Weight loss and bone mineral density

Navigating Post-Traumatic Osteoporosis: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Future Directions

Post-traumatic osteoporosis (PTO) presents a significant challenge in clinical practice, characterized by demineralization and decreased skeletal integrity following severe traumatic injuries. This literature review manuscript addresses the knowledge gaps surrounding PTO, encompassing its epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and future directions. This review emphasizes the complexity of the etiology of PTO, highlighting the dysregulation of biomineralization processes, inflammatory cytokine involvement, hormonal imbalances, glucocorticoid effects, vitamin D deficiency, and disuse osteoporosis. Moreover, it underscores the importance of multidisciplinary approaches for risk mitigation and advocates for improved diagnostic strategies to differentiate PTO from other musculoskeletal pathologies. This manuscript discusses various treatment modalities, including pharmacotherapy, dietary management, and physical rehabilitation, while also acknowledging the limited evidence on their long-term effectiveness and outcomes in PTO patients. Future directions in research are outlined, emphasizing the need for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying PTO and the evaluation of treatment strategies' efficacy. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of PTO and highlights avenues for future investigation to enhance clinical management and patient outcomes.

Phf7 has impacts on the body growth and bone remodeling by regulating testicular hormones in male mice

PHD finger protein 7 (Phf7) is a member of the PHF family proteins, which plays important roles in spermiogenesis. Phf7 is expressed in the adult testes and its deficiency causes male infertility. In this study, we tried to find the causal relationship between Phf7 deficiency and reduced growth retardation which were found in null knock-out (Phf7-/-) mice. Phf7-/- mice were born normally in the Mendelian ratio. However, the Phf7-/- males showed decreased body weight gain, bone mineral density, and bone mineral content compared to those in wild-type (WT) mice. Histological analysis for tibia revealed increased number of osteoclast cells in Phf7-/- mice compared with that in WT mice. When we analyzed the expressions for marker genes for the initial stage of osteoclastogenesis, such as receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (Rank) in tibia, there was no difference in the mRNA levels between Phf7-/- and WT mice. However, the expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (Trap), a mature stage marker gene, was significantly higher in Phf7-/- mice than in WT mice. In addition, the levels of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), more potent and active form of testosterone, were significantly reduced in the testes of Phf7-/- mice compared to those in WT mice. Furthermore, testicular mRNA levels for steroidogenesis marker genes, namely Star, Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1 and 17β-hsd, were significantly lower in Phf7-/- mice than in WT mice. In conclusion, these results suggest that Phf7 deficiency reduces the production of male sex hormones and thereby impairs associated bone remodeling.

Ten weeks of low-volume walking training improve cardiometabolic health and body composition in sedentary postmenopausal women with obesity without affecting markers of bone metabolism

This study aimed to determine the effects of walking exercise to induce a mild energy deficit and to improve body composition and metabolic status in postmenopausal women (PMW) with obesity as means of minimizing endocrine disruption and maintaining bone health. Twenty-four PMW with obesity (age: 55.0 ± 3.7 y, BMI: 32.9 ± 4.2 kg/m2, percent body fat: 46.2 ± 3.6%) were randomly assigned into either exercise (n = 12) or control (n = 12) groups. Exercise group participated in a-10 week supervised progressive walking programme   and control group maintained regular habits. Pre- and post-training assessments included body composition, bone mass, peak oxygen uptake (V ˙ O2peak), osteocalcin, bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), type I collagen cross-linked C-telopeptide (CTX)glucose, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c)), leptin and adiponectin. Results: Following the training program, body weight (2.6%; p < 0.001), fat mass (4.5%; p = 0.002), resting glucose (6.8%; p = 0.017), and HbA1c (3.7%; p = 0.047) decreased, while relative V ˙ O2peak (16%; p < 0.001) increased in the exercise group. Leptin, adiponectin, CTX, osteocalcin or BAP did not change in either group. In conclusion, small dose of aerobic exercise improves key markers of metabolic health in PMW with obesity without negatively affecting markers of bone metabolism.

Pre-flight body weight effects on urinary calcium excretion in space

Microgravity-induced bone loss increases urinary calcium excretion which increases kidney stone formation risk. Not all individuals show the same degree of increase in urinary calcium and some pre-flight characteristics may help identify individuals who may benefit from in-flight monitoring. In weightlessness the bone is unloaded, and the effect of this unloading may be greater for those who weigh more. We studied whether pre-flight body weight was associated with increased in-flight urinary calcium excretion using data from Skylab and the International Space Station (ISS). The study was reviewed and approved by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) electronic Institutional Review Board (eIRB) and data were sourced from the Longitudinal Study of Astronaut Health (LSAH) database. The combined Skylab and ISS data included 45 participants (9 Skylab, 36 ISS). Both weight and day in flight were positively related to urinary calcium excretion. There was also an interaction between weight and day in flight with higher weight associated with higher calcium excretion earlier in the mission. This study shows that pre-flight weight is also a factor and could be included in the risk assessments for bone loss and kidney stone formation in space.

Interaction Effect of Phase Angle and Age on Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density in Patients with Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 5

Background: Low bone mass is common in malnourished patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and can lead to a higher risk of fractures. Elderly and CKD patients have the same risk factors for protein-energy wasting, sarcopenia, and osteoporosis. Here, we investigated the association between phase angle (PhA) and bone mineral density (BMD) in dialysis-naïve patients with CKD stage 5 (CKD5) and identified a statistical relationship between PhA and age, which affects bone density. Methods: Bio-impedance spectroscopy for evaluating body composition and PhA and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for determining the BMD were simultaneously performed in 167 consecutive patients (mean age, 59.65 ± 13.98 years; women, 40.1%). Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to assess the potential interaction effect of PhA and age on femoral neck BMD (FN-BMD). Results: Our results showed that PhA and age were independently associated with FN-BMD and T-score in multiple linear regressions analyses. A significant interaction effect of PhA and age on FN-BMD was found on two-way ANOVA (p = 0.028). The average BMD values for the first and second tertiles of the PhA were higher in the young versus elderly group, whereas patients in the elderly group had higher BMD in the third tertiles. Conclusions: A relationship was noted between PhA and BMD in patients with advanced-stage CKD. The effect of PhA level on FN-BMD differed between elderly and young patients. Our study suggested that higher PhA levels could be a marker explaining the maintenance of good bone health in elderly patients with CKD5. Further longitudinal analyses are needed to determine whether PhA predicts the risk of CKD-MBD-related fractures during CKD progression.

Combination of Caloric Restriction and a Mixed Training Protocol as an Effective Strategy to Counteract the Deleterious Effects in Trabecular Bone Microarchitecture Caused by a Diet-Induced Obesity in Sprague Dawley Rats

The association of obesity with changes in bone mass is not clear. Obese individuals tend to have an increased bone mineral density, but other studies have shown that obesity is a major risk factor for fractures. The mechanisms of bone response during a weight loss therapy as well as the possible osteoprotective effect of exercise should be analyzed. The aim of this study was to test the effects of a weight-loss program based on the combination of caloric restriction and/or a mixed training protocol on different parameters of bone morphology and functionality in a DIO rat model. Three stages were established over a 21-week period (obesity induction 0–12 w, weight loss intervention 12–15 w, weight maintenance intervention 15–21 w) in 88 male Sprague Dawley rats. Bone microarchitecture, total mineral and elemental composition, and bone metabolism parameters were assessed. Weight loss interventions were associated to healthy changes in body composition, decreasing body fat and increasing lean body mass. On the other hand, obesity was related to a higher content of bone resorption and inflammatory markers, which was decreased by the weight control interventions. Caloric restriction led to marked changes in trabecular microarchitecture, with a significant decrease in total volume but no changes in bone volume (BV). In addition, the intervention diet caused an increase in trabeculae number and a decrease in trabecular spacing. The training protocol increased the pore diameter and reversed the changes in cortical porosity and density of BV induced by the high protein diet at diaphysis level. Regarding the weight-maintenance stage, diminished SMI values indicate the presence of more plate-like spongiosa in sedentary and exercise groups. In conclusion, the lifestyle interventions of caloric restriction and mixed training protocol implemented as weight loss strategies have been effective to counteract some of the deleterious effects caused by a dietary induction of obesity, specifically in trabecular bone morphometric parameters as well as bone mineral content.

