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Nederlof RA, de la Garza MA, Bakker J. Perspectives on SARS-CoV-2 Cases in Zoological Institutions. Vet Sci 2024; 11:78. [PMID: 38393096 PMCID: PMC10893009 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in a zoological institution were initially reported in March 2020. Since then, at least 94 peer-reviewed cases have been reported in zoos worldwide. Among the affected animals, nonhuman primates, carnivores, and artiodactyls appear to be most susceptible to infection, with the Felidae family accounting for the largest number of reported cases. Clinical symptoms tend to be mild across taxa; although, certain species exhibit increased susceptibility to disease. A variety of diagnostic tools are available, allowing for initial diagnostics and for the monitoring of infectious risk. Whilst supportive therapy proves sufficient in most cases, monoclonal antibody therapy has emerged as a promising additional treatment option. Effective transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in some species raises concerns over potential spillover and the formation of reservoirs. The occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in a variety of animal species may contribute to the emergence of variants of concern due to altered viral evolutionary constraints. Consequently, this review emphasizes the need for effective biosecurity measures and surveillance strategies to prevent and control SARS-CoV-2 infections in zoological institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa A. de la Garza
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
| | - Jaco Bakker
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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2
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Voidarou C, Rozos G, Stavropoulou E, Giorgi E, Stefanis C, Vakadaris G, Vaou N, Tsigalou C, Kourkoutas Y, Bezirtzoglou E. COVID-19 on the spectrum: a scoping review of hygienic standards. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1202216. [PMID: 38026326 PMCID: PMC10646607 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1202216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, rapidly escalated into a worldwide public health crisis. Despite numerous clinical treatment endeavors, initial defenses against the virus primarily relied on hygiene practices like mask-wearing, meticulous hand hygiene (using soap or antiseptic solutions), and maintaining social distancing. Even with the subsequent advent of vaccines and the commencement of mass vaccination campaigns, these hygiene measures persistently remain in effect, aiming to curb virus transmission until the achievement of herd immunity. In this scoping review, we delve into the effectiveness of these measures and the diverse transmission pathways, focusing on the intricate interplay within the food network. Furthermore, we explore the virus's pathophysiology, considering its survival on droplets of varying sizes, each endowed with distinct aerodynamic attributes that influence disease dispersion dynamics. While respiratory transmission remains the predominant route, the potential for oral-fecal transmission should not be disregarded, given the protracted presence of viral RNA in patients' feces after the infection period. Addressing concerns about food as a potential viral vector, uncertainties shroud the virus's survivability and potential to contaminate consumers indirectly. Hence, a meticulous and comprehensive hygienic strategy remains paramount in our collective efforts to combat this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgios Rozos
- Veterinary Directorate, South Aegean Region, Ermoupolis, Greece
| | - Elisavet Stavropoulou
- Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elpida Giorgi
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Christos Stefanis
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Georgios Vakadaris
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Natalia Vaou
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Christina Tsigalou
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Yiannis Kourkoutas
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Eugenia Bezirtzoglou
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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3
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Atoui A, Cordevant C, Chesnot T, Gassilloud B. SARS-CoV-2 in the environment: Contamination routes, detection methods, persistence and removal in wastewater treatment plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163453. [PMID: 37059142 PMCID: PMC10091716 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study reviewed the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and the evaluation of virus infectivity in feces and environmental matrices. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in feces and wastewater samples, reported in several studies, has generated interest and concern regarding the possible fecal-oral route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. To date, the presence of viable SARS-CoV-2 in feces of COVID-19 infected people is not clearly confirmed although its isolation from feces of six different patients. Further, there is no documented evidence on the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater, sludge and environmental water samples, although the viral genome has been detected in these matrices. Decay data revealed that SARS-CoV-2 RNA persisted longer than infectious particle in all aquatic environment, indicating that genome quantification of SARS-CoV-2 does not imply the presence of infective viral particles. In addition, this review also outlined the fate of SARS-CoV-2 RNA during the different steps in the wastewater treatment plant and focusing on the virus elimination along the sludge treatment line. Studies showed complete removal of SARS-CoV-2 during the tertiary treatment. Moreover, thermophilic sludge treatments present high efficiency in SARS-CoV-2 inactivation. Further studies are required to provide more evidence with respect to the inactivation behavior of infectious SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental matrices and to examine factors affecting SARS-CoV-2 persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Atoui
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Microbiology Unit, 40, rue Lionnois, 54 000 Nancy, France.
