1
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Chang LA, Schotsaert M. Ally, adversary, or arbitrator? The context-dependent role of eosinophils in vaccination for respiratory viruses and subsequent breakthrough infections. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 116:224-243. [PMID: 38289826 PMCID: PMC11288382 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are a critical type of immune cell and central players in type 2 immunity. Existing literature suggests that eosinophils also can play a role in host antiviral responses, typically type 1 immune events, against multiple respiratory viruses, both directly through release of antiviral mediators and indirectly through activation of other effector cell types. One way to prime host immune responses toward effective antiviral responses is through vaccination, where typically a type 1-skewed immunity is desirable in the context of intracellular pathogens like respiratory viruses. In the realm of breakthrough respiratory viral infection in vaccinated hosts, an event in which virus can still establish productive infection despite preexisting immunity, eosinophils are most prominently known for their link to vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease upon natural respiratory syncytial virus infection. This was observed in a pediatric cohort during the 1960s following vaccination with formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus. More recent research has unveiled additional roles of the eosinophil in respiratory viral infection and breakthrough infection. The specific contribution of eosinophils to the quality of vaccine responses, vaccine efficacy, and antiviral responses to infection in vaccinated hosts remains largely unexplored, especially regarding their potential roles in protection. On the basis of current findings, we will speculate upon the suggested function of eosinophils and consider the many potential ways by which eosinophils may exert protective and pathological effects in breakthrough infections. We will also discuss how to balance vaccine efficacy with eosinophil-related risks, as well as the use of eosinophils and their products as potential biomarkers of vaccine efficacy or adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Chang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, United States
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1630, New York, NY 10029, United States
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States
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2
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Villalba-Orero M, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Cerón JJ, Fuentes-Romero B, Valero-González M, Martín-Cuervo M. Association between Eosinophil Count and Cortisol Concentrations in Equids Admitted in the Emergency Unit with Abdominal Pain. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:164. [PMID: 38200895 PMCID: PMC10778409 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Stress leukogram includes eosinopenia as one of its main markers (neutrophilia, eosinopenia, lymphopenia, and mild monocytosis). Cortisol is the main stress biomarker, which is also strongly correlated with the severity of gastrointestinal diseases. This study aimed to determine the relationship between salivary cortisol and the eosinophil cell count (EC) in equids with abdominal pain. To do this, 39 horses with abdominal pain referred to an emergency service were included. All samples were taken on admission, and several parameters and clinical data were included. Equids were classified according to the outcome as survivors and non-survivors. Non-surviving equids presented higher salivary cortisol concentrations (Non-Survivors: 1.580 ± 0.816 µg/dL; Survivors 0.988 ± 0.653 µg/dL; p < 0.05) and lower EC (Non-Survivors: 0.0000 × 103/µL (0.000/0.0075); Survivors: 0.0450 × 103/µL (0.010/0.1825); p < 0.01). In addition, the relationship between salivary cortisol concentration, EC, and the WBC was determined. Only a strong correlation (negative) was observed between cortisol and EC (r = -0.523, p < 0.01). Since cortisol is not an analyte that can be measured routinely in clinical settings such as emergencies, the EC could be a good alternative. While the results are promising, further studies are needed before EC can be used confidently in routine practice to predict survival in cases of abdominal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Villalba-Orero
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María Dolores Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Jose Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Beatriz Fuentes-Romero
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Avda de la Universidad s/n, 10005 Cáceres, Spain; (B.F.-R.); (M.V.-G.)
| | - Marta Valero-González
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Avda de la Universidad s/n, 10005 Cáceres, Spain; (B.F.-R.); (M.V.-G.)
| | - María Martín-Cuervo
- Grupo MECIAN, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Cáceres, Universidad de Extremadura, 10004 Cáceres, Spain;
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3
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Yu H, Ge X, Huang D, Xue C, Ren M, Liang H. Dietary Supplementation of Chlorella vulgaris Effectively Enhanced the Intestinal Antioxidant Capacity and Immune Status of Micropterus salmoides. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1565. [PMID: 37627560 PMCID: PMC10451200 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An M. salmoides fish meal diet was supplemented with 0 (CHL0, Control), 38 (CHL38), 76 (CHL76), 114 (CHL114), and 152 (CHL152) mg/kg C. vulgaris for 60 days, and their serum and intestinal samples were analyzed. The results showed that the albumin (ALB) and total protein (TP) contents were observably enhanced in the CHL76 group compared with the Control group. The intestinal glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) contents were enhanced significantly in the CHL76 group, while the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) was enhanced in the CHL38 group, compared with the Control group. However, supplementation of >76 g/kg C. vulgaris significantly inhibited the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the intestines of M. salmoides. Moreover, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was observably dropped in the CHL-supplemented groups compared with the Control group. Transcriptome analysis of the CHL76 and Control groups displayed a total of 1384 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). KEGG analysis revealed that these DEGs were enriched in apoptosis, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, tight junction (TJ), and phagosome signaling pathways, which were associated with improved intestinal immunity in the CHL76 group. Additionally, the DEGs enriched in the above pathways were also correlated with the antioxidant parameters, such as catalase (CAT), GSH, GSH-Px, SOD, T-AOC, and MDA. Therefore, our study found that dietary supplementation of C. vulgaris effectively enhanced the intestinal antioxidant capacity of M. salmoides by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity and decreasing MDA content. Additionally, dietary supplementation of C. vulgaris improved the intestinal immune status of M. salmoides by reducing proapoptotic and proinflammatory factors, increasing intestinal TJs- and phagosome-related genes expressions, and increasing the serum ALB and TP contents. Lastly, quadratic regression analysis of the serum biochemical indices (ALB and TP) and intestinal antioxidant parameters (GSH-Px and GSH) revealed that the optimal supplemental level of C. vulgaris in the M. salmoides diet was 58.25-77.7 g/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Yu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (H.Y.); (X.G.); (C.X.)
| | - Xianping Ge
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (H.Y.); (X.G.); (C.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China;
| | - Dongyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China;
| | - Chunyu Xue
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (H.Y.); (X.G.); (C.X.)
| | - Mingchun Ren
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (H.Y.); (X.G.); (C.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China;
| | - Hualiang Liang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (H.Y.); (X.G.); (C.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China;
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4
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Janssens J, Vanuytsel T. Non-esophageal eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases: a narrative review. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2023; 86:449-459. [PMID: 37814561 DOI: 10.51821/86.3.11869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders are a group of rare diseases characterized by the infiltration of eosinophils in the gastrointestinal wall in a greater amount than in homeostatic conditions. 'Non-esophageal eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders' is the umbrella term for all eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders outside of the well known eosinophilic esophagitis. This includes eosinophilic gastritis, eosinophilic enteritis and eosinophilic colitis. The clinical presentation is atypical and not very different for the three disorders. The depth of infiltration has a bigger influence on the presenting symptoms than the disease location. Although the frequency of diagnosis and research in this subject is increasing over time, non-esophageal eosinophilic disorders are rare and high quality evidence is limited to date. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of the latest insights in the pathophysiology, diagnostic approach and available treatment options. Transcriptome studies have found the pathogenesis to be T helper type 2 driven. Various laboratory findings can be used to trigger raised suspicion and investigation with endoscopy. As the endoscopic appearance of the mucosa is normal in most cases, multiple biopsies in each segment are needed to quantify the amount of eosinophils in the tissue. Eosinophilic cut-offs for diagnosis are a controversial topic and a consensus is still lacking. A recently developed tissue based diagnostic platform which measures differentially expressed genes might be available in the future to classify patients with intermediate eosinophilic tissue levels under the cut-off. For the treatment, corticosteroids are still the cornerstone of treatment but promising research suggests a role of biologicals, such as Lirentelimab (anti-siglec 8) in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Janssens
- Faculty of Medicine, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - T Vanuytsel
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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5
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de Lima Fragelli BD, Fattori ACM, de Almeida Montija E, de Almeida Rodolpho JM, de Castro CA, de Godoy KF, Nogueira CT, Rodrigues V, Soares EG, Romanello L, Torini JR, Pereira HD, de Freitas Anibal F. HGPRT and PNP: Recombinant Enzymes from Schistosoma mansoni and Their Role in Immunotherapy during Experimental Murine Schistosomiasis. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040527. [PMID: 37111413 PMCID: PMC10144537 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection caused by trematode worms (also called blood flukes) of the genus Schistosoma sp., which affects over 230 million people worldwide, causing 200,000 deaths annually. There is no vaccine or new drugs available, which represents a worrying aspect, since there is loss of sensitivity of the parasite to the medication recommended by the World Health Organization, Praziquantel. The present study evaluated the effects of the recombinant enzymes of S. mansoni Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase (PNP) and the MIX of both enzymes in the immunotherapy of schistosomiasis in murine model. These enzymes are part of the purine salvage pathway, the only metabolic pathway present in the parasite for this purpose, being essential for the synthesis of DNA and RNA. Female mice of Swiss and BALB/c strains were infected with cercariae and treated, intraperitoneally, with three doses of 100 µg of enzymes. After the immunotherapy, the eggs and adult worms were counted in the feces; the number of eosinophils from the fluid in the peritoneal cavity and peripheral blood was observed; and the quantification of the cytokine IL-4 and the production of antibodies IgE was analyzed. The evaluation of the number of granulomas and collagen deposition via histological slides of the liver was performed. The results demonstrate that immunotherapy with the enzyme HGPRT seems to stimulate the production of IL-4 and promoted a significant reduction of granulomas in the liver in treated animals. The treatment with the enzyme PNP and the MIX was able to reduce the number of worms in the liver and in the mesenteric vessels of the intestine, to reduce the number of eggs in the feces and to negatively modulate the number of eosinophils. Therefore, immunotherapy with the recombinant enzymes of S. mansoni HGPRT and PNP might contribute to the control and reduction of the pathophysiological aspects of schistosomiasis, helping to decrease the morbidity associated with the infection in murine model.