The Effect of Endurance and Endurance-Strength Training on Bone Health and Body Composition in Centrally Obese Women-A Randomised Pilot Trial

There is no consensus exercise programme to reduce body weight and improve body composition simultaneously preventing bone loss or stimulating osteogenesis. This pilot study compared the effect of endurance and endurance-strength training on body composition and bone metabolism in centrally obese women. Recruited subjects were randomly assigned to three-month endurance (n = 22) or endurance-strength training (n = 22). Body composition, bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) were assessed before and after the intervention and markers of bone formation and resorption were measured. Both training significantly decreased fat mass; however, endurance-strength training had a more favourable effect on lean mass for the gynoid area (p = 0.0211) and legs (p = 0.0381). Endurance training significantly decreased total body BMC and BMD (p = 0.0440 and p = 0.0300), whereas endurance-strength training only reduced BMD (p = 0.0063). Changes in densitometric parameters did not differ between the groups but endurance training increased osteocalcin levels (p = 0.04845), while endurance-strength training increased tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b concentrations (p = 0.00145). In conclusion, both training programmes were effective in the reduction of fat mass simultaneously negatively affecting bone health. However, endurance-strength training seemed to be more effective in increasing lean mass. The study protocol was registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov database under the number NCT03444207, date of registration: 23 February 2018 (retrospective registration).

Effect of oligonol, a lychee-derived polyphenol, on skeletal muscle in ovariectomized rats by regulating body composition, protein turnover, and mitochondrial quality signaling

Oligonol is a low‐molecular‐weight polyphenol product derived from lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruits. This study was focused on the effects of oligonol on the skeletal muscle of ovariectomized rats. We randomly divided female Sprague–Dawley rats into three groups: a sham surgery control group (Sham), an ovariectomy (OVX) group, and an OVX group treated with oligonol (OVX + Oligonol). Oligonol was intraperitoneally administrated at 30 mg/kg daily for 6 weeks. Oligonol treatment after OVX decreased body weight and fat mass, regulated lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle, without loss of lean mass and bone. Bone turnover was not affected by oligonol. In protein synthesis and degradation, oligonol increased the levels of the mammalian target of rapamycin and its downstream targets, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E‐binding protein 1 and 70‐kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase, and it stimulated the expression of ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway proteins, the forkhead box transcription factors of the class O and the muscle ring‐finger protein‐1. Moreover, oligonol treatment enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics. Thus, our results indicated that oligonol treatment had beneficial effects on the skeletal muscle in an estrogen‐deficiency rat model.

Obesity history, physical exam, laboratory, body composition, and energy expenditure: An Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) 2022

Background

This Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) on History, Physical Exam, Body Composition and Energy Expenditure is intended to provide clinicians an overview of the clinical and diagnostic evaluation of patients with pre-obesity/obesity.

Methods

The scientific information for this CPS is based upon published scientific citations, clinical perspectives of OMA authors, and peer review by the Obesity Medicine Association leadership.

Results

This CPS outlines important components of medical, dietary, and physical activity history as well as physical exams, with a focus on specific aspects unique to managing patients with pre-obesity or obesity. Patients with pre-obesity/obesity benefit from the same preventive care and general laboratory testing as those without an increase in body fat. In addition, patients with pre-obesity/obesity may benefit from adiposity-specific diagnostic testing - both generally and individually - according to patient presentation and clinical judgment. Body composition testing, such as dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, bioelectrical impedance, and other measures, each have their own advantages and disadvantages. Some patients in clinical research, and perhaps even clinical practice, may benefit from an assessment of energy expenditure. This can be achieved by several methods including direct calorimetry, indirect calorimetry, doubly labeled water, or estimated by equations. Finally, a unifying theme regarding the etiology of pre-obesity/obesity and effectiveness of treatments of obesity centers on the role of biologic and behavior efficiencies and inefficiencies, with efficiencies more often associated with increases in fat mass and inefficiencies more often associated with decreases in fat mass.

Conclusion

The Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) on History, Physical Exam, Body Composition and Energy Expenditure is one of a series of OMA CPSs designed to assist clinicians in the care of patients with the disease of pre-obesity/obesity.

Effects of physical activity and dietary supplement on fat free mass and bone mass density during weight loss - a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: After a diet- or surgery induced weight loss almost 1/3 of lost weight consists of fat free mass (FFM) if carried out without additional therapy. Exercise training and a sufficient supply of protein, calcium and vitamin D is recommended to reduce the loss of FFM. Objective: To investigate the effect of exercise training, protein, calcium, and vitamin D supplementation on the preservation of FFM during non-surgical and surgical weight loss and of the combination of all interventions together in adults with obesity. Methods: A systematic review was performed with a pairwise meta-analysis and an exploratory network meta-analysis according to the PRISMA statement. Results: Thirty studies were included in the quantitative analysis. The pairwise meta-analysis showed for Exercise Training + High Protein vs. High Protein a moderate and statistically significant effect size (SMD 0.45; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.86), for Exercise Training + High Protein vs. Exercise Training a high but statistically not significant effect size (SMD 0.91; 95% CI -0.59 to 2.41) and for Exercise Training alone vs. Control a moderate but statistically not significant effect size (SMD 0.67; 95% CI -0.25 to 1.60). In the exploratory network meta-analysis three interventions showed statistically significant effect sizes compared to Control and all of them included the treatment Exercise Training. Conclusions: Results underline the importance of exercise training and a sufficient protein intake to preserve FFM during weight loss in adults with obesity. The effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation remains controversial and further research are needed.

Effects of exercise training and dietary supplement on fat free mass and bone mass density during weight loss - a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: After a diet- or surgery induced weight loss almost 1/3 of lost weight consists of fat free mass (FFM) if carried out without additional therapy. Exercise training and a sufficient supply of protein, calcium and vitamin D is recommended to reduce the loss of FFM. Objective: To investigate the effect of exercise training, protein, calcium, and vitamin D supplementation on the preservation of FFM during non-surgical and surgical weight loss and of the combination of all interventions together in adults with obesity. Methods: A systematic review was performed with a pairwise meta-analysis and an exploratory network meta-analysis according to the PRISMA statement. Results: Thirty studies were included in the quantitative analysis. The pairwise meta-analysis showed for Exercise Training + High Protein vs. High Protein a moderate and statistically significant effect size (SMD 0.45; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.86), for Exercise Training + High Protein vs. Exercise Training a high but statistically not significant effect size (SMD 0.91; 95% CI -0.59 to 2.41) and for Exercise Training alone vs. Control a moderate but statistically not significant effect size (SMD 0.67; 95% CI -0.25 to 1.60). In the exploratory network meta-analysis three interventions showed statistically significant effect sizes compared to Control and all of them included the treatment Exercise Training. Conclusions: Results underline the importance of exercise training and a sufficient protein intake to preserve FFM during weight loss in adults with obesity. The effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation remains controversial and further research are needed.

