model-based doses, (ii) age and gender diet to characterize 131I intake, and (iii) area-, age- and gender-specific S-values for the thyroid gland per 131I decay in the thyroid. The most reliable doses were calculated for 103 people with measured 131I thyroid activity (the arithmetic mean of 1.2 Gy, median 0.52 Gy), and 275 individuals with detailed residential history and dietary data (the arithmetic mean of 0.41 Gy, median 0.24 Gy). The arithmetic mean of thyroid doses among all study participants was 0.23 Gy (median 0.082 Gy); the highest individual dose was 9.0 Gy. Special attention was paid to the reliability and validity of the obtained estimates, in particular for the individuals without 131I thyroid activity measurements and individual data on residential history and diet, by comparing those with the doses from other post-Chernobyl epidemiological studies. Overall, the doses estimated in the current study were in reasonable agreement with previously reported thyroid doses. These doses will be used in the genome-wide association study of TC in people exposed in Belarus to 131I after the Chernobyl accident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Victor Minenko
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, 220030, Belarus
| | - Tatiana Kukhta
- United Institute of Informatics Problems, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, 220012, Belarus
| | - Kiryl Viarenich
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, 220030, Belarus
| | - Sergey Trofimik
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, 220030, Belarus
| | - Tatiana Rogounovitch
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Takafumi Nakayama
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Valentina Drozd
- The International Fund "Help for Patients with Radiation-Induced Thyroid Cancer 'Arnica'", Minsk, 220005, Belarus
| | - Ilya Veyalkin
- Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel, 246040, Belarus
| | - Norisato Mitsutake
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Evgenia Ostroumova
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, WHO, 69372, Lyon CEDEX 08, France
| | - Vladimir Saenko
- Department of Radiation Molecular Epidemiology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
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12
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Masiuk S, Chepurny M, Buderatska V, Kukush A, Shklyar S, Ivanova O, Boiko Z, Zhadan N, Fedosenko G, Bilonyk A, Lev T, Talerko M, Kutsen S, Minenko V, Viarenich K, Drozdovitch V. Thyroid doses in Ukraine due to 131I intake after the Chornobyl accident. Report I: revision of direct thyroid measurements. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2021; 60:267-288. [PMID: 33661398 PMCID: PMC8119388 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-021-00896-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The increased risk of thyroid cancer among individuals exposed during childhood and adolescence to Iodine-131 (131I) is the main statistically significant long-term effect of the Chornobyl accident. Several radiation epidemiological studies have been carried out or are currently in progress in Ukraine, to assess the risk of radiation-related health effects in exposed populations. About 150,000 measurements of 131I thyroid activity, so-called 'direct thyroid measurements', performed in May-June 1986 in the Ukrainian population served as the main sources of data used to estimate thyroid doses to the individuals of these studies. However, limitations in the direct thyroid measurements have been recently recognized including improper measurement geometry and unknown true values of calibration coefficients for unchecked thyroid detectors. In the present study, a comparative analysis of 131I thyroid activity measured by calibrated and unchecked devices in residents of the same neighboring settlements was conducted to evaluate the correct measurement geometry and calibration coefficients for measuring devices. As a result, revised values of 131I thyroid activity were obtained. On average, in Vinnytsia, Kyiv, Lviv and Chernihiv Oblasts and in the city of Kyiv, the revised values of the 131I thyroid activities were found to be 10-25% higher than previously reported, while in Zhytomyr Oblast, the values of the revised activities were found to be lower by about 50%. New sources of shared and unshared errors associated with estimates of 131I thyroid activity were identified. The revised estimates of thyroid activity are recommended to be used to develop an updated Thyroid Dosimetry system (TD20) for the entire population of Ukraine as well as to revise the thyroid doses for the individuals included in post-Chornobyl radiation epidemiological studies: the Ukrainian-American cohort of individuals exposed during childhood and adolescence, the Ukrainian in utero cohort and the Chornobyl Tissue Bank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergii Masiuk
- State Institution "National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mykola Chepurny
- State Institution "National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Valentyna Buderatska
- State Institution "National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Sergiy Shklyar
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olga Ivanova
- State Institution "National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Zulfira Boiko
- State Institution "National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Zhadan
- State Institution "National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Galyna Fedosenko
- State Institution "National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Andriy Bilonyk
- State Institution "National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tatiana Lev
- Institute for Safety Problems of Nuclear Power Plants, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mykola Talerko
- Institute for Safety Problems of Nuclear Power Plants, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Semion Kutsen
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Victor Minenko
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Kiryl Viarenich
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 7E548 MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9778, USA.
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13
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Morton LM, Karyadi DM, Stewart C, Bogdanova TI, Dawson ET, Steinberg MK, Dai J, Hartley SW, Schonfeld SJ, Sampson JN, Maruvka YE, Kapoor V, Ramsden DA, Carvajal-Garcia J, Perou CM, Parker JS, Krznaric M, Yeager M, Boland JF, Hutchinson A, Hicks BD, Dagnall CL, Gastier-Foster JM, Bowen J, Lee O, Machiela MJ, Cahoon EK, Brenner AV, Mabuchi K, Drozdovitch V, Masiuk S, Chepurny M, Zurnadzhy LY, Hatch M, Berrington de Gonzalez A, Thomas GA, Tronko MD, Getz G, Chanock SJ. Radiation-related genomic profile of papillary thyroid carcinoma after the Chernobyl accident. Science 2021; 372:science.abg2538. [PMID: 33888599 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg2538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident increased papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) incidence in surrounding regions, particularly for radioactive iodine (131I)-exposed children. We analyzed genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic characteristics of 440 PTCs from Ukraine (from 359 individuals with estimated childhood 131I exposure and 81 unexposed children born after 1986). PTCs displayed radiation dose-dependent enrichment of fusion drivers, nearly all in the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, and increases in small deletions and simple/balanced structural variants that were clonal and bore hallmarks of nonhomologous end-joining repair. Radiation-related genomic alterations were more pronounced for individuals who were younger at exposure. Transcriptomic and epigenomic features were strongly associated with driver events but not radiation dose. Our results point to DNA double-strand breaks as early carcinogenic events that subsequently enable PTC growth after environmental radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Morton
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Danielle M Karyadi
- Laboratory of Genetic Susceptibility, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chip Stewart
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tetiana I Bogdanova
- Laboratory of Morphology of the Endocrine System, V. P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 04114, Ukraine
| | - Eric T Dawson
- Laboratory of Genetic Susceptibility, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Nvidia Corporation, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA
| | - Mia K Steinberg
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jieqiong Dai
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stephen W Hartley
- Laboratory of Genetic Susceptibility, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sara J Schonfeld
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joshua N Sampson
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yosef E Maruvka
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Vidushi Kapoor
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dale A Ramsden
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Juan Carvajal-Garcia
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Charles M Perou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joel S Parker