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Dieckmann R, Pullerits R, Bylund J, Karlsson-Bengtsson A, Herlitz H, Wennerås C, Thulin P. Antieosinophil Antibodies Alone or in Combination with Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA) Detected in Different Autoimmune Conditions. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:5980287. [PMID: 37153639 PMCID: PMC10156452 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5980287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating antieosinophil antibodies (AEOSA) have been associated with various autoimmune conditions affecting the liver, kidneys, lungs, and joints but are not part of routine clinical diagnostics. While analyzing human sera for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) on granulocytes, 0.8% of analyzed samples were found to be reactive with eosinophils. Our aim was to determine the diagnostic relevance and antigenic specificity of AEOSA. AEOSA were seen either in combination with an myeloperoxidase (MPO)-positive p-ANCA (44%; AEOSA+/ANCA+) or on their own (56%; AEOSA+/ANCA-). AEOSA/ANCA positivity was seen in patients with thyroid disease (44%) or vasculitis (31%), while AEOSA+/ANCA- pattern was more common in patients with autoimmune disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and/or liver. Eosinophil peroxidase (EPX) was the main target recognized in 66% of the AEOSA+ sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) were also identified as target antigens but less frequently and only in combination with EPX. In conclusion, we confirmed that EPX is a major target of AEOSA, illustrating the high antigenic potential of EPX. Our results also demonstrate the presence of concomitant AEOSA/ANCA positivity in a defined patient group. Further research should aim to elucidate the association of AEOSA with autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régis Dieckmann
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rille Pullerits
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Bylund
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Karlsson-Bengtsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hans Herlitz
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christine Wennerås
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiolog, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pontus Thulin
- Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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7
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Xu L, Tian D, Zhou M, Ma J, Sun G, Jin H, Li M, Zhang D, Wu J. OX40 Expression in Eosinophils Aggravates OVA-Induced Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:841141. [PMID: 35720294 PMCID: PMC9201343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.841141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Eosinophils are the main inflammatory effector cells that damage gastrointestinal tissue in eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases (EGIDs). Activation of the OX40 pathway aggravates allergic diseases, such as asthma, but it is not clear whether OX40 is expressed in eosinophils to regulate inflammation in EGIDs. In this study, we assessed the expression and effect of OX40 on eosinophils in WT and Ox40-/- eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) mice. Methods Eosinophil infiltration, ovalbumin (OVA)-specific Ig production, OX40 expression and inflammatory factor levels in the intestine and bone marrow (BM) were investigated to evaluate inflammation. Results We confirmed that OVA-challenged mice produced high levels of Ox40, Mbp, Ccl11, Il5, Il4, Il13, and Il6 mRNA and a low level of Ifng mRNA in the intestine. Increased eosinophils were observed in intestinal and lymph tissues, accompanied by significantly upregulated OX40 and Type 2 cytokine production in eosinophils of EGE mice. Ox40 deficiency ameliorated OVA-induced inflammation, eosinophil infiltration, and cytokine production in the intestine. Consistently, Ox40-/ - eosinophils exhibited decreased proliferation and proinflammatory function. The stimulation of the agonistic anti-OX40 antibody, OX86, promoted the effect of OX40 on eosinophils. The present study also showed that Ox40 deficiency dampened the Traf2/6-related NF-κB signaling pathway in eosinophils. Conclusions OX40 may play a critical role in the progress of OVA-induced EGE by promoting the maturation and function of eosinophils via the Traf2/6-related NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longwei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Minsi Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuyue Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyong Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
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8
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Eosinophilia in Migrant Children: How Should We Proceed? Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:102-107. [PMID: 34890375 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnostic approach to eosinophilia is complex, given the numerous reported etiologies. Intestinal parasites (especially helminths) are a concern in children from high-burden settings. We describe the diagnostic approach and clinical management of eosinophilia in a cohort of migrant children. METHODS We conducted a retrospective observational study that included children diagnosed with eosinophilia at a reference center for pediatric tropical diseases from 2014 to 2018. All patients were screened according to a unified protocol, including direct microbiologic and serologic tests. RESULTS A total of 163 children presented with eosinophilia during the study period [median age, 7.7 years (4.1-12.2); 57.1% boys], mostly from Asia (27.6%) and South America (22.1%). Most were internationally adopted children (43.6%) or migrants (26.4%). Only 34.4% of the children were symptomatic, and the main etiology for eosinophilia was helminths (56.4%). After a sequential diagnostic approach, no etiology was found for 40.5% of the patients. The independent risk factors for an unexplained etiology were younger age (≤2 years: odds ratio, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.3-10.2; P = 0.015), absence of symptoms (odds ratio, 4.8; 95% CI, 1.8-12.5; P = 0.001) and mild eosinophilia (<1000/µL: odds ratio, 4.2; 95% CI, 4.5-11.7; P = 0.005). Only 6 children were treated empirically. In those children with an identified cause and in those treated empirically, the eosinophilia resolved in 52% in a median of 7 months (5-9). CONCLUSIONS Helminths are the main cause of eosinophilia in migrant children and need to be hunted, especially in older children with eosinophil counts >1000 eosinophils/µL.
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9
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Sek AC, Percopo CM, Boddapati AK, Ma M, Geslewitz WE, Krumholz JO, Lack JB, Rosenberg HF. Differential expression of Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2 (Trem2) in tissue eosinophils. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:679-691. [PMID: 33404075 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0920-620r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
No longer regarded simply as end-stage cytotoxic effectors, eosinophils are now recognized as complex cells with unique phenotypes that develop in response stimuli in the local microenvironment. In our previous study, we documented eosinophil infiltration in damaged muscle characteristic of dystrophin-deficient (mdx) mice that model Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Specifically, we found that eosinophils did not promote the generation of muscle lesions, as these persisted in eosinophil-deficient mdx.PHIL mice. To obtain additional insight into these findings, we performed RNA sequencing of eosinophils isolated from muscle tissue of mdx, IL5tg, and mdx.IL5tg mice. We observed profound up-regulation of classical effector proteins (major basic protein-1, eosinophil peroxidase, and eosinophil-associated ribonucleases) in eosinophils isolated from lesion-free muscle from IL5tg mice. By contrast, we observed significant up-regulation of tissue remodeling genes, including proteases, extracellular matrix components, collagen, and skeletal muscle precursors, as well as the immunomodulatory receptor, Trem2, in eosinophils isolated from skeletal muscle tissue from the dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. Although the anti-inflammatory properties of Trem2 have been described in the monocyte/macrophage lineage, no previous studies have documented its expression in eosinophils. We found that Trem2 was critical for full growth and differentiation of bone marrow-derived eosinophil cultures and full expression of TLR4. Immunoreactive Trem2 was also detected on human peripheral blood eosinophils at levels that correlated with donor body mass index and total leukocyte count. Taken together, our findings provide important insight into the immunomodulatory and remodeling capacity of mouse eosinophils and the flexibility of their gene expression profiles in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert C Sek
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Research Technologies Development Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Merck Research Laboratories, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Caroline M Percopo
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Research Technologies Development Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Twinbrook III, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, 20851, USA
| | - Arun K Boddapati
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, 21701, USA
- Yerkes Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Michelle Ma
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Research Technologies Development Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Wendy E Geslewitz
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Research Technologies Development Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Driskill Graduate Program in the Life Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
| | - Julia O Krumholz
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Research Technologies Development Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| | - Justin B Lack
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, 21701, USA
| | - Helene F Rosenberg
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Research Technologies Development Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
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10
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Kim YH, Jang H, Kim SY, Jung JH, Kim GE, Park MR, Hong JY, Kim MN, Kim EG, Kim MJ, Kim KW, Sohn MH. Gram-negative microbiota is related to acute exacerbation in children with asthma. Clin Transl Allergy 2021; 11:e12069. [PMID: 34667591 PMCID: PMC8507365 DOI: 10.1002/clt2.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The upper-airway microbiota may be associated with the pathogenesis of asthma and useful for predicting acute exacerbation. However, the relationship between the lower-airway microbiota and acute exacerbation in children with asthma is not well understood. We evaluated the characteristics of the airway microbiome using induced sputum from children with asthma exacerbation and compared the microbiota-related differences of inflammatory cytokines with those in children with asthma. METHODS We analysed the microbiome using induced sputum during acute exacerbation of asthma in children. We identified microbial candidates that were prominent in children with asthma exacerbation and compared them with those in children with stable asthma using various analytical methods. The microbial candidates were analysed to determine their association with inflammatory cytokines. We also developed a predictive functional profile using PICRUSt. RESULTS A total of 95 children with allergic sensitisation including 22 with asthma exacerbation, 67 with stable asthma, and 6 controls were evaluated. We selected 26 microbial candidates whose abundances were significantly increased, decreased, or correlated during acute exacerbation in children with asthma. Among the microbial candidates, Campylobacter, Capnocytophaga, Haemophilus, and Porphyromonas were associated with inflammatory cytokines including macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β, programmed death-ligand 1, and granzyme B. Both Campylobacter and MIP-1β levels were correlated with sputum eosinophils. Increased lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and decreased glycan degradation were observed in children with asthma exacerbation. CONCLUSION Gram-negative microbes in the lower airway were related to acute exacerbation in children with asthma. These microbes and associated cytokines may play a role in exacerbating asthma in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Hee Kim
- Department of PediatricsGangnam Severance HospitalSeoulKorea
- Institute of AllergySeverance Biomedical Science InstituteBrain Korea 21 Project for Medical ScienceYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Haerin Jang
- Institute of AllergySeverance Biomedical Science InstituteBrain Korea 21 Project for Medical ScienceYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Department of PediatricsSeverance HospitalSeoulKorea
| | - Soo Yeon Kim
- Institute of AllergySeverance Biomedical Science InstituteBrain Korea 21 Project for Medical ScienceYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Department of PediatricsSeverance HospitalSeoulKorea
| | - Jae Hwa Jung
- Institute of AllergySeverance Biomedical Science InstituteBrain Korea 21 Project for Medical ScienceYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Department of PediatricsSeverance HospitalSeoulKorea
| | - Ga Eun Kim
- Institute of AllergySeverance Biomedical Science InstituteBrain Korea 21 Project for Medical ScienceYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Department of PediatricsSeverance HospitalSeoulKorea
| | - Mi Reu Park
- Institute of AllergySeverance Biomedical Science InstituteBrain Korea 21 Project for Medical ScienceYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Department of PediatricsSeverance HospitalSeoulKorea
| | - Jung Yeon Hong
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease ResearchDepartment for Chronic Disease Convergence ResearchKorea National Institute of HealthCheongjuKorea
| | - Mi Na Kim
- Institute of AllergySeverance Biomedical Science InstituteBrain Korea 21 Project for Medical ScienceYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Department of PediatricsSeverance HospitalSeoulKorea
| | - Eun Gyul Kim
- Institute of AllergySeverance Biomedical Science InstituteBrain Korea 21 Project for Medical ScienceYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Department of PediatricsSeverance HospitalSeoulKorea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Institute of AllergySeverance Biomedical Science InstituteBrain Korea 21 Project for Medical ScienceYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Department of PediatricsYongin Severance HospitalYonginKorea
| | - Kyung Won Kim
- Institute of AllergySeverance Biomedical Science InstituteBrain Korea 21 Project for Medical ScienceYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Department of PediatricsSeverance HospitalSeoulKorea
| | - Myung Hyun Sohn
- Institute of AllergySeverance Biomedical Science InstituteBrain Korea 21 Project for Medical ScienceYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Department of PediatricsSeverance HospitalSeoulKorea
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11
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Ondari E, Calvino-Sanles E, First NJ, Gestal MC. Eosinophils and Bacteria, the Beginning of a Story. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8004. [PMID: 34360770 PMCID: PMC8347986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are granulocytes primarily associated with TH2 responses to parasites or immune hyper-reactive states, such as asthma, allergies, or eosinophilic esophagitis. However, it does not make sense from an evolutionary standpoint to maintain a cell type that is only specific for parasitic infections and that otherwise is somehow harmful to the host. In recent years, there has been a shift in the perception of these cells. Eosinophils have recently been recognized as regulators of immune homeostasis and suppressors of over-reactive pro-inflammatory responses by secreting specific molecules that dampen the immune response. Their role during parasitic infections has been well investigated, and their versatility during immune responses to helminths includes antigen presentation as well as modulation of T cell responses. Although it is known that eosinophils can present antigens during viral infections, there are still many mechanistic aspects of the involvement of eosinophils during viral infections that remain to be elucidated. However, are eosinophils able to respond to bacterial infections? Recent literature indicates that Helicobacter pylori triggers TH2 responses mediated by eosinophils; this promotes anti-inflammatory responses that might be involved in the long-term persistent infection caused by this pathogen. Apparently and on the contrary, in the respiratory tract, eosinophils promote TH17 pro-inflammatory responses during Bordetella bronchiseptica infection, and they are, in fact, critical for early clearance of bacteria from the respiratory tract. However, eosinophils are also intertwined with microbiota, and up to now, it is not clear if microbiota regulates eosinophils or vice versa, or how this connection influences immune responses. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge of eosinophils as regulators of pro and anti-inflammatory responses in the context of both infection and naïve conditions. We propose questions and future directions that might open novel research avenues in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Monica C. Gestal
- LSU Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University (LSU), Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (E.O.); (E.C.-S.); (N.J.F.)