Effects of physical activity and dietary supplement on fat free mass and bone mass density during weight loss - a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: After a diet- or surgery induced weight loss almost 1/3 of lost weight consists of fat free mass (FFM) if carried out without additional therapy. Exercise training and a sufficient supply of protein, calcium and vitamin D is recommended to reduce the loss of FFM. Objective: To investigate the effect of exercise training, protein, calcium, and vitamin D supplementation on the preservation of FFM during non-surgical and surgical weight loss and of the combination of all interventions together in adults with obesity. Methods: A systematic review was performed with a pairwise meta-analysis and an exploratory network meta-analysis according to the PRISMA statement. Results: Thirty studies were included in the quantitative analysis. The pairwise meta-analysis showed for Exercise Training + High Protein vs. High Protein a moderate and statistically significant effect size (SMD 0.45; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.86), for Exercise Training + High Protein vs. Exercise Training a high but statistically not significant effect size (SMD 0.91; 95% CI -0.59 to 2.41) and for Exercise Training alone vs. Control a moderate but statistically not significant effect size (SMD 0.67; 95% CI -0.25 to 1.60). In the exploratory network meta-analysis three interventions showed statistically significant effect sizes compared to Control and all of them included the treatment Exercise Training. Conclusions: Results underline the importance of exercise training and a sufficient protein intake to preserve FFM during weight loss in adults with obesity. The effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation remains controversial and further research are needed.

Association between bone mineral content and dietary patterns among Brazilian adults from Viçosa, Minas Gerais: a population-based study

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of the study was to investigate if there is an association between dietary patterns and bone mineral content among Brazilian adults. Methods This is a cross-sectional, population-based study. Bone health was assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The dietary pattern was obtained using a food frequency questionnaire. An exploratory factor analysis obtained the dietary patterns. Linear regression was used for the multivariate analysis. The research was conducted with adult individuals (20-59 years old) of both sexes residing in the city of Viçosa, MG, Brazil (n=572). Results Two distinct dietary patterns were identified: a “meats and alcoholic drinks” pattern, composed of condiments, alcoholic drinks, dough-based foods, and savory snacks; and a “local traditional” pattern, composed of eggs, beans, trooper’s beans, margarine, butter, olive oil, coffee and tea, cereals, and tubers (factor loadings ≥0.20). Having verified the associations considering the confounding factors, we identified that the bone mineral content for males was positively associated with the “local traditional” dietary pattern (β=0.058; 95% CI: 0.003–0.112; p=0.036), and for females an inverse association with the “meats and alcoholic drinks” pattern was found (β=-0.057; 95% CI: -0.110 -0.003; p=0.037). Conclusion We identified a positive association between the local traditional dietary pattern and bone health.

Bone Response to Weight Loss Following Bariatric Surgery

Obesity is a global health challenge that warrants effective treatments to avoid its multiple comorbidities. Bariatric surgery, a cornerstone treatment to control bodyweight excess and relieve the health-related burdens of obesity, can promote accelerated bone loss and affect skeletal strength, particularly after malabsorptive and mixed surgical procedures, and probably after restrictive surgeries. The increase in bone resorption markers occurs early and persist for up to 12 months or longer after bariatric surgery, while bone formation markers increase but to a lesser extent, suggesting a potential uncoupling process between resorption and formation. The skeletal response to bariatric surgery, as investigated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), has shown significant loss in bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip with less consistent results for the lumbar spine. Supporting DXA studies, analyses by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) showed lower cortical density and thickness, higher cortical porosity, and lower trabecular density and number for up to 5 years after bariatric surgery. These alterations translate into an increased risk of fall injury, which contributes to increase the fracture risk in patients who have been subjected to bariatric surgery procedures. As bone deterioration continues for years following bariatric surgery, the fracture risk does not seem to be dependent on acute weight loss but, rather, is a chronic condition with an increasing impact over time. Among the post-bariatric surgery mechanisms that have been claimed to act globally on bone health, there is evidence that micro- and macro-nutrient malabsorptive factors, mechanical unloading and changes in molecules partaking in the crosstalk between adipose tissue, bone and muscle may play a determining role. Given these circumstances, it is conceivable that bone health should be adequately investigated in candidates to bariatric surgery through bone-specific work-up and dedicated postsurgical follow-up. Specific protocols of nutrients supplementation, motor activity, structured rehabilitative programs and, when needed, targeted therapeutic strategies should be deemed as an integral part of post-bariatric surgery clinical support.

Tissue losses and metabolic adaptations both contribute to the reduction in resting metabolic rate following weight loss

OBJECTIVE

To characterize the contributions of the loss of energy-expending tissues and metabolic adaptations to the reduction in resting metabolic rate (RMR) following weight loss.

METHODS

A secondary analysis was conducted on data from the Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy study. Changes in RMR, body composition, and metabolic hormones were examined over 12 months of calorie restriction in 109 individuals. The contribution of tissue losses to the decline in RMR was determined by weighing changes in the size of energy-expending tissues and organs (skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, bone, brain, inner organs, residual mass) assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry with their tissue-specific metabolic rates. Metabolic adaptations were quantified as the remaining reduction in RMR.

RESULTS

RMR was reduced by 101 ± 12 kcal/d as participants lost 7.3 ± 0.2 kg (both p < 0.001). On average, 60% of the total reduction in RMR were explained by energy-expending tissues losses, while 40% were attributed to metabolic adaptations. The loss of skeletal muscle mass (1.0 ± 0.7 kg) was not significantly related to RMR changes (r = 0.14, p = 0.16), whereas adipose tissue losses (7.2 ± 3.0 kg) were positively associated with the reduction in RMR (r = 0.42, p < 0.001) and metabolic adaptations (r = 0.31, p < 0.001). Metabolic adaptations were correlated with declines in leptin (r = 0.27, p < 0.01), triiodothyronine (r = 0.19, p < 0.05), and insulin (r = 0.25, p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

During weight loss, tissue loss and metabolic adaptations both contribute to the reduction in RMR, albeit variably. Contrary to popularly belief, it is not skeletal muscle, but rather adipose tissue losses that seem to drive RMR reductions following weight loss. Future research should target personalized strategies addressing the predominant cause of RMR reduction for weight maintenance.

The association between muscle indicators and bone mass density and related risk factors in the diabetic elderly population: Bushehr Elderly Health (BEH) Program

BACKGROUND

Loss of muscle mass and strength and bone mass density are complications of the aging process. Studies show that the prevalence of sarcopenia and osteoporosis may be higher in patients with diabetes. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the relationship between muscle mass and strength indices and bone mass density in diabetic elderly.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This cross-sectional study was conducted based on the data collected during the Bushehr Elderly Health (BEH) Program, stage II. Diabetes was defined as FPG ≥ 126 mg/dl or HbA1C ≥ 6.5 or taking anti-diabetic medication. Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA, Discovery WI, Hologic Inc, USA) was used to measure bone mineral density, fat mass, trabecular bone score (TBS) and muscle mass. Muscle strength was measured by grip strength.Osteoporosis was defined as the bone mineral density of ≥ 2.5 standard deviations (SD) below the average value of young normal adults (T-score of ≤ -2.5 SD) in the femoral neck, or lumbar spine (L1-L4) or total hip. To determine the relationship between skeletal muscle index (SMI) and muscle strength on bone status in a continuous scale was used from linear regression. To estimate the effect of SMI and muscle strength on osteoporosis was used from modified Poisson regression for analysis.

