1
|
Li M, Xue Y, Lu H, Bai J, Cui L, Ning Y, Yuan Q, Jia X, Wang S. Relationship between infant gastrointestinal microorganisms and maternal microbiome within 6 months of delivery. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0360823. [PMID: 39172626 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03608-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
To investigate the association between the microbiota in mothers and gut microbiota in infants from 0 to 6 months, the microbiotas in infant feces, maternal feces, and breast milk were determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The contribution of each maternal microbiome to the infant was assessed using fast expectation-maximization for microbial source tracking calculations. The levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in the feces of infants were also determined using gas chromatography and IDK-sIgA ELISA to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the infant gut microbiome. The results of this study showed that in addition to Firmicutes (E1) and Bifidobacterium (E2), the dominant microorganisms of the intestinal microbiota of infants aged 0-6 months include Proteobacteria, which is different from previous findings. Acetic acid, the most abundant SCFA in the infant gut, was positively correlated with Megasphaera (P < 0.01), whereas sIgA was positively correlated with Bacteroides (P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with Klebsiella and Clostridium_XVIII (P < 0.05). The maternal gut microbiota contributed more to the infant gut microbiota (43.58% ± 11.13%) than the breast milk microbiota, and significant differences were observed in the contribution of the maternal microbiota to the infant gut microbiota based on the delivery mode and feeding practices. In summary, we emphasize the key role of maternal gut health in the establishment and succession of infant gut microbiota.IMPORTANCEThis study aims to delineate the microbial connections between mothers and infants, leveraging the fast expectation-maximization for microbial source tracking methodology to quantify the contribution of maternal microbiota to the constitution of the infant's gut microbiome. Concurrently, it examines the correlations between the infant gut microbiota and two distinctive biomolecules, namely short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). The findings indicate that the maternal gut microbiota exerts a greater influence on the infant's gut microbial composition than does the microbiota present in breast milk. Infants born via vaginal delivery and receiving mixed feeding display gut microbiota profiles more similar to their mothers'. Notably, the SCFA acetate displays positive associations with beneficial bacteria and inverse relationships with potentially harmful ones within the infant's gut. Meanwhile, sIgA positively correlates with Bacteroides species and negatively with potentially pathogenic bacteria. By delving into the transmission dynamics of maternal-infant microbiota, exploring the impacts of metabolic byproducts within the infant's gut, and scrutinizing how contextual factors such as birthing method and feeding practices affect the correlation between maternal and infant microbiota, this research endeavors to establish practical strategies for optimizing early-life gut health management in infants. Such insights promise to inform targeted interventions that foster healthier microbial development during the critical first 6 months of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Li
- College of Food Science and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yuling Xue
- Junlebao Dairy Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Han Lu
- College of Food Science and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jinping Bai
- College of Food Science and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Liru Cui
- College of Food Science and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yibing Ning
- Junlebao Dairy Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Qingbin Yuan
- Junlebao Dairy Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xianxian Jia
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shijie Wang
- College of Food Science and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Junlebao Dairy Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kwon Y, Cho KH, Ma S, Ko H, Hong GH, Lee SY, Park KY, Chung JA, Jeong SJ. Supplementation of Heat-Treated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum nF1 Changes the Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Healthy Infants. J Nutr Metab 2024; 2024:5558566. [PMID: 38623309 PMCID: PMC11018375 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5558566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Imbalance of the gut microbiome and decrease in the number of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria often affect human health by altering intestinal and immune homeostasis. The use of probiotics has been shown to be an attractive method to modulate gut microbiota to prevent or treat intestinal dysbiosis. Likewise, this study aimed to determine whether the oral consumption of heat-treated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum nF1 (HLp-nF1) induces changes in the gut environment in healthy infants by measuring changes in fecal SCFAs. Methods The study enrolled 43 infants aged under 2 months, with 30 infants in the HLp-nF1 group receiving HLp-nF1 orally (2.5 × 1010 cells/g/pack, daily dose of two packs) for 8 weeks. The fecal samples were collected and the questionnaires were administered at weeks 0 and 8. Results The concentrations of the total SCFAs, acetate, propionate, and butyrate significantly increased following HLp-nF1 supplementation (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, and P=0.028, respectively). Conclusions Supplementation of HLp-nF1 has a positive effect on SCFA production and could be a potentially useful and straightforward method to manipulate SCFA formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoowon Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Hyun Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangbae Ma
- AiBiotics Co Ltd, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyelyun Ko
- AiBiotics Co Ltd, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Kun-Young Park
- IMMUNOBIOTECH Corp, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Integrated Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin A. Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Jeong
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moreno-Sanz B, Lázaro-Perona F, Escribano E, Cabrera Lafuente M, Montes MT, Amorós R, Arboleya S, Gueimonde M, Mingorance J, Saenz de Pipaon M. Assessment trial of the effect of enteral insulin on the preterm infant intestinal microbiota. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:1117-1123. [PMID: 38086952 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02917-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin might be associated with changes in infant gastrointestinal microbiota. The objective of this randomized controlled trial was to assess the efficacy of two doses of recombinant human(rh) enteral insulin administration compared to placebo in intestinal microbiota. METHODS 19 preterm patients were recruited at the NICU of La Paz University Hospital (Madrid, Spain). Subjects received 2000 µIU of rh enteral insulin/ml(n = 8), 400 µIU of rh enteral insulin/ml(n = 6) or placebo(n = 5) for 28 days administered once per day. Extracted DNA from fecal samples collected at the beginning and end of treatment were analyzed. The 16S rRNA V4 region was amplified and sequenced in a Miseq(Illumina®) sequencer using 2 × 250 bp paired end. Resulting reads were filtered and analyzed using Qiime2 software. Metabolic activity was assessed by GC. RESULTS Gestational age and birth weight did not differ between groups. At the phylum level, both insulin treated groups increased the relative abundance of Bacillota, while Pseudomonadota decreased. No change was observed in infants receiving placebo. At the genus level, insulin at both doses showed enriching effects on Clostridium. We found a significant increase in concentrations of fecal propionate in both rh insulin treated groups. CONCLUSION Rh insulin may modify neonatal intestinal microbiota and SCFAs in preterm infants. IMPACT STATEMENT Decrease of Pseudomonadota (former Proteobacteria phylum) and increase of Bacillota (former Firmicutes phylum) obtained in this study are the changes observed previously in low-risk infants for NEC. The administration of recombinant enteral insulin may modify the microbiota of preterm new-borns and SCFAs. Modulation of the microbiota may be a mechanism whereby insulin contributes to neonatal intestinal maturation and/or protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Moreno-Sanz