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12
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The Host Cellular Immune Response to Infection by Campylobacter Spp. and Its Role in Disease. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0011621. [PMID: 34031129 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00116-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are the leading cause of bacterium-derived gastroenteritis worldwide, impacting 96 million individuals annually. Unlike other bacterial pathogens of the gastrointestinal tract, Campylobacter spp. lack many of the classical virulence factors that are often associated with the ability to induce disease in humans, including an array of canonical secretion systems and toxins. Consequently, the clinical manifestations of human campylobacteriosis and its resulting gastrointestinal pathology are believed to be primarily due to the host immune response toward the bacterium. Further, while gastrointestinal infection is usually self-limiting, numerous postinfectious disorders can occur, including the development of Guillain-Barré syndrome, reactive arthritis, and irritable bowel syndrome. Because gastrointestinal disease likely results from the host immune response, the development of these postinfectious disorders may be due to dysregulation or misdirection of the same inflammatory response. As a result, it is becoming increasingly important to the Campylobacter field, and human health, that the cellular immune responses toward Campylobacter be better understood, including which immunological events are critical to the development of disease and the postinfectious disorders mentioned above. In this review, we collectively cover the cellular immune responses across susceptible hosts to Campylobacter jejuni infection, along with the tissue pathology and postinfectious disorders which may develop.
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13
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Wang Z, Locantore N, Haldar K, Ramsheh MY, Beech AS, Ma W, Brown JR, Tal-Singer R, Barer MR, Bafadhel M, Donaldson GC, Wedzicha JA, Singh D, Wilkinson TMA, Miller BE, Brightling CE. Inflammatory Endotype-associated Airway Microbiome in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Clinical Stability and Exacerbations: A Multicohort Longitudinal Analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 203:1488-1502. [PMID: 33332995 PMCID: PMC8483235 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202009-3448oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Understanding the role of the airway microbiome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) inflammatory endotypes may help to develop microbiome-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Objectives: To understand the association of the airway microbiome with neutrophilic and eosinophilic COPD at stability and during exacerbations. Methods: An integrative analysis was performed on 1,706 sputum samples collected longitudinally from 510 patients with COPD recruited at four UK sites of the BEAT-COPD (Biomarkers to Target Antibiotic and Systemic COPD), COPDMAP (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Medical Research Council/Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry), and AERIS (Acute Exacerbation and Respiratory Infections in COPD) cohorts. The microbiome was analyzed using COPDMAP and AERIS as a discovery data set and BEAT-COPD as a validation data set. Measurements and Main Results: The airway microbiome in neutrophilic COPD was heterogeneous, with two primary community types differentiated by the predominance of Haemophilus. The Haemophilus-predominant subgroup had elevated sputum IL-1β and TNFα (tumor necrosis factor α) and was relatively stable over time. The other neutrophilic subgroup with a balanced microbiome profile had elevated sputum and serum IL-17A and was temporally dynamic. Patients in this state at stability were susceptible to the greatest microbiome shifts during exacerbations. This subgroup can temporally switch to both neutrophilic Haemophilus-predominant and eosinophilic states that were otherwise mutually exclusive. Time-series analysis on the microbiome showed that the temporal trajectories of Campylobacter and Granulicatella were indicative of intrapatient switches from neutrophilic to eosinophilic inflammation, in track with patient sputum eosinophilia over time. Network analysis revealed distinct host-microbiome interaction patterns among neutrophilic Haemophilus-predominant, neutrophilic balanced microbiome, and eosinophilic subgroups. Conclusions: The airway microbiome can stratify neutrophilic COPD into subgroups that justify different therapies. Neutrophilic and eosinophilic COPD are interchangeable in some patients. Monitoring temporal variability of the airway microbiome may track patient inflammatory status over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Wang
- Institute of Ecological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Koirobi Haldar
- Human Genetics, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Augusta S. Beech
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, Institute for Lung Health, Leicester National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Ma
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - James R. Brown
- Institute of Statistics and Big Data, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ruth Tal-Singer
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Foundation, Research Department, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Michael R. Barer
- Human Genetics, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania
| | - Mona Bafadhel
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin C. Donaldson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jadwiga A. Wedzicha
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Dave Singh
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, Institute for Lung Health, Leicester National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Tom M. A. Wilkinson
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
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14
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Ocansey DKW, Pei B, Xu X, Zhang L, Olovo CV, Mao F. Cellular and molecular mediators of lymphangiogenesis in inflammatory bowel disease. J Transl Med 2021; 19:254. [PMID: 34112196 PMCID: PMC8190852 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02922-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies reporting the intricate crosstalk between cellular and molecular mediators and the lymphatic endothelium in the development of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) suggest altered inflammatory cell drainage and lymphatic vasculature, implicating the lymphatic system as a player in the occurrence, development, and recurrence of intestinal diseases. This article aims to review recent data on the modulatory functions of cellular and molecular components of the IBD microenvironment on the lymphatic system, particularly lymphangiogenesis. It serves as a promising therapeutic target for IBD management and treatment. The interaction with gut microbiota is also explored. Main text Evidence shows that cells of the innate and adaptive immune system and certain non-immune cells participate in the complex processes of inflammatory-induced lymphangiogenesis through the secretion of a wide spectrum of molecular factors, which vary greatly among the various cells. Lymphangiogenesis enhances lymphatic fluid drainage, hence reduced infiltration of immunomodulatory cells and associated-inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, some of the cellular mediators, including mast cells, neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), are a source of lymphangiogenic molecules, and a target as they express specific receptors for lymphangiogenic factors. Conclusion The effective target of lymphangiogenesis is expected to provide novel therapeutic interventions for intestinal inflammatory conditions, including IBD, through both immune and non-immune cells and based on cellular and molecular mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis that facilitate inflammation resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dickson Kofi Wiredu Ocansey
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Directorate of University Health Services, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Bing Pei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Suqian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian, 223800, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chinasa Valerie Olovo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Fei Mao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Nucera F, Lo Bello F, Shen SS, Ruggeri P, Coppolino I, Di Stefano A, Stellato C, Casolaro V, Hansbro PM, Adcock IM, Caramori G. Role of Atypical Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors Pathways in the Pathogenesis of COPD. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2577-2653. [PMID: 32819230 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327999200819145327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents a heightened inflammatory response in the lung generally resulting from tobacco smoking-induced recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells and/or activation of lower airway structural cells. Several mediators can modulate activation and recruitment of these cells, particularly those belonging to the chemokines (conventional and atypical) family. There is emerging evidence for complex roles of atypical chemokines and their receptors (such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), antimicrobial peptides, receptor for advanced glycosylation end products (RAGE) or toll-like receptors (TLRs)) in the pathogenesis of COPD, both in the stable disease and during exacerbations. Modulators of these pathways represent potential novel therapies for COPD and many are now in preclinical development. Inhibition of only a single atypical chemokine or receptor may not block inflammatory processes because there is redundancy in this network. However, there are many animal studies that encourage studies for modulating the atypical chemokine network in COPD. Thus, few pharmaceutical companies maintain a significant interest in developing agents that target these molecules as potential antiinflammatory drugs. Antibody-based (biological) and small molecule drug (SMD)-based therapies targeting atypical chemokines and/or their receptors are mostly at the preclinical stage and their progression to clinical trials is eagerly awaited. These agents will most likely enhance our knowledge about the role of atypical chemokines in COPD pathophysiology and thereby improve COPD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nucera
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Pugliatti Square 1, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Lo Bello
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Pugliatti Square 1, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Sj S Shen
- Faculty of Science, Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, University of Technology, Ultimo, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paolo Ruggeri
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Pugliatti Square 1, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Coppolino
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Pugliatti Square 1, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Di Stefano
- Division of Pneumology, Cyto- Immunopathology Laboratory of the Cardio-Respiratory System, Clinical Scientific Institutes Maugeri IRCCS, Veruno, Italy
| | - Cristiana Stellato
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Salerno Medical School, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Casolaro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Salerno Medical School, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Phil M Hansbro
- Faculty of Science, Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, University of Technology, Ultimo, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Pugliatti Square 1, 98122 Messina, Italy
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16
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Wang X, Tsai T, Wei X, Zuo B, Davis E, Rehberger T, Hernandez S, Jochems EJ, Maxwell CV, Zhao J. Effect of Lactylate and Bacillus subtilis on Growth Performance, Peripheral Blood Cell Profile, and Gut Microbiota of Nursery Pigs. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040803. [PMID: 33920300 PMCID: PMC8070655 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of lactylate and Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, complete blood cell count, and microbial changes, 264 weaning pigs were assigned to four treatments (1) control (Con) basal diets that met the nutrient requirement for each phase, (2) 0.2% lactylate (LA), (3) 0.05% Bacillus subtilis strains mixtures (BM), or (4) the combination of LA and BM (LA+BM) added to the control basal diet at their respective inclusion rates in each of the three phases. Dietary lactylate tended to increase weight gain, significantly increased feed intake, and reduced fecal total E. coli and enterotoxigenic E. coli counts during Phase 1. Pigs fed Bacillus subtilis had a greater gain to feed ratio (G:F) during Phases 1 and 2. Pigs fed lactylate had an increased peripheral absolute neutrophil count on D14 but a decreased eosinophil percentage. Pigs fed Bacillus subtilis had an elevated peripheral total white blood cell count at study completion. The addition of lactylate increased microbiota richness, reduced E. coli, and increased Prevotella, Christensenellaceae, and Succinivibrio. Bacillus subtilis supplementation-enriched f_Ruminococcaceae_unclassified and S24-7_ unclassified had positive relationships with feed efficiency. Collectively, these findings suggested that lactylate can be added to diets to balance gut microbiota and improve growth performance during the early postweaning period. The combination of lactylate and Bacillus subtilis strains exerted a synergic effect on the growth performance of nursery pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (X.W.); (T.T.); (X.W.); (B.Z.); (C.V.M.)
| | - Tsungcheng Tsai
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (X.W.); (T.T.); (X.W.); (B.Z.); (C.V.M.)
| | - Xiaoyuan Wei
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (X.W.); (T.T.); (X.W.); (B.Z.); (C.V.M.)
| | - Bin Zuo
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (X.W.); (T.T.); (X.W.); (B.Z.); (C.V.M.)
| | - Ellen Davis
- Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Church & Dwight, Inc., Waukesha, WI 53186, USA; (E.D.); (T.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Tom Rehberger
- Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Church & Dwight, Inc., Waukesha, WI 53186, USA; (E.D.); (T.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Samantha Hernandez
- Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Church & Dwight, Inc., Waukesha, WI 53186, USA; (E.D.); (T.R.); (S.H.)
| | | | - Charles V. Maxwell
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (X.W.); (T.T.); (X.W.); (B.Z.); (C.V.M.)