RESULTS

This study included 759 diabetic elderly with a mean age of 68.6 years and 56.9% of them were women. Skeletal muscle index (SMI) was related to all sites of BMDs and TBS L1-L4 after adjusted in full models (P-value < 0.001). The largest coefficients were observed for BMD L1-L4 in all models (β: 0.043 g/cm2; 95% CI: 0.030-0.057 in full model). Muscle strength was also associated with BMDs and TBS. Only, in model 2 (adjustments for age and sex effect), there was no significant relationship between muscle strength and BMD L1-L4 and TBS L1-L4. The strongest associations were observed for the total hip BMD and muscle strength (β: 0.034 g/cm2; 95% CI: 0.022- 0.046 in full model). Also, increased SMI and muscle strength was associated with decreased osteoporosis in crude and adjusted models (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, it was revealed that the reduction of SMI in elderly patients with diabetes was significantly associated with decreased BMD and TBS. The muscle strength was also associated with BMD and TBS. So, muscle strength and muscle mass should be measured separately ever since both are independently associated with BMD and TBS. Muscle strength and muscle mass were negatively associated with osteoporosis in older people with diabetes. Thus, we should pay more attention to muscle strength training in older people with diabetes, particularly in osteoporotic patients.

Predictors of bone mineral density in adolescents with atypical anorexia nervosa

INTRODUCTION

We aimed to evaluate the bone mineral density (BMD) z scores of adolescents with atypical anorexia nervosa (AAN) and investigate the potential predictors of low BMD risk.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Potential factors that might have an effect on the femoral neck and lumbar spine dual energy X-ray absorptiometry data of adolescents (11-18 years) with AAN were retrospectively evaluated.

RESULTS

Among adolescents with AAN, 13 (34.2%) had a z score lower than - 1 and 25 (65.8%) had a z score equal or greater than - 1. When adolescents with a BMD score lower and higher than - 1 were compared, normal BMD group had a significantly higher mean lifetime maximum BMI (p = 0.0035). Similarly previous overweight history was significantly higher in the normal BMD group (p = 0.005). A positive correlation was found between femoral neck (p = 0.002, r: 0.546) and lumbar spine (p: 0.002, r: 0.505) z scores and lifetime maximum BMI. There was also a positive correlation between lumbar spine BMD scores and BMI at admission (p = 0.001, r: 0.540). Lumbar spine z scores and amenorrhea duration were negatively correlated (p: 0.002, r:  - 10.867).

CONCLUSION

In the adolescent period similar to AN, AAN cases are also at risk for disordered bone health. In adolescents with AAN, BMI prior to the illness was estimated to be the significant parameter for the risk of low BMD. Special attention should be paid to the bone health of adolescents with AAN, especially for those who do not have a previous overweight history.

Genetically determined SCFA concentration modifies the association of dietary fiber intake with changes in bone mineral density during weight loss: The Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies (POUNDS LOST) trial

BACKGROUND

SCFAs are involved in regulation of body weight and bone health.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to examine whether genetic variations related to butyrate modified the relation between dietary fiber intake and changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in response to weight-loss dietary interventions.

METHODS

In the 2-y Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies trial, 424 participants with BMD measured by DXA scan were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 diets varying in macronutrient intakes. A polygenic score (PGS) was calculated based on 7 genetic variants related to the production of butyrate for 370 of the 424 participants.

RESULTS

SCFA PGS significantly modified the association between baseline dietary fiber intake and sex on 2-y changes in whole-body BMD (P-interaction = 0.049 and 0.008). In participants with the highest tertile of SCFA PGS, higher dietary fiber intake was related to a greater increase in BMD (β:  0.0022; 95% CI: 0.0009, 0.0035; P = 0.002), whereas no such association was found for participants in the lower tertiles. In the lowest tertiles of SCFA PGS, men showed a significant increase in whole-body BMD (β: 0.0280; 95% CI: 0.0112, 0.0447; P = 0.002) compared with women. In the highest tertile, no significant difference was found for the change in BMD between men and women.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data indicate that genetic variants related to butyrate modify the relations of dietary fiber intake and sex with long-term changes in BMD in response to weight-loss diet interventions.

Associations between Physical Activity, Sunshine Duration and Osteoporosis According to Obesity and Other Lifestyle Factors: A Nested Case-Control Study

(1) Background: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the associations between physical activity (PA), sunshine duration (SD) and the occurrence of osteoporosis according to lifestyle status. (2) Methods: Data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC) collected from 2009 to 2015 were used. Osteoporosis (n = 19,351) and control (n = 38,702) participants were matched in a 1:2 ratio according to age, sex, income, and region of residence. PA was classified as moderate- to high-intensity PA (MHPA) or low-intensity PA (LPA) based on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). SD was classified as short (≤6 h) or long (>6 h). Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of MHPA and long SD for the occurrence of osteoporosis. Subgroup analyses were performed according to SD (or PA), obesity, smoking, and alcohol consumption. (3) The adjusted OR of MHPA for osteoporosis was 0.90 (95% CI = 0.87-0.94). The results were consistent in the age/sex, SD, obesity, smoking, and alcohol consumption subgroups, but not the <60-year-old male and underweight subgroups. The adjusted OR of long SD for osteoporosis was 0.96 (95% CI = 0.93-1.00). The findings were consistent in the <60-year-old female, obese, nonsmoker, and <1 time a week alcohol consumption subgroups. (4) Conclusions: We suggest that both higher intensity of PA and long SD could decrease the risk of osteoporosis. Specifically, PA could decrease the risk of osteoporosis in individuals with most characteristics except male sex or underweight. Long SD could decrease the risk of osteoporosis in young females, obese individuals, nonsmokers, and individuals with lower alcohol consumption.

Time-Restricted Eating for 12 Weeks Does Not Adversely Alter Bone Turnover in Overweight Adults

Weight loss is a major focus of research and public health efforts. Time-restricted eating (TRE) is shown to be effective for weight loss, but the impact on bone is unclear. Short-term TRE studies show no effect on bone mineral density (BMD), but no study has measured bone turnover markers. This secondary analysis examined the effect of 12 weeks of TRE vs. unrestricted eating on bone turnover and BMD. Overweight and obese adults aged 18–65 y (n = 20) were randomized to TRE (ad libitum 8-h eating window) or non-TRE. Serum N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (P1NP), cross-linked N-telopeptide of type I collagen (NTX), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were measured and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans were taken pre- and post-intervention. In both groups, P1NP decreased significantly (p = 0.04) but trended to a greater decrease in the non-TRE group (p = 0.07). The treatment time interaction for bone mineral content (BMC) was significant (p = 0.02), such that BMC increased in the TRE group and decreased in the non-TRE group. Change in P1NP was inversely correlated with change in weight (p = 0.04) overall, but not within each group. These findings suggest that TRE does not adversely affect bone over a moderate timeframe. Further research should examine the long-term effects of TRE on bone.

General and central obesity operate differently as predictors of falls requiring medical care in older women: a population-based cohort study in Spain

OBJECTIVES

to examine the association of general and abdominal obesity with falls, falls requiring medical care and falls with fractures in older women.

