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Park JY, Kim TY, Woo SW, Moon HY. Effect of exercise-induced Neutrophil maturation on skeletal muscle repair in vitro. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 38:101699. [PMID: 38601749 PMCID: PMC11004084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils as first line defender initiate a cascade of healing process immediately after muscle injury. At muscle injury site, neutrophils remove damaged muscle fibers and recruit other immune cells and these functions show in mature neutrophils. In the previous study, physical exercise can mediate neutrophils' functional changes such as phagocytosis and chemotaxis, though there is no research on how exercise-induced neutrophils contribute the muscle regeneration. In this present study, we investigated the maturation of neutrophils after 4 weeks of mouse treadmill exercise and assessed wound healing assay to evaluate whether treatment with exercise-activated neutrophils is effective for skeletal muscle repair in vitro. In the exercise group, significantly higher mRNA levels of maturation markers compared to the sedentary group and exercise-activated neutrophils improved wound healing of mouse muscle cells. To confirm at the human cell level, based on the well-known fact that exercise increases circulating cortisol levels, neutrophil-like cells were treated with dexamethasone (dHL60 + dex) as exercise mimetics. dHL60 + dex had significantly higher mRNA levels of neutrophil maturation marker and improved wound healing of human skeletal muscle cells compared to the control. These findings suggest that exercise affects neutrophil maturation and that exercise-induced neutrophils contribute to skeletal muscle repair in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yeon Park
- Dept. of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yeon Kim
- Dept. of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Won Woo
- Dept. of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Youl Moon
- Dept. of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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Barreto AC, Leitão L, Vianna J, Poderoso R, Reis VM, Cirilo-Sousa M, Junior A, Colonna M, Casimiro-Lopes G, Novaes J. Do Men and Women Differ in Hematological Adaptations to 24 Weeks of Crossfit® Training? J Hum Kinet 2024; 90:101-110. [PMID: 38380303 PMCID: PMC10875701 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/170885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise can modulate the immune system functioning through changes in the number and function of leukocytes as well as in red blood cells and other typical blood markers. High intensity exercise promotes increases in cytotoxic activity, phagocytic capacity, chemotaxis and cell apoptosis. The aim of the study was to compare the chronic effects of a 24-week training program using CrossFit® methodology on hematological variables of men vs. women. Twenty-nine CrossFit® athletes (35.3 ± 10.4 years, 175.0 ± 9.2 cm, 79.5 ± 16.4 kg) participated in the study. The blood count, the lipid profile and glucose markers were measured every two months during the study period. The erythrocyte count and hemoglobin concentrations increased in months 4 and 6 in men and women, respectively. Hematocrit levels increased in men in months 2, 4 and 6, while in women only in month 6. Red cell distribution width increased in men in month 6 when compared to the value in month 2. Segmented neutrophils increased in men in month 6 and eosinophil levels increased in women in month 6. Differences between the two sexes were observed in monocytes levels at baseline, as well as in months 2, 4 and 6. Cross-Fit® training increased red cell count indicators in both sexes, which may be related to increased erythropoiesis. Some white blood cell counts were altered and these differed between sexes. The number of lymphocytes remained stable throughout the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Barreto
- Physical Education Department, Celso Lisboa University Center, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luis Leitão
- Sciences and Technology Department, Superior School of Education of Polytechnic Institute of Setubal, Setúbal, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Leiria, Portugal
| | - Jeferson Vianna
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Poderoso
- Physical Education Department, University of Unopar, Nilópolis, Brazil
| | - Victor Machado Reis
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria Cirilo-Sousa
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program of Physical Education, University of Cariri Regional, Crato, Brazil
| | - Adenilson Junior
- Physical Education Department, Federal Techonology Institute of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Colonna
- Physical Education Department, University Center of Augusto Motta of UNISUAM, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Physical Education Department, Estácio de Sá University, UNESA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Casimiro-Lopes
- Physical Education and Sports Institute, Laboratory of Exercise Pathophysiology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Novaes
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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3
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Meyer-Lindemann U, Moggio A, Dutsch A, Kessler T, Sager HB. The Impact of Exercise on Immunity, Metabolism, and Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3394. [PMID: 36834808 PMCID: PMC9967592 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise represents an effective preventive and therapeutic strategy beneficially modifying the course of multiple diseases. The protective mechanisms of exercise are manifold; primarily, they are elicited by alterations in metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Exercise intensity and duration strongly influence the provoked response. This narrative review aims to provide comprehensive up-to-date insights into the beneficial effects of physical exercise by illustrating the impact of moderate and vigorous exercise on innate and adaptive immunity. Specifically, we describe qualitative and quantitative changes in different leukocyte subsets while distinguishing between acute and chronic exercise effects. Further, we elaborate on how exercise modifies the progression of atherosclerosis, the leading cause of death worldwide, representing a prime example of a disease triggered by metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Here, we describe how exercise counteracts causal contributors and thereby improves outcomes. In addition, we identify gaps that still need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Meyer-Lindemann
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
- DZHK e.V. (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Aldo Moggio
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Dutsch
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
- DZHK e.V. (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Thorsten Kessler
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
- DZHK e.V. (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Hendrik B. Sager
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
- DZHK e.V. (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
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4
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Halsey LG, Careau V, Pontzer H, Ainslie PN, Andersen LF, Anderson LJ, Arab L, Baddou I, Bedu-Addo K, Blaak EE, Blanc S, Bonomi AG, Bouten CVC, Bovet P, Buchowski MS, Butte NF, Camps SGJA, Close GL, Cooper JA, Das SK, Cooper R, Dugas LR, Ekelund U, Entringer S, Forrester T, Fudge BW, Goris AH, Gurven M, Hambly C, Hamdouchi AE, Hoos MB, Hu S, Joonas N, Joosen AM, Katzmarzyk P, Kempen KP, Kimura M, Kraus WE, Kushner RF, Lambert EV, Leonard WR, Lessan N, Martin CK, Medin AC, Meijer EP, Morehen JC, Morton JP, Neuhouser ML, Nicklas TA, Ojiambo RM, Pietiläinen KH, Pitsiladis YP, Plange-Rhule J, Plasqui G, Prentice RL, Rabinovich RA, Racette SB, Raichlen DA, Ravussin E, Reynolds RM, Roberts SB, Schuit AJ, Sjödin AM, Stice E, Urlacher SS, Valenti G, Van Etten LM, Van Mil EA, Wilson G, Wood BM, Yanovski J, Yoshida T, Zhang X, Murphy-Alford AJ, Loechl CU, Luke AH, Rood J, Sagayama H, Schoeller DA, Westerterp KR, Wong WW, Yamada Y, Speakman JR. Variability in energy expenditure is much greater in males than females. J Hum Evol 2022; 171:103229. [PMID: 36115145 PMCID: PMC9791915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, trait variation is often reported to be greater among males than females. However, to date, mainly only morphological traits have been studied. Energy expenditure represents the metabolic costs of multiple physical, physiological, and behavioral traits. Energy expenditure could exhibit particularly high greater male variation through a cumulative effect if those traits mostly exhibit greater male variation, or a lack of greater male variation if many of them do not. Sex differences in energy expenditure variation have been little explored. We analyzed a large database on energy expenditure in adult humans (1494 males and 3108 females) to investigate whether humans have evolved sex differences in the degree of interindividual variation in energy expenditure. We found that, even when statistically comparing males and females of the same age, height, and body composition, there is much more variation in total, activity, and basal energy expenditure among males. However, with aging, variation in total energy expenditure decreases, and because this happens more rapidly in males, the magnitude of greater male variation, though still large, is attenuated in older age groups. Considerably greater male variation in both total and activity energy expenditure could be explained by greater male variation in levels of daily activity. The considerably greater male variation in basal energy expenditure is remarkable and may be explained, at least in part, by greater male variation in the size of energy-demanding organs. If energy expenditure is a trait that is of indirect interest to females when choosing a sexual partner, this would suggest that energy expenditure is under sexual selection. However, we present a novel energetics model demonstrating that it is also possible that females have been under stabilizing selection pressure for an intermediate basal energy expenditure to maximize energy available for reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis G Halsey
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London, SW15 4JD, UK.