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Marko Krznaric
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joseph F Boland
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amy Hutchinson
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Belynda D Hicks
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Casey L Dagnall
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julie M Gastier-Foster
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Biospecimen Core Resource, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.,Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jay Bowen
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Biospecimen Core Resource, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Olivia Lee
- Laboratory of Genetic Susceptibility, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mitchell J Machiela
- Integrative Tumor Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Cahoon
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alina V Brenner
- Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Mabuchi
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sergii Masiuk
- Radiological Protection Laboratory, Institute of Radiation Hygiene and Epidemiology, National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 04050, Ukraine
| | - Mykola Chepurny
- Radiological Protection Laboratory, Institute of Radiation Hygiene and Epidemiology, National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 04050, Ukraine
| | - Liudmyla Yu Zurnadzhy
- Laboratory of Morphology of the Endocrine System, V. P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 04114, Ukraine
| | - Maureen Hatch
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amy Berrington de Gonzalez
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gerry A Thomas
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - Mykola D Tronko
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Problems of Endocrinology, V. P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 04114, Ukraine
| | - Gad Getz
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Center for Cancer Research and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Laboratory of Genetic Susceptibility, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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14
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Minenko V, Viarenich K, Zhukova O, Kukhta T, Podgaiskaya M, Khrutchinsky A, Kutsen S, Bouville A, Drozdovitch V. Activity concentrations of 131I and other radionuclides in cow's milk in Belarus during the first month following the Chernobyl accident. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2020; 220-221:106264. [PMID: 32658640 PMCID: PMC9443672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (NPP) in Ukraine on April 26, 1986 led to a considerable release of radioactive material resulting in environmental contamination over vast areas of Belarus, Ukraine and western Russian Federation. The major health effect of the Chernobyl accident was an increase in thyroid cancer incidence in people exposed as children and adolescents, so much attention was paid to the thyroid doses resulting from intakes of 131I. Because cow's milk consumption was the main source of 131I intake by people, it was important to measure the 131I activity concentrations in cow's milk to calculate, or to validate, the thyroid doses to the exposed population. Almost 11,000 measurements of total beta-activity in cow's milk were performed using a DP-100 device during the first month after the Chernobyl accident in the most contaminated regions of Belarus. Using an ecological model and calibration coefficients for the DP-100 device the activity concentration of 131I in cow's milk was derived as well as the activity concentrations of the other radiologically important radionuclides, namely 134Cs, 137Cs, 89Sr and 90Sr. The activity concentrations of other radionuclides, such as 90Y, 132Te, 132I, 133I, 136Cs, 140Ba, 140La, 141Ce and 144Ce, in cow's milk were also estimated and were shown to be of minor importance. The concentrations of 95Zr, 95Nb, 103Ru and 106Ru in cow's milk were negligible. The data obtained in this study were validated by comparing derived 131I and 137Cs concentrations in cow's milk with gamma-spectrometry measurements performed in milk produced in the same location close to the same date. The results of this study were essential to assess and validate the radiation doses received by the subjects of epidemiological studies related to the health consequences of the Chernobyl accident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Minenko
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, 11 Bobruiskaya Street, Minsk, 220006, Belarus
| | - Kiryl Viarenich
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, 11 Bobruiskaya Street, Minsk, 220006, Belarus
| | - Olga Zhukova
- Republican Center of Radiation Control and Environmental Monitoring, 110A Nezalezhnasti Avenue, Minsk, 220023, Belarus
| | - Tatiana Kukhta
- United Institute of Informatics Problems of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 6 Surganova Street, Minsk, 220012, Belarus
| | - Marina Podgaiskaya
- Republican Center of Radiation Control and Environmental Monitoring, 110A Nezalezhnasti Avenue, Minsk, 220023, Belarus
| | - Arkady Khrutchinsky
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, 11 Bobruiskaya Street, Minsk, 220006, Belarus
| | - Semion Kutsen
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, 11 Bobruiskaya Street, Minsk, 220006, Belarus
| | | | - Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9778, USA.
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15
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Drozdovitch V, Kesminiene A, Moissonnier M, Veyalkin I, Ostroumova E. Uncertainties in Radiation Doses for a Case-control Study of Thyroid Cancer among Persons Exposed in Childhood to 131 I from Chernobyl Fallout. HEALTH PHYSICS 2020; 119:222-235. [PMID: 33290004 PMCID: PMC7728628 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Uncertainties in thyroid doses due to I intake were evaluated for 2,239 subjects in a case-control study of thyroid cancer following exposure to Chernobyl fallout during childhood and adolescence carried out in contaminated regions of Belarus and Russia. Using new methodological developments that became available recently, a Monte Carlo simulation procedure was applied to calculate 1,000 alternative vectors of thyroid doses due to I intake for the study population of 2,239 subjects accounting for sources of shared and unshared errors. An overall arithmetic mean of the stochastic thyroid doses in the study was estimated to be 0.43 Gy and median dose of 0.16 Gy. The arithmetic mean and median of deterministic doses estimated previously for 1,615 of 2,239 study subjects were 0.48 Gy and 0.20 Gy, respectively. The geometric standard deviation of individual stochastic doses varied from 1.59 to 3.61 with an arithmetic mean of 1.94 and a geometric mean of 1.89 over all subjects of the study. These multiple sets of thyroid doses were used to update radiation-related thyroid cancer risks in the study population exposed to I after the Chernobyl accident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | - Ilya Veyalkin
- Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel, Belarus
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Eslinger PW, Degteva MO, Napier BA, Tolstykh EI, Tokareva EE. Individual doses for super cohort members exposed to atmospheric radioiodine from the Mayak releases with an emphasis on prenatal doses. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2020; 217:106219. [PMID: 32217251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Time-dependent thyroid doses were reconstructed for 45,837 members of the Southern Urals Population Exposed to Radiation Cohort (SUPER-C) living in the region around the Mayak Production Association facilities in Russia from 131I released to the atmosphere from all relevant exposure pathways. The dose calculations are implemented in a Monte Carlo framework that produces best estimates and stochastic realizations of dose time-histories. The arithmetic mean thyroid dose from 131I for SUPER-C members was 195 mGy; the median was 61 mGy. Overall, 131I-thyroid doses for about 3.6% of SUPER-C members were larger than 1 Gy. For children born in 1940-1950, the dose was about 10% higher than in previous studies because doses during the prenatal period for 9,117 individuals are included in the current work. Half of the individuals born in the region in 1950-1960 who remained in the study domain through 1972 received 9.4% or more of their total dose during the prenatal period. SUPER-C members residing in areas contaminated by discharges of liquid radioactive releases into the Techa River or the Kyshtym Accident in 1957 received 80% of their thyroid dose from airborne 131I emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Eslinger
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
| | - Marina O Degteva
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Biophysics Laboratory, 68-a, Vorovsky Street, Chelyabinsk, 454076, Russia.
| | - Bruce A Napier
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
| | - Evgenia I Tolstykh
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Biophysics Laboratory, 68-a, Vorovsky Street, Chelyabinsk, 454076, Russia.
| | - Elena E Tokareva
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Biophysics Laboratory, 68-a, Vorovsky Street, Chelyabinsk, 454076, Russia.