DESIGN

a population-based prospective cohort of 1,185 women aged ≥60 in Spain, followed up from 2008 to 2010 through 2012.

MEASURES

weight, height and waist circumference were measured at baseline using standardised techniques. Participants were classified according to body mass index as normal weight (<25), overweight (25-29.9) and general obesity (≥30). Abdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference >88 cm. In 2012, participants reported the falls experienced in the previous year. Logistic regression models were mutually adjusted for general and abdominal obesity and for main confounders.

RESULTS

in this cohort of older women, a total of 336 women experienced falls, 168 of them had falls requiring medical care and 64 falls with fractures. For falls, no association was found with general obesity nor abdominal obesity. However, compared with normal weight, overweight women had a decreased risk for falls requiring medical care [odds ratio (OR) 0.57; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34-0.94] and for falls with fractures (OR 0.27; 95% CI 0.12-0.63). The corresponding values for general obesity were 0.44 (0.24-0.81) and 0.30 (0.11-0.82). Abdominal obesity was positively associated with falls requiring medical care (OR 1.82; 95% CI 1.12-2.94) and falls with fractures (OR 2.75; 95% CI 1.18-6.44).

CONCLUSIONS

in older women, general obesity may protect from falls requiring medical care and falls with fractures. On the contrary, abdominal obesity increased the risk of suffering from types of falls.

Prevalence and factors associated with osteoporosis and bone mineral density testing in psoriatic arthritis

OBJECTIVES

To determine bone mineral density (BMD) in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients, factors associated with undergoing BMD testing, and the effect of PsA clinical activity on BMD.

METHODS

Patients attending the University of Toronto PsA Clinic with a BMD from cohort inception to January 2019 were included. Descriptive statistics summarized lumbar spine, femoral neck and total hip T-scores. Cox proportional hazard regression identified predictors for BMD testing. Logistic regression analysis determined odds of having normal (T-score ≥ -1.0) versus osteoporotic range BMD (T-score ≤ -2.5). A multi-state model determined factors associated with BMD state changes over time.

RESULTS

Of the 1479 patients, 214 had BMDs. Mean T-scores at the lumbar spine, femoral neck and total hip were -0.30±0.32, -1.10±1.04 and -0.45±0.42 respectively. Osteopenia and osteoporosis occurred in 45.27% and 12.94% of patients. Increasing age, menopause, elevated acute phase reactants, biologic, methotrexate and systemic glucocorticoid use were associated with a higher chance of undergoing BMD testing. Increased BMI and biologic use were associated with a lower chance of having osteoporotic range BMD. In multi-state analysis, polyarthritis may portend lower BMDs over time, although this did not achieve statistical significance due to low patient numbers.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in the PsA cohort were similar to the general population. Clinicians are using osteoporosis risk factors and PsA disease severity markers to select patients for BMD testing. Polyarticular disease may portend worse BMDs. Biologic use and increased BMI appear to have a protective effect.

Bone mineral density changes after bariatric surgery

INTRODUCTION

Although bariatric surgery is associated with multiple health benefits, decreased bone mass is a known complication of the procedure. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is associated with significant bone loss and increased fracture risk. However, data on the effect of sleeve gastrectomy (SG) on bone mineral changes are sparse. The impact of vitamin D and calcium levels on bone mineral density (BMD) after SG is also unknown.

METHODS

A retrospective chart review was performed to include patients who underwent RYGB or SG from 2014 to 2016 at a single institution. Patients were included if bone densitometry was performed preoperatively and within 2 years postoperatively. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and calcium levels were collected preoperatively and at time of bone densitometry scan. BMD and T-score changes at the femoral neck, femoral trochanter, total hip, and lumbar spine were compared between RYGB and SG patients.

RESULTS

A total of 40 patients were included. 24 (60%) of patients underwent RYGB and 16 (40%) patients underwent SG. No statistically significant difference in baseline characteristics was noted between RYGB and SG patients. All measurements, except for serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D, were significantly decreased in RYGB patients, postoperatively. All measurements, except for BMD and T-score at the lumbar spine and serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D, were significantly decreased in SG patients, postoperatively. The extent of decrease in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was significantly associated with decreased BMD (p = 0.049) and T-score (p = 0.032) at the lumbar spine. The extent of decrease in serum calcium was significantly associated with decreased BMD (p = 0.046) at the femoral neck.

CONCLUSION

All patients were found to have decreased BMD after RYGB and SG. Surgery type was not a significant risk factor in BMD change. Despite vitamin D and calcium supplementation in all patients, a decrease in vitamin D and calcium levels were associated with a decrease in BMD. Close follow-up and treatment of vitamin D and calcium levels are warranted in all bariatric patients.

Changes in bone mass and body composition after bariatric surgery

Aim: To analyze the effects of body weight loss on bone mineral density (BMD) on hip (Hip BMD) and lumbar spine (Lumbar BMD) after six months of bariatric surgery. Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for morbid obesity. Nonetheless, there are scant data on the effect of weight bearing on bone structure.Material and methods: Seventeen obese women aged 41.2 ± 11.3 yrs. who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) were included. Body composition assessments were performed through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry immediately before and after 6-months RYGB. Data collected pre- and post-RYGB included total body weight, body mass index (BMI), lean body mass (LM), fat mass (FM) and bone mineral content. The pre- (PRE) and post-operative (POST) results were compared.Results: Lumbar BMD POST presented a non-significant loss of 1.8% whereas Hip BMD POST showed a significant loss of 17.8%. The analysis demonstrated that BMI and LM PRE explained 26% and 49%, respectively, of Hip BMD PRE variability. In addition, LM POST explained 30% of hip BMD POST variability and was not significant for Lumbar BMD POST.Conclusions: Obesity and rapid weight loss showed direct influence in Hip BMD after six months of bariatric surgery. However, its effect on the lumbar spine area was smaller due to the higher capacity of the spine to dissipate loads through its curvature.

Relationship Between Metabolic Syndrome and Bone Health - An Evaluation of Epidemiological Studies and Mechanisms Involved

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and osteoporosis are two medical problems plaguing the ageing populations worldwide. Though seemingly distinctive to each other, metabolic derangements are shown to influence bone health. This review summarises the relationship between MetS and bone health derived from epidemiological studies and explains the mechanistic basis of this relationship. The discourse focuses on the link between MetS and bone mineral density, quantitative sonometric indices, geometry and fracture risk in humans. The interesting sex-specific trend in the relationship, probably due to factors related to body composition and hormonal status, is discussed. Mechanistically, each component of MetS affects the bone distinctly, forming a complex interacting network influencing the skeleton. Lastly, the effects of MetS management, such as pharmacotherapies, exercise and bariatric surgery, on bone, are presented. This review aims to highlight the significant relationship between MetS and bone, and proper management of MetS with the skeletal system in mind could prevent cardiovascular and bone complications.