| | - Jiangchao Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (X.W.); (T.T.); (X.W.); (B.Z.); (C.V.M.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Sun Y, Pan D, Kang K, Sun MJ, Li YL, Sang LX, Chang B. Eosinophilic pancreatitis: a review of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2021; 9:115-124. [PMID: 34026218 PMCID: PMC8128011 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goaa087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic pancreatitis (EP) is an extremely rare disease caused by purely eosinophilic infiltration of the pancreas. EP is prone to being misdiagnosed as pancreatic cancer, causing unnecessary economic and physical harm to the patient. We report three cases of EP that were cured by steroids without relapse from 2017 to now. The clinical data of the three patients, including clinical manifestations, serological manifestations, imaging (ultrasound, computed tomography, and MRI), pathological diagnosis and treatment, and telephone follow-up of all patients, were retrospectively analysed. In addition, a literature search was conducted on the Web of Science and PubMed databases using key terms related to EP, considering case reports with no restrictions on the date of publication or language. In conclusion, we analysed 19 cases and determined the diagnostic criteria for EP. The diagnostic algorithm for EP can be used to diagnose EP easily. We hope that our standards and algorithm can reduce the rate of misdiagnosis and contribute to clinical diagnosis and treatment. In addition, we expect to evaluate more EP cases to test our diagnostic criteria and design a systematic diagnostic flow chart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Dan Pan
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Kai Kang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Jun Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Ling Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Li-Xuan Sang
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Bing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
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18
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Skeletal muscle fibers play a functional role in host defense during sepsis in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7316. [PMID: 33795743 PMCID: PMC8016959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86585-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles secrete a wide variety of immunologically active cytokines, but the functional significance of this response to in vivo innate immunity is not understood. We addressed this by knocking out the toll receptor adapter protein, Myd88, only in skeletal muscle fibers (skmMyd88KO), and followed male and female mice at 6 and 12 h after peritoneal injection of cecal slurry (CS), a model of polymicrobial sepsis. Because of a previously identified increase in mortality to CS injection, males received ~ 30% lower dose. At 12 h, skmMyd88KO caused significant reductions in a wide variety of pro- and anti-inflammatory plasma cytokines, e.g. TNFα, IL-1β and IL-10, compared to strain-matched controls in both males and females. Similar reductions were observed at 6 h in females. SkmMyd88KO led to ~ 40–50% elevations in peritoneal neutrophils at 6 and 12 h post CS in females. At 12 h post CS, skmMyd88KO increased peritoneal monocytes/macrophages and decreased %eosinophils and %basophils in females. SkmMyd88KO also led to significantly higher rates of mortality in female mice but not in males. In conclusion, the results suggest that skeletal muscle Myd88-dependent signal transduction can play functionally important role in normal whole body, innate immune inflammatory responses to peritoneal sepsis.
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19
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Wheeler N, Steel HC, Setlai BDP, Meintjes F, Mokoena T. Human immunodeficiency virus infection is associated with a differential increase in cytokine response and increased risk of perforation in acute appendicitis. Br J Surg 2021; 108:463-468. [PMID: 33787850 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znaa170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection causes increased perforation rate in acute appendicitis and alters cytokine profile resulting in increased pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum but decreased in peritoneal fluid. It is also accompanied by increased anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wheeler
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - H C Steel
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - B D P Setlai
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - F Meintjes
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - T Mokoena
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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NLRP6-associated host microbiota composition impacts in the intestinal barrier to systemic dissemination of Brucella abortus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009171. [PMID: 33617596 PMCID: PMC7932538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella abortus is a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for a worldwide zoonotic infection—Brucellosis, which has been associated with high morbidity rate in humans and severe economic losses in infected livestock. The natural route of infection is through oral and nasal mucosa but the invasion process through host gut mucosa is yet to be understood. Studies have examined the role of NLRP6 (NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing-6 protein) in gut homeostasis and defense against pathogens. Here, we investigated the impact of gut microbiota and NLRP6 in a murine model of Ba oral infection. Nlrp6-/- and wild-type (WT) mice were infected by oral gavage with Ba and tissues samples were collected at different time points. Our results suggest that Ba oral infection leads to significant alterations in gut microbiota. Moreover, Nlrp6-/- mice were more resistant to infection, with decreased CFU in the liver and reduction in gut permeability when compared to the control group. Fecal microbiota transplantation from WT and Nlrp6-/- into germ-free mice reflected the gut permeability phenotype from the donors. Additionally, depletion of gut microbiota by broad-spectrum-antibiotic treatment prevented Ba replication in WT while favoring bacterial growth in Nlrp6-/-. Finally, we observed higher eosinophils in the gut and leukocytes in the blood of infected Nlrp6-/- compared to WT-infected mice, which might be associated to the Nlrp6-/- resistance phenotype. Altogether, these results indicated that gut microbiota composition is the major factor involved in the initial stages of pathogen host replication and partially also by the resistance phenotype observed in Nlrp6 -/- mice regulating host inflammation against Ba infection. Brucella abortus (Ba) is an intracellular bacterium that causes zoonotic and clinical problems worldwide. Although the common route of infection is through oral and nasal, the mechanisms toward the gastrointestinal mucosa response is still unexplored. It is well known that microbiota promotes and maintains host intestinal homeostasis during bacterial infections. However, mechanisms by which the gut microbiota affects the Ba infection have not yet been demonstrated. Here, we provide significant insights into the relationship between gut microbiota and B. abortus oral infection and demonstrate the gut microbiota contribution to the gut permeability and dissemination of Ba. Furthermore, we investigated the participation of the gut microbiota from Nlrp6 deficient mice, on the gut permeability and Ba infection. Substantial experiments performed, mostly in vivo, showed that gut microbiota alterations promote gut barrier disruption, as indicated by increased gut permeability after Ba oral infection. Thus, our work highlights the role of gut mucosal environment through gut microbiota and Nlrp6 molecule involved in host innate immune responses to Ba infection.
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Disrupting Bordetella Immunosuppression Reveals a Role for Eosinophils in Coordinating the Adaptive Immune Response in the Respiratory Tract. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111808. [PMID: 33212993 PMCID: PMC7698589 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings revealed pivotal roles for eosinophils in protection against parasitic and viral infections, as well as modulation of adaptive immune responses in the gastric mucosa. However, the known effects of eosinophils within the respiratory tract remain predominantly pathological, associated with allergy and asthma. Simulating natural respiratory infections in mice, we examined how efficient and well-adapted pathogens can block eosinophil functions that contribute to the immune response. Bordetella bronchiseptica, a natural pathogen of the mouse, uses the sigma factor btrS to regulate expression of mechanisms that interfere with eosinophil recruitment and function. When btrS is disrupted, immunomodulators are dysregulated, and eosinophils are recruited to the lungs, suggesting they may contribute to much more efficient generation of adaptive immunity induced by this mutant. Eosinophil-deficient mice failed to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, to recruit lymphocytes, to organize lymphoid aggregates that resemble Bronchus Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT), to generate an effective antibody response, and to clear bacterial infection from the respiratory tract. Importantly, the failure of eosinophil-deficient mice to produce these lymphoid aggregates indicates that eosinophils can mediate the generation of an effective lymphoid response in the lungs. These data demonstrate that efficient respiratory pathogens can block eosinophil recruitment, to inhibit the generation of robust adaptive immune responses. They also suggest that some post-infection sequelae involving eosinophils, such as allergy and asthma, might be a consequence of bacterial mechanisms that manipulate their accumulation and/or function within the respiratory tract.
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22
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Cagnazzo TDO, Nogueira CT, de Castro CA, Neris DM, Fattori ACM, Correia RDO, Albuquerque YR, Fragelli BDDL, Mendes TMF, Allegretti SM, Soares EG, Romanello L, Torini JR, Pereira HD, Anibal FDF. Investigating Immunization With Nucleotide Enzymes of Schistosoma mansoni: Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase and Adenylosuccinate Lyase as New Antigenic Targets Against Schistosomiasis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:569988. [PMID: 33072110 PMCID: PMC7538676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.569988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, caused by Schistosoma mansoni trematode worm, affects more than 1.5 million people in Brazil. The current treatment consists in the administration of Praziquantel, the only medicine used for treatment for more than 40 years. Some of the limitations of this drug consist in its inactivity against schistosomula and parasite eggs, the appearance of resistant strains and non-prevention against reinfection. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of immunization with recombinant functional enzymes of the purine salvage pathway of S. mansoni, Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase (NDPK) and Adenylosuccinate Lyase (ADSL), to evaluate the host immune response, as well as the parasite load after vaccination. For this, Balb/c mice were divided into 5 groups: control (uninfected and untreated), non-immunized/infected, NDPK infected, ADSL infected, and NDPK + ADSL infected. Immunized groups received three enzyme dosages, with a 15-day interval between each dose, and after 15 days of the last application the animals were infected with 80 cercariae of S. mansoni. On the 47th day after the infection, fecal eggs were counted and, on the 48th day after the infection, the evaluation of leukocyte response, parasite load, antibody production, cytokines quantification, and histopathological analysis were performed. The results showed that immunizations with NDPK, ADSL or NDPK + ADSL promoted a discreet reduction in eosinophil counts in lavage of peritoneal cavity. All immunized animals showed increased production and secretion of IgG1, IgG2a, and IgE antibodies. Increased production of IL-4 was observed in the group immunized with the combination of both enzymes (NDPK + ADSL). In addition, in all immunized groups there were reductions in egg counts in the liver and intestine, such as reductions in liver granulomas. Thus, we suggest that immunizations with these enzymes could contribute to the reduction of schistosomiasis transmission, besides being important in immunopathogenesis control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Túlio di Orlando Cagnazzo
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Camila Tita Nogueira
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Aparecida de Castro
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Débora Meira Neris
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Maragno Fattori
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Oliveira Correia
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Yulli Roxenne Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Bruna Dias de Lima Fragelli
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - Silmara Marques Allegretti
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Edson Garcia Soares
- Laboratório de Citopatologia, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Larissa Romanello
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Juliana Roberta Torini
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Humberto D'Muniz Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Freitas Anibal
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil
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23
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Yang H, Wu K, Zhang H, Owyang Q, Miao Y, Gu F, Hu N, Zou K, Sheng J, Li J, Zheng P, Liu Y, Li J, Wang X, Wu Y, Yuan Y, Chen C, Pang Y, Cui M, Qian J. IgA, albumin, and eosinopenia as early indicators of cytomegalovirus infection in patients with acute ulcerative colitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20:294. [PMID: 32891125 PMCID: PMC7487863 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection can significantly complicate and worsen the condition of acute severe ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. We aimed to explore the predictive risk factors to prevent and identify CMV infection at an early stage in acute UC patients. METHODS A total of 115 moderate-to-severe active UC patients from 17 hospitals throughout China were enrolled. Active CMV infection was diagnosed by one of the following: CMV pp65 antigens, CMV IgM antibodies or CMV DNA. We identified the independent risk factors by multivariate analyses. RESULTS A total of 64 of 115 active UC patients had active CMV infection. Compared to the non-CMV-infected patients, the CMV-infected patients had a tendency to be male and to exhibit abdominal pain; fever; oral ulcers; eosinopenia; low albumin, immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgM, and IgG levels; increased high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels; hyponatremia; pancolonic lesions; initial onset type; severe activity; and glucocorticoid (high-dose) and immunosuppressive agent use (P < 0.05). In further multivariate analyses, the use of high-dose glucocorticoids (OR 13.55, 95% CI 2.49-73.61, P < 0.01) and immunosuppressive agents (OR 11.23, 95% CI 1.05-119.99, P = 0.04) were independent risk factors for CMV infection. A decrease eosinophil and albumin levels were risk factors for CMV infection. With every 0.1*10^9/L decrease in the peripheral blood eosinophil level or 1 g/L decrease in the serum albumin level, the risk for CMV infection in UC patients increased by 5.21-fold (1/0.192) or 1.19-fold (1/0.839), respectively. CONCLUSIONS High-dose glucocorticoid and immunosuppressive agent treatment significantly increase the risk of CMV infection, and correcting eosinopenia and low albumin levels may help prevent CMV infection in UC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, P.R. China
| | - Kaichun Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xijin Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Owyang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinglei Miao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Fang Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Naizhong Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kaifang Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianqiu Sheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Beijing Military Region, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junxia Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongdong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaozong Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxiao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Pang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meihua Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Aerospace Central Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaming Qian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, P.R. China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, P.R. China.