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Abend M, Pfeiffer RM, Port M, Hatch M, Bogdanova T, Tronko MD, Mabuchi K, Azizova T, Unger K, Braselmann H, Ostheim P, Brenner AV. Utility of gene expression studies in relation to radiation exposure and clinical outcomes: thyroid cancer in the Ukrainian-American cohort and late health effects in a MAYAK worker cohort. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 97:12-18. [PMID: 32310011 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1748739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We herein report on changes in gene expression after radiation exposure to iodine-131 from the Chernobyl accident in the Ukrainian-American thyroid cohort and to external gamma ray or internal plutonium exposure in the Mayak Production Association radiation workers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Taking advantage of access to tissue samples from the thyroid cancer cases in the Ukrainian-American cohort, our group tried to identify candidate genes to discriminate spontaneously occurring thyroid cancers from thyroid cancers caused by radiation exposure. We also examined gene expression changes in normal and cancerous thyroid tissue in relation to iodine-131 dose separately. Gene expression changes in the peripheral blood of radiation exposed Mayak workers were examined to elucidate the dose-to-gene and gene-to-health (e.g. cardiovascular disease) relationships. CONCLUSIONS Results of both projects are discussed under the aspect of dose-response relationships (dose-to-gene) and clinical outcome relationships (gene-to-effect) in light of how mechanistic data can be translated into actionable knowledge for radiation protection or clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Abend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Matthias Port
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Maureen Hatch
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Kiyohiko Mabuchi
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Tamara Azizova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Russian Federation, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Kristian Unger
- Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Integrative Biology Group, Helmholtz-Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Herbert Braselmann
- Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Integrative Biology Group, Helmholtz-Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
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Drozdovitch V, Minenko V, Kukhta T, Trofimik S, Grakovitch R, Hatch M, Cahoon E, Veyalkin I, Polyanskaya O, Yauseyenka V, Ostroumova E, Mabuchi K, Rozhko A. Thyroid Dose Estimates for a Cohort of Belarusian Persons Exposed in Utero and During Early Life to Chernobyl Fallout. HEALTH PHYSICS 2020; 118:170-184. [PMID: 31869316 PMCID: PMC6931907 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid radiation doses were estimated for a cohort of 2,965 Belarusian persons who were exposed in utero and during early life to fallout from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident. Prenatal and postnatal doses to the thyroid due to intake of I, external irradiation from radionuclides deposited on the ground, and ingestion of cesium isotopes (Cs and Cs) were calculated for all cohort members. Dose estimation was based on personal interviews with subjects' mothers; the interviews collected data on subjects' residential history, consumption by mothers during time of pregnancy and breast-feeding, as well as consumption by subjects after birth. Direct instrumental measurements of radioactivity in mothers and the study subjects, if available, were also used for calculation of doses. Intake of I by mothers was found to be the predominant pathway for thyroid exposure for the study subjects. The average thyroid dose due to all exposure pathways was estimated to be 137 mGy (median dose of 25 mGy, maximal dose of 14.8 Gy), including 130 mGy (median dose of 17 mGy, maximal dose of 14.8 Gy) from I intake, 4.9 mGy (median dose of 3.0 mGy, maximal dose of 102 mGy) due to external irradiation, and 2.5 mGy (median dose of 1.7 mGy, maximal dose of 47 mGy) due to ingestion of Cs. The dose estimates will be used to evaluate the radiation-related risk of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases in this unique cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Victor Minenko
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Tatiana Kukhta
- United Institute of Informatics Problems, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Sergey Trofimik
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Rimma Grakovitch
- Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel, Belarus
| | - Maureen Hatch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth Cahoon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Iliya Veyalkin
- Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel, Belarus
| | - Olga Polyanskaya
- Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel, Belarus
| | - Vasilina Yauseyenka
- Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel, Belarus
| | - Evgenia Ostroumova
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Current affiliation is: International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Kiyohiko Mabuchi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexander Rozhko
- Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology, Gomel, Belarus
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Drozdovitch V, Kryuchkov V, Bakhanova E, Golovanov I, Bazyka D, Gudzenko N, Trotsyuk N, Hatch M, Cahoon EK, Mabuchi K, Bouville A, Chumak V. Estimation of Radiation Doses for a Case-control Study of Thyroid Cancer Among Ukrainian Chernobyl Cleanup Workers. HEALTH PHYSICS 2020; 118:18-35. [PMID: 31764419 PMCID: PMC6880802 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid doses were estimated for 607 subjects of a case-control study of thyroid cancer nested in the cohort of 150,813 male Ukrainian cleanup workers who were exposed to radiation as a result of the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident. Individual thyroid doses due to external irradiation, inhalation of I and short-lived radioiodine and radiotellurium isotopes (I, I, I, Te, and Te) during the cleanup mission, and intake of I during residence in contaminated settlements were calculated for all study subjects, along with associated uncertainty distributions. The average thyroid dose due to all exposure pathways combined was estimated to be 199 mGy (median: 47 mGy; range: 0.15 mGy to 9.0 Gy), with averages of 140 mGy (median: 20 mGy; range: 0.015 mGy to 3.6 Gy) from external irradiation during the cleanup mission, 44 mGy (median: 12 mGy; range: ~0 mGy to 1.7 Gy) due to I inhalation, 42 mGy (median: 7.3 mGy; range: 0.001 mGy to 3.4 Gy) due to I intake during residence, and 11 mGy (median: 1.6 mGy; range: ~0 mGy to 0.38 Gy) due to inhalation of short-lived radionuclides. Internal exposure of the thyroid gland to I contributed more than 50% of the total thyroid dose in 45% of the study subjects. The uncertainties in the individual stochastic doses were characterized by a mean geometric standard deviation of 2.0, 1.8, 2.0, and 2.6 for external irradiation, inhalation of I, inhalation of short-lived radionuclides, and residential exposure, respectively. The models used for dose calculations were validated against instrument measurements done shortly after the accident. Results of the validation showed that thyroid doses could be estimated retrospectively for Chernobyl cleanup workers two to three decades after the accident with a reasonable degree of reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Victor Kryuchkov
- Burnasyan Federal Medical and Biophysical Centre, 46 Zhivopisnaya Street, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Elena Bakhanova
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, 53 Melnikova Street, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Ivan Golovanov
- Burnasyan Federal Medical and Biophysical Centre, 46 Zhivopisnaya Street, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Dimitry Bazyka
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, 53 Melnikova Street, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Gudzenko
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, 53 Melnikova Street, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Trotsyuk
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, 53 Melnikova Street, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Maureen Hatch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth K. Cahoon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kiyohiko Mabuchi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - André Bouville
- U. S. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA (retired)
| | - Vadim Chumak
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, 53 Melnikova Street, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
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Drozdovitch V. Radiation Exposure to the Thyroid After the Chernobyl Accident. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:569041. [PMID: 33469445 PMCID: PMC7813882 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.569041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Chernobyl accident resulted in a considerable release of radioactivity to the atmosphere, particularly of Iodine-131 (131I), with the greatest contamination occurring in Belarus, Ukraine, and western part of Russia. MATERIAL AND METHODS Increase in thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases incidence in population exposed to Chernobyl fallout in these counties was the major health effect of the accident. Therefore, a lot of attention was paid to the thyroid doses, mainly, the 131I intake during two months after the accident. This paper reviews thyroid doses, both the individual for the subjects of radiation epidemiological studies and population-average doses. Exposure to 131I intake and other exposure pathways to population of affected regions and the Chernobyl cleanup workers (liquidators) are considered. RESULTS Individual thyroid doses due to 131I intake varied up to 42 Gy and depended on the age of the person, the region where a person was exposed, and their cow's milk consumption habits. Population-average thyroid doses among children of youngest age reached up to 0.75 Gy in the most contaminated area, the Gomel Oblast, in Belarus. Intake of 131I was the main pathway of exposure to the thyroid gland; its mean contribution to the thyroid dose in affected regions was more than 90%. The mean thyroid dose from inhalation of 131I for early Chernobyl cleanup workers was estimated to be 0.18 Gy. Individual thyroid doses due to different exposure pathways varied among 1,137 cleanup workers included in the epidemiological studies up to 9 Gy. Uncertainties associated with dose estimates, in terms of mean geometric standard deviation of individual stochastic doses, varied in range from 1.6 for doses based on individual-radiation measurements to 2.6 for "modelled" doses. CONCLUSION The 131I was the most radiologically important radionuclide that resulted in radiation exposure to the thyroid gland and cause an increase in the of rate of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases in population exposed after the Chernobyl accident.
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Tronko M, Brenner AV, Bogdanova T, Shpak V, Cahoon EK, Drozdovitch V, Little MP, Tereshchenko V, Zamotayeva G, Terekhova G, Zurnadzhi L, Hatch M, Mabuchi K. Reply to letter: Thyroid neoplasia after Chernobyl: A comment. Int J Cancer 2019; 144:2898. [PMID: 30767217 PMCID: PMC10655929 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mykola Tronko
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Problems of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Alina V. Brenner
- Department of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tetiana Bogdanova
- Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Victor Shpak
- Department of Medical Consequences of the Chernobyl accident and International Cooperation, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Elizabeth K. Cahoon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mark P. Little
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Valeriy Tereshchenko
- Department of Medical Consequences of the Chernobyl accident and International Cooperation, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Galyna Zamotayeva
- Laboratory of Endocrine Regulation of Immunogenesis, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Galyna Terekhova
- Department of General Endocrine Pathology, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Lyudmila Zurnadzhi
- Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Maureen Hatch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kiyohiko Mabuchi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Drozdovitch V, Kryuchkov V, Chumak V, Kutsen S, Golovanov I, Bouville A. Thyroid doses due to Iodine-131 inhalation among Chernobyl cleanup workers. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2019; 58:183-194. [PMID: 30847555 PMCID: PMC6508997 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-019-00781-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Several hundred thousand individuals, called 'cleanup workers' or 'liquidators', who took part in decontamination and recovery activities between 1986 and 1990 within the 30-km zone around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine, were mainly exposed to external irradiation. However, those who were involved in cleanup activities during the 10-day period of atmospheric releases also received doses to the thyroid gland due to internal irradiation resulting essentially from inhalation of 131I. The paper presents the methodology and results of the calculation of individual thyroid doses for cleanup workers. The model that was used considers several factors, including the ground-level outdoor air concentrations of 131I at the locations of residence and work of the cleanup workers, the reduction of 131I activity in inhaled air associated with indoor occupancy, the time spent indoors, the breathing rate, which depends on the type of physical activity, and the possible intake of potassium iodine (KI) for iodine prophylaxis. Thyroid doses were calculated for a group of 594 cleanup workers with individual measurements of exposure rate against the neck, called 'direct thyroid measurements', that were performed from 30 April to 5 May 1986. The measured values of exposure rate were corrected to subtract the contribution of short-lived radioiodine isotopes in the thyroid to the detector response. The average thyroid dose due to 131I inhalation by the cleanup workers was estimated to be 180 mGy, while the median was 110 mGy. Most of the cleanup workers (73%) received thyroid doses ranging from 50 to 500 mGy. The highest individual dose from 131I inhalation among the cleanup workers with direct thyroid measurements was 4.5 Gy. To validate the model, the 131I activities in the thyroids that were calculated using the model were compared with those derived from the direct thyroid measurements. The mean of the ratios of measured-to-calculated activities of 131I in the thyroid was found to be 1.6 while the median of those ratios was 0.8. For 60 cleanup workers with direct thyroid measurements, a detailed description of hour-by-hour whereabouts and work history was available. For these cleanup workers the mean of the ratios of measured-to-calculated activities was found to be 1.2 and the median of those ratios was 1.0. These encouraging results suggest that the thyroid dose due to 131I inhalation could be estimated for Chernobyl cleanup workers with a reasonable degree of reliability even in the absence of direct thyroid measurements. However, this conclusion assumes that detailed information on whereabouts and work history could be obtained for those cleanup workers who were not measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 7E548 MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9778, USA.
