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Ham H, Kim KS, Lee JH, Kim DN, Choi HJ, Yoh JJ. Acoustic Deep Brain Modulation: Enhancing Neuronal Activation and Neurogenesis. Brain Stimul 2024:S1935-861X(24)00153-0. [PMID: 39218349 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2024.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-invasive deep brain modulation (DBM) stands as a promising therapeutic avenue to treat brain diseases. Acoustic DBM represents an innovative and targeted approach to modulate the deep brain, employing techniques such as focused ultrasound and shock waves. Despite its potential, the optimal mechanistic parameters, the effect in the brain and behavioral outcomes of acoustic DBM remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To establish a robust protocol for the shock wave DBM by optimizing its mechanistic profile of external stimulation, and to assess its efficacy in preclinical settings. METHODS We used shockwaves due to their capacity to leverage a broader spectrum of peak intensity (10-127 W/mm2) in contrast to ultrasound (0.1-5.0 W/mm2), thereby enabling a more extensive range of neuromodulation effects. We established various types of shockwave pressure profiles of DBM and compared neural and behavioral responses. To ascertain the anticipated cause of the heightened neural activity response, numerical analysis was employed to examine the mechanical dynamics within the brain. RESULTS An optimized profile led to an enhancement in neuronal activity within the hypothalamus of mouse models. The optimized profile in the hippocampus elicited a marked increase in neurogenesis without neuronal damage. Behavioral analyses uncovered a noteworthy reduction in locomotion without significant effects on spatial memory function. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides an optimized shock wave stimulation protocol for non-invasive DBM. Our optimized stimulation profile selectively triggers neural functions in the deep brain. Our protocol paves the way for new non-invasive DBM devices to treat brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwichan Ham
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Sik Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | - Jee-Hwan Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Do-Nyun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyung-Jin Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu Seoul 03080, South Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, 101 Dabyeonbat-gil, Hwachon-myeon, Gangwon-do, 25159, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jack J Yoh
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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Sachdeva T, Ganpule SG. Twenty Years of Blast-Induced Neurotrauma: Current State of Knowledge. Neurotrauma Rep 2024; 5:243-253. [PMID: 38515548 PMCID: PMC10956535 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2024.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Blast-induced neurotrauma (BINT) is an important injury paradigm of neurotrauma research. This short communication summarizes the current knowledge of BINT. We divide the BINT research into several broad categories-blast wave generation in laboratory, biomechanics, pathology, behavioral outcomes, repetitive blast in animal models, and clinical and neuroimaging investigations in humans. Publications from 2000 to 2023 in each subdomain were considered. The analysis of the literature has brought out salient aspects. Primary blast waves can be simulated reasonably in a laboratory using carefully designed shock tubes. Various biomechanics-based theories of BINT have been proposed; each of these theories may contribute to BINT by generating a unique biomechanical signature. The injury thresholds for BINT are in the nascent stages. Thresholds for rodents are reasonably established, but such thresholds (guided by primary blast data) are unavailable in humans. Single blast exposure animal studies suggest dose-dependent neuronal pathologies predominantly initiated by blood-brain barrier permeability and oxidative stress. The pathologies were typically reversible, with dose-dependent recovery times. Behavioral changes in animals include anxiety, auditory and recognition memory deficits, and fear conditioning. The repetitive blast exposure manifests similar pathologies in animals, however, at lower blast overpressures. White matter irregularities and cortical volume and thickness alterations have been observed in neuroimaging investigations of military personnel exposed to blast. Behavioral changes in human cohorts include sleep disorders, poor motor skills, cognitive dysfunction, depression, and anxiety. Overall, this article provides a concise synopsis of current understanding, consensus, controversies, and potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Sachdeva
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Shailesh G. Ganpule
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
- Department of Design, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
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3
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Hetzer SM, O'Connell C, Lallo V, Robson M, Evanson NK. Model matters: Differential outcomes in traumatic optic neuropathy pathophysiology between blunt and blast-wave mediated head injuries. Exp Neurol 2024; 372:114613. [PMID: 37995952 PMCID: PMC10870099 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Over 3 million people in the United States live with long-term disability because of a traumatic brain injury (TBI). The purpose of this study was to characterize and compare two different animal models of TBI (blunt head trauma and blast TBI) to determine common and divergent characteristics of these models. With recent literature reviews noting the prevalence of visual system injury in animal models of TBI, coupled with clinical estimates of 50-75% of all TBI cases, we decided to assess commonalities, if they existed, through visual system injury. A unilateral (left directed) blast and repeat blast model injury with coup-contra-coup injury patterns were compared to a midline blunt injury. Injuries were induced in adult male mice to observe and quantify visual deficits. Retinal ganglion cell loss and axonal degeneration in the optic tract, superior colliculus, and lateral geniculate nuclei were examined to trace injury outcomes throughout major vision-associated areas. Optokinetic