| | - Vincent Careau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Herman Pontzer
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lene F Andersen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Liam J Anderson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lenore Arab
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Issad Baddou
- Unité Mixte de Recherche en Nutrition et Alimentation, CNESTEN-Université Ibn Tofail URAC39, Regional Designated Center of Nutrition Associated with AFRA/IAEA, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Kweku Bedu-Addo
- Department of Physiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephane Blanc
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS Université de Strasbourg, UMR7178, France
| | | | - Carlijn V C Bouten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven Unversity of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Bovet
- Pascal Bovet, University Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne, Switzerland & Ministry of Health, Republic of Seychelles
| | - Maciej S Buchowski
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutritiion, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nancy F Butte
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stefan G J A Camps
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Clinical Nutrition Research Centre (CNRC), Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jamie A Cooper
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sai Krupa Das
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington St., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Cooper
- Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Lara R Dugas
- Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Terrence Forrester
- Solutions for Developing Countries, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | | | - Annelies H Goris
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Hambly
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Asmaa El Hamdouchi
- Unité Mixte de Recherche en Nutrition et Alimentation, CNESTEN-Université Ibn Tofail URAC39, Regional Designated Center of Nutrition Associated with AFRA/IAEA, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Marije B Hoos
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sumei Hu
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Noorjehan Joonas
- Central Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Mauritius
| | - Annemiek M Joosen
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Katzmarzyk
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kitty P Kempen
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Misaka Kimura
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - William E Kraus
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert F Kushner
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Estelle V Lambert
- Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Nader Lessan
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Imperial College London Diabetes Centre, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Corby K Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Anine C Medin
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Erwin P Meijer
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - James C Morehen
- The FA Group, Burton-Upon-Trent, Staffordshire, UK; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marian L Neuhouser
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and School of Public Health, University of WA, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Theresa A Nicklas
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert M Ojiambo
- Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; University of Global Health Equity, Rwanda
| | - Kirsi H Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, and Obesity Center, Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Jacob Plange-Rhule
- Department of Physiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Guy Plasqui
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ross L Prentice
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and School of Public Health, University of WA, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Susan B Racette
- Program in Physical Therapy and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David A Raichlen
- Biological Sciences and Anthropology, University of Southern California, California, USA
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Rebecca M Reynolds
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Susan B Roberts
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington St., Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Anders M Sjödin
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eric Stice
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Samuel S Urlacher
- Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Child and Brain Development, CIFAR, Toronto, Canada
| | - Giulio Valenti
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Phillips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ludo M Van Etten
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Edgar A Van Mil
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Campus Greenport Venlo and Lifestyle Medicine Center for Children, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - George Wilson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Brian M Wood
- Department of Anthropology University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture
| | - Jack Yanovski
- Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tsukasa Yoshida
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xueying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Alexia J Murphy-Alford
- Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cornelia U Loechl
- Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amy H Luke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA.
| | - Jennifer Rood
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
| | - Hiroyuki Sagayama
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Dale A Schoeller
- Biotech Center and Nutritional Sciences University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
| | - Klaas R Westerterp
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - William W Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan, and Institute for Active Health, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - John R Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; State Key Laboratory of Molecular developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China; CAS Center of Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming, China.
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Effects of eight weeks of mat pilates training on selected hematological parameters and plasma volume variations in healthy active women. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267437. [PMID: 35657955 PMCID: PMC9165890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effects of eight weeks of mat Pilates training on selected hematological parameters, i.e. white blood cell, neutrophils, monocyte, lymphocyte, hematocrit, hemoglobin as well as plasma volume variations in healthy, active women. METHODS Twenty-eight women physical education students volunteered to participate in the present investigation. They were assigned to two groups: a Pilates training group (n = 14) that followed an 8-week Pilates training program, and a control group (n = 14). Blood samples were collected at rest at two separate occasions before and after Pilates training. RESULTS The Pilates training group had higher values of plasma volume variations and lower values of white blood cell (19.4%), neutrophils (32%), hematocrit (4.3%) and hemoglobin (4.6%) compared to control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The results of the present study suggested that Pilates training could be an effective strategy for increasing plasma volume variations and boosting immune system in healthy active women.
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Hamrouni M, Roberts MJ, Thackray A, Stensel DJ, Bishop N. Associations of obesity, physical activity level, inflammation and cardiometabolic health with COVID-19 mortality: a prospective analysis of the UK Biobank cohort. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e055003. [PMID: 34732503 PMCID: PMC8572360 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the associations of physical activity level with COVID-19 mortality risk across body mass index (BMI) categories, and to determine whether any protective association of a higher physical activity level in individuals with obesity may be explained by favourable levels of cardiometabolic and inflammatory biomarkers. DESIGN Prospective cohort study (baseline data collected between 2006 and 2010). Physical activity level was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (high: ≥3000 Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET)-min/week, moderate: ≥600 MET-min/week, low: not meeting either criteria), and biochemical assays were conducted on blood samples to provide biomarker data. SETTING UK Biobank. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Logistic regressions adjusted for potential confounders were performed to determine the associations of exposure variables with COVID-19 mortality risk. Mortality from COVID-19 was ascertained by death certificates through linkage with National Health Service (NHS) Digital. RESULTS Within the 259 397 included participants, 397 COVID-19 deaths occurred between 16 March 2020 and 27 February 2021. Compared with highly active individuals with a normal BMI (reference group), the ORs (95% CIs) for COVID-19 mortality were 1.61 (0.98 to 2.64) for highly active individuals with obesity, 2.85 (1.78 to 4.57) for lowly active individuals with obesity and 1.94 (1.04 to 3.61) for lowly active individuals with a normal BMI. Of the included biomarkers, neutrophil count and monocyte count were significantly positively associated with COVID-19 mortality risk. In a subanalysis restricted to individuals with obesity, adjusting for these biomarkers attenuated the higher COVID-19 mortality risk in lowly versus highly active individuals with obesity by 10%. CONCLUSIONS This study provides novel evidence suggesting that a high physical activity level may attenuate the COVID-19 mortality risk associated with obesity. Although the protective association may be partly explained by lower neutrophil and monocyte counts, it still remains largely unexplained by the biomarkers included in this analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Hamrouni
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Matthew J Roberts
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Alice Thackray