| | - Victor Kryuchkov
- Burnasyan Federal Medical and Biophysical Centre, 46 Zhivopisnaya Street, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Vadim Chumak
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, 53 Melnikova Street, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Semion Kutsen
- Research Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, 11 Bobruiskaya Street, 220050, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Ivan Golovanov
- Burnasyan Federal Medical and Biophysical Centre, 46 Zhivopisnaya Street, Moscow, 123182, Russia
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Wu Y, Hoffman FO, Apostoaei AI, Kwon D, Thomas BA, Glass R, Zablotska LB. Methods to account for uncertainties in exposure assessment in studies of environmental exposures. Environ Health 2019; 18:31. [PMID: 30961632 PMCID: PMC6454753 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-019-0468-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate exposure estimation in environmental epidemiological studies is crucial for health risk assessment. Failure to account for uncertainties in exposure estimation could lead to biased results in exposure-response analyses. Assessment of the effects of uncertainties in exposure estimation on risk estimates received a lot of attention in radiation epidemiology and in several studies of diet and air pollution. The objective of this narrative review is to examine the commonly used statistical approaches to account for exposure estimation errors in risk analyses and to suggest how each could be applied in environmental epidemiological studies. MAIN TEXT We review two main error types in estimating exposures in epidemiological studies: shared and unshared errors and their subtypes. We describe the four main statistical approaches to adjust for exposure estimation uncertainties (regression calibration, simulation-extrapolation, Monte Carlo maximum likelihood and Bayesian model averaging) along with examples to give readers better understanding of their advantages and limitations. We also explain the advantages of using a 2-dimensional Monte-Carlo (2DMC) simulation method to quantify the effect of uncertainties in exposure estimates using full-likelihood methods. For exposures that are estimated independently between subjects and are more likely to introduce unshared errors, regression calibration and SIMEX methods are able to adequately account for exposure uncertainties in risk analyses. When an uncalibrated measuring device is used or estimation parameters with uncertain mean values are applied to a group of people, shared errors could potentially be large. In this case, Monte Carlo maximum likelihood and Bayesian model averaging methods based on estimates of exposure from the 2DMC simulations would work well. The majority of reviewed studies show relatively moderate changes (within 100%) in risk estimates after accounting for uncertainties in exposure estimates, except for the two studies which doubled/tripled naïve estimates. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, we demonstrate various statistical methods to account for uncertain exposure estimates in risk analyses. The differences in the results of various adjustment methods could be due to various error structures in datasets and whether or not a proper statistical method was applied. Epidemiological studies of environmental exposures should include exposure-response analyses accounting for uncertainties in exposure estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 2nd floor, Box 0560, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
- Center for Design and Analysis, Amgen, Inc., 1 Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 USA
| | - F. Owen Hoffman
- Oak Ridge Center for Risk Analysis, Inc., 102 Donner Drive, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - A. Iulian Apostoaei
- Oak Ridge Center for Risk Analysis, Inc., 102 Donner Drive, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Deukwoo Kwon
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, 1475 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL USA
| | - Brian A. Thomas
- Oak Ridge Center for Risk Analysis, Inc., 102 Donner Drive, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Racquel Glass
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 2nd floor, Box 0560, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Lydia B. Zablotska
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 2nd floor, Box 0560, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
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Efanov AA, Brenner AV, Bogdanova TI, Kelly LM, Liu P, Little MP, Wald AI, Hatch M, Zurnadzy LY, Nikiforova MN, Drozdovitch V, Leeman-Neill R, Mabuchi K, Tronko MD, Chanock SJ, Nikiforov YE. Investigation of the Relationship Between Radiation Dose and Gene Mutations and Fusions in Post-Chernobyl Thyroid Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2019; 110:371-378. [PMID: 29165687 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djx209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to ionizing radiation during childhood is a well-established risk factor for thyroid cancer. However, the genetic mechanisms of radiation-associated carcinogenesis remain not fully understood. Methods In this study, we used targeted next-generation sequencing and RNA-Seq to study 65 papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs) from patients in the Ukrainian-American cohort with measurement-based iodine-131 (I-131) thyroid doses received as a result of the Chernobyl accident. We fitted linear regression models to evaluate differences in distribution of risk factors for PTC according to type of genetic alteration and logistic regression models to evaluate the I-131 dose response. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results Driver mutations were identified in 96.9% of these thyroid cancers, including point mutations in 26.2% and gene fusions in 70.8% of cases. Novel driver fusions such as POR-BRAF, as well as STRN-ALK fusions that have not been implicated in radiation-associated cancer before, were found. The mean I-131 dose in cases with point mutations was 0.2 Gy (range = 0.013-1.05 Gy), statistically significantly lower than 1.4 Gy (range = 0.009-6.15 Gy) for cases with fusions (P < .001). No driver point mutations were found in tumors from individuals who received more than 1.1 Gy of radiation. Relative to tumors with point mutations, the proportion of tumors with gene fusions increased with radiation dose, reaching 87.8% among individuals exposed to 0.3 Gy or higher. With a limited study sample size, the estimated odds ratio at 1 Gy was 20.01 (95% confidence interval = 2.57 to 653.02, P < .001). In addition, after controlling for I-131 dose, we found higher odds ratios for gene fusion-positive PTCs associated with several specific demographic and geographic features. Conclusions Our data provide support for a link between I-131 thyroid dose and generation of carcinogenic gene fusions, the predominant mechanism of thyroid cancer associated with radiation exposure from the Chernobyl accident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Efanov
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Alina V Brenner
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tetiana I Bogdanova
- State Institution V. P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of AMS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Lindsey M Kelly
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Pengyuan Liu
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mark P Little
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Abigail I Wald
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Maureen Hatch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Liudmyla Y Zurnadzy
- State Institution V. P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of AMS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Marina N Nikiforova
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Kiyohiko Mabuchi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mykola D Tronko
- State Institution V. P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of AMS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yuri E Nikiforov
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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Shore RE, Beck HL, Boice JD, Caffrey EA, Davis S, Grogan HA, Mettler FA, Preston RJ, Till JE, Wakeford R, Walsh L, Dauer LT. Implications of recent epidemiologic studies for the linear nonthreshold model and radiation protection. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2018; 38:1217-1233. [PMID: 30004025 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/aad348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The recently published NCRP Commentary No. 27 evaluated the new information from epidemiologic studies as to their degree of support for applying the linear nonthreshold (LNT) model of carcinogenic effects for radiation protection purposes (NCRP 2018 Implications of Recent Epidemiologic Studies for the Linear Nonthreshold Model and Radiation Protection, Commentary No. 27 (Bethesda, MD: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements)). The aim was to determine whether recent epidemiologic studies of low-LET radiation, particularly those at low doses and/or low dose rates (LD/LDR), broadly support the LNT model of carcinogenic risk or, on the contrary, demonstrate sufficient evidence that the LNT model is inappropriate for the purposes of radiation protection. An updated review was needed because a considerable number of reports of radiation epidemiologic studies based on new or updated data have been published since other major reviews were conducted by national and international scientific committees. The Commentary provides a critical review of the LD/LDR studies that are most directly applicable to current occupational, environmental and medical radiation exposure circumstances. This Memorandum summarises several of the more important LD/LDR studies that incorporate radiation dose responses for solid cancer and leukemia that were reviewed in Commentary No. 27. In addition, an overview is provided of radiation studies of breast and thyroid cancers, and cancer after childhood exposures. Non-cancers are briefly touched upon such as ischemic heart disease, cataracts, and heritable genetic effects. To assess the applicability and utility of the LNT model for radiation protection, the Commentary evaluated 29 epidemiologic studies or groups of studies, primarily of total solid cancer, in terms of strengths and weaknesses in their epidemiologic methods, dosimetry approaches, and statistical modelling, and the degree to which they supported a LNT model for continued use in radiation protection. Recommendations for how to make epidemiologic radiation studies more informative are outlined. The NCRP Committee recognises that the risks from LD/LDR exposures are small and uncertain. The Committee judged that the available epidemiologic data were broadly supportive of the LNT model and that at this time no alternative dose-response relationship appears more pragmatic or prudent for radiation protection purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Shore