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24
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Kim EM, Randall C, Betancourt R, Keene S, Lilly A, Fowler M, Dellon ES, Herfarth HH. Mucosal Eosinophilia Is an Independent Predictor of Vedolizumab Efficacy in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 26:1232-1238. [PMID: 31633167 PMCID: PMC7365808 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral and mucosal eosinophilia may be associated with more aggressive disease in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Vedolizumab blocks T lymphocytes, eosinophil adhesion, and extravasation in the gastrointestinal tract. It is not known if mucosal eosinophilia is a predictor for the therapeutic efficacy of vedolizumab. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of IBD patients with ileal or colonic biopsies who were off steroids before starting vedolizumab. Biopsies were rereviewed by pathologists, and mean eosinophil density was quantified. Patient characteristics and steroid-free clinical response 6 months after beginning vedolizumab were determined. Features were compared between nonresponders and responders, and multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of clinical response. RESULTS Of 251 IBD patients starting vedolizumab therapy, 65 patients (48% Crohn's disease, 52% ulcerative colitis) met inclusion criteria. All IBD patients not responding to vedolizumab were more likely to have a higher baseline mean eosinophil count (340 ± 156 vs 236 ± 124; P = 0.004), be previously exposed to an anti-TNF (96% vs 56%; P = 0.001), and be male (58% vs 28%; P = 0.02). Mean eosinophil counts were significantly increased in colonic biopsies in UC nonresponders (438 ± 149 vs 299 ± 145; P = 0.01). A similar trend was seen in CD nonresponders. On multivariable analysis, colonic eosinophil density and prior anti-TNF exposure-and the combination of both-were independent predictors of response. CONCLUSION In ulcerative colitis, colonic eosinophilia and prior anti-TNF exposure were independent predictors of 6-month clinical nonresponse to vedolizumab. Mucosal eosinophil density as a novel biomarker should be explored in larger patient cohorts.Aside from the previous anti-TNF exposure, eosinophil density in the colon of patients with UC is a negative predictor for a steroid-free long-term response to vedolizumab. The degree colonic eosinophilia may be a novel biomarker that should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Kim
- Multidisciplinary Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cara Randall
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Renee Betancourt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Staci Keene
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amy Lilly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mark Fowler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Evan S Dellon
- Multidisciplinary Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hans H Herfarth
- Multidisciplinary Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Address correspondence to: Hans H. Herfarth, MD, PhD, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina, Bioinformatics Building, CB#7080, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599 USA. E-mail:
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25
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Iacob SA, Olariu MC, Iacob DG. Eosinophilic Colitis and Clostridioides difficile Sepsis With Rapid Remission After Antimicrobial Treatment; A Rare Coincidence and Its Pathogenic Implications. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:328. [PMID: 32903297 PMCID: PMC7396602 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic colitis is a rare inflammatory disorder of the digestive tract with chronic evolution and unknown pathophysiological mechanisms. The article describes the case of a 64-year old woman with a history of asthma and hypereosinophilia, who presented to a surgical department for persistent abdominal pain in the past 4 months, weight loss and malabsorption. She was diagnosed with eosinophilic colitis based on the colonoscopic result indicating extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the colonic mucosa correlated with the laboratory data and abdominal CT scan results. Following the colonoscopy, the patient developed fever, hypotension and diarrhea and was transferred to an Infectious Diseases Department with a presumptive diagnosis of abdominal sepsis. Treatment with ertapenem was immediately started. Metronidazole was also added due to a PCR positive stool test for Clostridioides difficile toxins encoding-genes. The patient displayed a rapid remission of the fever and of the intestinal complaints following antibiotic therapy and was discharged after 14 days. During a 3 months follow-up, the patient remained asymptomatic with normal values of laboratory parameters except for a persistent hypereosinophilia. The case outlines two distinguishing features: a histopathologic diagnosis of eosinophilic colitis, a rare diagnosis of a patient with chronic abdominal pain and an unexpected and rapid remission of the eosinophilic colitis following the antibiotic treatment and the restoration of the intestinal eubiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Alexandra Iacob
- Infectious Diseases Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Infectious Diseases Department, The National Institute of Infectious Diseases "Matei Bals", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Cristina Olariu
- Infectious Diseases Department, The National Institute of Infectious Diseases "Matei Bals", Bucharest, Romania.,Gastroenterology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Diana Gabriela Iacob
- Infectious Diseases Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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26
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Pesek RD, Reed CC, Collins MH, Muir AB, Fulkerson PC, Menard-Katcher C, Falk GW, Kuhl J, Magier AZ, Ahmed FN, Demarshall M, Gupta A, Gross J, Ashorobi T, Carpenter CL, Krischer JP, Gonsalves N, Hirano I, Spergel JM, Gupta SK, Furuta GT, Rothenberg ME, Dellon ES. Association Between Endoscopic and Histologic Findings in a Multicenter Retrospective Cohort of Patients with Non-esophageal Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disorders. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:2024-2035. [PMID: 31773359 PMCID: PMC7315780 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05961-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the endoscopic and histologic findings of non-esophageal eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases (EGID). AIM To characterize the presenting endoscopic and histologic findings in patients with eosinophilic gastritis (EG), eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE), and eosinophilic colitis (EC) at diagnosis and 6 months after initiating the treatment. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study at 6 US centers associated with the Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Researchers. Data abstracted included demographics, endoscopic findings, tissue eosinophil counts, and associated histologic findings at diagnosis and, when available, after initial treatment. RESULTS Of 373 subjects (317 children and 56 adults), 142 had EG, 123 EGE, and 108 EC. Normal endoscopic appearance was the most common finding across all EGIDs (62% of subjects). Baseline tissue eosinophil counts were quantified in 105 (74%) EG, 36 (29%) EGE, and 80 (74%) EC subjects. The mean peak gastric eosinophil count across all sites was 87 eos/hpf for EG and 78 eos/hpf for EGE. The mean peak colonic eosinophil count for EC subjects was 76 eos/hpf (range 10-500). Of the 29% of subjects with post-treatment follow-up, most had an improvement in clinical, endoscopic, and histologic findings regardless of treatment utilized. Reductions in tissue eosinophilia correlated with improvements in clinical symptoms as well as endoscopic and histologic findings. CONCLUSIONS In this large cohort, normal appearance was the most common endoscopic finding, emphasizing the importance of biopsy, regardless of endoscopic appearance. Decreased tissue eosinophilia was associated with improvement in symptoms, endoscopic, and histologic findings, showing that disease activity is reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Pesek
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children’s Hospital, 13 Children’s Way, Slot 512-13, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Craig C. Reed
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing and Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, CB #7080, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Margaret H. Collins
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Amanda B. Muir
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Patricia C. Fulkerson
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7028, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Calies Menard-Katcher
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado, 13123 E 16th Avenue #B361, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Gary W. Falk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PCAM South Pavilion, 7th Floor, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan Kuhl
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7028, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Adam Z. Magier
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7028, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Faria N. Ahmed
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado, 13123 E 16th Avenue #B361, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Maureen Demarshall
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PCAM South Pavilion, 7th Floor, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ankur Gupta
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan Gross
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tokunbo Ashorobi
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christina L. Carpenter
- Rare Disease Clinical Research Network Data Coordinating Center, Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, 3650 Spectrum Blvd, Suite 100, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jeffrey P. Krischer
- Rare Disease Clinical Research Network Data Coordinating Center, Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, 3650 Spectrum Blvd, Suite 100, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Nirmala Gonsalves
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Lavin Family Pavilion, 259 E Erie St, 16th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ikuo Hirano
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Lavin Family Pavilion, 259 E Erie St, 16th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Spergel
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3550 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine of University of Pennsylvania, 3550 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sandeep K. Gupta
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Illinois and the University of Illinois College of Medicine, 800 NE Glen Oak Ave, Peoria, IL 61603, USA
| | - Glenn T. Furuta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado, 13123 E 16th Avenue #B361, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Marc E. Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7028, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Evan S. Dellon
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing and Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, CB #7080, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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27
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Creyns B, Cremer J, De Hertogh G, Boon L, Ferrante M, Vermeire S, Van Assche G, Ceuppens JL, Breynaert C. Fibrogenesis in chronic murine colitis is independent of innate lymphoid cells. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2020; 8:393-407. [PMID: 32567222 PMCID: PMC7416052 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Insight in the pathogenesis of intestinal fibrosis is an unmet medical need in inflammatory bowel diseases. Studies in murine models and human organ fibrosis point to a potential role of innate lymphoid cells (ILC) in chronic intestinal inflammation and fibrosis. Materials and Methods Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in drinking water was used to induce chronic colitis and remodeling in C57Bl/6 wild type (WT), RAG‐deficient, RAG−/− common γ chain deficient and anti‐CD90.2 monoclonal antibody treated RAG−/− mice. Inflammation was scored by macroscopic and histological examination and fibrosis was evaluated by hydroxyproline quantification and histology. Results In RAG−/− mice (which have a normal ILC population but no adaptive immunity), chronic intestinal inflammation and fibrosis developed similarly as in WT mice, with a relative increase in ILC2 during repeated DSS exposure. Chronic colitis could also be induced in the absence of ILC (RAG−/−γc−/− or anti‐CD90.2 treated RAG−/− mice) with no attenuation of fibrosis. Importantly, clinical recovery based on weight gain after stopping DSS exposure was impaired in ILC‐deficient or ILC‐depleted mice. Conclusion These data argue against a profibrotic effect of ILC in chronic colitis, but rather suggest that ILC have a protective and recovery‐enhancing effect after repeated intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brecht Creyns
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Cremer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert De Hertogh
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Marc Ferrante
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert Van Assche
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan L Ceuppens
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine Breynaert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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28
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LeMessurier KS, Rooney R, Ghoneim HE, Liu B, Li K, Smallwood HS, Samarasinghe AE. Influenza A virus directly modulates mouse eosinophil responses. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:151-168. [PMID: 32386457 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ma0320-343r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma and influenza are common respiratory diseases with a high probability of co-occurrence. During the 2009 influenza pandemic, hospitalized patients with influenza experienced lower morbidity if asthma was an underlying condition. We have previously demonstrated that acute allergic asthma protects mice from severe influenza and have implicated eosinophils in the airways of mice with allergic asthma as participants in the antiviral response. However, very little is known about how eosinophils respond to direct exposure to influenza A virus (IAV) or the microenvironment in which the viral burden is high. We hypothesized that eosinophils would dynamically respond to the presence of IAV through phenotypic, transcriptomic, and physiologic changes. Using our mouse model of acute fungal asthma and influenza, we showed that eosinophils in lymphoid tissues were responsive to IAV infection in the lungs and altered surface expression of various markers necessary for cell activation in a niche-specific manner. Siglec-F expression was altered in a subset of eosinophils after virus exposure, and those expressing high Siglec-F were more active (IL-5Rαhi CD62Llo ). While eosinophils exposed to IAV decreased their overall transcriptional activity and mitochondrial oxygen consumption, transcription of genes encoding viral recognition proteins, Ddx58 (RIG-I), Tlr3, and Ifih1 (MDA5), were up-regulated. CD8+ T cells from IAV-infected mice expanded in response to IAV PB1 peptide-pulsed eosinophils, and CpG methylation in the Tbx21 promoter was reduced in these T cells. These data offer insight into how eosinophils respond to IAV and help elucidate alternative mechanisms by which they regulate antiviral immune responses during IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S LeMessurier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Robert Rooney
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Genetics, Genomics & Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hazem E Ghoneim
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Baoming Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kui Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Heather S Smallwood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amali E Samarasinghe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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29