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - David J Stensel
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Nicolette Bishop
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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7
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Pérez-Olivares L, Soehnlein O. Contemporary Lifestyle and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: An Emerging Link in Atherosclerosis Disease. Cells 2021; 10:1985. [PMID: 34440753 PMCID: PMC8394440 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are networks of extracellular genetic material decorated with proteins of nuclear, granular and cytosolic origin that activated neutrophils expel under pathogenic inflammatory conditions. NETs are part of the host's innate immune defense system against invading pathogens. Interestingly, these extracellular structures can also be released in response to sterile inflammatory stimuli (e.g., shear stress, lipidic molecules, pro-thrombotic factors, aggregated platelets, or pro-inflammatory cytokines), as in atherosclerosis disease. Indeed, NETs have been identified in the intimal surface of diseased arteries under cardiovascular disease conditions, where they sustain inflammation via NET-mediated cell-adhesion mechanisms and promote cellular dysfunction and tissue damage via NET-associated cytotoxicity. This review will focus on (1) the active role of neutrophils and NETs as underestimated players of the inflammatory process during atherogenesis and lesion progression; (2) how these extracellular structures communicate with the main cell types present in the atherosclerotic lesion in the arterial wall; and (3) how these neutrophil effector functions interplay with lifestyle-derived risk factors such as an unbalanced diet, physical inactivity, smoking or lack of sleep quality, which represent major elements in the development of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pérez-Olivares
- Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Institute for Experimental Pathology (ExPat), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU), 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Institute for Experimental Pathology (ExPat), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU), 48149 Münster, Germany;
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (FyFa), Karolinska Institute, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Schreckenberg R, Wolf A, Troidl C, Simsekyilmaz S, Schlüter KD. Pro-inflammatory Vascular Stress in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Associated With High Physical Activity Cannot Be Attenuated by Aldosterone Blockade. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:699283. [PMID: 34381826 PMCID: PMC8349986 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.699283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of high physical activity, performed as voluntary running wheel exercise, on inflammation and vascular adaptation may differ between normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). We investigated the effects of running wheel activity on leukocyte mobilization, neutrophil migration into the vascular wall (aorta), and transcriptional adaptation of the vascular wall and compared and combined the effects of high physical activity with that of pharmacological treatment (aldosterone antagonist spironolactone). At the start of the 6th week of life, before hypertension became established in SHRs, rats were provided with a running wheel over a period of 10-months'. To investigate to what extent training-induced changes may underlie a possible regression, controls were also generated by removal of the running wheel for the last 4 months. Aldosterone blockade was achieved upon oral administration of Spironolactone in the corresponding treatment groups for the last 4 months. The number of circulating blood cells was quantified by FACS analysis of peripheral blood. mRNA expression of selected proteins was quantified by RT-PCR. Histology and confocal laser microscopy were used to monitor cell migration. Although voluntary running wheel exercise reduced the number of circulating neutrophils in normotensive rats, it rather increased it in SHRs. Furthermore, running wheel activity in SHRs but not normotensive rats increased the number of natural killer (NK)-cells. Except of the increased expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 and reduction of von Willebrand factor (vWF), running wheel activity exerted a different transcriptional response in the vascular tissue of normotensive and hypertensive rats, i.e., lack of reduction of the pro-inflammatory IL-6 in vessels from hypertensive rats. Spironolactone reduced the number of neutrophils; however, in co-presence with high physical activity this effect was blunted. In conclusion, although high physical activity has beneficial effects in normotensive rats, this does not predict similar beneficial effects in the concomitant presence of hypertension and care has to be taken on interactions between pharmacological approaches and high physical activity in hypertensives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Schreckenberg
- Department of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Annemarie Wolf
- Department of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Troidl
- Department of Cardiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sakine Simsekyilmaz
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
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9
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Identification of Critical Genes and Signaling Pathways in Human Monocytes Following High-Intensity Exercise. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9060618. [PMID: 34067297 PMCID: PMC8224747 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9060618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monocytes are critical components, not only for innate immunity, but also for the activation of the adaptive immune system. Many studies in animals and humans have demonstrated that monocytes may be closely associated with chronic inflammatory diseases and be proved to be pivotal in the association between high-intensity exercise and anti-inflammation response. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms driving this are barely understood. The present study aimed to screen for potential hub genes and candidate signaling pathways associated with the effects of high-intensity exercise on human monocytes through bioinformatics analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The GSE51835 gene expression dataset was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The dataset consists of 12 monocyte samples from two groups of pre-exercise and post-exercise individuals. Identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with R software, and functional annotation and pathway analyses were then performed with related web databases. Subsequently, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network which discovers key functional protein and a transcription factors-DEGs network which predicts upstream regulators were constructed. RESULTS A total of 146 differentially expressed genes were identified, including 95 upregulated and 51 downregulated genes. Gene Ontology analysis indicated that in the biological process functional group, these DEGs were mainly involved in cellular response to hydrogen peroxide, response to unfolded protein, negative regulation of cell proliferation, cellular response to laminar fluid shear stress, and positive regulation of protein metabolic process. The top five enrichment pathways in a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were the FoxO signaling pathway, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, influenza A, the ErbB signaling pathway, and the MAPK signaling pathway. TNF, DUSP1, ATF3, CXCR4, NR4A1, BHLHE40, CDKN1B, SOCS3, TNFAIP3, and MCL1 were the top 10 potential hub genes. The most important modules obtained in the PPI network were performed KEGG pathway analysis, which showed that these genes were mainly involved in the MAPK signaling pathway, the IL-17 signaling pathway, the TNF signaling pathway, osteoclast differentiation, and apoptosis. A transcription factor (TF) target network illustrated that FOXJ2 was a critical regulatory factor. CONCLUSIONS This study identified the essential genes and pathways associated with exercise and monocytes. Among these, four essential genes (TNF, DUSP1, CXCR4, and NR4A1) and the FoxO signaling pathway play vital roles in the immune function of monocytes. High-intensity exercise may improve the resistance of chronic inflammatory diseases by regulating the expression of these genes.
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10
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Abstract
Unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, psychosocial stress, and insufficient sleep are increasingly prevalent modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Accumulating evidence indicates that these risk factors may fuel chronic inflammatory processes that are active in atherosclerosis and lead to myocardial infarction and stroke. In concert with hyperlipidemia, maladaptive immune system activities can contribute to disease progression and increase the probability of adverse events. In this review, we discuss recent insight into how the above modifiable risk factors influence innate immunity. Specifically, we focus on pathways that raise systemic myeloid cell numbers and modulate immune cell phenotypes, reviewing hematopoiesis, leukocyte trafficking, and innate immune cell accumulation in cardiovascular organs. Often, relevant mechanisms that begin with lifestyle choices and lead to cardiovascular events span multiple organ systems, including the central nervous, endocrine, metabolic, hematopoietic, immune and, finally, the cardiovascular system. We argue that deciphering such pathways provides not only support for preventive interventions but also opportunities to develop biomimetic immunomodulatory therapeutics that mitigate cardiovascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J Schloss
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.J.S., F.K.S., M.N.).,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.J.S., F.K.S., M.N.)
| | - Filip K Swirski
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.J.S., F.K.S., M.N.).,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.J.S., F.K.S., M.N.)
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.J.S., F.K.S., M.N.).,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.J.S., F.K.S., M.N.).,Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.N.).,Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany (M.N.)