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States of America. Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
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26
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Bogdanova TI, Saenko VA, Brenner AV, Zurnadzhy LY, Rogounovitch TI, Likhtarov IA, Masiuk SV, Kovgan LM, Shpak VM, Thomas GA, Chanock SJ, Mabuchi K, Tronko MD, Yamashita S. Comparative Histopathologic Analysis of "Radiogenic" and "Sporadic" Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Patients Born Before and After the Chernobyl Accident. Thyroid 2018; 28:880-890. [PMID: 29989861 PMCID: PMC6112184 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2017.0594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The issue of whether radiation-induced thyroid cancer is pathologically different from sporadic remains not fully answered. This study compared structural characteristics and invasive features of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in two age-matched groups: patients who were children (≤4 years old) at the time of the Chernobyl accident and who lived in three regions of Ukraine most contaminated by radioactive iodine 131I ("radiogenic" cancer), and those who lived in the same regions but who were born after 1987 and were not exposed to 131I ("sporadic" cancer). Further, the histopathologic features of PTC were analyzed in relation to age and individual 131I thyroid dose. METHODS The study included 301 radiogenic and 194 sporadic PTCs. According to age at surgery, patients were subdivided into children (≤14 years old), adolescents (15-18 years old), and adults (19-28 years old). Statistical analyses included univariate tests and multivariable logistic regression within and across the age subgroups. Analyses of morphological features related to 131I doses were conducted among exposed patients on categorical and continuous scales controlling for sex and age. RESULTS Among children, radiogenic PTC displayed a significantly higher frequency of tumors with a dominant solid growth pattern, intrathyroidal spread, extrathyroidal extension, lymphatic/vascular invasion, and distant metastases. Exposed adolescents more frequently displayed extrathyroidal extension, lymphatic/vascular invasion, and distant metastases. Exposed adults more frequently had intrathyroidal spread and extrathyroidal extension. The frequency of PTC with dominant papillary pattern and oxyphilic cell metaplasia was significantly lower in radiogenic compared to sporadic tumors for all age groups. Manifestations of tumor aggressiveness were most frequent in children compared to adolescents and adults regardless of etiology. CONCLUSIONS Radiogenic PTC is less likely to demonstrate a dominant papillary growth pattern and more likely to display more aggressive tumor behavior than sporadic PTC. Histopathologic tumor aggressiveness declines with patient age in both radiogenic and sporadic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana I. Bogdanova
- Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System, State Institution “V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of NAMS of Ukraine,” Kiev, Ukraine
- Department of Radiation Molecular Epidemiology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Vladimir A. Saenko
- Department of Radiation Molecular Epidemiology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Address correspondence to:Vladimir Saenko, PhDDepartment of Radiation Molecular EpidemiologyAtomic Bomb Disease InstituteNagasaki University1-12-4 SakamotoNagasaki 852-8523Japan
| | - Alina V. Brenner
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Liudmyla Yu. Zurnadzhy
- Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System, State Institution “V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of NAMS of Ukraine,” Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Tatiana I. Rogounovitch
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ilya A. Likhtarov
- Department of Dosimetry and Radiation Protection, State Institution “National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of NAMS of Ukraine,” Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Sergii V. Masiuk
- Department of Dosimetry and Radiation Protection, State Institution “National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of NAMS of Ukraine,” Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Leonila M. Kovgan
- Department of Dosimetry and Radiation Protection, State Institution “National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of NAMS of Ukraine,” Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Victor M. Shpak
- Department of Medical Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident and International Cooperation, State Institution “V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of NAMS of Ukraine,” Kiev, Ukraine
| | | | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Kiyohiko Mabuchi
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Mykola D. Tronko
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Problems of Endocrinology, State Institution “V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of NAMS of Ukraine,” Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Shunichi Yamashita
- Department of Radiation Molecular Epidemiology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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27
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Samet JM, Berrington de González A, Dauer LT, Hatch M, Kosti O, Mettler FA, Satyamitra MM. Gilbert W. Beebe Symposium on 30 Years after the Chernobyl Accident: Current and Future Studies on Radiation Health Effects. Radiat Res 2017; 189:5-18. [PMID: 29136393 DOI: 10.1667/rr14791.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This commentary summarizes the presentations and discussions from the 2016 Gilbert W. Beebe symposium "30 years after the Chernobyl accident: Current and future studies on radiation health effects." The symposium was hosted by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (the National Academies). The symposium focused on the health consequences of the Chernobyl accident, looking retrospectively at what has been learned and prospectively at potential future discoveries using emerging 21st Century research methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Samet
- a Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | | | - Ourania Kosti
- d National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Fred A Mettler
- e University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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28
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Tronko M, Brenner AV, Bogdanova T, Shpak V, Oliynyk V, Cahoon EK, Drozdovitch V, Little MP, Tereshchenko V, Zamotayeva G, Terekhova G, Zurnadzhi L, Hatch M, Mabuchi K. Thyroid neoplasia risk is increased nearly 30 years after the Chernobyl accident. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:1585-1588. [PMID: 28662277 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate risk of thyroid neoplasia nearly 30 years following exposure to radioactive iodine (I-131) from the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident, we conducted a fifth cycle of thyroid screening of the Ukrainian-American cohort during 2012-2015, following four previous screening cycles started in 1998. We identified 47 thyroid cancers (TC) and 33 follicular adenomas (FA) among 10,073 individuals who were <18 years at the time of the accident and had a mean I-131 dose of 0.62 Gy. We found a significant I-131 dose response for both TC and FA, with an excess odd ratio per Gy of 1.36 (95% CI: 0.39-4.15) and 2.03 (95% CI: 0.55-6.69), respectively. The excess risk of malignant and benign thyroid neoplasia persists nearly three decades after exposure and underscores the importance of continued follow-up of this cohort to characterize long-term pattern of I-131 risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykola Tronko
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Problems of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Alina V Brenner
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tetiana Bogdanova
- Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Victor Shpak
- Department of Medical Consequences of the Chernobyl accident and International Cooperation, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Valeriy Oliynyk
- Department of General Endocrine Pathology, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Elizabeth K Cahoon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mark P Little
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Valeriy Tereshchenko
- Department of Medical Consequences of the Chernobyl accident and International Cooperation, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Galyna Zamotayeva
- Laboratory of Endocrine Regulation of Immunogenesis, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Galyna Terekhova
- Department of General Endocrine Pathology, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Lyudmila Zurnadzhi
- Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Maureen Hatch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kiyohiko Mabuchi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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29
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Till JE, Beck HL, Grogan HA, Caffrey EA. A review of dosimetry used in epidemiological studies considered to evaluate the linear no-threshold (LNT) dose-response model for radiation protection. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 93:1128-1144. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1337280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Peters KO, Tronko M, Hatch M, Oliynyk V, Terekhova G, Pfeiffer RM, Shpak VM, McConnell RJ, Drozdovitch V, Little MP, Zablotska LB, Mabuchi K, Brenner AV, Cahoon EK. Factors associated with serum thyroglobulin in a Ukrainian cohort exposed to iodine-131 from the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Plant. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 156:801-809. [PMID: 28505591 PMCID: PMC10693440 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) is associated with the presence of thyroid disease and has been proposed as a biomarker of iodine status. Few studies have examined factors related to serum Tg in populations environmentally exposed to ionizing radiation and living in regions with endemic mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency. METHODS We screened 10,430 individuals who were living in Ukraine and under 18 years of age at the time of the 1986 Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident for thyroid disease from 2001 to 2003. We estimated the percent change (PC) in serum Tg associated with demographic factors, iodine-131 thyroid dose, and indicators of thyroid structure and function using linear regression. We also examined these relationships for individuals with and without indications of thyroid abnormality. RESULTS Mean and median serum Tg levels were higher among participants with abnormal thyroid structure/function. Percent change in serum Tg increased among females, smokers and with older age (p-values<0.001), and Tg increased with increasing thyroid volume, and serum thyrotropin (p-values for trend<0.001). We found no evidence of significant associations between iodine-131 thyroid dose and Tg. Serum Tg levels were inversely associated with iodized salt intake (PC=-7.90, 95% confidence interval: -12.08, -3.52), and over the range of urinary iodine concentration, the odds of having elevated serum Tg showed a U-shaped curve with elevated Tg at low and high urinary iodine concentrations. CONCLUSION Serum Tg may be a useful indicator of population iodine status and a non-specific biomarker of structural and functional thyroid abnormalities in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamau O Peters