response, immunohistochemistry, and western blots were analyzed. Where a single blunt injury produces significant visual deficits a single blast injury appears to have less severe visual consequences. Visual deficits after repeat blasts are similar to a single blast. Single blast injury induces contralateral damage to the right optic chiasm and tract whereas bilateral injury follows a single blunt TBI. Repeat blast injuries are required to see degeneration patterns in downstream regions similar to the damage seen in a single blunt injury. This finding is further supported by amyloid precursor protein (APP) staining in injured cohorts. Blunt injured groups present with staining 1.2 mm ahead of the optic nerve, indicating axonal breakage closer to the optic chiasm. In blast groups, APP was identifiable in a bilateral pattern only in the geniculate nucleus. Evidence for unilateral neuronal degeneration in brain tissue with bilateral axonal ruptures are pivotal discoveries in this model differentiation. Analysis of the two injury models suggests that there is a significant difference in the histological outcomes dependent on injury type, though visual system injury is likely present in more cases than are currently diagnosed clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Hetzer
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States of America.
| | - C O'Connell
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, United States of America
| | - V Lallo
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati, United States of America
| | - M Robson
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, United States of America
| | - N K Evanson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States of America; Division of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States of America
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4
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Xiong G, Jean I, Farrugia AM, Metheny H, Johnson BN, Cohen NA, Cohen AS. Temporal and structural sensitivities of major biomarkers for detecting neuropathology after traumatic brain injury in the mouse. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1339262. [PMID: 38356651 PMCID: PMC10865493 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1339262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in teenagers to young adults. In recent decades, different biomarkers and/or staining protocols have been employed to evaluate the post-injury development of pathological structures, but they have produced many contradictory findings. Since correctly identifying the underlying neuroanatomical changes is critical to advancing TBI research, we compared three commonly used markers for their ability to detect TBI pathological structures: Fluoro-Jade C, the rabbit monoclonal antibody Y188 against amyloid precursor protein and the NeuroSilver kit were used to stain adjacent slices from naïve or injured mouse brains harvested at different time points from 30 min to 3 months after lateral fluid percussion injury. Although not all pathological structures were stained by all markers at all time points, we found damaged neurons and deformed dendrites in gray matter, punctate and perivascular structures in white matter, and axonal blebs and Wallerian degeneration in both gray and white matter. The present study demonstrates the temporal and structural sensitivities of the three biomarkers: each marker is highly effective for a set of pathological structures, each of which in turn emerges at a particular time point. Furthermore, the different biomarkers showed different abilities at detecting identical types of pathological structures. In contrast to previous studies that have used a single biomarker at a single time range, the present report strongly recommends that a combination of different biomarkers should be adopted and different time points need to be checked when assessing neuropathology after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ian Jean
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anthony M. Farrugia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hannah Metheny
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brian N. Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Noam A. Cohen
- Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology−Head and Neck Surgery, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Akiva S. Cohen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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5
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Elder GA, Gama Sosa MA, De Gasperi R, Perez Garcia G, Perez GM, Abutarboush R, Kawoos U, Zhu CW, Janssen WGM, Stone JR, Hof PR, Cook DG, Ahlers ST. The Neurovascular Unit as a Locus of Injury in Low-Level Blast-Induced Neurotrauma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1150. [PMID: 38256223 PMCID: PMC10816929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Blast-induced neurotrauma has received much attention over the past decade. Vascular injury occurs early following blast exposure. Indeed, in animal models that approximate human mild traumatic brain injury or subclinical blast exposure, vascular pathology can occur in the presence of a normal neuropil, suggesting that the vasculature is particularly vulnerable. Brain endothelial cells and their supporting glial and neuronal elements constitute a neurovascular unit (NVU). Blast injury disrupts gliovascular and neurovascular connections in addition to damaging endothelial cells, basal laminae, smooth muscle cells, and pericytes as well as causing extracellular matrix reorganization. Perivascular pathology becomes associated with phospho-tau accumulation and chronic perivascular inflammation. Disruption of the NVU should impact activity-dependent regulation of cerebral blood flow, blood-brain barrier permeability, and glymphatic flow. Here, we review work in an animal model of low-level blast injury that we have been studying for over a decade. We review work supporting the NVU as a locus of low-level blast injury. We integrate our findings with those from other laboratories studying similar models that collectively suggest that damage to astrocytes and other perivascular cells as well as chronic immune activation play a role in the persistent neurobehavioral changes that follow blast injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A. Elder
- Neurology Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; (M.A.G.S.); (R.D.G.)