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11
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Vogel J, Niederer D, Jung G, Troidl K. Exercise-Induced Vascular Adaptations under Artificially Versus Pathologically Reduced Blood Flow: A Focus Review with Special Emphasis on Arteriogenesis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020333. [PMID: 32024023 PMCID: PMC7072401 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The vascular effects of training under blood flow restriction (BFR) in healthy persons can serve as a model for the exercise mechanism in lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD) patients. Both mechanisms are, inter alia, characterized by lower blood flow in the lower limbs. We aimed to describe and compare the underlying mechanism of exercise-induced effects of disease- and external application-BFR methods. Methods: We completed a narrative focus review after systematic literature research. We included only studies on healthy participants or those with LEAD. Both male and female adults were considered eligible. The target intervention was exercise with a reduced blood flow due to disease or external application. Results: We identified 416 publications. After the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 39 manuscripts were included in the vascular adaption part. Major mechanisms involving exercise-mediated benefits in treating LEAD included: inflammatory processes suppression, proinflammatory immune cells, improvement of endothelial function, remodeling of skeletal muscle, and additional vascularization (arteriogenesis). Mechanisms resulting from external BFR application included: increased release of anabolic growth factors, stimulated muscle protein synthesis, higher concentrations of heat shock proteins and nitric oxide synthase, lower levels in myostatin, and stimulation of S6K1. Conclusions: A main difference between the two comparators is the venous blood return, which is restricted in BFR but not in LEAD. Major similarities include the overall ischemic situation, the changes in microRNA (miRNA) expression, and the increased production of NOS with their associated arteriogenesis after training with BFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Vogel
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Ginnheimer Landstr. 39, 60487 Frankfurt, Germany; (J.V.); (D.N.)
| | - Daniel Niederer
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Ginnheimer Landstr. 39, 60487 Frankfurt, Germany; (J.V.); (D.N.)
| | - Georg Jung
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Kerstin Troidl
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany;
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Correspondence:
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12
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Wang J, Liu S, Li G, Xiao J. Exercise Regulates the Immune System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1228:395-408. [PMID: 32342473 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The profound effect of exercise on the normal functioning of the immune system has been well-known. Exercise and immune regulation are interrelated and affect each other. Exercise changes immune regulation by affecting leucocytes, red blood cells, and cytokines, etc. Regular exercise could reduce the risk of chronic metabolic and cardiorespiratory diseases, partially by the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise. However, these effects are also likely to be responsible for the suppressed immunity that make our bodies more susceptible to infections. Here we summarize the known mechanisms by which exercise-both acute and chronic-exerts its immune regulation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuqin Liu
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Development of an Exercise Training Protocol to Investigate Arteriogenesis in a Murine Model of Peripheral Artery Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163956. [PMID: 31416228 PMCID: PMC6720754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise is a treatment option in peripheral artery disease (PAD) patients to improve their clinical trajectory, at least in part induced by collateral growth. The ligation of the femoral artery (FAL) in mice is an established model to induce arteriogenesis. We intended to develop an animal model to stimulate collateral growth in mice through exercise. The training intensity assessment consisted of comparing two different training regimens in C57BL/6 mice, a treadmill implementing forced exercise and a free-to-access voluntary running wheel. The mice in the latter group covered a much greater distance than the former pre- and postoperatively. C57BL/6 mice and hypercholesterolemic ApoE-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice were subjected to FAL and had either access to a running wheel or were kept in motion-restricting cages (control) and hind limb perfusion was measured pre- and postoperatively at various times. Perfusion recovery in C57BL/6 mice was similar between the groups. In contrast, ApoE−/− mice showed significant differences between training and control 7 d postoperatively with a significant increase in pericollateral macrophages while the collateral diameter did not differ between training and control groups 21 d after surgery. ApoE−/− mice with running wheel training is a suitable model to simulate exercise induced collateral growth in PAD. This experimental set-up may provide a model for investigating molecular training effects.
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14
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Vogel J, Niederer D, Engeroff T, Vogt L, Troidl C, Schmitz-Rixen T, Banzer W, Troidl K. Effects on the Profile of Circulating miRNAs after Single Bouts of Resistance Training with and without Blood Flow Restriction-A Three-Arm, Randomized Crossover Trial. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3249. [PMID: 31269677 PMCID: PMC6651802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of blood flow restriction (training) may serve as a model of peripheral artery disease. In both conditions, circulating micro RNAs (miRNAs) are suggested to play a crucial role during exercise-induced arteriogenesis. We aimed to determine whether the profile of circulating miRNAs is altered after acute resistance training during blood flow restriction (BFR) as compared with unrestricted low- and high-volume training, and we hypothesized that miRNA that are relevant for arteriogenesis are affected after resistance training. METHODS Eighteen healthy volunteers (aged 25 ± 2 years) were enrolled in this three-arm, randomized-balanced crossover study. The arms were single bouts of leg flexion/extension resistance training at (1) 70% of the individual single-repetition maximum (1RM), (2) at 30% of the 1RM, and (3) at 30% of the 1RM with BFR (artificially applied by a cuff at 300 mm Hg). Before the first exercise intervention, the individual 1RM (N) and the blood flow velocity (m/s) used to validate the BFR application were determined. During each training intervention, load-associated outcomes (fatigue, heart rate, and exhaustion) were monitored. Acute effects (circulating miRNAs, lactate) were determined using pre-and post-intervention measurements. RESULTS All training interventions increased lactate concentration and heart rate (p < 0.001). The high-intensity intervention (HI) resulted in a higher lactate concentration than both lower-intensity training protocols with BFR (LI-BFR) and without (LI) (LI, p = 0.003; 30% LI-BFR, p = 0.008). The level of miR-143-3p was down-regulated by LI-BFR, and miR-139-5p, miR-143-3p, miR-195-5p, miR-197-3p, miR-30a-5p, and miR-10b-5p were up-regulated after HI. The lactate concentration and miR-143-3p expression showed a significant positive linear correlation (p = 0.009, r = 0.52). A partial correlation (intervention partialized) showed a systematic impact of the type of training (LI-BFR vs. HI) on the association (r = 0.35 remaining after partialization of training type). CONCLUSIONS The strong effects of LI-BFR and HI on lactate- and arteriogenesis-associated miRNA-143-3p in young and healthy athletes are consistent with an important role of this particular miRNA in metabolic processes during (here) artificial blood flow restriction. BFR may be able to mimic the occlusion of a larger artery which leads to increased collateral flow, and it may therefore serve as an external stimulus of arteriogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Vogel
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, Goethe University, Ginnheimer Landstraße 39, 60487 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Daniel Niederer
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, Goethe University, Ginnheimer Landstraße 39, 60487 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tobias Engeroff
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, Goethe University, Ginnheimer Landstraße 39, 60487 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lutz Vogt
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, Goethe University, Ginnheimer Landstraße 39, 60487 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Troidl
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitz-Rixen
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Winfried Banzer
- Institute for Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kerstin Troidl
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.