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Mykola Tronko
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Problems of Endocrinology, State Institution 'V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine', Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Maureen Hatch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Valeriy Oliynyk
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Problems of Endocrinology, State Institution 'V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine', Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Galyna Terekhova
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Problems of Endocrinology, State Institution 'V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine', Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Victor M Shpak
- Department of Medical Consequences of the Chernobyl accident and International Cooperation, State Institution 'V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine', Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Robert J McConnell
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mark P Little
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lydia B Zablotska
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kiyohiko Mabuchi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alina V Brenner
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth K Cahoon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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31
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Beck HL, Till JE, Grogan HA, Aanenson JW, Mohler HJ, Mohler SS, Voillequé PG. Red Bone Marrow and Male Breast Doses for a Cohort of Atomic Veterans. Radiat Res 2017; 187:221-228. [DOI: 10.1667/rr14458.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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32
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Dropkin G. Low dose radiation risks for women surviving the a-bombs in Japan: generalized additive model. Environ Health 2016; 15:112. [PMID: 27881134 PMCID: PMC5121957 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-016-0191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analyses of cancer mortality and incidence in Japanese A-bomb survivors have been used to estimate radiation risks, which are generally higher for women. Relative Risk (RR) is usually modelled as a linear function of dose. Extrapolation from data including high doses predicts small risks at low doses. Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) are flexible methods for modelling non-linear behaviour. METHODS GAMs are applied to cancer incidence in female low dose subcohorts, using anonymous public data for the 1958 - 1998 Life Span Study, to test for linearity, explore interactions, adjust for the skewed dose distribution, examine significance below 100 mGy, and estimate risks at 10 mGy. RESULTS For all solid cancer incidence, RR estimated from 0 - 100 mGy and 0 - 20 mGy subcohorts is significantly raised. The response tapers above 150 mGy. At low doses, RR increases with age-at-exposure and decreases with time-since-exposure, the preferred covariate. Using the empirical cumulative distribution of dose improves model fit, and capacity to detect non-linear responses. RR is elevated over wide ranges of covariate values. Results are stable under simulation, or when removing exceptional data cells, or adjusting neutron RBE. Estimates of Excess RR at 10 mGy using the cumulative dose distribution are 10 - 45 times higher than extrapolations from a linear model fitted to the full cohort. Below 100 mGy, quasipoisson models find significant effects for all solid, squamous, uterus, corpus, and thyroid cancers, and for respiratory cancers when age-at-exposure > 35 yrs. Results for the thyroid are compatible with studies of children treated for tinea capitis, and Chernobyl survivors. Results for the uterus are compatible with studies of UK nuclear workers and the Techa River cohort. CONCLUSION Non-linear models find large, significant cancer risks for Japanese women exposed to low dose radiation from the atomic bombings. The risks should be reflected in protection standards.
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33
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Drozdovitch V, Chumak V, Kesminiene A, Ostroumova E, Bouville A. Doses for post-Chernobyl epidemiological studies: are they reliable? JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2016; 36:R36-R73. [PMID: 27355439 PMCID: PMC9426290 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/36/3/r36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
On 26 April 2016, thirty years will have elapsed since the occurrence of the Chernobyl accident, which has so far been the most severe in the history of the nuclear reactor industry. Numerous epidemiological studies were conducted to evaluate the possible health consequences of the accident. Since the credibility of the association between the radiation exposure and health outcome is highly dependent on the adequacy of the dosimetric quantities used in these studies, this paper makes an effort to overview the methods used to estimate individual doses and the associated uncertainties in the main analytical epidemiological studies (i.e. cohort or case-control) related to the Chernobyl accident. Based on the thorough analysis and comparison with other radiation studies, the authors conclude that individual doses for the Chernobyl analytical epidemiological studies have been calculated with a relatively high degree of reliability and well-characterized uncertainties, and that they compare favorably with many other non-Chernobyl studies. The major strengths of the Chernobyl studies are: (1) they are grounded on a large number of measurements, either performed on humans or made in the environment; and (2) extensive effort has been invested to evaluate the uncertainties associated with the dose estimates. Nevertheless, gaps in the methodology are identified and suggestions for the possible improvement of the current dose estimates are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vadim Chumak
- National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | | | - André Bouville
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Retired
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34
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Masiuk SV, Shklyar SV, Kukush AG, Carroll RJ, Kovgan LN, Likhtarov IA. Estimation of radiation risk in presence of classical additive and Berkson multiplicative errors in exposure doses. Biostatistics 2016; 17:422-36. [PMID: 26795191 DOI: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxv052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the influence of measurement errors in exposure doses in a regression model with binary response is studied. Recently, it has been recognized that uncertainty in exposure dose is characterized by errors of two types: classical additive errors and Berkson multiplicative errors. The combination of classical additive and Berkson multiplicative errors has not been considered in the literature previously. In a simulation study based on data from radio-epidemiological research of thyroid cancer in Ukraine caused by the Chornobyl accident, it is shown that ignoring measurement errors in doses leads to overestimation of background prevalence and underestimation of excess relative risk. In the work, several methods to reduce these biases are proposed. They are new regression calibration, an additive version of efficient SIMEX, and novel corrected score methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Masiuk
- State Institution "National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine; Ukrainian Radiation Protection Institute, Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - S V Shklyar
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str. 64, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - A G Kukush
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str. 64, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - R J Carroll
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - L N Kovgan
- State Institution "National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine; Ukrainian Radiation Protection Institute, Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - I A Likhtarov
- State Institution "National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine; Ukrainian Radiation Protection Institute, Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
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35
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Bogdanova TI, Zurnadzhy LY, Nikiforov YE, Leeman-Neill RJ, Tronko MD, Chanock S, Mabuchi K, Likhtarov IA, Kovgan LM, Drozdovitch V, Little MP, Hatch M, Zablotska LB, Shpak VM, McConnell RJ, Brenner AV. Histopathological features of papillary thyroid carcinomas detected during four screening examinations of a Ukrainian-American cohort. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:1556-64. [PMID: 26625214 PMCID: PMC4705885 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited data on the histopathology of papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) diagnosed in irradiated populations. We evaluated the associations between iodine-131 dose and the histopathological characteristics of post-Chernobyl PTCs, the changes in these characteristics over time, and their associations with selected somatic mutations. METHODS This study included 115 PTCs diagnosed in a Ukrainian-American cohort (n=13,243) during prescreening and four successive thyroid screenings. Of these PTCs, 65 were subjected to somatic mutation profiling. All individuals were <18 years at the time of the Chernobyl accident and had direct thyroid radioactivity measurements. Statistical analyses included multivariate linear and logistic regression. RESULTS We identified a borderline significant linear-quadratic association (P=0.063) between iodine-131 dose and overall tumour invasiveness (presence of extrathyroidal extension, lymphatic/vascular invasion, and regional or distant metastases). Irrespective of dose, tumours with chromosomal rearrangements were more likely to have lymphatic/vascular invasion than tumours without chromosomal rearrangements (P=0.020) or tumours with BRAF or RAS point mutations (P=0.008). Controlling for age, there were significant time trends in decreasing tumour size (P<0.001), the extent of lymphatic/vascular invasion (P=0.005), and overall invasiveness (P=0.026). CONCLUSIONS We determined that the invasive properties of PTCs that develop in iodine-131-exposed children may be associated with radiation dose. In addition, based on a subset of cases, tumours with chromosomal rearrangements appear to have a more invasive phenotype. The increase in small, less invasive PTCs over time is a consequence of repeated screening examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana I Bogdanova
- Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System, State Institution ‘V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine', Vishegorodskaya Street 69, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine
| | - Liudmyla Yu Zurnadzhy
- Laboratory of Morphology of Endocrine System, State Institution ‘V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine', Vishegorodskaya Street 69, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine
| | - Yuri E Nikiforov
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3477 Euler Way, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Rebecca J Leeman-Neill
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3477 Euler Way, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Mykola D Tronko
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Problems of Endocrinology, State Institution ‘V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine', Vishegorodskaya Street 69, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine
| | - Stephen Chanock
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD 20892-9778, USA
| | - Kiyohiko Mabuchi
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD 20892-9778, USA
| | - Ilya A Likhtarov
- Department of Dosimetry and Radiation Protection, State Institution ‘National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine', Melnikova Street 53, Kyiv 04050, Ukraine
| | - Leonila M Kovgan
- Laboratory of Radiation Protection, State Institution ‘National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine', Melnikova Street 53, Kyiv 04050, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD 20892-9778, USA
| | - Mark P Little
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD 20892-9778, USA
| | - Maureen Hatch
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD 20892-9778, USA
| | - Lydia B Zablotska
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, 3333 California Street, San Francisco, CA 94118-1944, USA
| | - Viktor M Shpak
- Department of Medical Consequences of the Chernobyl accident and International Cooperation, State Institution ‘V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine', Vishegorodskaya Street 69, Kyiv 254114, Ukraine
| | - Robert J McConnell
- The Thyroid Center, Columbia University, 161 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alina V Brenner
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD 20892-9778, USA
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36
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Drozdovitch V, Minenko V, Golovanov I, Khrutchinsky A, Kukhta T, Kutsen S, Luckyanov N, Ostroumova E, Trofimik S, Voillequé P, Simon SL, Bouville A. Thyroid Dose Estimates for a Cohort of Belarusian Children Exposed to (131)I from the Chernobyl Accident: Assessment of Uncertainties. Radiat Res 2015; 184:203-18. [PMID: 26207684 PMCID: PMC4548301 DOI: 10.1667/rr13791.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Deterministic thyroid radiation doses due to iodine-131 ((131)I) intake were reconstructed in a previous article for 11,732 participants of the Belarusian-American cohort study of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases in individuals exposed during childhood or adolescence to fallout from the Chernobyl accident. The current article describes an assessment of uncertainties in reconstructed thyroid doses that accounts for the shared and unshared errors. Using a Monte Carlo simulation procedure, 1,000 sets of cohort thyroid doses due to (131)I intake were calculated. The arithmetic mean of the stochastic thyroid doses for the entire cohort was 0.68 Gy. For two-thirds of the cohort the arithmetic mean of individual stochastic thyroid doses was less than 0.5 Gy. The geometric standard deviation of stochastic doses varied among cohort members from 1.33 to 5.12 with an arithmetic mean of 1.76 and a geometric mean of 1.73. The uncertainties in thyroid dose were driven by the unshared errors associated with the estimates of values of thyroid mass and of the (131)I activity in the thyroid of the subject; the contribution of shared errors to the overall uncertainty was small. These multiple sets of cohort thyroid doses will be used to evaluate the radiation risks of thyroid cancer and noncancer thyroid diseases, taking into account the structure of the errors in the dose estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Ivan Golovanov
- Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Tatiana Kukhta
- United Institute of Informatics Problems, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Semion Kutsen
- Research Institute for Nuclear Problems, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Nickolas Luckyanov
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Evgenia Ostroumova
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Steven L. Simon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - André Bouville
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland
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37
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Kumalo HM, Bhakat S, Soliman ME. Heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) as anticancer target for drug discovery: an ample computational perspective. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:1131-60. [PMID: 25958815 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There are over 100 different types of cancer, and each is classified based on the type of cell that is initially affected. If left untreated, cancer can result in serious health problems and eventually death. Recently, the paradigm of cancer chemotherapy has evolved to use a combination approach, which involves the use of multiple drugs each of which targets an individual protein. Inhibition of heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is one of the novel key cancer targets. Because of its ability to target several signaling pathways, Hsp90 inhibition emerged as a useful strategy to treat a wide variety of cancers. Molecular modeling approaches and methodologies have become 'close counterparts' to experiments in drug design and discovery workflows. A wide range of molecular modeling approaches have been developed, each of which has different objectives and outcomes. In this review, we provide an up-to-date systematic overview on the different computational models implemented toward the design of Hsp90 inhibitors as anticancer agents. Although this is the main emphasis of this review, different topics such as background and current statistics of cancer, different anticancer targets including Hsp90, and the structure and function of Hsp90 from an experimental perspective, for example, X-ray and NMR, are also addressed in this report. To the best of our knowledge, this review is the first account, which comprehensively outlines various molecular modeling efforts directed toward identification of anticancer drugs targeting Hsp90. We believe that the information, methods, and perspectives highlighted in this report would assist researchers in the discovery of potential anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hezekiel M Kumalo
- School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Soumendranath Bhakat
- School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,Division of Biophysical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mahmoud E Soliman
- School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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38
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Stram DO, Preston DL, Sokolnikov M, Napier B, Kopecky KJ, Boice J, Beck H, Till J, Bouville A. Shared dosimetry error in epidemiological dose-response analyses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119418. [PMID: 25799311 PMCID: PMC4370375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation dose reconstruction systems for large-scale epidemiological studies are sophisticated both in providing estimates of dose and in representing dosimetry uncertainty. For example, a computer program was used by the Hanford Thyroid Disease Study to provide 100 realizations of possible dose to study participants. The variation in realizations reflected the range of possible dose for each cohort member consistent with the data on dose determinates in the cohort. Another example is the Mayak Worker Dosimetry System 2013 which estimates both external and internal exposures and provides multiple realizations of "possible" dose history to workers given dose determinants. This paper takes up the problem of dealing with complex dosimetry systems that provide multiple realizations of dose in an epidemiologic analysis. In this paper we derive expected scores and the information matrix for a model used widely in radiation epidemiology, namely the linear excess relative risk (ERR) model that allows for a linear dose response (risk in relation to radiation) and distinguishes between modifiers of background rates and of the excess risk due to exposure. We show that treating the mean dose for each individual (calculated by averaging over the realizations) as if it was true dose (ignoring both shared and unshared dosimetry errors) gives asymptotically unbiased estimates (i.e. the score has expectation zero) and valid tests of the null hypothesis that the ERR slope β is zero. Although the score is unbiased the information matrix (and hence the standard errors of the estimate of β) is biased for β≠0 when ignoring errors in dose estimates, and we show how to adjust the information matrix to remove this bias, using the multiple realizations of dose. The use of these methods in the context of several studies including, the Mayak Worker Cohort, and the U.S. Atomic Veterans Study, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O. Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Dale L. Preston
- Hirosoft International, Eureka, California, United States of America
| | | | - Bruce Napier
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kenneth J. Kopecky
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - John Boice