- Department of Neonatology, La Paz University Hospital Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Lázaro-Perona
- Department of Microbiology, La Paz University Hospital Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esperanza Escribano
- Department of Neonatology, La Paz University Hospital Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Cabrera Lafuente
- Department of Neonatology, La Paz University Hospital Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Montes
- Department of Neonatology, La Paz University Hospital Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Amorós
- Department of Neonatology, La Paz University Hospital Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Arboleya
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, IPLA-CSIC, Villaviciosa, Spain
- Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Miguel Gueimonde
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, IPLA-CSIC, Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Jesús Mingorance
- Department of Microbiology, La Paz University Hospital Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Saenz de Pipaon
- Department of Neonatology, La Paz University Hospital Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain.
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang N, Zhang J, Yu Z, Yan X, Zhang L, Peng H, Chen C, Li R. Oropharyngeal administration of colostrum targeting gut microbiota and metabolites in very preterm infants: protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:508. [PMID: 37845612 PMCID: PMC10577906 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oropharyngeal administration of colostrum (OAC) has an immune-stimulating effect on oropharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue, and can promote the maturation of the gastrointestinal tract. However, how OAC promotes intestinal maturation in preterm infants by altering gut microbiota remains unclear. We aim to assess changes in gut microbiota and metabolites after OAC in very preterm infants. METHODS A multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled trial will be conducted in three large neonatal intensive care units in Shenzhen, China, with preterm infants with gestational age less than 32 weeks at birth and birth weight less than 1500 g. It is estimated that 320 preterm infants will be enrolled in this study within one year. The intervention group will receive oropharyngeal administration of 0.2 ml colostrum every 3 h, starting between the first 48 to 72 h and continued for 5 consecutive days. Following a similar administration scheme, the control group will receive oropharyngeal administration of sterile water. Stool samples will be collected at the first defecation, as well as on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th days after birth for analysis of effect of OAC on gut microbiota and metabolites through 16sRNA gene sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. DISCUSSION This proposal advocates for the promotion of OAC as a safe and relatively beneficial protocol in neonatal intensive care units, which may contribute to the establishment of a dominant intestinal flora. Findings of this study may help improve the health outcomes of preterm infants by establishment of targeted gut microbiota in future studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT05481866 (registered July 30, 2022 on ClinicalTrials.gov).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Department of Neonatology, The Affiliated Suqian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, The Affiliated Suqian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhangbin Yu
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xudong Yan
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lian Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Bao'an Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Haibo Peng
- Department of Neonatology, Bao'an Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Longgang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Neonatology, Longgang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pados BF. State of the Science on the Benefits of Human Milk for Hospitalized, Vulnerable Neonates. Nurs Womens Health 2023; 27:121-140. [PMID: 36871597 DOI: 10.1016/j.nwh.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Research on human milk has increased dramatically in recent years. The purpose of this review is to describe the literature on the health benefits of human milk for hospitalized, vulnerable neonates. PubMed, CINAHL, and Embase were searched for research articles reporting the health outcomes of hospitalized neonates who were exposed to human milk. Human milk, particularly a mother's own milk, has the potential to reduce the risk of death and the risk and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis, infection, retinopathy of prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage, kidney disease, and liver disease. Dose and timing of human milk is important, with more human milk and earlier introduction having a greater impact on health. When a mother's own milk is not available, donor human milk provides benefits over infant formula.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang K, Tao GZ, Salimi-Jazi F, Lin PY, Sun Z, Liu B, Sinclair T, Mostaghimi M, Dunn J, Sylvester KG. Butyrate induces development-dependent necrotizing enterocolitis-like intestinal epithelial injury via necroptosis. Pediatr Res 2023; 93:801-809. [PMID: 36202969 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accumulation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from bacterial fermentation may adversely affect the under-developed gut as observed in premature newborns at risk for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). This study explores the mechanism by which specific SCFA fermentation products may injure the premature newborn intestine mucosa leading to NEC-like intestinal cell injury. METHODS Intraluminal injections of sodium butyrate were administered to 14- and 28-day-old mice, whose small intestine and stool were harvested for analysis. Human intestinal epithelial stem cells (hIESCs) and differentiated enterocytes from preterm and term infants were treated with sodium butyrate at varying concentrations. Necrosulfonamide (NSA) and necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) were used to determine the protective effects of necroptosis inhibitors on butyrate-induced cell injury. RESULTS The more severe intestinal epithelial injury was observed in younger mice upon exposure to butyrate (p = 0.02). Enterocytes from preterm newborns demonstrated a significant increase in sensitivity to butyrate-induced cell injury compared to term newborn enterocytes (p = 0.068, hIESCs; p = 0.038, differentiated cells). NSA and Nec-1 significantly inhibited the cell death induced by butyrate. CONCLUSIONS Butyrate induces developmental stage-dependent intestinal injury that resembles NEC. A primary mechanism of cell injury in NEC is necroptosis. Necroptosis inhibition may represent a potential preventive or therapeutic strategy for NEC. IMPACT Butyrate induces developmental stage-dependent intestinal injury that resembles NEC. A primary mechanism of cell injury caused by butyrate in NEC is necroptosis. Necroptosis inhibitors proved effective at significantly ameliorating the enteral toxicity of butyrate and thereby suggest a novel mechanism and approach to the prevention and treatment of NEC in premature newborns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Guo-Zhong Tao