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Merrill L, Stewart Merrill TE, Barger AM, Benson TJ. Avian Health across the Landscape: Nestling Immunity Covaries with Changing Landcover. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 59:1150-1164. [PMID: 31086961 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The landscape composition of an organism's home range or territory should influence aspects of its condition, including measures of immune function. Changes in immunocompetence arising from variation in landcover may provide important links between habitat changes and patterns of disease spread. To establish a baseline understanding for whether immune measures covary with changes in landcover, we examined associations between immunological parameters and landcover composition for adults and nestlings of five shrubland bird species. Specifically, we examined the bacteria-killing ability (BKA) of the blood plasma and profiles of the five avian leukocytes as our measures of immune function, and assessed the proportion of area around each bird's nest that was composed of the four major landcover types in the Midwestern USA: row crop agriculture, developed, forest, and grass/shrub. We performed landcover assessments at 100 and 1000 m radius buffers to identify whether associations between habitat and immune function differed at the two spatial scales. As part of this work, we examined age and species-related immunological variation, as well as associations among the immune parameters. There was little evidence linking variation in immune function to landcover composition for the adults at either spatial scale, but there were numerous associations for nestlings, and these were stronger at the 1000 than 100 m spatial scale. The proportion of grass/shrub around the nest had the largest impact on immune function, although the effect varied by immune parameter and species. BKA and basophils were inversely associated with grass/shrub for all species, whereas lymphocytes were positively associated with grass/shrub for all species. We also documented species-level differences among adults and nestlings for BKA and all leukocytes except monocytes. As expected, we found that nestlings had reduced levels of BKA, lymphocytes, monocytes, and elevated heterophils compared with adults (except for field sparrow-Spizella pusilla-nestlings, which had higher lymphocytes). Basophils generally did not differ by age class, and eosinophils exhibited species-specific patterns, in which they were higher for nestling American robins (Turdus migratorius) and gray catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis) compared with adults, but lower in the other nestlings. Heterophils and lymphocytes were inversely associated for all species and age classes, and basophil levels were positively associated with BKA across species and age classes. Together, these findings bolster our understanding of age and species-specific variation in immune function, and provide evidence that immune measures can covary with changes in landcover.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Merrill
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA
| | - T E Stewart Merrill
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA
| | - A M Barger
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 61802, USA
| | - T J Benson
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 61820, USA
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30
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Jiménez-Saiz R, Anipindi VC, Galipeau H, Ellenbogen Y, Chaudhary R, Koenig JF, Gordon ME, Walker TD, Mandur TS, Abed S, Humbles A, Chu DK, Erjefält J, Ask K, Verdú EF, Jordana M. Microbial Regulation of Enteric Eosinophils and Its Impact on Tissue Remodeling and Th2 Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:155. [PMID: 32117293 PMCID: PMC7033414 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils have emerged as multifaceted cells that contribute to tissue homeostasis. However, the impact of the microbiota on their frequency and function at mucosal sites remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of the microbiota in the regulation of enteric eosinophils. We found that small intestinal (SI) eosinophilia was significantly greater in germ-free (GF) mice compared to specific pathogen free (SPF) controls. This was associated with changes in the production of enteric signals that regulate eosinophil attraction and survival, and was fully reversed by complex colonization. Additionally, SI eosinophils of GF mice exhibited more cytoplasmic protrusions and less granule content than SPF controls. Lastly, we generated a novel strain of eosinophil-deficient GF mice. These mice displayed intestinal fibrosis and were less prone to allergic sensitization as compared to GF controls. Overall, our study demonstrates that commensal microbes regulate intestinal eosinophil frequency and function, which impacts tissue repair and allergic sensitization to food antigens. These data support a critical interplay between the commensal microbiota and intestinal eosinophils in shaping homeostatic, innate, and adaptive immune processes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Jiménez-Saiz
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology & Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Varun C. Anipindi
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Heather Galipeau
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yosef Ellenbogen
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Roopali Chaudhary
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Joshua F. Koenig
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa E. Gordon
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Tina D. Walker
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Talveer S. Mandur
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Soumeya Abed
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alison Humbles
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Derek K. Chu
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jonas Erjefält
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Elena F. Verdú
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Manel Jordana
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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31
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Filippone RT, Sahakian L, Apostolopoulos V, Nurgali K. Eosinophils in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:1140-1151. [PMID: 30856253 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical investigations in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients have provided increasing evidence that eosinophils contribute to chronic intestinal inflammation. Accumulation of eosinophils in the gastrointestinal tract correlates with the variations of eosinophil regulatory molecules; however, their role in gastrointestinal dysfunction in IBD has not been fully elucidated. This review will describe the development and characterization of gastrointestinal eosinophils, mechanisms of eosinophil recruitment to the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, the eosinophil-induced changes to the enteric nervous system associated with disease severity and gastrointestinal dysfunction will be analyzed with suggestive molecular pathways for enteric neuronal injury. Current and potential therapeutic interventions targeting eosinophils will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon T Filippone
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lauren Sahakian
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine Western Health, Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, Australia
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32
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Callegari A, Tharakan SJ, Christmann M. Non–IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food-induced allergic disorders can mimic necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates with congenital heart diseases with left-ventricular outflow tract obstruction. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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33
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Zychlinsky Scharff A, Rousseau M, Lacerda Mariano L, Canton T, Consiglio CR, Albert ML, Fontes M, Duffy D, Ingersoll MA. Sex differences in IL-17 contribute to chronicity in male versus female urinary tract infection. JCI Insight 2019; 5:122998. [PMID: 31145099 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-based differences influence incidence and outcome of infectious disease. Women have a significantly greater incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) than men, yet, conversely, male UTI is more persistent with greater associated morbidity. Mechanisms underlying these sex-based differences are unknown, in part due to a lack of experimental models. We optimized a model to transurethrally infect male mice and directly compared UTI in both sexes. Although both sexes were initially equally colonized by uropathogenic E. coli, only male and testosterone-treated female mice remained chronically infected for up to 4 weeks. Female mice had more robust innate responses, including higher IL-17 expression, and increased γδ T cells and group 3 innate lymphoid cells in the bladder following infection. Accordingly, neutralizing IL-17 abolished resolution in female mice, identifying a cytokine pathway necessary for bacterial clearance. Our findings support the concept that sex-based responses to UTI contribute to impaired innate immunity in males and provide a rationale for non-antibiotic-based immune targeting to improve the response to UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthieu Rousseau
- Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - Livia Lacerda Mariano
- Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - Tracy Canton
- Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | | | - Matthew L Albert
- Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - Magnus Fontes
- International Group for Data Analysis, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,The Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,The Center for Genomic Medicine at Rigshospitalet and Persimune, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Darragh Duffy
- Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - Molly A Ingersoll
- Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM U1223, Paris, France
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34
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Bastan I, Rendahl AK, Seelig D, Day MJ, Hall EJ, Rao SP, Washabau RJ, Sriramarao P. Assessment of eosinophils in gastrointestinal inflammatory disease of dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1911-1917. [PMID: 30294803 PMCID: PMC6271348 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate identification of eosinophils in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of dogs with eosinophilic GI disease (EGID) by histological evaluation is challenging. The currently used hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining method detects intact eosinophils but does not detect degranulated eosinophils, thus potentially underrepresenting the number of infiltrating eosinophils. OBJECTIVE To develop a more sensitive method for identifying and quantifying both intact and degranulated eosinophils to diagnose EGID more accurately. METHODS Endoscopically obtained paraffin-embedded intestinal biopsy specimens from dogs with GI signs were examined. The study groups were dogs with eosinophilic enteritis (EE), lymphoplasmacytic and mixed enteritis, and control dogs with GI signs but no histologic changes on tissue sections. Consecutive sections were immunolabeled with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the eosinophil granule protein eosinophil peroxidase (Epx) and stained by H&E, respectively. The number of eosinophils was manually quantified and classified as intact or degranulated. RESULTS The number of intact eosinophils detected in Epx mAb-labeled duodenal sections was significantly higher compared with that in H&E-stained sections, with a similar relationship noted in the colon and stomach. The Epx mAb allowed the unique assessment of eosinophil degranulation. The number of intact and degranulated eosinophils was significantly higher in duodenal lamina propria of the EE and mixed group compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Immunohistochemical detection of Epx provides a more precise method to detect GI tract eosinophils compared to H&E staining and could be used as an alternative and reliable diagnostic tool for assessment of biopsy tissues from dogs with EGID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idil Bastan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesota
| | - Aaron K. Rendahl
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesota
| | - Davis Seelig
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesota
| | - Michael J. Day
- Bristol Veterinary SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Edward J. Hall
- Bristol Veterinary SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Savita P. Rao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesota
| | - Robert J. Washabau
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesota
| | - P. Sriramarao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesota
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35
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Percopo CM, Krumholz JO, Fischer ER, Kraemer LS, Ma M, Laky K, Rosenberg HF. Impact of eosinophil-peroxidase (EPX) deficiency on eosinophil structure and function in mouse airways. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:151-161. [PMID: 30285291 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ab0318-090rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil peroxidase (EPX) is a major constituent of the large cytoplasmic granules of both human and mouse eosinophilic leukocytes. Human EPX deficiency is a rare, autosomal-recessive disorder limited to the eosinophil lineage. Our intent was to explore the impact of EPX gene deletion on eosinophil content, structure, and function. In response to repetitive intranasal challenge with a filtrate of the allergen, Alternaria alternata, we found significantly fewer eosinophils peripherally and in the respiratory tracts of EPX-/- mice compared to wild-type controls; furthermore, both the major population (Gr1-/lo ) and the smaller population of Gr1hi eosinophils from EPX-/- mice displayed lower median fluorescence intensities (MFIs) for Siglec F. Quantitative evaluation of transmission electron micrographs of lung eosinophils confirmed the relative reduction in granule outer matrix volume in cells from the EPX-/- mice, a finding analogous to that observed in human EPX deficiency. Despite the reduced size of the granule matrix, the cytokine content of eosinophils isolated from allergen-challenged EPX-/ - and wild-type mice were largely comparable to one another, although the EPX-/- eosinophils contained reduced concentrations of IL-3. Other distinguishing features of lung eosinophils from allergen-challenged EPX-/- mice included a reduced fraction of surface TLR4+ cells and reduced MFI for NOD1. Interestingly, the EPX gene deletion had no impact on eosinophil-mediated clearance of gram-negative Haemophilus influenzae from the airways. As such, although no clinical findings have been associated with human EPX deficiency, our findings suggest that further evaluation for alterations in eosinophil structure and function may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Percopo
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julia O Krumholz
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Fischer
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Laura S Kraemer
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michelle Ma
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen Laky
- Food Allergy Research Unit, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Helene F Rosenberg
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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36
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Diagnostic Potential of Systemic Eosinophil-Associated Cytokines and Growth Factors in IBD. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2018; 2018:7265812. [PMID: 30147719 PMCID: PMC6083643 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7265812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the acknowledged contribution of eosinophils to the disease pathogenesis, available data on cytokines closely related to the peripheral eosinophils in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are scattered. We assessed the concentrations of eosinophil-associated cytokines and growth factors in the group of 277 individuals (101 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), 77 with ulcerative colitis (UC), 16 with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and 83 healthy controls) and referred to IBD activity and the levels of hsCRP. As compared to IBS patients or healthy controls, patients with CD had significantly higher levels of IL5, IL8, IL12(p70), GM-CSF, and TNFα and patients with UC, the levels of eotaxin, IL4, IL5, IL8, IL12(p70), IL13, GM-CSF, and TNFα were also higher. As compared to CD patients, patients with UC had significantly higher levels of eotaxin, IL4, IL5, IL8, and IL1. In turn, the concentrations of hsCRP were significantly higher in CD than UC. Except for IL13, all cytokines and hsCRP positively correlated with CDAI. In UC, a positive correlation with MDAI was observed for hsCRP, GM-CSF, IL12(p70), and IFNγ and a negative one for IL8. The concentrations of hsCRP, GM-CSF, IFNγ, IL12(p70), and RANTES were higher in UC patients with active than inactive disease whereas those of IL8 and TNFα were significantly lower. Eotaxin, determined individually or in a panel with IFNγ and hsCRP, showed fair accuracy in differentiating CD from UC. If confirmed on a larger representation of IBS patients, IL8 might support differential diagnosis of organic and functional conditions of the bowel. GM-CSF, in turn, demonstrated to be an excellent indicator of bowel inflammation and may be taken into consideration as a noninvasive marker of mucosal healing. In summary, eosinophil-associated cytokines are elevated in IBD, more pronouncedly in UC, and may support the differential diagnosis of IBD and aid in monitoring of mucosal healing.