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Harold Beck
- U.S. Department of Energy, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John Till
- Risk Assessment Corporation, Neeses, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andre Bouville
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
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39
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Watanobe H, Furutani T, Nihei M, Sakuma Y, Yanai R, Takahashi M, Sato H, Sagawa F. The thyroid status of children and adolescents in Fukushima Prefecture examined during 20-30 months after the Fukushima nuclear power plant disaster: a cross-sectional, observational study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113804. [PMID: 25474311 PMCID: PMC4256387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A possible increase in thyroid cancer in the young represents the most critical health problem to be considered after the nuclear accident in Fukushima, Japan (March 2011), which is an important lesson from the Chernobyl disaster (April 1986). Although it was reported that childhood thyroid cancer had started to increase 3–5 yr after the Chernobyl accident, we speculate that the actual period of latency might have been shorter than reported, considering the delay in initiating thyroid surveillance in the then Soviet Union and also the lower quality of ultrasonographic testing in the 1980s. Our primary objectives in the present study were to identify any possible thyroid abnormality in young Fukushima citizens at a relatively early timepoint (20–30 months) after the accident, and also to strive to find a possible relationship among thyroid ultrasonographic findings, thyroid-relevant biochemical markers, and iodine-131 ground deposition in the locations of residence where they stayed during very early days after the accident. Methods and Findings This is a cross-sectional study. We targeted the Fukushima residents who were 18 yr old or younger (including fetuses) at the time of the accident. Our examinations comprised a questionnaire, thyroid ultrasonography, thyroid-related blood tests, and urinary iodine measurement. We analyzed a possible relationship among thyroid ultrasonographic findings (1,137 subjects), serum hormonal data (731 subjects), urinary iodine concentrations (770 subjects), and iodine-131 ground deposition (1,137 subjects). We did not find any significant relationship among these indicators, and no participant was diagnosed to contract thyroid cancer. Conclusions At the timepoint of 20–30 months after the accident, we did not confirm any discernible deleterious effects of the emitted radioactivity on the thyroid of young Fukushima residents. This is the first report in English detailing the thyroid status of young Fukushima residents after the nuclear disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Watanobe
- Radiation Countermeasures Research Institute for Earthquake Disaster Recovery Support, Hirata, Fukushima, Japan
- Kasukabe Kousei Hospital, Kasukabe, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Tomoyuki Furutani
- Faculty of Policy Management, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiko Nihei
- Radiation Countermeasures Research Institute for Earthquake Disaster Recovery Support, Hirata, Fukushima, Japan
- Hirata Central Clinic, Hirata, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yu Sakuma
- Radiation Countermeasures Research Institute for Earthquake Disaster Recovery Support, Hirata, Fukushima, Japan
- Hirata Central Clinic, Hirata, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Rie Yanai
- Hirata Central Hospital, Hirata, Fukushima, Japan
| | | | - Hideo Sato
- Hirata Central Hospital, Hirata, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Sagawa
- Radiation Countermeasures Research Institute for Earthquake Disaster Recovery Support, Hirata, Fukushima, Japan
- Hirata Central Clinic, Hirata, Fukushima, Japan
- Hirata Central Hospital, Hirata, Fukushima, Japan
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40
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Zablotska LB, Nadyrov EA, Rozhko AV, Gong Z, Polyanskaya ON, McConnell RJ, O'Kane P, Brenner AV, Little MP, Ostroumova E, Bouville A, Drozdovitch V, Minenko V, Demidchik Y, Nerovnya A, Yauseyenka V, Savasteeva I, Nikonovich S, Mabuchi K, Hatch M. Analysis of thyroid malignant pathologic findings identified during 3 rounds of screening (1997-2008) of a cohort of children and adolescents from belarus exposed to radioiodines after the Chernobyl accident. Cancer 2014; 121:457-66. [PMID: 25351557 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies of children and adolescents who were exposed to radioactive iodine-131 (I-131) after the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident in Ukraine exhibited a significant dose-related increase in the risk of thyroid cancer, but the association of radiation doses with tumor histologic and morphologic features is not clear. METHODS A cohort of 11,664 individuals in Belarus who were aged ≤18 years at the time of the accident underwent 3 cycles of thyroid screening during 1997 to 2008. I-131 thyroid doses were estimated from individual thyroid activity measurements taken within 2 months after the accident and from dosimetric questionnaire data. Demographic, clinical, and tumor pathologic characteristics of the patients with thyroid cancer were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance, chi-square tests or Fisher exact tests, and logistic regression. RESULTS In total, 158 thyroid cancers were identified as a result of screening. The majority of patients had T1a and T1b tumors (93.7%), with many positive regional lymph nodes (N1; 60.6%) but few distant metastases (M1; <1%). Higher I-131 doses were associated with higher frequency of solid and diffuse sclerosing variants of thyroid cancer (P < .01) and histologic features of cancer aggressiveness, such as lymphatic vessel invasion, intrathyroidal infiltration, and multifocality (all P < .03). Latency was not correlated with radiation dose. Fifty-two patients with self-reported thyroid cancers which were diagnosed before 1997 were younger at the time of the accident and had a higher percentage of solid variant cancers compared with patients who had screening-detected thyroid cancers (all P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS I-131 thyroid radiation doses were associated with a significantly greater frequency of solid and diffuse sclerosing variants of thyroid cancer and various features of tumor aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia B Zablotska
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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41
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Little MP, Kukush AG, Masiuk SV, Shklyar S, Carroll RJ, Lubin JH, Kwon D, Brenner AV, Tronko MD, Mabuchi K, Bogdanova TI, Hatch M, Zablotska LB, Tereshchenko VP, Ostroumova E, Bouville AC, Drozdovitch V, Chepurny MI, Kovgan LN, Simon SL, Shpak VM, Likhtarev IA. Impact of uncertainties in exposure assessment on estimates of thyroid cancer risk among Ukrainian children and adolescents exposed from the Chernobyl accident. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85723. [PMID: 24489667 PMCID: PMC3906013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1986 accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant remains the most serious nuclear accident in history, and excess thyroid cancers, particularly among those exposed to releases of iodine-131 remain the best-documented sequelae. Failure to take dose-measurement error into account can lead to bias in assessments of dose-response slope. Although risks in the Ukrainian-US thyroid screening study have been previously evaluated, errors in dose assessments have not been addressed hitherto. Dose-response patterns were examined in a thyroid screening prevalence cohort of 13,127 persons aged <18 at the time of the accident who were resident in the most radioactively contaminated regions of Ukraine. We extended earlier analyses in this cohort by adjusting for dose error in the recently developed TD-10 dosimetry. Three methods of statistical correction, via two types of regression calibration, and Monte Carlo maximum-likelihood, were applied to the doses that can be derived from the ratio of thyroid activity to thyroid mass. The two components that make up this ratio have different types of error, Berkson error for thyroid mass and classical error for thyroid activity. The first regression-calibration method yielded estimates of excess odds ratio of 5.78 Gy−1 (95% CI 1.92, 27.04), about 7% higher than estimates unadjusted for dose error. The second regression-calibration method gave an excess odds ratio of 4.78 Gy−1 (95% CI 1.64, 19.69), about 11% lower than unadjusted analysis. The Monte Carlo maximum-likelihood method produced an excess odds ratio of 4.93 Gy−1 (95% CI 1.67, 19.90), about 8% lower than unadjusted analysis. There are borderline-significant (p = 0.101–0.112) indications of downward curvature in the dose response, allowing for which nearly doubled the low-dose linear coefficient. In conclusion, dose-error adjustment has comparatively modest effects on regression parameters, a consequence of the relatively small errors, of a mixture of Berkson and classical form, associated with thyroid dose assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Little
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexander G Kukush
- Ukrainian Radiation Protection Institute, Kyiv, Ukraine ; Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Sergiy Shklyar
- Ukrainian Radiation Protection Institute, Kyiv, Ukraine ; Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Raymond J Carroll
- Department of Statistics, Blocker Building, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jay H Lubin
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Deukwoo Kwon
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America ; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alina V Brenner
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mykola D Tronko
- State Institution "Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Kiyohiko Mabuchi
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tetiana I Bogdanova
- State Institution "Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Maureen Hatch
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lydia B Zablotska
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Valeriy P Tereshchenko
- State Institution "Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Evgenia Ostroumova
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - André C Bouville
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Lina N Kovgan
- Ukrainian Radiation Protection Institute, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Steven L Simon
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Victor M Shpak
- State Institution "Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine", Kyiv, Ukraine
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