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | | | - Po-Yu Lin
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany Sinclair
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mirko Mostaghimi
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James Dunn
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Karl G Sylvester
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Metabolic Health Center, Stanford University School of Medicine and Stanford Healthcare, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Therapeutic Potential of Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolite Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020561. [PMID: 36836917 PMCID: PMC9959300 DOI: 10.3390/life13020561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the principle end-products produced by the anaerobic gut microbial fermentation of complex carbohydrates (CHO) in the colon perform beneficial roles in metabolic health. Butyrate, acetate and propionate are the main SCFA metabolites, which maintain gut homeostasis and host immune responses, enhance gut barrier integrity and reduce gut inflammation via a range of epigenetic modifications in DNA/histone methylation underlying these effects. The infant gut microbiota composition is characterized by higher abundances of SCFA-producing bacteria. A large number of in vitro/vivo studies have demonstrated the therapeutic implications of SCFA-producing bacteria in infant inflammatory diseases, such as obesity and asthma, but the application of gut microbiota and its metabolite SCFAs to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), an acute inflammatory necrosis of the distal small intestine/colon affecting premature newborns, is scarce. Indeed, the beneficial health effects attributed to SCFAs and SCFA-producing bacteria in neonatal NEC are still to be understood. Thus, this literature review aims to summarize the available evidence on the therapeutic potential of gut microbiota and its metabolite SCFAs in neonatal NEC using the PubMed/MEDLINE database.
Collapse
|
8
|
Słupecka-Ziemilska M, Pierzynowski SG, Szczurek P, Pierzynowska K, Wychowański P, Seklecka B, Koperski M, Starzyńska A, Szkopek D, Donaldson J, Andrzejewski K, Woliński J. Milk Formula Enriched with Sodium Butyrate Influences Small Intestine Contractility in Neonatal Pigs. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204301. [PMID: 36296985 PMCID: PMC9608939 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrate, a by-product of gut bacteria fermentation as well as the digestion of fat in mother’s milk, exerts a wide spectrum of beneficial effects in the gastrointestinal tissues. The present study aimed to determine the effects of sodium butyrate on small intestine contractility in neonatal piglets. Piglets were fed milk formula alone (group C) or milk formula supplemented with sodium butyrate (group B). After a 7-day treatment period, isometric recordings of whole-thickness segments of the duodenum and middle jejunum were obtained by electric field stimulation under the influence of increasing doses of Ach (acetylocholine) in the presence of TTX (tetrodotoxin) and atropine. Moreover, structural properties of the intestinal wall were assessed, together with the expression of cholinergic and muscarinic receptors (M1 and M2). In both intestinal segments (duodenum and middle jejunum), EFS (electric field stimulation) impulses resulted in increased contractility and amplitude of contractions in group B compared to group C. Additionally, exposure to dietary butyrate led to a significant increase in tunica muscularis thickness in the duodenum, while mitotic and apoptotic indices were increased in the middle jejunum. The expression of M1 and M2 receptors in the middle jejunum was significantly higher after butyrate treatment. The results indicate increased cholinergic signaling and small intestinal growth and renewal in response to feeding with milk formula enriched with sodium butyrate in neonatal piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Słupecka-Ziemilska
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Stefan Grzegorz Pierzynowski
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Rural Health, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- SGP + Group, 231 32 Trelleborg, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Paulina Szczurek
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice, Poland
| | - Kateryna Pierzynowska
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (J.W.)
| | - Piotr Wychowański
- Division of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Department of Head and Neck, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS-Universita Cattolica del Sacro Coure, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maciej Koperski
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Anna Starzyńska
- Departament of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Gdańsk, 7 Dębinki Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dominika Szkopek
- Large Animal Models Laboratory, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Janine Donaldson
- SGP + Group, 231 32 Trelleborg, Sweden
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Krzysztof Andrzejewski
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Veteran’s Memorial Hospital, Medical University of Łódź, 90-549 Łódź, Poland
| | - Jarosław Woliński
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
- Large Animal Models Laboratory, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (J.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Exploring the Potential of Human Milk and Formula Milk on Infants’ Gut and Health. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173554. [PMID: 36079814 PMCID: PMC9460722 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life gut microbiota plays a role in determining the health and risk of developing diseases in later life. Various perinatal factors have been shown to contribute to the development and establishment of infant gut microbiota. One of the important factors influencing the infant gut microbial colonization and composition is the mode of infant feeding. While infant formula milk has been designed to resemble human milk as much as possible, the gut microbiome of infants who receive formula milk differs from that of infants who are fed human milk. A diverse microbial population in human milk and the microbes seed the infant gut microbiome. Human milk contains nutritional components that promote infant growth and bioactive components, such as human milk oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, and immunoglobulins, which contribute to immunological development. In an attempt to encourage the formation of a healthy gut microbiome comparable to that of a breastfed infant, manufacturers often supplement infant formula with prebiotics or probiotics, which are known to have a bifidogenic effect and can modulate the immune system. This review aims to elucidate the roles of human milk and formula milk on infants’ gut and health.