| | - Christophe Cordevant
- ANSES, Strategy and Programs Department, Research and Reference Division, Maisons-Alfort F-94 700, France
| | - Thierry Chesnot
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Microbiology Unit, 40, rue Lionnois, 54 000 Nancy, France
| | - Benoît Gassilloud
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Microbiology Unit, 40, rue Lionnois, 54 000 Nancy, France
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4
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Gupta P, Liao S, Ezekiel M, Novak N, Rossi A, LaCross N, Oakeson K, Rohrwasser A. Wastewater Genomic Surveillance Captures Early Detection of Omicron in Utah. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0039123. [PMID: 37154725 PMCID: PMC10269515 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00391-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology has emerged as a powerful public health tool to trace new outbreaks, detect trends in infection, and provide an early warning of COVID-19 community spread. Here, we investigated the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infections across Utah by characterizing lineages and mutations detected in wastewater samples. We sequenced over 1,200 samples from 32 sewersheds collected between November 2021 and March 2022. Wastewater sequencing confirmed the presence of Omicron (B.1.1.529) in Utah in samples collected on November 19, 2021, up to 10 days before its corresponding detection via clinical sequencing. Analysis of diversity of SARS-CoV-2 lineages revealed Delta as the most frequently detected lineage during November 2021 (67.71%), but it started declining in December 2021 with the onset of Omicron (B.1.1529) and its sublineage BA.1 (6.79%). The proportion of Omicron increased to ~58% by January 4, 2022, and completely displaced Delta by February 7, 2022. Wastewater genomic surveillance revealed the presence of Omicron sublineage BA.3, a lineage that was not identified from Utah's clinical surveillance. Interestingly, several Omicron-defining mutations began to appear in early November 2021 and increased in prevalence across sewersheds from December to January, aligning with the surge in clinical cases. Our study highlights the importance of tracking epidemiologically relevant mutations in detecting emerging lineages in the early stages of an outbreak. Wastewater genomic epidemiology provides an unbiased representation of community-wide infection dynamics and is an excellent complementary tool to SARS-CoV-2 clinical surveillance, with the potential of guiding public health action and policy decisions. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, has had a significant impact on public health. Global emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants, shift to at-home tests, and reduction in clinical tests demonstrate the need for a reliable and effective surveillance strategy to contain COVID-19 spread. Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 viruses in wastewater is an effective way to trace new outbreaks, establish baseline levels of infection, and complement clinical surveillance efforts. Wastewater genomic surveillance, in particular, can provide valuable insights into the evolution and spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants. We characterized the diversity of SARS-CoV-2 mutations and lineages using whole-genome sequencing to trace the introduction of lineage B.1.1.519 (Omicron) in Utah. Our data showed that Omicron appeared in Utah on November 19, 2021, up to 10 days prior to its detection in patient samples, indicating that wastewater surveillance provides an early warning signal. Our findings are important from a public health perspective as timely identification of communities with high COVID-19 transmission could help guide public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Gupta
- Utah Public Health Laboratory, Utah Department of Health and Human Services, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Stefan Liao
- Utah Public Health Laboratory, Utah Department of Health and Human Services, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Maleea Ezekiel
- Utah Public Health Laboratory, Utah Department of Health and Human Services, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Nicolle Novak
- Utah Public Health Laboratory, Utah Department of Health and Human Services, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Alessandro Rossi
- Utah Public Health Laboratory, Utah Department of Health and Human Services, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Nathan LaCross
- Utah Department of Health and Human Services, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kelly Oakeson
- Utah Public Health Laboratory, Utah Department of Health and Human Services, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Andreas Rohrwasser
- Utah Public Health Laboratory, Utah Department of Health and Human Services, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Vimalachandran D, Jones RP, Dickson E, Seehra J, Acheson A, Griffiths EA, Kamarajah S, Leung E, Torrance A, Ottensmeier C, Beggs AD, Whiteside E, Sanna H, Bury D, Youd E, Leopold G, Pugh M, Sundar S, Taylor GS. SARS-CoV-2 in the abdomen or pelvis: SAFE SURGERY study. Br J Surg 2023; 110:306-309. [PMID: 36168210 PMCID: PMC9620655 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znac297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dale Vimalachandran
- Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, Countess of Chester NHS Trust, Chester, UK
| | - Robert P Jones
- Department of General and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liverpool University Hospital NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ed Dickson
- Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jaspreet Seehra
- Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Austin Acheson
- Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ewen A Griffiths
- Upper GI Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sivesh Kamarajah
- Upper GI Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elaine Leung
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew Torrance
- Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust, City Hospital,, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christian Ottensmeier
- Liverpool Head and Neck Centre, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew D Beggs
- Upper GI Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ellen Whiteside
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Blackpool Victoria Hospital NHS Trust, Blackpool, UK
| | - Helen Sanna
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Blackpool Victoria Hospital NHS Trust, Blackpool, UK
| | - Danielle Bury