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15
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Thaane T, Motala AA, Mckune AJ. Lifestyle modification in the management of insulin resistance states in overweight/obesity: the role of exercise training. JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY, METABOLISM AND DIABETES OF SOUTH AFRICA 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/16089677.2019.1608054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tshidi Thaane
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ayesha A Motala
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Andrew J Mckune
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers (CRIBB) Group, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
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16
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Pontzer H. Energy Constraint as a Novel Mechanism Linking Exercise and Health. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 33:384-393. [PMID: 30303776 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00027.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans and other species adapt dynamically to changes in daily physical activity, maintaining total energy expenditure within a narrow range. Chronic exercise thus suppresses other physiological activity, including immunity, reproduction, and stress response. This exercise-induced downregulation improves health at moderate levels of physical activity but can be detrimental at extreme workloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Pontzer
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
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17
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Ali M, Jasmin S, Fariduddin M, Alam SMK, Arslan MI, Biswas SK. Neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase mRNA expression in overweight and obese subjects. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:1245-1252. [PMID: 30056589 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase enzymes have been implicated in high-fat diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and atherosclerosis in animal models. The aim of the present study was to explore neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase mRNA expressions in the peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) in overweight and obese subjects, and to correlate those mRNA expressions with BMI, IR and cardiovascular biomarkers. In this cross-sectional study, 74 apparently healthy subjects including 22 lean, 27 overweight and 25 obese subjects were recruited. Cardiovascular and metabolic biomarkers were evaluated from fasting blood samples. The mRNA levels of neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase genes in the PBL were quantified by real-time PCR. Compared to lean group, the overweight and obese groups showed significant upregulation of both neutrophil elastase (p < 0.001) and myeloperoxidase (p < 0.03) mRNA expressions in the PBL. But no difference was found between overweight and obese groups. The neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase mRNA levels showed significant positive correlation with BMI, serum triglyceride, atherogenic index of plasma and 10-year risk of developing cardiovascular disease. But no correlation was found with glucose, insulin or IR. It was concluded that the neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase genes are up-regulated in both overweight and obese subjects and are associated with BMI and markers of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Shahbag, Dhaka - 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Shahana Jasmin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Shahbag, Dhaka - 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Fariduddin
- Department of Endocrinology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sheikh M K Alam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Shahbag, Dhaka - 1000, Bangladesh
| | - M I Arslan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Shahbag, Dhaka - 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Subrata K Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Shahbag, Dhaka - 1000, Bangladesh.
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18
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Bachero-Mena B, Pareja-Blanco F, González-Badillo JJ. Enhanced Strength and Sprint Levels, and Changes in Blood Parameters during a Complete Athletics Season in 800 m High-Level Athletes. Front Physiol 2017; 8:637. [PMID: 28912725 PMCID: PMC5583192 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in sprint, strength, hematological, and hormonal parameters in high-level 800 m athletes during a complete athletics season. Thirteen male athletes of national and international level in 800 m (personal best ranging from 1:43 to 1:58 min:ss) participated in this study. A total of 5 tests were conducted during a complete athletics season. Athletes performed sprint tests (20 and 200 m), countermovement jump (CMJ), jump squat (JS), and full squat (SQ) tests. Blood samples (red and white blood profile) and hormones were collected in test 1 (T1), test 3 (T3), and test 5 (T5). A general increase in the performance of the strength and sprint parameters analyzed (CMJ, JS, SQ, 20 m, and 200 m) during the season was observed, with a significant time effect in CMJ (P < 0.01), SQ (P < 0.01), and 200 m (P < 0.05). This improvement was accompanied by a significant enhancement of the 800 m performance from T3 to T5 (P < 0.01). Significant changes in some hematological variables: hematocrit (Hct) (P < 0.01), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (P < 0.001), mean corpuscular hemoglobin content (MCHC) (P < 0.001), white blood cells count (WBC) (P < 0.05), neutrophils (P < 0.05), monocytes (P < 0.05), and mean platelet volume (MPV) (P < 0.05) were observed throughout the season. The hormonal response and creatin kinase (CK) did not show significant variations during the season, except for insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our results suggest the importance of strength levels in middle-distance athletes. On the other hand, variations in some hematological parameters and a depression of the immune system occurred during the season. Therefore, monitoring of the mechanical, hematological and hormonal response in athletes may help coaches and athletes to optimize the regulation of training contents and may be useful to diagnose states of overreaching or overtraining in athletes throughout the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Bachero-Mena
- Faculty of Sport, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySevilla, Spain.,Physical and Athletic Performance Research Centre, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySevilla, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Faculty of Sport, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySevilla, Spain.,Physical and Athletic Performance Research Centre, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySevilla, Spain
| | - Juan J González-Badillo
- Physical and Athletic Performance Research Centre, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySevilla, Spain
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19
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Neutrophil and Monocyte Bactericidal Responses to 10 Weeks of Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval or Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training in Sedentary Adults. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:8148742. [PMID: 28656073 PMCID: PMC5471589 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8148742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils and monocytes are key components of the innate immune system that undergo age-associated declines in function. This study compared the impact of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on immune function in sedentary adults. Twenty-seven (43 ± 11 years) healthy sedentary adults were randomized into ten weeks of either a HIIT (>90% maximum heart rate) or MICT (70% maximum heart rate) group training program. Aerobic capacity (VO2peak), neutrophil and monocyte bacterial phagocytosis and oxidative burst, cell surface receptor expression, and systemic inflammation were measured before and after the training. Total exercise time commitment was 57% less for HIIT compared to that for MICT while both significantly improved VO2peak similarly. Neutrophil phagocytosis and oxidative burst and monocyte phagocytosis and percentage of monocytes producing an oxidative burst were improved by training similarly in both groups. Expression of monocyte but not neutrophil CD16, TLR2, and TLR4 was reduced by training similarly in both groups. No differences in systemic inflammation were observed for training; however, leptin was reduced in the MICT group only. With similar immune-enhancing effects for HIIT compared to those for MICT at 50% of the time commitment, our results support HIIT as a time efficient exercise option to improve neutrophil and monocyte function.