Collapse
|
10
|
Łoniewski I, Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Stachowska L, Fraszczyk-Tousty M, Tousty P, Łoniewska B. Breastfeeding Affects Concentration of Faecal Short Chain Fatty Acids During the First Year of Life: Results of the Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:939194. [PMID: 35898706 PMCID: PMC9310010 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.939194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are important metabolites of the gut microbiota. It has been shown that the microbiota and its metabolic activity in children are highly influenced by the type of diet and age. Our aim was to analyse the concentration of fecal SCFAs over two years of life and to evaluate the influence of feeding method on the content of these compounds in feces. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE/Embase/Ebsco/Cinahl/Web of Science from the database inception to 02/23/2021 without language restriction for observational studies that included an analysis of the concentration of fecal SCFAs in healthy children up to 3 years of age. The primary outcome measures-mean concentrations-were calculated. We performed a random-effects meta-analysis of outcomes for which ≥2 studies provided data. A subgroup analysis was related to the type of feeding (breast milk vs. formula vs. mixed feeding) and the time of analysis (time after birth). The initial search yielded 536 hits. We reviewed 79 full-text articles and finally included 41 studies (n = 2,457 SCFA analyses) in the meta-analysis. We found that concentrations of propionate and butyrate differed significantly in breastfed infants with respect to time after birth. In infants artificially fed up to 1 month of age, the concentration of propionic acid, butyric acid, and all other SCFAs is higher, and acetic acid is lower. At 1–3 months of age, a higher concentration of only propionic acid was observed. At the age of 3–6 months, artificial feeding leads to a higher concentration of butyric acid and the sum of SCFAs. We concluded that the type of feeding influences the content of SCFAs in feces in the first months of life. However, there is a need for long-term evaluation of the impact of the observed differences on health later in life and for standardization of analytical methods and procedures for the study of SCFAs in young children. These data will be of great help to other researchers in analyzing the relationships between fecal SCFAs and various physiologic and pathologic conditions in early life and possibly their impact on health in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Łoniewski
- Department of Biochemical Science, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka
- Department of Biochemical Science, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- *Correspondence: Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka
| | - Laura Stachowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Tousty
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Beata Łoniewska
- Department of Neonatal Diseases, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Colonization of fecal microbiota from patients with neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis exacerbates intestinal injury in germfree mice subjected to necrotizing enterocolitis-induction protocol via alterations in butyrate and regulatory T cells. J Transl Med 2021; 19:510. [PMID: 34922582 PMCID: PMC8684079 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) remains a life-threatening disease in neonates. Numerous studies have shown a correlation between the intestinal microbiota and NEC, but the causal link remains unclear. This study aimed to demonstrate the causal role of gut microbiota in NEC and explore potential mechanisms involved. METHODS Eighty-one fecal samples from patients with NEC and eighty-one matched controls (matched to the NEC infants by gestational age, birth weight, date of birth, mode of delivery and feeding patterns) were collected. To explore if altered gut microbiota contributes to the pathogenesis of NEC, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was carried out in germ-free (GF) mice prior to a NEC-induction protocol that included exposure to hypoxia and cold stress. Butyric acid was also administered to demonstrate its role in NEC. The fecal microbiota from patients and mice were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. Short chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The ontogeny of T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) from the ileum of patients and mice were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry.The transcription of inflammatory cytokines was quantified by qRT-PCR. RESULTS NEC patients had increased Proteobacteria and decreased Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes compared to fecal control samples, and the level of butyric acid in the NEC group was lower than the control group. FMT in GF mice with samples from NEC patients achieved a higher histological injury scores when compared to mice that received FMT with control samples. Alterations in microbiota and butyrate levels were maintained in mice following FMT. The ratio of Treg/CD4+T (Thelper) cells was reduced in both NEC patients and mice modeling NEC following FMT. CONCLUSIONS The microbiota was found to have NEC and the microbial butyrate-Treg axis was identified as a potential mechanism for the observed effects.
Collapse
|
12
|
van der Merwe M, Moore D, Hill JL, Keating FH, Buddington RK, Bloomer RJ, Wang A, Bowman DD. The Impact of a Dried Fruit and Vegetable Supplement and Fiber Rich Shake on Gut and Health Parameters in Female Healthcare Workers: A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040843. [PMID: 33920059 PMCID: PMC8070989 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Phytochemicals from fruits and vegetables are known to reduce inflammation and improve overall health. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a fruit and vegetable concentrate (FVC) and high fiber component on the gut microbiome in an overweight/obese, female population. Methods: The study was a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial with 57 asymptomatic, pre-menopausal, overweight/obese females between 25–50 years of age working in healthcare. Blood and fecal samples were collected before and after two, four and five months of daily supplementation. Metabolic parameters were measured, and the gut microbiome analyzed. Results: No effect was observed with FVC supplementation for blood lipids, glucose and immune parameters. There was an improvement in glucose clearance. The FVC supplement did not result in taxonomic alterations at phyla level, or changes in α or β diversity, but reduced Bacteroides abundance and increased fecal butyrate. An additional high fiber component improved levels of health associated bacteria. Conclusion: The results suggest that a dried fruit and vegetable supplement, with a high fiber meal replacement can alter the intestinal microbiota and improve glucose clearance, suggesting that this combination of supplements can improve glucose metabolism and possibly reduce the risk of insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie van der Merwe
- Center for Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplement Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Memphis, 106 Elma Roane Fieldhouse, Zach Curlin Rd., Memphis, TN 38152, USA; (D.M.); (J.L.H.); (F.H.K.); (R.K.B.); (R.J.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Damien Moore
- Center for Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplement Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Memphis, 106 Elma Roane Fieldhouse, Zach Curlin Rd., Memphis, TN 38152, USA; (D.M.); (J.L.H.); (F.H.K.); (R.K.B.); (R.J.B.)