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Blackpool Victoria Hospital NHS Trust, Blackpool, UK
| | - Esther Youd
- Department of Pathology, Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Cwm Taf University Health Board, Llantrisant, UK
| | - Gareth Leopold
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, UK
| | - Matthew Pugh
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sudha Sundar
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Graham S Taylor
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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6
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Robins PE, Dickson N, Kevill JL, Malham SK, Singer AC, Quilliam RS, Jones DL. Predicting the dispersal of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from the wastewater treatment plant to the coast. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10547. [PMID: 36091966 PMCID: PMC9448708 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral pathogens including SARS-CoV-2 RNA have been detected in wastewater treatment effluent, and untreated sewage overflows, that pose an exposure hazard to humans. We assessed whether SARS-CoV-2 RNA was likely to have been present in detectable quantities in UK rivers and estuaries during the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic. We simulated realistic viral concentrations parameterised on the Camel and Conwy catchments (UK) and their populations, showing detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations for untreated but not for treated loading, but also being contingent on viral decay, hydrology, catchment type/shape, and location. Under mean or low river flow conditions, viral RNA concentrated within the estuaries allowing for viral build-up and caused a lag by up to several weeks between the peak in community infections and the viral peak in the environment. There was an increased hazard posed by SARS-CoV-2 RNA with a T90 decay rate >24 h, as the estuarine build-up effect increased. High discharge events transported the viral RNA downstream and offshore, increasing the exposure risk to coastal bathing waters and shellfisheries – although dilution in this case reduced viral concentrations well below detectable levels. Our results highlight the sensitivity of exposure to viral pathogens downstream of wastewater treatment, across a range of viral loadings and catchment characteristics – with implications to environmental surveillance. SARS-CoV-2 RNA from treated sewage unlikely to be detectable in estuaries. SARS-CoV-2 RNA from untreated sewage can be detectable in estuaries. Peak RNA concentration in estuaries can be delayed from peak community infection. RNA concentration is sensitive to viral loading, decay, hydrology, and estuary shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E. Robins
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK
- Corresponding author.
| | - Neil Dickson
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK
| | - Jessica L. Kevill
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Shelagh K. Malham
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK
| | | | - Richard S. Quilliam
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Davey L. Jones
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6105, Australia
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7
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Farooq M, Khan AW, Ahmad B, Kim MS, Choi S. Therapeutic Targeting of Innate Immune Receptors Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:915565. [PMID: 35847031 PMCID: PMC9280161 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.915565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of host's defense against invading pathogens. Multiple cellular sensors that detect viral components can induce innate antiviral immune responses. As a result, interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced which help in the elimination of invading viruses. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to Coronaviridae family, and has a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome. It can infect multiple hosts; in humans, it is responsible for the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Successful, timely, and appropriate detection of SARS-CoV-2 can be very important for the early generation of the immune response. Several drugs that target the innate immune receptors as well as other signaling molecules generated during the innate immune response are currently being investigated in clinical trials. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying host sensing and innate immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the role of innate immune receptors in terms of their therapeutic potential against SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, we discussed the drugs undergoing clinical trials and the FDA approved drugs against SARS-CoV-2. This review will help in understanding the interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and innate immune receptors and thus will point towards new dimensions for the development of new therapeutics, which can be beneficial in the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Farooq
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
- S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Abdul Waheed Khan
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Bilal Ahmad
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
- S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Moon Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
- S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
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Scherer PE, Kirwan JP, Rosen CJ. Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: A metabolic perspective. eLife 2022; 11:78200. [PMID: 35318939 PMCID: PMC8942467 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic continues to rage around the world. At the same time, despite strong public health measures and high vaccination rates in some countries, a post-COVID-19 syndrome has emerged which lacks a clear definition, prevalence, or etiology. However, fatigue, dyspnea, brain fog, and lack of smell and/or taste are often characteristic of patients with this syndrome. These are evident more than a month after infection, and are labeled as Post-Acute Sequelae of CoV-2 (PASC) or commonly referred to as long-COVID. Metabolic dysfunction (i.e., obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus) is a predisposing risk factor for severe acute COVID-19, and there is emerging evidence that this factor plus a chronic inflammatory state may predispose to PASC. In this article, we explore the potential pathogenic metabolic mechanisms that could underly both severe acute COVID-19 and PASC, and then consider how these might be targeted for future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, United States