Best Evidence Rehabilitation for Chronic Pain Part 5: Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of chronic pain and disability in older adults, which most commonly affects the joints of the knee, hip, and hand. To date, there are no established disease modifying interventions that can halt or reverse OA progression. Therefore, treatment is focused on alleviating pain and maintaining or improving physical and psychological function. Rehabilitation is widely recommended as first-line treatment for OA as, in many cases, it is safer and more effective than the best-established pharmacological interventions. In this article, we describe the presentation of OA pain and give an overview of its peripheral and central mechanisms. We then provide a state-of-the-art review of rehabilitation for OA pain—including self-management programs, exercise, weight loss, cognitive behavioral therapy, adjunct therapies, and the use of aids and devices. Next, we explore several promising directions for clinical practice, including novel education strategies to target unhelpful illness and treatment beliefs, methods to enhance the efficacy of exercise interventions, and innovative, brain-directed treatments. Finally, we discuss potential future research in areas, such as treatment adherence and personalized rehabilitation for OA pain.

Risk factors for reduced bone mineral density measurements in milk-allergic patients

BACKGROUND

Earlier studies noted that young adults with IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy (IgE-CMA) have significantly lower bone mineral density (BMD) than age- and gender-matched controls. We sought to identify additional risk factors contributing to the low BMD in IgE-CMA patients.

METHODS

Postpubertal (defined by Tanner stage V) IgE-CMA patients (n = 78; 16- to 30-year-old females and 17.5- to 30-year-old males) were evaluated prospectively for BMD using a DXA scan, serum values of bone turnover factor, and dietary and lifestyle questionnaires. Patients receiving > 2 short courses of systemic steroid treatments were excluded.

RESULTS

Abnormal BMD measurements (T- or Z-scores < -1.0) of the lumbar vertebrae, femoral neck, or hip were noted in 60 patients, while normal BMD values were present in 18 patients, despite similarly decreased calcium intakes between the groups (P = 0.92). Patients with abnormal BMD were more likely to be asthmatic (P = 0.014), have a lower weight z-score (P = 0.007), have a decreased percent caloric intake derived from fat (P = 0.01), and have an increased carbohydrate intake (P = 0.03), in comparison with the normal-BMD group. Serum values of bone turnover were similar between the groups. On multivariate regression analysis, only asthma significantly (P = 0.006) increased the risk for osteopenia and osteoporosis (OR 38.5, 95% CI 2.8-500). Fitting continuous z-scores into a regression model, both asthma and weight z-score were significant (adjusted r²  = 0.272). Asthma was significantly overrepresented in osteopenic and osteoporotic subpopulations while decreased weight only in patients with osteoporosis.

CONCLUSIONS

In the context of a low calcium intake, asthma and weight are independent risk factors for decreased BMD in IgE-CMA patients.

Genetically determined vitamin D levels and change in bone density during a weight-loss diet intervention: the Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies (POUNDS Lost) Trial

Background

Obesity is closely associated with bone health. Although diet and weight loss produce many metabolic benefits, studies of weight loss diets on bone health are conflicting. Genetic variations, such as vitamin D levels, may partly account for these conflicting observations by regulating bone metabolism.

Objective

We investigated whether the genetic variation associated with vitamin D concentration affected changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in response to a weight-loss diet intervention.

Design

In the 2-y Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies (POUNDS Lost) trial, BMD was measured for 424 participants who were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 diets varying in macronutrient intakes. A genetic risk score (GRS) was calculated based on 3 genetic variants [i.e., 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) rs12785878, cytochrome P450 2R1 (CYP2R1) rs10741657 and group-specific component globulin (GC) rs2282679] related to circulating vitamin D levels. A dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan was performed to assess changes in whole-body BMD over 2 y. The final analysis included 370 participants at baseline.

Results

We found a significant interaction between dietary fat intake and vitamin D GRS on 2-y changes in whole-body BMD (P-interaction = 0.02). In the high-fat diet group, participants with higher GRS showed significantly less reduction in whole-body BMD than those with lower GRS, whereas the genetic associations were not significant in the low-fat diet group. We also found a significant interaction between dietary fat intake and the GRS on 6-mo change in femur neck BMD (P-interaction = 0.02); however, the interaction became nonsignificant at 2 y.

Conclusion

Our data indicate that dietary fat intake may modify the effect of vitamin D-related genetic variation on changes in BMD. Overweight or obese patients predisposed to sufficient vitamin D may benefit more in maintaining BMD along with weight loss by eating a low-fat diet. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03258203.

Body composition and bone mineral density in Huntington's disease

OBJECTIVE

Understanding the body composition (BC) of patients with Huntington's disease (HD) could help to delay disease progression and improve treatment efficacy. The aim of this study was to assess BC parameters, including bone mineral density (BMD), and to find new biomarkers that can be early indicators for weight loss in patients with HD.

METHODS

Twenty-one age- and sex-matched patients with HD and 29 healthy controls (CT) were enrolled. For each patient, body weight (BW), height, and body mass index (BMI) were evaluated. BC and BMD were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Subsamples were created according to sex and percent fat mass (FM) (obese and nonobese). All analyses were carried out using SPSS version 23.

RESULTS

In all comparisons, BMD and T-score were lower in the HD group, but were not correlated with lean body mass (LBM) or FM. In the HD group, LBM and truncal fat were mostly reduced, except in women with HD whose BC appeared to be less affected by the disease than men. Furthermore, LBM (r = 0.80) and truncal fat (r = 0.68) were better correlated with BW than BMI (r = 0.56).

CONCLUSION

Complete BC assessment can be crucial for preventive interventions and prognosis definition in patients with HD. New biomarkers such as BMD, LBM, and truncal fat can be early indicators of weight loss in patients with HD.

Protein and bone health across the lifespan

Bone health is determined by the rate of accrual in early life, followed by the rate of age-associated bone loss. Dietary protein intake might have a role in bone health across both of these phases via pleiotropic mechanistic pathways. Herein we summarise the pathways through which protein may exert either a positive or negative influence on bone. In the introduction, we describe the acid-ash hypothesis, which states that a high-protein intake may lead to an acidic residue that must be neutralised through the leaching of calcium and other minerals from the bone, subsequently leading to demineralisation and bone weakening. Conversely, and as described in the 'Against: mechanisms through which protein may negatively impact bone' section, protein intake may act to strengthen the bone by stimulating the activity of various anabolic hormones and growth factors, or by optimising muscle mass and functionality, which itself has an osteogenic influence. The net effect of these contrasting pathways is described in the 'For: mechanisms through which protein may positively impact bone' section, where a number of meta-analyses have demonstrated that higher protein intakes have a small positive impact on bone mass and fracture risk. Sometimes higher than recommended protein intakes are advised, e.g. during the earlier and later phases of the lifespan or during reduced energy availability. We conclude that protein is an essential nutrient for bone health, although further research is required to clarify the mechanistic pathways through which it exerts its influence, along with the clarification of the quantities, food sources and timing to allow for the optimisation of this protective influence and ultimately a reduction in fracture risk.

Bone Health following Bariatric Surgery: Implications for Management Strategies to Attenuate Bone Loss

Bariatric surgery (BS) is an effective treatment for morbid obesity and its associated comorbidities. Following such a procedure, however, patients are at risk of developing metabolic bone disease owing to the combination of rapid weight loss, severely restricted dietary intake, and reduced intestinal nutrient absorption. Patients undergoing malabsorptive procedures are at a higher risk of postoperative bone health deterioration than those undergoing restrictive procedures; however, studies have demonstrated negative skeletal consequences of restrictive procedures as well. The clinical practice guidelines of some international associations have previously addressed preoperative evaluation and postoperative clinical care in order to maintain bone health in BS patients. Nevertheless, some issues regarding bone health in BS patients remain unclear owing to the lack of relevant randomized clinical trials, including doses of nutritional supplements pre- and post-BS. This review summarizes the current data regarding the skeletal consequences of BS and its mechanisms, with an emphasis on the preventive strategies and nutritional care that may be warranted in order to attenuate bone deterioration following BS.