| | - Jessica L. Hill
- Center for Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplement Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Memphis, 106 Elma Roane Fieldhouse, Zach Curlin Rd., Memphis, TN 38152, USA; (D.M.); (J.L.H.); (F.H.K.); (R.K.B.); (R.J.B.)
| | - Faith H. Keating
- Center for Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplement Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Memphis, 106 Elma Roane Fieldhouse, Zach Curlin Rd., Memphis, TN 38152, USA; (D.M.); (J.L.H.); (F.H.K.); (R.K.B.); (R.J.B.)
| | - Randal K. Buddington
- Center for Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplement Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Memphis, 106 Elma Roane Fieldhouse, Zach Curlin Rd., Memphis, TN 38152, USA; (D.M.); (J.L.H.); (F.H.K.); (R.K.B.); (R.J.B.)
| | - Richard J. Bloomer
- Center for Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplement Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Memphis, 106 Elma Roane Fieldhouse, Zach Curlin Rd., Memphis, TN 38152, USA; (D.M.); (J.L.H.); (F.H.K.); (R.K.B.); (R.J.B.)
| | - Anyou Wang
- Harry Feinstone Center for Genomic Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA;
| | - Dale D. Bowman
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang X, Li J, Li N, Guan K, Yin D, Zhang H, Ding G, Hu Y. Evolution of Intestinal Gases and Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids Produced in vitro by Preterm Infant Gut Microbiota During the First 4 Weeks of Life. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:726193. [PMID: 34646797 PMCID: PMC8504453 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.726193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The production of intestinal gases and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by infant gut microbiota may have a significant impact on their health, but information about the composition and volume of intestinal gases and SCFA profiles in preterm infants is scarce. Objective: This study examined the change of the composition and volume of intestinal gases and SCFA profiles produced by preterm infant gut microbiota in vitro during the first 4 weeks of life. Methods: Fecal samples were obtained at five time points (within 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks) from 19 preterm infants hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University between May and July 2020. These samples were initially inoculated into four different media containing lactose (LAT), fructooligosaccharide (FOS), 2'-fucosyllactose (FL-2), and galactooligosaccharide (GOS) and thereafter fermented for 24 h under conditions mimicking those of the large intestine at 37.8°C under anaerobic conditions. The volume of total intestinal gases and the concentrations of individual carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) were measured by a gas analyzer. The concentrations of total SCFAs, individual acetic acid, propanoic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, pentanoic acid, and valeric acid were measured by gas chromatography (GC). Results: The total volume of intestinal gases (ranging from 0.01 to 1.64 ml in medium with LAT; 0-1.42 ml with GOS; 0-0.91 ml with FOS; and 0-0.44 ml with FL-2) and the concentrations of CO2, H2, H2S, and all six fecal SCFAs increased with age (p-trends < 0.05). Among them, CO2 was usually the predominant intestinal gas, and acetic acid was usually the predominant SCFA. When stratified by birth weight (<1,500 and ≥1,500 g), gender, and delivery mode, the concentration of CO2 was more pronounced among infants whose weight was ≥1,500 g than among those whose weight was <1,500 g (p-trends < 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings suggested that the intestinal gases and SCFAs produced by preterm infant gut microbiota in vitro increased with age during the first 4 weeks of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kunyu Guan
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Yin
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huating Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guodong Ding
- Department of Respiratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Van Belkum M, Mendoza Alvarez L, Neu J. Preterm neonatal immunology at the intestinal interface. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1209-1227. [PMID: 31576423 PMCID: PMC11105006 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03316-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fetal and neonatal development represents a critical window for setting a path toward health throughout life. In this review, we focus on intestinal immunity, how it develops, and its implications for subsequent neonatal diseases. We discuss maternal nutritional and environmental exposures that dictate outcomes for the developing fetus. Although still controversial, there is evidence in support of an in utero microbiome. Specific well-intentioned and routine applications of antibiotics, steroids, and surgical interventions implemented before, during, and after birth skew the neonate towards pro-inflammatory dysbiosis. Shortly after birth, a consortium of maternal and environmentally derived bacteria, through cross-talk with the developing host immune system, takes center stage in developing or disrupting immune homeostasis at the intestinal interface. We also examine subsequent immunological cross-talks, which involve neonatal myeloid and lymphoid responses, and their potential impacts on health and disease such as necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis, especially critical disease entities for the infant born preterm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Van Belkum
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Lybil Mendoza Alvarez