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20
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Effect of Long-Term Green Tea Extract Supplementation on Peripheral Blood Leukocytes in CrossFit-Trained and Untrained Men. CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.18276/cej.2017.3-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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21
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Dopheide JF, Rubrech J, Trumpp A, Geissler P, Zeller GC, Schnorbus B, Schmidt F, Gori T, Münzel T, Espinola-Klein C. Supervised exercise training in peripheral arterial disease increases vascular shear stress and profunda femoral artery diameter. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2016; 24:178-191. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487316665231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jörn F Dopheide
- Center of Cardiology I – General and Interventional Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg–University Mainz, Germany
- Division of Clinical and Interventional Angiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Rubrech
- Center of Cardiology I – General and Interventional Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg–University Mainz, Germany
| | - Amelie Trumpp
- Center of Cardiology I – General and Interventional Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg–University Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp Geissler
- Center of Cardiology I – General and Interventional Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg–University Mainz, Germany
| | - Geraldine C Zeller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg–University Mainz, Germany
| | - Boris Schnorbus
- Center of Cardiology I – General and Interventional Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg–University Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank Schmidt
- Center of Cardiology I – General and Interventional Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg–University Mainz, Germany
| | - Tommaso Gori
- Center of Cardiology I – General and Interventional Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg–University Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Center of Cardiology I – General and Interventional Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg–University Mainz, Germany
| | - Christine Espinola-Klein
- Center of Cardiology I – General and Interventional Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg–University Mainz, Germany
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Habitual physical activity is associated with the maintenance of neutrophil migratory dynamics in healthy older adults. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 56:12-20. [PMID: 26928196 PMCID: PMC4929133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunctional neutrophils with advanced age are a hallmark of immunosenescence. Reduced migration and bactericidal activity increase the risk of infection. It remains unclear why neutrophil dysfunction occurs with age. Physical activity and structured exercise have been suggested to improve immune function in the elderly. The aim of this study was to assess a comprehensive range of neutrophil functions and determine their association with habitual physical activity. METHOD Physical activity levels were determined in 211 elderly (67±5years) individuals by 7-days of accelerometry wear. Twenty of the most physically active men and women were matched for age and gender to twenty of the least physically active individuals. Groups were compared for neutrophil migration, phagocytosis, oxidative burst, cell surface receptor expression, metabolic health parameters and systemic inflammation. Groups were also compared against ten young participants (23±4years). RESULTS The most active group completed over twice as many steps/day as the least active group (p<0.001), had lower BMI's (p=0.007) and body fat percentages (p=0.029). Neutrophils migrated towards IL-8 better in the most active group compared to the least active (p<0.05) and was comparable to that of the young (p>0.05). These differences remained after adjusting for BMI, body fat and plasma metabolic markers which were different between groups. Correlations revealed that steps/day, higher adiponectin and lower insulin were positively associated with migratory ability (p<0.05). There was no difference in expression of the chemokine receptors CXCR1 or CXCR2 (p>0.05 for both). CD11b was higher in the most active group compared to the least active (p=0.048). No differences between activity groups or young controls were observed for neutrophil phagocytosis or oxidative burst in response to Escherichia coli (p>0.05). The young group had lower concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, CRP, IL-10 and IL-13 (p<0.05 for all) with no differences between the two older groups. CONCLUSION These data suggest that impaired neutrophil migration, but not bactericidal function, in older adults may be, in part, the result of reduced physical activity. A 2-fold difference in physical activity is associated with better preserved neutrophil migratory dynamics in healthy older people. As a consequence increasing habitual physical activity may be beneficial for neutrophil mediated immunity.
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The "bioregulatory effect of exercise" on the innate/inflammatory responses. J Physiol Biochem 2016; 72:361-9. [PMID: 26979741 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-016-0478-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of exercise on the innate response are primarily mediated by the SNS (sympathetic nervous system) and/or the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis and by stress proteins such as Hsp72. Regular exercise can induce immuno-neuroendocrine stabilization in persons with deregulated inflammatory and stress feedback by reducing the presence of stress hormones and inflammatory cytokines. Anti-inflammatory and "anti-stress" responses seem also to be induced (paradoxically, opposite to the effects in healthy persons) after sessions of exercise, being a promising strategy for treating certain inflammatory pathologies. Nevertheless, the biomedical side effects of exercise are also needed to be considered. This article defines the "Bioregulatory Effect of Exercise" to be one that reduces or prevents any excessive effect of inflammatory mediators and stimulates (or at least does not impair) the innate defences (i.e. chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and microbicidal activities) against pathogens. It also generates immunophysiological adaptations through an optimal balance between the pro- and the anti-inflammatory responses. These effects are mediated via immuno-neuroendocrine interactions. This review analyses concepts and conclusions related to how exercise affects the innate and/or inflammatory responses and discusses some paradoxical interpretations relevant for the practical use of exercise in treating infectious and inflammatory diseases. A potential role of exercise as hormesis strategy and the concept of exercise immunization are also discussed.
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24
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Del Giacco SR, Firinu D, Bjermer L, Carlsen KH. Exercise and asthma: an overview. Eur Clin Respir J 2015. [PMID: 26672959 DOI: 10.3402/ecrj.v2.27984.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The terms 'exercise-induced asthma' (EIA) and 'exercise-induced bronchoconstriction' (EIB) are often used interchangeably to describe symptoms of asthma such as cough, wheeze, or dyspnoea provoked by vigorous physical activity. In this review, we refer to EIB as the bronchoconstrictive response and to EIA when bronchoconstriction is associated with asthma symptoms. EIB is a common occurrence for most of the asthmatic patients, but it also affects more than 10% of otherwise healthy individuals as shown by epidemiological studies. EIA and EIB have a high prevalence also in elite athletes, especially within endurance type of sports, and an athlete's asthma phenotype has been described. However, the occurrence in elite athletes shows that EIA/EIB, if correctly managed, may not impair physical activity and top sports performance. The pathogenic mechanisms of EIA/EIB classically involve both osmolar and vascular changes in the airways in addition to cooling of the airways with parasympathetic stimulation. Airways inflammation plays a fundamental role in EIA/EIB. Diagnosis and pharmacological management must be carefully performed, with particular consideration of current anti-doping regulations, when caring for athletes. Based on the demonstration that the inhaled asthma drugs do not improve performance in healthy athletes, the doping regulations are presently much less strict than previously. Some sports are at a higher asthma risk than others, probably due to a high environmental exposure while performing the sport, with swimming and chlorine exposure during swimming as one example. It is considered very important for the asthmatic child and adolescent to master EIA/EIB to be able to participate in physical activity on an equal level with their peers, and a precise early diagnosis with optimal treatment follow-up is vital in this aspect. In addition, surprising recent preliminary evidences offer new perspectives for moderate exercise as a potential therapeutic tool for asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano R Del Giacco
- Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Davide Firinu
- Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Leif Bjermer
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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25
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Del Giacco SR, Firinu D, Bjermer L, Carlsen KH. Exercise and asthma: an overview. Eur Clin Respir J 2015; 2:27984. [PMID: 26672959 PMCID: PMC4653278 DOI: 10.3402/ecrj.v2.27984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The terms 'exercise-induced asthma' (EIA) and 'exercise-induced bronchoconstriction' (EIB) are often used interchangeably to describe symptoms of asthma such as cough, wheeze, or dyspnoea provoked by vigorous physical activity. In this review, we refer to EIB as the bronchoconstrictive response and to EIA when bronchoconstriction is associated with asthma symptoms. EIB is a common occurrence for most of the asthmatic patients, but it also affects more than 10% of otherwise healthy individuals as shown by epidemiological studies. EIA and EIB have a high prevalence also in elite athletes, especially within endurance type of sports, and an athlete's asthma phenotype has been described. However, the occurrence in elite athletes shows that EIA/EIB, if correctly managed, may not impair physical activity and top sports performance. The pathogenic mechanisms of EIA/EIB classically involve both osmolar and vascular changes in the airways in addition to cooling of the airways with parasympathetic stimulation. Airways inflammation plays a fundamental role in EIA/EIB. Diagnosis and pharmacological management must be carefully performed, with particular consideration of current anti-doping regulations, when caring for athletes. Based on the demonstration that the inhaled asthma drugs do not improve performance in healthy athletes, the doping regulations are presently much less strict than previously. Some sports are at a higher asthma risk than others, probably due to a high environmental exposure while performing the sport, with swimming and chlorine exposure during swimming as one example. It is considered very important for the asthmatic child and adolescent to master EIA/EIB to be able to participate in physical activity on an equal level with their peers, and a precise early diagnosis with optimal treatment follow-up is vital in this aspect. In addition, surprising recent preliminary evidences offer new perspectives for moderate exercise as a potential therapeutic tool for asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano R Del Giacco
- Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Davide Firinu
- Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Leif Bjermer
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Dias RG, Silva MSM, Duarte NE, Bolani W, Alves CR, Junior JRL, da Silva JL, de Oliveira PA, Alves GB, de Oliveira EM, Rocha CS, Marsiglia JDC, Negrao CE, Krieger EM, Krieger JE, Pereira AC. PBMCs express a transcriptome signature predictor of oxygen uptake responsiveness to endurance exercise training in men. Physiol Genomics 2014; 47:13-23. [PMID: 25465030 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00072.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood cells are an accessible environment in which to visualize exercise-induced alterations in global gene expression patterns. We aimed to identify a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) signature represented by alterations in gene expression, in response to a standardized endurance exercise training protocol. In addition, we searched for molecular classifiers of the variability in oxygen uptake (V̇o2). Healthy untrained policemen recruits (n = 13, 25 ± 3 yr) were selected. Peak V̇o2 (measured by cardiopulmonary exercise testing) and total RNA from PBMCs were obtained before and after 18 wk of running endurance training (3 times/wk, 60 min). Total RNA was used for whole genome expression analysis using Affymetrix GeneChip Human Gene 1.0 ST. Data were normalized by the robust multiarray average algorithm. Principal component analysis was used to perform correlations between baseline gene expression and V̇o2peak. A set of 211 transcripts was differentially expressed (ANOVA, P < 0.05 and fold change > 1.3). Functional enrichment analysis revealed that transcripts were mainly related to immune function, cell cycle processes, development, and growth. Baseline expression of 98 and 53 transcripts was associated with the absolute and relative V̇o2peak response, respectively, with a strong correlation (r > 0.75, P < 0.01), and this panel was able to classify the 13 individuals according to their potential to improve oxygen uptake. A subset of 10 transcripts represented these signatures to a similar extent. PBMCs reveal a transcriptional signature responsive to endurance training. Additionally, a baseline transcriptional signature was associated with changes in V̇o2peak. Results might illustrate the possibility of obtaining molecular classifiers of endurance capacity changes through a minimally invasive blood sampling procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Gonçalves Dias
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor) University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Michelle Sabrina Moreira Silva
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor) University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Nubia Esteban Duarte
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor) University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Wladimir Bolani
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor) University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Cleber Renê Alves
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Ribeiro Lemos Junior
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor) University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; and São Paulo State Police Department, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Luis da Silva
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor) University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Patrícia Alves de Oliveira
- Unit of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology, Heart Institute (InCor) University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Barreto Alves
- Unit of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology, Heart Institute (InCor) University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Julia Daher Carneiro Marsiglia
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor) University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Carlos Eduardo Negrao
- Unit of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology, Heart Institute (InCor) University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Moacyr Krieger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor) University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - José Eduardo Krieger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor) University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Alexandre Costa Pereira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor) University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; and
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27
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Passos GS, Poyares D, Santana MG, Teixeira AADS, Lira FS, Youngstedt SD, dos Santos RVT, Tufik S, de Mello MT. Exercise improves immune function, antidepressive response, and sleep quality in patients with chronic primary insomnia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:498961. [PMID: 25328886 PMCID: PMC4189910 DOI: 10.1155/2014/498961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of moderate aerobic exercise training on sleep, depression, cortisol, and markers of immune function in patients with chronic primary insomnia. Twenty-one sedentary participants (16 women aged 44.7 ± 9 years) with chronic primary insomnia completed a 4-month intervention of moderate aerobic exercise. Compared with baseline, polysomnographic data showed improvements following exercise training. Also observed were reductions in depression symptoms and plasma cortisol. Immunologic assays revealed a significant increase in plasma apolipoprotein A (140.9 ± 22 to 151.2 ± 22 mg/dL) and decreases in CD4 (915.6 ± 361 to 789.6 ± 310 mm(3)) and CD8 (532.4 ± 259 to 435.7 ± 204 mm(3)). Decreases in cortisol were significantly correlated with increases in total sleep time (r = -0.51) and REM sleep (r = -0.52). In summary, long-term moderate aerobic exercise training improved sleep, reduced depression and cortisol, and promoted significant changes in immunologic variables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dalva Poyares
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fábio Santos Lira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Shawn D. Youngstedt
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, and Exercise and Wellness, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Sergio Tufik
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio de Mello
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Exercise training, lymphocyte subsets and their cytokines production: experience of an Italian professional football team and their impact on allergy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014. [PMID: 25050349 DOI: 10.1155/2014/429248.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, numerous articles have attempted to shed light on our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of exercise-induced immunologic changes and their impact on allergy and asthma. It is known that lymphocyte subclasses, cytokines, and chemokines show modifications after exercise, but outcomes can be affected by the type of exercise as well as by its intensity and duration. Interesting data have been presented in many recent studies on mouse models, but few studies on humans have been performed to check the long-term effects of exercise over a whole championship season. METHODS This study evaluated lymphocyte subsets and their intracellular IL-2, IL-4, TNF-α, and IFN-γ production in professional football (soccer) players, at three stages of the season, to evaluate if alterations occur, particularly in relation to their allergic status. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Despite significant mid-season alterations, no significant lymphocyte subclasses count modifications, except for NKs that were significantly higher, were observed at the end. IL-2 and IL-4 producing cells showed a significant decrease (P = 0.018 and P = 0.001, but in a steady fashion for IL-4), confirming the murine data about the potential beneficial effects of aerobic exercise for allergic asthma.
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29
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Exercise training, lymphocyte subsets and their cytokines production: experience of an Italian professional football team and their impact on allergy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:429248. [PMID: 25050349 PMCID: PMC4094862 DOI: 10.1155/2014/429248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, numerous articles have attempted to shed light on our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of exercise-induced immunologic changes and their impact on allergy and asthma. It is known that lymphocyte subclasses, cytokines, and chemokines show modifications after exercise, but outcomes can be affected by the type of exercise as well as by its intensity and duration. Interesting data have been presented in many recent studies on mouse models, but few studies on humans have been performed to check the long-term effects of exercise over a whole championship season. METHODS This study evaluated lymphocyte subsets and their intracellular IL-2, IL-4, TNF-α, and IFN-γ production in professional football (soccer) players, at three stages of the season, to evaluate if alterations occur, particularly in relation to their allergic status. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Despite significant mid-season alterations, no significant lymphocyte subclasses count modifications, except for NKs that were significantly higher, were observed at the end. IL-2 and IL-4 producing cells showed a significant decrease (P = 0.018 and P = 0.001, but in a steady fashion for IL-4), confirming the murine data about the potential beneficial effects of aerobic exercise for allergic asthma.