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Lu L, Li J, Moussaoui M, Boix E. Immune Modulation by Human Secreted RNases at the Extracellular Space. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1012. [PMID: 29867984 PMCID: PMC5964141 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ribonuclease A superfamily is a vertebrate-specific family of proteins that encompasses eight functional members in humans. The proteins are secreted by diverse innate immune cells, from blood cells to epithelial cells and their levels in our body fluids correlate with infection and inflammation processes. Recent studies ascribe a prominent role to secretory RNases in the extracellular space. Extracellular RNases endowed with immuno-modulatory and antimicrobial properties can participate in a wide variety of host defense tasks, from performing cellular housekeeping to maintaining body fluid sterility. Their expression and secretion are induced in response to a variety of injury stimuli. The secreted proteins can target damaged cells and facilitate their removal from the focus of infection or inflammation. Following tissue damage, RNases can participate in clearing RNA from cellular debris or work as signaling molecules to regulate the host response and contribute to tissue remodeling and repair. We provide here an overall perspective on the current knowledge of human RNases’ biological properties and their role in health and disease. The review also includes a brief description of other vertebrate family members and unrelated extracellular RNases that share common mechanisms of action. A better knowledge of RNase mechanism of actions and an understanding of their physiological roles should facilitate the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Jiarui Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Mohammed Moussaoui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ester Boix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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38
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Ansari AR, Arshad M, Masood S, Huang HB, Zhao X, Li N, Sun Z, Cui L, Hu Y, Liu HZ. Salmonella infection may alter the expression of toll like receptor 4 and immune related cells in chicken bursa of Fabricius. Microb Pathog 2018; 121:59-64. [PMID: 29763725 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), eosinophils and mast cells play significant role in host immunity during several pathogenic infections. However in vivo tissue expression of TLR4 and distribution pattern of eosinophils and mast cells in chicken bursa of Fabricius (BF) during Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) infection is poorly studied. Therefore, herein, following immunostaining, we found localization of TLR4 in follicular cortex and medulla and its expression was statistical increased after 36 h and 72 h of STm stimulation. Chromotrope 2R staining revealed that eosinophils were mostly distributed in follicular cortex, inter-follicular spaces and in or around blood vessels and their number in BF were statistical increased after 72 h of STm stimulation. The presence of eosinophils was confirmed using immunostaining with anti-rabbit eosinophil cationic protein antibody. Toluidine blue stained mast cells were mostly distributed in connective tissues between inter-follicular spaces while some were also present in follicular cortex of BF. However, STm stimulation illustrated non-significant effect on the number of mast cells or their de-granulation, instead their number were gradually decreased in BF with advancement in age of chickens. Hence, this study provided novel information about in vivo tissue distribution of TLR4, eosinophils and mast cells in BF during STm infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rahman Ansari
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CVAS), Jhang, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CVAS), Jhang, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saima Masood
- Department of Anatomy & Histology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hai-Bo Huang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Ningya Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhijian Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Lei Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yafang Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Hua-Zhen Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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O'Flaherty SM, Sutummaporn K, Häggtoft WL, Worrall AP, Rizzo M, Braniste V, Höglund P, Kadri N, Chambers BJ. TLR-Stimulated Eosinophils Mediate Recruitment and Activation of NK Cells In Vivo. Scand J Immunol 2017; 85:417-424. [PMID: 28426135 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils like many myeloid innate immune cells can provide cytokines and chemokines for the activation of other immune cells upon TLR stimulation. When TLR-stimulated eosinophils were inoculated i.p. into wild-type mice, and NK cells were rapidly recruited and exhibited antitumour cytotoxicity. However, when mice depleted of CD11c+ cells were used, a marked decrease in the number of recruited NK cells was observed. We postulated that CpG or LPS from the injected eosinophils could be transferred to host cells, which in turn could recruit NK cells. However, by inoculating mice deficient in TLR4 or TLR9 with LPS or CpG-stimulated eosinophils respectively, NK cell recruitment was still observed alongside cytotoxicity and IFNγ production. CpG stimulation of eosinophils produced the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12 and the chemokine CXCL10, which are important for NK cell activation and recruitment in vivo. To demonstrate the importance of CXCL10 in NK cell recruitment, we found that CpG-stimulated eosinophils pretreated with the gut microbial metabolite butyrate had reduced expression and production of CXCL10 and IL-12 and concomitantly were poor at recruitment of NK cells and inducing IFNγ in NK cells. Therefore, eosinophils like other innate immune cells of myeloid origin can conceivably stimulate NK cell activity. In addition, products of the gut microbiota can be potential inhibitors of NK cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M O'Flaherty
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Sutummaporn
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - W L Häggtoft
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A P Worrall
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Rizzo
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - V Braniste
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Höglund
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, HERM, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Kadri
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, HERM, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B J Chambers
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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40
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Peinhaupt M, Sturm EM, Heinemann A. Prostaglandins and Their Receptors in Eosinophil Function and As Therapeutic Targets. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:104. [PMID: 28770200 PMCID: PMC5515835 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the known prostanoid receptors, human eosinophils express the prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) receptors DP1 [also D-type prostanoid (DP)] and DP2 (also chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule, expressed on Th2 cells), the prostaglandin E2 receptors EP2 and EP4, and the prostacyclin (PGI2) receptor IP. Prostanoids can bind to either one or multiple receptors, characteristically have a short half-life in vivo, and are quickly degraded into metabolites with altered affinity and specificity for a given receptor subtype. Prostanoid receptors signal mainly through G proteins and naturally activate signal transduction pathways according to the G protein subtype that they preferentially interact with. This can lead to the activation of sometimes opposing signaling pathways. In addition, prostanoid signaling is often cell-type specific and also the combination of expressed receptors can influence the outcome of the prostanoid impulse. Accordingly, it is assumed that eosinophils and their (patho-)physiological functions are governed by a sensitive prostanoid signaling network. In this review, we specifically focus on the functions of PGD2, PGE2, and PGI2 and their receptors on eosinophils. We discuss their significance in allergic and non-allergic diseases and summarize potential targets for drug intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Peinhaupt
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva M Sturm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Corridoni D, Rodriguez-Palacios A, Di Stefano G, Di Martino L, Antonopoulos DA, Chang EB, Arseneau KO, Pizarro TT, Cominelli F. Genetic deletion of the bacterial sensor NOD2 improves murine Crohn's disease-like ileitis independent of functional dysbiosis. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:971-982. [PMID: 27848951 PMCID: PMC5433921 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although genetic polymorphisms in NOD2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing 2) have been associated with the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD), little is known regarding the role of wild-type (WT) NOD2 in the gut. To date, most murine studies addressing the role of WT Nod2 have been conducted using healthy (ileitis/colitis-free) mouse strains. Here, we evaluated the effects of Nod2 deletion in a murine model of spontaneous ileitis, i.e., the SAMP1Yit/Fc (SAMP) strain, which closely resembles CD. Remarkably, Nod2 deletion improved both chronic cobblestone ileitis (by 50% assessed, as the % of abnormal mucosa at 24 wks of age), as well as acute dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis. Mechanistically, Th2 cytokine production and Th2-transcription factor activation (i.e., STAT6 phosphorylation) were reduced. Microbiologically, the effects of Nod2 deletion appeared independent of fecal microbiota composition and function, assessed by 16S rRNA and metatranscriptomics. Our findings indicate that pharmacological blockade of NOD2 signaling in humans could improve health in Th2-driven chronic intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Corridoni
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - A Rodriguez-Palacios
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - G Di Stefano
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - L Di Martino
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - D A Antonopoulos
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - E B Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - K O Arseneau
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - T T Pizarro
- Case Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - F Cominelli
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Loktionov A, Chhaya V, Bandaletova T, Poullis A. Inflammatory bowel disease detection and monitoring by measuring biomarkers in non-invasively collected colorectal mucus. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 32:992-1002. [PMID: 27787913 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Non-invasive detection and monitoring of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an important clinical challenge. Stool calprotectin is the most popular among available options, but the necessity of stool collection limits its acceptability. This study aimed to evaluate biomarker measurement in non-invasively collected colorectal mucus as a new tool for IBD detection and activity monitoring. METHODS Calprotectin, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), and protein S100A12 were measured in colorectal mucus self-collected following defecation by 58 patients with IBD (before therapy), 50 patients with irritable bowel syndrome, and 33 healthy volunteers. Patients with IBD also collected samples at days 10, 20, and 30 of treatment for disease activity monitoring. RESULTS Protein biomarker levels were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in IBD patients than in irritable bowel syndrome and control groups. Calprotectin and EDN effectively detected IBD with a respective sensitivity and specificity of 0.76 and 0.92 for calprotectin and 0.83 and 0.94 for EDN. S100A12 was less sensitive. Calprotectin and EDN results were combined in a new test (CALEDN) that had a sensitivity of 0.91 and a specificity of 0.89. Repeated biomarker measurement during IBD treatment demonstrated a steady decline of calprotectin and EDN levels as well as CALEDN values in patients responding to applied therapy and lack of this pattern in non-responders. CONCLUSIONS Measuring calprotectin and EDN in non-invasively collected colorectal mucus presents a simple and efficient method for IBD detection and monitoring. Excellent performance of EDN for this purpose is reported for the first time. Combining calprotectin and EDN in one test improves IBD detection sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivek Chhaya
- Department of Gastroenterology, St George's Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Andrew Poullis
- Department of Gastroenterology, St George's Hospital, London, UK
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Xavier-Elsas P, Masid-de-Brito D, Vieira BM, Gaspar-Elsas MIC. Odd couple: The unexpected partnership of glucocorticoid hormones and cysteinyl-leukotrienes in the extrinsic regulation of murine bone-marrow eosinopoiesis. World J Exp Med 2017; 7:11-24. [PMID: 28261551 PMCID: PMC5316900 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v7.i1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulopoiesis in murine bone-marrow is regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors (including hormones, drugs, inflammatory mediators and cytokines). Eosinophils, a minor subpopulation of circulating leukocytes, which remains better understood in its contributions to tissue injury in allergic disease than in its presumably beneficial actions in host defense, provide a striking example of joint regulation of granulopoiesis within murine bone-marrow by all of these classes of extrinsic factors. We first described the upregulation of eosinopoiesis in bone-marrow of allergen-sensitized mice following airway allergen challenge. Over the last decade, we were able to show a critical role for endogenous glucocorticoid hormones and cytokines in mediating this phenomenon through modification of cytokine effects, thereby supporting a positive association between stress hormones and allergic reactions. We have further shown that cysteinyl-leukotrienes (CysLT), a major proinflammatory class of lipid mediators, generated through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway, upregulate bone-marrow eosinopoiesis in vivo and in vitro. CysLT mediate the positive effects of drugs (indomethacin and aspirin) and of proallergic cytokines (eotaxin/CCL11 and interleukin-13) on in vitro eosinopoiesis. While these actions of endogenous GC and CysLT might seem unrelated and even antagonistic, we demonstrated a critical partnership of these mediators in vivo, shedding light on mechanisms linking stress to allergy: GC are required for CysLT-mediated upregulation of bone-marrow eosinopoiesis in vivo, but also attenuate subsequent ex vivo responses to CysLT. GC and CysLT therefore work together to induce eosinophilia, but through subtle regulatory mechanisms also limit the magnitude of subsequent bone-marrow responses to allergen.