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Josef Neu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zheng N, Gao Y, Zhu W, Meng D, Walker WA. Short chain fatty acids produced by colonizing intestinal commensal bacterial interaction with expressed breast milk are anti-inflammatory in human immature enterocytes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229283. [PMID: 32084202 PMCID: PMC7034856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating intestinal emergency that affects ten percent of very low birth weight premature babies and costs society in both expense and heartache. It is probably caused by an inappropriate interaction of colonizing bacteria with an immature intestine. A possible preventative measure is to feed prematures their mother's expressed breast milk in conjunction with a probiotic. This synbiotic prevention reduces the severity and incidence of this condition. This study was designed to determine the mechanism of the synbiotic effect in human and mouse fetal intestine. Breast milk interacting with a NEC preventative probiotic such as Bifidobacterium infantis can produce increased levels of short chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate and butyrate) (SCFAs). SCFAs are known to be anti-inflammatory in mature enterocytes and immunocytes. Very little is known about their role in immature intestine. When exposed to a human fetal cell line, fetal intestinal organoids and fetal mouse intestine, these SCFAs were anti-inflammatory. Their mechanism of anti-inflammation differed from those reported for mature cells by involving the G-protein coupled receptor (GPR 109A) and inhibiting histone deacetylase 4 and 5. These bacterial metabolites may help explain the synbiotic anti-inflammatory effect of breast milk and probiotics given to premature infants at risk for NEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weishu Zhu
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Di Meng
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - W. Allan Walker
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
van der Merwe M, Sharma S, Caldwell JL, Smith NJ, Gomes CK, Bloomer RJ, Buddington RK, Pierre JF. Time of Feeding Alters Obesity-Associated Parameters and Gut Bacterial Communities, but Not Fungal Populations, in C57BL/6 Male Mice. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzz145. [PMID: 32025616 PMCID: PMC6992463 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fasting and timed feeding strategies normalize obesity parameters even under high-fat dietary intake. Although previous work demonstrated that these dietary strategies reduce adiposity and improve metabolic health, limited work has examined intestinal microbial communities. OBJECTIVES We determined whether timed feeding modifies the composition of the intestinal microbiome and mycobiome (yeast and fungi). METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet (HF) for 6 wk. Animals were then randomly assigned to the following groups (n = 8-10/group): 1) HF ad libitum; 2) purified high-fiber diet (Daniel Fast, DF); 3) HF-time-restricted feeding (TRF) (6 h); 4) HF-alternate-day fasting (ADF); or 5) HF at 80% total caloric restriction (CR). After 8 wk, obesity and gut parameters were characterized. We also examined changes to the gut microbiome and mycobiome before, during, and following dietary interventions. RESULTS Body mass gain was reduced with all restricted dietary groups. HF-fed microbiota displayed lower α-diversity along with reduced phylum levels of Bacteroidetes and increased Firmicutes. Animals switched from HF to DF demonstrated a rapid transition in bacterial taxonomic composition, α-, and β-diversity that initially resembled HF, but was distinct after 4 and 8 wk of DF feeding. Time-or calorie-restricted HF-fed groups did not show changes at the phylum level, but α-diversity was increased, with specific genera altered. Six weeks of HF feeding reduced various fungal populations, particularly Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Talaromyces, and increased Candida, Hanseniaspora, and Kurtzmaniella. However, 8 wk of intervention did not change the fungal populations, with the most abundant genera being Candida, Penicillium, and Hanseniaspora. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that timed-feeding protocols and diet composition do not significantly affect the gut fungal community, despite inducing measurable shifts in the bacterial population that coincide with improvements in metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunita Sharma
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jade L Caldwell
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nicholas J Smith
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Charles K Gomes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph F Pierre
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nielsen CH, Hui Y, Nguyen DN, Ahnfeldt AM, Burrin DG, Hartmann B, Heckmann AB, Sangild PT, Thymann T, Bering SB. Alpha-Lactalbumin Enriched Whey Protein Concentrate to Improve Gut, Immunity and Brain Development in Preterm Pigs. Nutrients 2020; 12:E245. [PMID: 31963562 PMCID: PMC7020014 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk is rich in nutritional factors, such as alpha-lactalbumin (α-Lac), and important for neonatal development, but nutrient supplementation may be required for optimal growth. Using a pig model, we hypothesized that α-Lac-enriched whey protein concentrate (WPC) supplementation improves neonatal development. Cesarean-delivered preterm pigs were fed either dilute bovine milk (REF) or REF milk supplemented with WPC with normal (STANDARD-ALPHA) or high (HIGH-ALPHA) α-Lac. Clinical, gut, immune and cognitive endpoints (open field, T-maze) were assessed and tissues collected at Day 19. The growth of STANDARD-ALPHA and HIGH-ALPHA were higher than REF (31 vs. 19 g/kg/d). Most organ weights, gut, immunity and brain variables were similar between WPC groups. HIGH-ALPHA had a higher bone mineral content, colon microbial diversity and an abundance of specific bacteria and microbial metabolites, and tended to show a faster food transit time (p = 0.07). Relative to REF, WPC pigs showed higher relative organ weights, blood amino acids, blood neutrophil function, and microbial metabolites, but lower brush-border enzyme activities and plasma cortisol. Cognition outcomes did not differ among the groups. In conclusion, WPC supplementation of milk improved some growth, gut and immunity parameters in preterm pigs. However, increasing the α-Lac content beyond human milk levels had limited effects on the immature gut and developing brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Holme Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (C.H.N.); (D.N.N.); (A.M.A.); (P.T.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Yan Hui
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark;
| | - Duc Ninh Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (C.H.N.); (D.N.N.); (A.M.A.); (P.T.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Agnethe May Ahnfeldt
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (C.H.N.); (D.N.N.); (A.M.A.); (P.T.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Douglas G. Burrin
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA-ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | | | - Per Torp Sangild
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (C.H.N.); (D.N.N.); (A.M.A.); (P.T.S.); (T.T.)
- Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (C.H.N.); (D.N.N.); (A.M.A.); (P.T.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Stine Brandt Bering
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (C.H.N.); (D.N.N.); (A.M.A.); (P.T.S.); (T.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Neonatal Microbiome and Its Relationship to Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Review of the Science. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 2020; 34:276-282. [PMID: 32697548 DOI: 10.1097/jpn.0000000000000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) occurs in many premature infants hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit. About 3% to 15% of very low-weight premature infants develop NEC, with an estimated 30% mortality rate for the cases requiring surgery. Currently, there is no known pathogenesis for NEC in the patient's populations. However, one of the most widely accepted hypotheses is having an abnormal fetal gut microbiome. The purpose of this review is to discuss some current methods of dysbiosis in the neonatal microbiome, such as maternal health, breastfeeding, and delivery method, and then to connect these to the occurrence of NEC in the infant and finally discuss some possibilities for limiting the occurrence of NEC in the future.
Collapse
|
19
|
Henderickx JGE, Zwittink RD, van Lingen RA, Knol J, Belzer C. The Preterm Gut Microbiota: An Inconspicuous Challenge in Nutritional Neonatal Care. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:85. [PMID: 31001489 PMCID: PMC6454191 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The nutritional requirements of preterm infants are unique and challenging to meet in neonatal care, yet crucial for their growth, development and health. Normally, the gut microbiota has distinct metabolic capacities, making their role in metabolism of dietary components indispensable. In preterm infants, variation in microbiota composition is introduced while facing a unique set of environmental conditions. However, the effect of such variation on the microbiota's metabolic capacity and on the preterm infant's growth and development remains unresolved. In this review, we will provide a holistic overview on the development of the preterm gut microbiota and the unique environmental conditions contributing to this, in addition to maturation of the gastrointestinal tract and immune system in preterm infants. The role of prematurity, as well as the role of human milk, in the developmental processes is emphasized. Current research stresses the early life gut microbiota as cornerstone for simultaneous development of the gastrointestinal tract and immune system. Besides that, literature provides clues that prematurity affects growth and development. As such, this review is concluded with our hypothesis that prematurity of the gut microbiota may be an inconspicuous clinical challenge in achieving optimal feeding besides traditional challenges, such as preterm breast milk composition, high nutritional requirements and immaturity of the gastrointestinal tract and immune system. A better understanding of the metabolic capacity of the gut microbiota and its impact on gut and immune maturation in preterm infants could complement current feeding regimens in future neonatal care and thereby facilitate growth, development and health in preterm infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jannie G E Henderickx
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Romy D Zwittink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Richard A van Lingen
- Department of Neonatology, Isala Women and Children's Hospital, Zwolle, Netherlands
| | - Jan Knol
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Le Gall G, Guttula K, Kellingray L, Tett AJ, Ten Hoopen R, Kemsley EK, Savva GM, Ibrahim A, Narbad A. Metabolite quantification of faecal extracts from colorectal cancer patients and healthy controls. Oncotarget 2018; 9:33278-33289. [PMID: 30279959 PMCID: PMC6161785 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), a primary cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide is expected to rise in the coming years. A better understanding of the metabolic changes taking place during the disease progression is needed for effective improvements of screening strategies and treatments. In the present study, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) metabolomics was used to quantify the absolute concentrations of metabolites in faecal extracts from two cohorts of CRC patients and healthy controls. The quantification of over 80 compounds revealed that patients with CRC had increased faecal concentrations of branched chain fatty acids (BCFA), isovalerate and isobutyrate plus valerate and phenylacetate but diminished concentrations of amino acids, sugars, methanol and bile acids (deoxycholate, lithodeoxycholate and cholate). These results suggest that alterations in microbial activity and composition could have triggered an increase in utilisation of host intestinal slough cells and mucins and led to an increase in BCFA, valerate and phenylacetate. Concurrently, a general reduction in the microbial metabolic function may have led to reduced levels of other components (amino acids, sugars and bile acids) normally produced under healthy conditions. This study provides a thorough listing of the most abundant compounds found in human faecal waters and presents a template for absolute quantification of metabolites. The production of BCFA and phenylacetate in colonic carcinogenesis warrants further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kiran Guttula
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lee Kellingray
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Adrian J Tett
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Rogier Ten Hoopen
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Kate Kemsley
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - George M Savva
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Ashraf Ibrahim
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arjan Narbad
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
The Risk of Necrotizing Enterocolitis Differs Among Preterm Pigs Fed Formulas With Either Lactose or Maltodextrin. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018; 66:e61-e66. [PMID: 28806296 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES When breast milk is unavailable for preterm infants, formulas are needed that won't increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Adding novel ingredients to formula to reduce NEC has not been effective clinically. Instead, we tested the prediction that NEC can be reduced by removing the maltodextrin now included in preterm formulas. METHODS The preterm pig model of spontaneous NEC was used to evaluate growth, health, and intestinal responses to 6 to 7 days of feeding formulas that were identical except for the source of carbohydrate; either 100% lactose or maltodextrin; colostrum was used as the control. RESULTS Formula with maltodextrin resulted in a 50% incidence of NEC with 30% mortality. The lactose formula and colostrum resulted in a 0% incidence of NEC. Growth was highest for pigs fed the formula with lactose, intermediate with maltodextrin, and minimal when bovine colostrum was fed (P < 0.05). Although the small intestine was larger when colostrum was fed (P < 0.05), because rates of glucose uptake were lower (P < 0.05), total small intestine capacities to transport glucose were similar for healthy pigs in all 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS If lactose-based formulas reduce NEC clinically, the transition of preterm infants to enteral feeding can be accelerated, improving growth and development, and shortening reliance on parenteral nutrition. Although colostrum protects against NEC, chronic feeding does not promote body weight gain after preterm birth. The preterm pig can be used for preclinical studies that evaluate the mechanisms by which carbohydrates and other ingredients influence growth, development, health, and risk of NEC.