Effect of 10% weight loss on simulated taekwondo match performance: a randomized trial

The objective of the present study was to analyze the effect of 10% body mass reduction on simulated taekwondo match performance. Thirty-one male taekwondo athletes were randomly distributed in two groups: weight loss group (n= 15) - athletes in this group reduced 5% body mass per week during two successive weeks, totaling 10% body mass reduction; control group (n= 16) - athletes in this group kept their body mass constant during the 2-week period. Twenty-four hours before and after this period, athletes performed a simulated 3-round taekwondo match (6 min). Athletes wore body protectors to validate the scores during the match according to the official taekwondo rules. Match was filmed and actions were categorized using the Game Performance Assessment Instrument. There was a group and time interaction (P< 0.001) for body mass, with decrease only for the weight loss group (P= 0.001). A group and time interaction was also observed for the taekwondo match performance (P< 0.001), with performance increase being found only for the control group (P= 0.01). Thus, the 10% weight loss was not a good strategy to improve taekwondo skills' performance.

Age-related reference curves of volumetric bone density, structure, and biomechanical parameters adjusted for weight and height in a population of healthy women: an HR-pQCT study

In a cross-sectional cohort of 450 healthy women aged 20 to 85 years, data on the density, structure, and strength of the distal radius and tibia were obtained using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) and were adjusted for age, weight, and height. Age-dependent patterns of change differed between the sites and between the trabecular and cortical compartments. In postmenopausal women, the trabecular bone remained relatively stable at the distal tibia, but the cortical compartment changed significantly. Cortical porosity exhibited a very weak correlation with stiffness.

INTRODUCTION

The aim of this study is to provide information on age-related, weight-related, and height-related changes in the volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), structure, and biomechanical parameters of the cortical and trabecular compartments in a healthy female population using HR-pQCT.

METHODS

For a cross-sectional Brazilian cohort of 450 women aged 20 to 85 years, age-related reference curves of the vBMD, structure, and biomechanical parameters of the distal radius (DR) and distal tibia (DT) were constructed and adjusted for weight and height, and comparisons between premenopausal and postmenopausal women were performed.

RESULTS

Reference curves were obtained for all parameters. At the DR, age-related changes varied from -8.68% (cortical thickness [Ct.Th]) to 26.7% (trabecular separation [Tb.Sp]). At the DT, the changes varied from -12.4% (Ct.Th) to 26.3% (Tb.Sp). Cortical porosity (Ct.Po) exhibited the largest percent changes: 342.2% at the DR and 381.5% at the DT. In premenopausal women, Ct.Th remained constant; in postmenopausal women, structural trabecular parameters (trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), Tb.Sp) did not change, whereas cortical parameters and stiffness were significantly altered. Cortical vBMD showed the greatest absolute decrease at both sites, and the slopes were highly negative after menopause. Pearson correlations between stiffness (S) and HR-pCT parameters revealed a significant correlation between the densities and structures of the trabecular and cortical compartments. A weak correlation was observed between S and Ct.Po (DR r = -0.162, DT r = -0.273; p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

These data provide reference curves from healthy women and demonstrate that density and structural and biomechanical parameters differ between the radius and tibia and between the trabecular and cortical compartments. In postmenopausal women, the trabecular bone remained relatively stable at the tibia site, whereas the cortical compartment changed significantly.

Effects of obesity treatments on bone mineral density, bone turnover and fracture risk in adults with overweight or obesity

BACKGROUND

New evidence suggests that obesity is deleterious for bone health, and obesity treatments could potentially exacerbate this.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This narrative review, largely based on recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses, synthesizes the effects on bone of bariatric surgery, weight loss pharmaceuticals and dietary restriction.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

All three obesity treatments result in statistically significant reductions in hip bone mineral density (BMD) and increases in bone turnover relative to pre-treatment values, with the reductions in hip BMD being strongest for bariatric surgery, notably Roux-en Y gastric bypass (RYGB, 8%-11% of pre-surgical values) and weakest for dietary restriction (1%-1.5% of pre-treatment values). Weight loss pharmaceuticals (orlistat or the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, liraglutide) induced no greater changes from pre-treatment values than control, despite greater weight loss. There is suggestive evidence that liraglutide may increase bone mineral content (BMC) - but not BMD - and reduce fracture risk, but more research is required to clarify this. All three obesity treatments have variable effects on spine BMD, probably due to greater measurement error at this site in obesity, suggesting that future research in this field could focus on hip rather than spine BMD. Various mechanisms have been proposed for BMD loss with obesity treatments, notably reduced nutritional intake/absorption and insufficient exercise, and these are potential avenues for protection against bone loss. However, a pressing outstanding question is whether this BMD reduction contributes to increased fracture risk, as has been observed after RYGB, and whether any such increase in fracture risk outweighs the risks of staying obese (unlikely).

Fibroblast growth factor 21 night watch: advances and uncertainties in the field

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 belongs to a hormone-like subgroup within the FGF superfamily. The members of this subfamily, FGF19, FGF21 and FGF23, are characterized by their reduced binding affinity for heparin that enables them to be transported in the circulation and function in an endocrine manner. It is likely that FGF21 also acts in an autocrine and paracrine fashion, as multiple organs can produce this protein and its plasma concentration seems to be below the level necessary to induce a pharmacological effect. FGF21 signals via FGF receptors, but for efficient receptor engagement it requires a cofactor, membrane-spanning βKlotho (KLB). The regulation of glucose uptake in adipocytes was the initial biological activity ascribed to FGF21, but this hormone is now recognized to stimulate many other pathways in vitro and display multiple pharmacological effects in metabolically compromised animals and humans. Understanding of the precise physiology of FGF21 and its potential medicinal role has evolved exponentially over the last decade, yet numerous aspects remain to be defined and others are a source of debate. Here we provide a historical overview of the advances in FGF21 biology focusing on the uncertainties in the mechanism of action as well as the differing viewpoints relating to this intriguing protein.

Commercially available lifestyle modification program: randomized controlled trial addressing heart and bone health in BRCA1/2+ breast cancer survivors after risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy

PURPOSE

The goal of this RCT was to examine the efficacy and safety of a web-based program to improve cardiovascular and bone health outcomes, among 35 BRCA1/2+ breast cancer survivors who underwent prophylactic oophorectomy and thus experienced premature surgical menopause.

METHODS

A 12-month commercially available web-based lifestyle modification program (Precision Nutrition Coaching) was utilized. Cardiovascular fitness, dietary intake, leisure time activity, body composition, bone mineral density, bone structure, and muscle strength were assessed.

RESULTS

Average adherence to all program components was 74.8 %. Women in the intervention group maintained their cardiovascular fitness level over the 12 months (1.1 ± 7.9 %), while the control group significantly decreased fitness capacity (-4.0 ± 7.5 %). There was a significant difference between groups in percent change of whole body bone area (-0.8 ± 2.5 control and 0.5 ± 1.30 intervention). We also observed decreased BMI (-4.7 ± 6.2 %) and fat mass (-8.6 ± 12.7 %) in the intervention group due to significant concomitant decreases in caloric intake and increases in caloric expenditure. The control group demonstrated decreased caloric intake and decreased lean tissue mass.