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44
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Canavese G, Villanacci V, Antonelli E, Cadei M, Sapino A, Rocca R, Daperno M, Suriani R, Di Santo MG, Cassoni P, Bernardini N, Bassotti G. Eosinophilia - associated basal plasmacytosis: an early and sensitive histologic feature of inflammatory bowel disease. APMIS 2017; 125:179-183. [PMID: 28120414 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Basal plasmacytosis is an early-onset and highly predictive feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but may have several restrictions in routine histology. Considering evidences about cooperation between eosinophils and plasma cells in IBD pathogenesis, we investigated immunostain of these two cells as a marker of disease. 343 samplings from 83 patients (52 IBD, 31 non-IBD colitis) were evaluated. The sections were stained with monoclonal antibodies against plasma cells (CD138 and MUM1), and eosinophils (CD193). Eosinophilia-associated basal plasmacytosis (EBP) was related with the histologic diagnosis of IBD (90.3% IBD and 35.4% non-IBD colitides, p < 0.005, sensitivity 90.4%). A strong relation was detected between the occurrence of EBP and (i) the achieving of a complete endoscopic mapping; (ii) the presence of other characteristic lesions of IBD in single segmental sampling, although EBP was evident in more than 40% of samples without other IBD-related lesions. EBP is a sensitive histologic feature of IBD, especially at the first endoscopic sampling, even in the absence of the other characteristic histologic lesions, and may help in formulating a more precise diagnosis in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Canavese
- Pathology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Moris Cadei
- Institute of Pathology, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Anna Sapino
- Pathology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Rocca
- Gastroenterology Department, Ospedale Mauriziano, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Daperno
- Gastroenterology Department, Ospedale Mauriziano, Torino, Italy
| | - Renzo Suriani
- Gastroenterology Department, Ospedale Mauriziano, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Di Santo
- Pathology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Cassoni
- Pathology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Nunzia Bernardini
- Histology and Medical Embryology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabrio Bassotti
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
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Bastan I, Robinson NA, Ge XN, Rendahl AK, Rao SP, Washabau RJ, Sriramarao P. Assessment of eosinophil peroxidase as a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:36-41. [PMID: 28029282 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.1.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate a method for identifying intact and degranulated eosinophils in the small intestine of dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by use of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against eosinophil peroxidase (EPX). ANIMALS 11 untreated dogs with IBD, 5 dogs with IBD treated with prednisolone, and 8 control dogs with no clinical evidence of gastrointestinal tract disease and no immunosuppressive treatment. PROCEDURES 4-μm-thick sections of paraffin-embedded tissues from necropsy specimens were immunostained with EPX mAb. Stained intact and degranulated eosinophils in consecutive microscopic fields (400X magnification) of the upper (villus tips) and lower (between the muscularis mucosae and crypts) regions of the lamina propria of the jejunum were manually counted. RESULTS Compared with control and treated IBD dogs, untreated IBD dogs had a significantly higher number of degranulated eosinophils in the lower region of the lamina propria. However, no significant differences were detected in the number of intact eosinophils in this region among groups. In the upper region of the lamina propria, untreated IBD dogs had a significantly higher number of degranulated and intact eosinophils, compared with control and treated IBD dogs. Number of degranulated and intact eosinophils did not differ significantly between control and treated IBD dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Immunohistologic analysis with EPX mAb yielded prominent granule staining that allowed reliable morphological identification of degranulated and intact eosinophils, which may provide a strategy for quantitative and selective evaluation of eosinophils in gastrointestinal biopsy specimens and a potential method to diagnose IBD and evaluate treatment outcome.
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Features of the bronchial bacterial microbiome associated with atopy, asthma, and responsiveness to inhaled corticosteroid treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 140:63-75. [PMID: 27838347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compositional differences in the bronchial bacterial microbiota have been associated with asthma, but it remains unclear whether the findings are attributable to asthma, to aeroallergen sensitization, or to inhaled corticosteroid treatment. OBJECTIVES We sought to compare the bronchial bacterial microbiota in adults with steroid-naive atopic asthma, subjects with atopy but no asthma, and nonatopic healthy control subjects and to determine relationships of the bronchial microbiota to phenotypic features of asthma. METHODS Bacterial communities in protected bronchial brushings from 42 atopic asthmatic subjects, 21 subjects with atopy but no asthma, and 21 healthy control subjects were profiled by using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Bacterial composition and community-level functions inferred from sequence profiles were analyzed for between-group differences. Associations with clinical and inflammatory variables were examined, including markers of type 2-related inflammation and change in airway hyperresponsiveness after 6 weeks of fluticasone treatment. RESULTS The bronchial microbiome differed significantly among the 3 groups. Asthmatic subjects were uniquely enriched in members of the Haemophilus, Neisseria, Fusobacterium, and Porphyromonas species and the Sphingomonodaceae family and depleted in members of the Mogibacteriaceae family and Lactobacillales order. Asthma-associated differences in predicted bacterial functions included involvement of amino acid and short-chain fatty acid metabolism pathways. Subjects with type 2-high asthma harbored significantly lower bronchial bacterial burden. Distinct changes in specific microbiota members were seen after fluticasone treatment. Steroid responsiveness was linked to differences in baseline compositional and functional features of the bacterial microbiome. CONCLUSION Even in subjects with mild steroid-naive asthma, differences in the bronchial microbiome are associated with immunologic and clinical features of the disease. The specific differences identified suggest possible microbiome targets for future approaches to asthma treatment or prevention.
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Frasch SC, McNamee EN, Kominsky D, Jedlicka P, Jakubzick C, Zemski Berry K, Mack M, Furuta GT, Lee JJ, Henson PM, Colgan SP, Bratton DL. G2A Signaling Dampens Colitic Inflammation via Production of IFN-γ. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:1425-34. [PMID: 27402702 PMCID: PMC4975950 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory consequences have been described for lysophosphatidylcholine, a lipid product of cellular injury, signaling via the G protein-coupled receptor G2A on myeloid and lymphoid inflammatory cells. This prompted the hypothesis that genetic deletion of G2A would limit intestinal inflammation in a mouse model of colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate. Surprisingly, G2A(-/-) mice exhibited significantly worsened colitis compared with wild-type mice, as demonstrated by disease activity, colon shortening, histology, and elevated IL-6 and IL-5 in colon tissues. Investigation of inflammatory cells recruited to inflamed G2A(-/-) colons showed significantly more TNF-α(+) and Ly6C(hi)MHCII(-) proinflammatory monocytes and eosinophils than in wild-type colons. Both monocytes and eosinophils were pathogenic as their depletion abolished the excess inflammation in G2A(-/-) mice. G2A(-/-) mice also had less IFN-γ in inflamed colon tissues than wild-type mice. Fewer CD4(+) lymphocytes were recruited to inflamed G2A(-/-) colons, and fewer colonic lymphocytes produced IFN-γ upon ex vivo stimulation. Administration of IFN-γ to G2A(-/-) mice during dextran sodium sulfate exposure abolished the excess colitic inflammation and reduced colonic IL-5 and eosinophil numbers to levels seen in wild-type mice. Furthermore, IFN-γ reduced the numbers of TNF-α(+) monocyte and enhanced their maturation from Ly6C(hi)MHCII(-) to Ly6C(int)MHCII(+) Taken together, the data suggest that G2A signaling serves to dampen intestinal inflammation via the production of IFN-γ, which, in turn, enhances monocyte maturation to a less inflammatory program and ultimately reduces eosinophil-induced injury of colonic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eóin N McNamee
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Douglas Kominsky
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Paul Jedlicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Claudia Jakubzick
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80206
| | - Karin Zemski Berry
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Glenn T Furuta
- Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045; Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; and
| | - James J Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85259
| | - Peter M Henson
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Donna L Bratton
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
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48
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Innate cell communication kick-starts pathogen-specific immunity. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:356-63. [PMID: 27002843 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Innate cells are responsible for the rapid recognition of infection and mediate essential mechanisms of pathogen elimination, and also facilitate adaptive immune responses. We review here the numerous intricate interactions among innate cells that initiate protective immunity. The efficient eradication of pathogens depends on the coordinated actions of multiple cells, including innate cells and epithelial cells. Rather than acting as isolated effector cells, innate cells are in constant communication with other responding cells of the immune system, locally and distally. These interactions are critically important for the efficient control of primary infections as well for the development of 'trained' innate cells that facilitate the rapid elimination of homologous or heterologous infections.
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Buonomo EL, Cowardin CA, Wilson MG, Saleh MM, Pramoonjago P, Petri WA. Microbiota-Regulated IL-25 Increases Eosinophil Number to Provide Protection during Clostridium difficile Infection. Cell Rep 2016; 16:432-443. [PMID: 27346351 PMCID: PMC4945404 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the most common cause of hospital-acquired infection in the United States. Host susceptibility and the severity of infection are influenced by disruption of the microbiota and the immune response. However, how the microbiota regulate immune responses to mediate CDI outcome remains unclear. Here, we have investigated the role of the microbiota-linked cytokine IL-25 during infection. Intestinal IL-25 was suppressed during CDI in humans and mice. Restoration of IL-25 reduced CDI-associated mortality and tissue pathology even though equivalent levels of C. difficile bacteria and toxin remained in the gut. IL-25 protection was mediated by gut eosinophils, as demonstrated by an increase in intestinal eosinophils and a loss of IL-25 protection upon eosinophil depletion. These findings support a mechanism whereby the induction of IL-25-mediated eosinophilia can reduce host mortality during active CDI. This work may provide targets for future development of microbial or immune-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Buonomo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia (UVA), Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Carrie A Cowardin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia (UVA), Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Madeline G Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia (UVA), Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Mahmoud M Saleh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia (UVA), Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Patcharin Pramoonjago
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia (UVA), Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - William A Petri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia (UVA), Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Virginia (UVA), Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Virginia (UVA), Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Prevalence of Peripheral Eosinophilia at Diagnosis in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016; 62:573-6. [PMID: 26308316 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000000957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses 2 disorders of unknown etiology: Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). There has been a continuous search for markers for disease activity. Eosinophils are granulocytic leukocytes that are implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and significance of peripheral eosinophilia (PE) at diagnosis in children with IBD. METHODS A comprehensive chart review of all children with diagnosed as having IBD between January 2006 and August 2014 was performed. Patients with PE at diagnosis were compared with those without in relation to disease clinical activity and disease course. RESULTS A total of 109 children (mean age 14.6 ± 2.77, range 4.5-17.9 years, 55 boys) with IBD (68 with CD and 41 with UC) who were studied for a mean duration of 2.82 ± 1.89 (range 0.1-9.2 years) were identified. At diagnosis, 44 (40.4%) children had PE, which was more prevalent in patients with UC compared with those with CD (61.3% vs 36.3%, P < 0.05). At diagnosis, PE was more common in patients with high eosinophilic count in colonic biopsy samples (P < 0.01) and was significantly associated with disease activity as indicated by Pediatric CD Activity Index for children with CD (P < 0.05), Pediatric UC Activity Index for children with UC (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS PE is a common finding at diagnosis in children with IBD especially in those with UC. Patients with PE at diagnosis are more likely to present with higher clinical activity indices. PE is associated with more eosinophils in colonic biopsy samples.
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