| | - John P Kirwan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, United States
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, United States
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Ghazanfar H, Kandhi S, Shin D, Muthumanickam A, Gurjar H, Qureshi ZA, Shaban M, Farag M, Haider A, Budhathoki P, Bhatt T, Ghazanfar A, Jyala A, Patel H. Impact of COVID-19 on the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Clinical Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e23333. [PMID: 35464519 PMCID: PMC9017282 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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10
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Morozova OV, Novikova NA, Epifanova NV, Novikov DV, Mokhonov VV, Sashina TA, Zaytseva NN. [Detection SARS-CoV-2 ( Coronaviridae: Coronavirinae: Betacoronavirus: Sarbecovirus) in children with acute intestinal infection in Nizhny Novgorod during 2020-2021]. Vopr Virusol 2022; 67:69-76. [PMID: 35293190 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The novel coronavirus infection COVID-19 is a major public health problem worldwide. Several publications show the presence of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea) in addition to respiratory disorders.The aim of this study was the monitoring of RNA of COVID-19 pathogen, coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaviridae: Coronavirinae: Betacoronavirus; Sarbecovirus) in children hospitalized with acute intestinal infection (AII), with following molecular-genetic characterization of detected strains. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fecal samples of children with AII hospitalized in infectious hospital of Nizhny Novgorod (Russia) in the period from 01.07.2020 to 31.10.2021 were used as material for the study. Viral RNA detection was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The nucleotide sequence of S-protein gene fragment was determined by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SARS-CoV-2 genetic material was detected in 45 out of 2476 fecal samples. The maximum number of samples containing RNA of the virus occurred in November 2020 (detection rate of 12.2%). In 20.0% of cases, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in combination with rota-, noro-, and adenoviruses. 28 nucleotide sequences of S-protein gene fragment complementary DNA (cDNA) were determined. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the studied SARS-CoV-2 strains belonged to two variants. Analysis of the S-protein amino acid sequence of the strains studied showed the absence of the N501Y mutation in the 2020 samples, which is a marker for variants with a high epidemic potential, called variants of concern (VOC) according to the World Health Organization (WHO) definition (lines Alpha B.1.1.7, Beta B.1.351, Gamma P.1). Delta line variant B.1.617.2 was identified in two samples isolated in September 2021. CONCLUSION The detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the fecal samples of children with AII, suggesting that the fecal-oral mechanism of pathogen transmission may exist, determines the necessity to optimize its monitoring and to develop an algorithm of actions with patients with signs of AII under the conditions of a novel coronavirus infection pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Morozova
- FSBI «Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology» of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - N A Novikova
- FSBI «Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology» of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - N V Epifanova
- FSBI «Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology» of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - D V Novikov
- FSBI «Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology» of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - V V Mokhonov
- FSBI «Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology» of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - T A Sashina
- FSBI «Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology» of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - N N Zaytseva
- FSBI «Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology» of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
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11
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Zhang L, Tian M, Song Y, Liang W, Li X, Tong Y, Wang H. Urinary SARS-CoV-2 RNA Is an Indicator for the Progression and Prognosis of COVID-19. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11112089. [PMID: 34829436 PMCID: PMC8619898 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11112089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We aimed to analyze clinical characteristics and find potential factors to predict poor prognosis in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: We analyzed the clinical characteristics and laboratory tests of COVID-19 patients and detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in urine sediments collected from 53 COVID-19 patients enrolled in Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from 31 January 2020 to 18 February 2020 with qRT-PCR analysis. Then, we classified those patients based on clinical conditions (severe or non-severe syndrome) and urinary SARS-CoV-2 RNA (URNA− or URNA+). Results: We found that COVID-19 patients with severe syndrome (severe patients) showed significantly higher positive rate (11 of 23, 47.8%) of urinary SARS-CoV-2 RNA than non-severe patients (4 of 30, 13.3%, p = 0.006). URNA+ patients or severe URNA+ subgroup exhibited higher prevalence of inflammation and immune discord, cardiovascular diseases, liver damage and renal dysfunction, and higher risk of death than URNA− patients. To understand the potential mechanisms underlying the viral urine shedding, we performed renal histopathological analysis on postmortems of patients with COVID-19 and found severe renal vascular endothelium lesion characterized by an increase of the expression of thrombomodulin and von Willebrand factor, markers to assess the endothelium dysfunction. We proposed a theoretical and mathematic model to depict the potential factors that determine the urine shedding of SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions: This study indicated that urinary SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected in urine specimens can be used to predict the progression and prognosis of COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (L.Z.); (M.T.); (Y.S.); (W.L.)