CONCLUSIONS

In this population at high risk for detrimental cardiovascular and bone outcomes, a commercially available lifestyle intervention program mitigated a decline in cardiovascular health, improved bone health, and decreased weight through fat loss.

IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS

Precision Nutrition Coaching has shown benefit in breast cancer survivors for reduced risk of deleterious cardiovascular and bone outcomes.

Dietary patterns in an elderly population and their relation with bone mineral density: the Rotterdam Study

Purpose

Our aim was to identify dietary patterns that are associated with bone mineral density (BMD) against a background of relatively high dairy intake in elderly Dutch subjects.

Methods

Participants were 55 years of age and older (n = 5144) who were enrolled in The Rotterdam Study, a population-based prospective cohort study. Baseline intake of 28 pre-defined food groups was determined using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis. BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and at three subsequent visits (between 1993 and 2004). Linear mixed modelling was used to longitudinally analyse associations of adherence to each pattern with repeatedly measured BMD (both in Z scores).

Results

After adjustment for confounders, two dietary patterns were associated with high BMD: a “Traditional” pattern, characterized by high intake of potatoes, meat and fat (β = 0.06; 95 % CI 0.03, 0.09) and a “Health conscious” pattern, characterized by high intake of fruits, vegetables, poultry and fish (β = 0.06; 95 % CI 0.04, 0.08). The “Processed” pattern, characterized by high intake of processed meat and alcohol, was associated with low BMD (β = −0.03; 95 % CI −0.06, −0.01). Associations of adherence to the “Health conscious” and “Processed” pattern with BMD were independent of body weight and height, whereas the association between adherence to the “Traditional” pattern with BMD was not.

Conclusions

Against a background of high dairy intake and independent of anthropometrics, a “Health conscious” dietary pattern may have benefits for BMD, whereas a “Processed” dietary pattern may pose a risk for low BMD.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1297-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Bone mineral density, osteoporosis, and fractures among people with eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To provide meta-analytical evidence of bone mineral density (BMD), fractures, and osteoporosis rates in eating disorders (ED) vs. healthy controls (HCs).

METHOD

Three independent authors searched major electronic databases from inception till August 2015 for cross-sectional studies reporting BMD in people with ED (anorexia nervosa, (AN); bulimia nervosa, (BN); eating disorders not otherwise specified, (EDNOS)) vs. HCs. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) ±95% and confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for BMD, and odds ratios (ORs) for osteopenia, osteoporosis, and fractures.

RESULTS

Overall, 57 studies were eligible, including 21 607 participants (ED = 6485, HCs = 15 122). Compared to HC, AN subjects had significantly lower BMD values at lumbar spine (SMD = -1.51, 95% CI = -1.75, -1.27, studies = 42), total hip (SMD = -1.56, 95%CI = -1.84, -1.28, studies = 23), intertrochanteric region (SMD = -1.80, 95%CI = -2.46, -1.14, studies = 7), trochanteric region (SMD = -1.05, 95%CI = -1.44, -0.66, studies = 7), and femoral neck (SMD = -0.98, 95%CI = -1.12, -0.77, studies = 20). Reduced BMD was moderated by ED illness duration and amenorrhea (P < 0.05). AN was associated with an increased likelihood of osteoporosis (OR = 12.59, 95%CI = 3.30-47.9, P < 0.001, studies = 4) and fractures (OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.17-2.89, I(2) = 56, studies = 6). No difference in BMD was found between BN and EDNOS vs. HC.

CONCLUSION

People with AN have reduced BMD, increased odds of osteoporosis and risk of fractures. Proactive monitoring and interventions are required to ameliorate bone loss in AN.

Changes in Skeletal Integrity and Marrow Adiposity during High-Fat Diet and after Weight Loss

The prevalence of obesity has continued to rise over the past three decades leading to significant increases in obesity-related medical care costs from metabolic and non-metabolic sequelae. It is now clear that expansion of body fat leads to an increase in inflammation with systemic effects on metabolism. In mouse models of diet-induced obesity, there is also an expansion of bone marrow adipocytes. However, the persistence of these changes after weight loss has not been well described. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of high-fat diet (HFD) and subsequent weight loss on skeletal parameters in C57Bl6/J mice. Male mice were given a normal chow diet (ND) or 60% HFD at 6 weeks of age for 12, 16, or 20 weeks. A third group of mice was put on HFD for 12 weeks and then on ND for 8 weeks to mimic weight loss. After these dietary challenges, the tibia and femur were removed and analyzed by micro computed-tomography for bone morphology. Decalcification followed by osmium staining was used to assess bone marrow adiposity, and mechanical testing was performed to assess bone strength. After 12, 16, or 20 weeks of HFD, mice had significant weight gain relative to controls. Body mass returned to normal after weight loss. Marrow adipose tissue (MAT) volume in the tibia increased after 16 weeks of HFD and persisted in the 20-week HFD group. Weight loss prevented HFD-induced MAT expansion. Trabecular bone volume fraction, mineral content, and number were decreased after 12, 16, or 20 weeks of HFD, relative to ND controls, with only partial recovery after weight loss. Mechanical testing demonstrated decreased fracture resistance after 20 weeks of HFD. Loss of mechanical integrity did not recover after weight loss. Our study demonstrates that HFD causes long-term, persistent changes in bone quality, despite prevention of marrow adipose tissue accumulation, as demonstrated through changes in bone morphology and mechanical strength in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity and weight loss.

Effects of Tai Chi and Walking Exercises on Weight Loss, Metabolic Syndrome Parameters, and Bone Mineral Density: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial

Tai Chi and walking are both moderate-intensity physical activity (PA) that can be easily practiced in daily life. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of these two PAs on weight loss, metabolic syndrome parameters, and bone mineral density (BMD) in Chinese adults. We randomized 374 middle-aged subjects (45.8 ± 5.3 years) into 12-week training (45 minutes per day, 5 days per week) of Tai Chi (n = 124) or self-paced walking (n = 121) or control group (n = 129). On average, Tai Chi and walking groups lost 0.50 and 0.76 kg of body weight and 0.47 and 0.59 kg of fat mass after intervention, respectively. The between-group difference of waist circumference (WC) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) was −3.7 cm and −0.18 mmol/L for Tai Chi versus control and −4.1 cm and −0.22 mmol/L for walking versus control. No significant differences were observed regarding lean mass, blood pressure, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and BMD compared to control. Change in lean mass, not fat mass or total weight loss, was significantly correlated to the change in BMD. Our results suggest that both of these two PAs can produce moderate weight loss and significantly improve the WC and FBG in Hong Kong Chinese adults, with no additional effects on BMD.

The neuropeptide Y-ergic system: potential therapeutic target against bone loss with obesity treatments

Obesity is no longer considered to provide protection against osteoporosis. Moreover, treatments for obesity are now suspected of reducing bone mass. With the escalating incidence of obesity, combined with increases in the frequency, duration and intensity of interventions used to combat it, we face a potential increase in health burden due to osteoporotic fractures. The neuropeptide Y-ergic system offers a potential target for the prevention and anabolic treatment of bone loss in obesity, due to its dual role in the regulation of energy homeostasis and bone mass. Although the strongest stimulation of bone mass by this system appears to occur via indirect hypothalamic pathways involving Y2 receptors (one of the five types of receptors for neuropeptide Y), Y1 receptors on osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) induce direct effects to enhance bone mass. This latter pathway may offer a suitable target for anti-osteoporotic treatment while also minimizing the risk of adverse side effects.