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30
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Simpson RJ, Lowder TW, Spielmann G, Bigley AB, LaVoy EC, Kunz H. Exercise and the aging immune system. Ageing Res Rev 2012; 11:404-20. [PMID: 22465452 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a decline in the normal functioning of the immune system that is described by the canopy term "immunosenescence". This contributes to poorer vaccine responses and the increased incidence of infection and malignancy seen in the elderly. Regular exercise has been associated with enhanced vaccination responses, lower numbers of exhausted/senescent T-cells, increased T-cell proliferative capacity, lower circulatory levels of inflammatory cytokines ("inflamm-aging"), increased neutrophil phagocytic activity, lowered inflammatory response to bacterial challenge, greater NK-cell cytotoxic activity and longer leukocyte telomere lengths in aging humans, all of which indicate that habitual exercise is capable of regulating the immune system and delaying the onset of immunosenescence. This contention is supported by the majority of animal studies that report improved immune responses and outcomes to viral infections and malignancies due to exercise training. However, whether or not exercise can reverse, as well as prevent, immunosenescence is a contentious issue, particularly because most longitudinal exercise training studies do not report the same positive effects of exercise on immunity that have been widely reported in studies with a cross-sectional design. In this review, we summarize some of the known effects of exercise on immunosenescence, discuss avenues for future research, and provide potential mechanisms by which exercise may help rejuvinate the aging immune system.
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de Gonzalo-Calvo D, Fernández-García B, de Luxán-Delgado B, Rodríguez-González S, García-Macia M, Suárez FM, Solano JJ, Rodríguez-Colunga MJ, Coto-Montes A. Long-term training induces a healthy inflammatory and endocrine emergent biomarker profile in elderly men. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 34:761-771. [PMID: 21643762 PMCID: PMC3337937 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9266-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the changes in a large panel of emergent geriatric biomarkers in long-term trained elderly men to analyze the effects of long-term exercise on an aged population. We collected blood samples from two groups of male volunteers older than 65 years who maintain a measure of functional independence: one group of sedentary subjects without a history of regular physical activity and the other of subjects who have sustained training, starting during adulthood (mean training time = 49 ± 8 years). We studied morbidity, polypharmacy, cellular and serological inflammatory parameters, and endocrine mediators. After adjusting for confounding factors, we observed reduced medication intake per subject and lower number of diseases per subject with statistical differences nearly significant in the long-term exercise group. We showed that long-term training was associated with lower levels of white blood cell counts, neutrophil counts, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, and soluble TNF receptor-I. Furthermore, we noted an increase in the concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-1 and dehydroepiandrosterone in the long-term training group. We concluded that long-term exercise training from adulthood to old age is clearly associated with a healthy profile of emergent geriatric biomarkers. Long-term training could improve the inflammatory-endocrine imbalance associated with disease, frailty, functional decline, and mortality in elderly men. Our results point to the benefits of prolonged exercise from adulthood to old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- David de Gonzalo-Calvo
- Department of Morphology and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Benjamín Fernández-García
- Department of Morphology and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Beatriz de Luxán-Delgado
- Department of Morphology and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Susana Rodríguez-González
- Department of Morphology and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Marina García-Macia
- Department of Morphology and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | | - María Josefa Rodríguez-Colunga
- Department of Morphology and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Coto-Montes
- Department of Morphology and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Effect of different doses of aerobic exercise on total white blood cell (WBC) and WBC subfraction number in postmenopausal women: results from DREW. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31319. [PMID: 22363616 PMCID: PMC3281960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated total white blood cell (WBC) count is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease and death. Aerobic exercise is associated with lower total WBC, neutrophil, and monocyte counts. However, no studies have evaluated the effect of the amount of aerobic exercise (dose) on total WBC and WBC subfraction counts. PURPOSE To examine the effects of 3 different doses of aerobic exercise on changes in total WBC and WBC subfraction counts and independent effects of changes in fitness, adiposity, markers of inflammation (IL-6, TNF-α, C-reactive protein), fasting glucose metabolism, and adiponectin. METHODS Data from 390 sedentary, overweight/obese postmenopausal women from the DREW study were used in these analyses. Women were randomized to a non-exercise control group or one of 3 exercise groups: energy expenditure of 4, 8, or 12 kcal kg(-1)⋅week(-1) (KKW) for 6 months at an intensity of 50% VO2peak. RESULTS A dose-dependent decrease in total WBC counts (trend P = 0.002) was observed with a significant decrease in the 12KKW group (-163.1±140.0 cells/µL; mean±95%CI) compared with the control (138.6±144.7 cells/µL). A similar response was seen in the neutrophil subfraction (trend P = 0.001) with a significant decrease in the 12KKW group (-152.6±115.1 cells/µL) compared with both the control and 4KKW groups (96.4±119.0 and 21.9±95.3 cells/µL, respectively) and in the 8KKW group (-102.4±125.0 cells/µL) compared with the control. When divided into high/low baseline WBC categories (median split), a dose-dependent decrease in both total WBCs (P = 0.003) and neutrophils (P<0.001) was observed in women with high baseline WBC counts. The effects of exercise dose on total WBC and neutrophil counts persisted after accounting for significant independent effects of change in waist circumference and IL-6. CONCLUSION Aerobic exercise training reduces total WBC and neutrophil counts, in a dose-dependent manner, in overweight/obese postmenopausal women and is especially beneficial for those with systemic low grade inflammation. CLINICAL TRIALS IDENTIFIER NCT00011193.
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Abstract
Physical activity is beneficial for children with positive outcomes for mental and physical well-being. Allergic conditions unique to the sporting arena may serve as an impediment to participation in physical activity for allergic children. A common example is exercise-induced asthma; less common activity-related allergic conditions include food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis, exercise-induced anaphylaxis, and exercise-induced urticaria. Allergic children may also be at risk of allergic reactions when exposed to allergens that are more commonly found in the sports environment, e.g., latex, sports drinks, and medications such as NSAIDs. Recent advances in our understanding of the patho-physiological and immunologic mechanisms that may account for these conditions have facilitated more effective and safer management strategies. There are also important immunologic lessons to be learnt with respect to specific physical factors that may result in diminished allergen tolerance; indeed, these lessons may facilitate safer allergen desensitisation regimens. The role of the immune system in exercise-induced immunoallergic syndromes, clinical aspects, and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano R Del Giacco
- Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
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34
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Mouse blood monocytes: standardizing their identification and analysis using CD115. J Immunol Methods 2011; 390:1-8. [PMID: 21466808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes have been used to assess immune dysfunction and disease. While mouse models are a useful longitudinal analog, few researchers have assessed changes in mouse monocytes. The purpose of this study was to provide recommendations for the sample processing and flow cytometric analysis of mouse blood monocytes. Blood was drawn in a non-lethal manner from CD-1 male mice to be used in three experiments. Experiment 1 compared commonly used mouse monocyte markers. Experiment 2 compared the stability of CD115 expression after immediate (0h) and delayed (2 and 4h) processing following blood collection under various experimental conditions (laser strength, anticoagulant, and storage temp.). Experiment 3 compared the consistency of CD115(+) monocyte and subset concentrations using decreasing (40, 20, 10 and 5μL) volumes of blood. In experiment 1, >95% of CD115(+) events co-expressed CD11b; >85% co-expressed CD14. 70% of CD14(+) and 50% of CD11b(+) events co-expressed CD115. In experiment 2, CD115 expression decreased by 33% between 0 and 4h when stored at room temperature. Blood treated with EDTA and refrigerated maintained CD115 stability. In experiment 3, calculated concentrations for total monocyte events varied by <10% when 40, 20 and 10μL of blood were stained. While CD115 staining provides the most distinct monocyte population, it is important to treat blood with EDTA and refrigerate if sample processing will be delayed over 2h. Collectively, the findings of the present study outline important considerations that must be addressed when examining mouse monocytes in small, non-lethal blood samples.
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