| | - Maoqing Tian
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (L.Z.); (M.T.); (Y.S.); (W.L.)
| | - Yuan Song
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (L.Z.); (M.T.); (Y.S.); (W.L.)
| | - Wei Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (L.Z.); (M.T.); (Y.S.); (W.L.)
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Yongqing Tong
- Department of Laboratory Science, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (H.W.)
| | - Huiming Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (L.Z.); (M.T.); (Y.S.); (W.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (H.W.)
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Lee DH, Helal ZH, Kim J, Hunt A, Barbieri A, Tocco N, Frasca S, Kerr K, Hyeon JY, Chung DH, Risatti G. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a Dog in Connecticut in February 2021. Viruses 2021; 13:2141. [PMID: 34834948 PMCID: PMC8623824 DOI: 10.3390/v13112141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a 3-month-old dog in Connecticut that died suddenly and was submitted to the state veterinary diagnostic laboratory for postmortem examination. Viral RNA was detected in multiple organs of the dog by reverse transcription real time-PCR (RT-qPCR). Negative and positive sense strands of viral RNA were visualized by in situ hybridization using RNAscope technology. Complete genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the hCoV-19/USA/CT-CVMDL-Dog-1/2021 (CT_Dog/2021) virus were conducted to identify the origin and lineage of the virus. The CT_Dog/2021 virus belonged to the GH/B1.2. genetic lineage and was genetically similar to SARS-CoV-2 identified in humans in the U.S. during the winter of 2020-2021. However, it was not related to other SARS-CoV-2 variants identified from companion animals in the U.S. It contained both the D614G in spike and P323L in nsp12 substitutions, which have become the dominant mutations in the United States. The continued sporadic detections of SARS-CoV-2 in companion animals warrant public health concerns about the zoonotic potential of SARS-CoV-2 and enhance our collective understanding of the epidemiology of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA; (Z.H.H.); (J.K.); (A.H.); (N.T.); (S.F.J.); (K.K.); (J.-Y.H.); (D.H.C.)
| | - Zeinab H. Helal
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA; (Z.H.H.); (J.K.); (A.H.); (N.T.); (S.F.J.); (K.K.); (J.-Y.H.); (D.H.C.)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA;
| | - Junwon Kim
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA; (Z.H.H.); (J.K.); (A.H.); (N.T.); (S.F.J.); (K.K.); (J.-Y.H.); (D.H.C.)
| | - Amelia Hunt
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA; (Z.H.H.); (J.K.); (A.H.); (N.T.); (S.F.J.); (K.K.); (J.-Y.H.); (D.H.C.)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA;
| | - Alyza Barbieri
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA;
| | - Natalie Tocco
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA; (Z.H.H.); (J.K.); (A.H.); (N.T.); (S.F.J.); (K.K.); (J.-Y.H.); (D.H.C.)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA;
| | - Salvatore Frasca
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA; (Z.H.H.); (J.K.); (A.H.); (N.T.); (S.F.J.); (K.K.); (J.-Y.H.); (D.H.C.)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA;
| | - Kirklyn Kerr
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA; (Z.H.H.); (J.K.); (A.H.); (N.T.); (S.F.J.); (K.K.); (J.-Y.H.); (D.H.C.)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA;
| | - Ji-Yeon Hyeon
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA; (Z.H.H.); (J.K.); (A.H.); (N.T.); (S.F.J.); (K.K.); (J.-Y.H.); (D.H.C.)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA;
| | - David H. Chung
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA; (Z.H.H.); (J.K.); (A.H.); (N.T.); (S.F.J.); (K.K.); (J.-Y.H.); (D.H.C.)
| | - Guillermo Risatti
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA; (Z.H.H.); (J.K.); (A.H.); (N.T.); (S.F.J.); (K.K.); (J.-Y.H.); (D.H.C.)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA;
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