Collapse
|
22
|
Buddington RK, Kapadia C, Neumer F, Theis S. Oligofructose Provides Laxation for Irregularity Associated with Low Fiber Intake. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9121372. [PMID: 29258261 PMCID: PMC5748822 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inadequate dietary fiber intake contributes to the prevalent irregularity and constipation in Western countries. Although eating adequate amounts of fibers from fiber-rich foods, foods with added fibers and dietary fiber supplements is considered the first option for improving laxation, the efficacy can vary among types of fibers. The present study is a randomized control trial that included healthy adult participants with ≤3 bowel movements/week and a habitual low dietary fiber intake in a parallel design to evaluate the benefits for laxation by supplementing the daily diet with oligofructose (Orafti® P95; OF), a fermentable source of fiber and established prebiotic (n = 49); maltodextrin was the placebo (n = 48). After a run-in phase, OF was initially provided at 5 g/day, then increased to 10 and 15 g/day with four weeks for each phase. Stool frequency (bowel movements per week) for the OF and maltodextrin (MD) groups were initially similar (3.98 ± 1.49 vs. 4.06 ± 1.48), did not change for the placebo group, but increased for the OF group with the difference significant at 15 g/day (p = 0.023). Stool consistency was similar and remained unchanged at all doses for both groups. Gastrointestinal sensations were low for both groups. Laxation benefits were especially pronounced for participants with >13 g/day habitual dietary fiber intake, with significant laxation at 10 g and 15 g OF/day (p = 0.04 and p = 0.004, respectively) A daily supplement with a short-chain inulin-type fructan derived from chicory roots, i.e., oligofructose (Orafti® P95) provided a laxation effect without causing gastrointestinal (GI) distress for healthy participants with irregularity associated with low dietary fiber intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cavita Kapadia
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
| | - Franka Neumer
- BENEO-Institute, c/o BENEO GmbH, Wormser Str. 11, 67283 Obrigheim, Germany.
| | - Stephan Theis
- BENEO-Institute, c/o BENEO GmbH, Wormser Str. 11, 67283 Obrigheim, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
McNabney SM, Henagan TM. Short Chain Fatty Acids in the Colon and Peripheral Tissues: A Focus on Butyrate, Colon Cancer, Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Nutrients 2017; 9:E1348. [PMID: 29231905 PMCID: PMC5748798 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased dietary fiber consumption has been associated with many beneficial effects, including amelioration of obesity and insulin resistance. These effects may be due to the increased production of short chain fatty acids, including propionate, acetate and butyrate, during fermentation of the dietary fiber in the colon. Indeed, oral and dietary supplementation of butyrate alone has been shown to prevent high fat-diet induced obesity and insulin resistance. This review focuses on sources of short chain fatty acids, with emphasis on sources of butyrate, mechanisms of fiber and butyrate metabolism in the gut and its protective effects on colon cancer and the peripheral effects of butyrate supplementation in peripheral tissues in the prevention and reversal of obesity and insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean M McNabney
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Tara M Henagan
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
A novel LCMSMS method for quantitative measurement of short-chain fatty acids in human stool derivatized with 12 C- and 13 C-labelled aniline. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 138:43-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
25
|
Mode of Birth Influences Preterm Infant Intestinal Colonization With Bacteroides Over the Early Neonatal Period. Adv Neonatal Care 2015; 15:386-93. [PMID: 26551793 DOI: 10.1097/anc.0000000000000237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal colonization during infancy is important to short- and long-term health outcomes. Bacteroides, an early member of the intestinal microbiome, is necessary for breaking down complex molecules within the intestine and function to assist the body's immune system in fighting against potentially harmful pathogens. Little is known about the colonization pattern of Bacteroides in preterm infants during the early neonatal period. PURPOSE This study measured Bacteroides colonization during the early neonatal period in a population of preterm infants, based on clinical factors including mode of birth, antibiotics, and nutrition. METHODS Bacterial DNA was isolated from 144 fecal samples from 29 preterm infants and analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Analyses included liner mixed models to determine which clinical factors affect Bacteroides colonization of the infant gut. RESULTS We found that infants born via vaginal canal had a higher rate of increase in Bacteroides than infants born via cesarean section (P < .001). We did not find significant associations between antibiotic administration and differences in nutritional exposures with Bacteroides colonization. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE These findings highlight the significant influence of mode of birth on Bacteroides colonization. While mode of birth is not always modifiable, these study findings may help develop interventions for preterm infants born via cesarean section aimed at overcoming delayed Bacteroides colonization. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH Greater study of the intestinal microbiome and the clinical factors relevant to the preterm infant is needed so that interventions may be developed and tested, resulting in optimal microbial and immune health.
Collapse
|