- Mount Sinai Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and the Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (C.W.Z.); (P.R.H.)
| | - Miguel A. Gama Sosa
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; (M.A.G.S.); (R.D.G.)
- General Medical Research Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Rita De Gasperi
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; (M.A.G.S.); (R.D.G.)
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA;
| | - Georgina Perez Garcia
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA;
| | - Gissel M. Perez
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA;
| | - Rania Abutarboush
- Department of Neurotrauma, Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate, Naval Medical ResearchCommand, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (R.A.); (U.K.); (S.T.A.)
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Usmah Kawoos
- Department of Neurotrauma, Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate, Naval Medical ResearchCommand, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (R.A.); (U.K.); (S.T.A.)
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Carolyn W. Zhu
- Mount Sinai Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and the Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (C.W.Z.); (P.R.H.)
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA;
- Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - William G. M. Janssen
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - James R. Stone
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, 480 Ray C Hunt Drive, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA;
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Mount Sinai Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and the Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (C.W.Z.); (P.R.H.)
- Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - David G. Cook
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA;
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Stephen T. Ahlers
- Department of Neurotrauma, Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate, Naval Medical ResearchCommand, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (R.A.); (U.K.); (S.T.A.)
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Mu C, Gao M, Xu W, Sun X, Chen T, Xu H, Qiu H. Mechanisms of microRNA-132 in central neurodegenerative diseases: A comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:116029. [PMID: 38128185 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-132 (miR-132) is a highly conserved molecule that plays a crucial regulatory role in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. The expression levels of miR-132 exhibit variability in various neurological disorders and have been closely linked to disease onset and progression. The expression level of miR-132 in the CNS is regulated by a diverse range of stimuli and signaling pathways, including neuronal migration and integration, dendritic outgrowth, and complexity, synaptogenesis, synaptic plasticity, as well as inflammation and apoptosis activation. The aberrant expression of miR-132 in various central neurodegenerative diseases has garnered widespread attention. Clinical studies have revealed altered miR-132 expression levels in both chronic and acute CNS diseases, positioning miR-132 as a potential biomarker or therapeutic target. An in-depth exploration of miR-132 holds the promise of enhancing our understanding of the mechanisms underlying CNS diseases, thereby offering novel insights and strategies for disease diagnosis and treatment. It is anticipated that this review will assist researchers in recognizing the potential value of miR-132 and in generating innovative ideas for clinical trials related to CNS degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Mu
- Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Microecology-Immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases, Jiamusi 154007, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Microecology-Immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases, Jiamusi 154007, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Weijing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Microecology-Immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases, Jiamusi 154007, Heilongjiang, China; School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Microecology-Immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases, Jiamusi 154007, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tianhao Chen
- Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Microecology-Immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases, Jiamusi 154007, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Microecology-Immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases, Jiamusi 154007, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Hongbin Qiu
- School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, Heilongjiang, China.
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Xiong G, Metheny H, Hood K, Jean I, Farrugia AM, Johnson BN, Tummala SR, Cohen NA, Cohen AS. Detection and verification of neurodegeneration after traumatic brain injury in the mouse: Immunohistochemical staining for amyloid precursor protein. Brain Pathol 2023; 33:e13163. [PMID: 37156643 PMCID: PMC10580020 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies of human traumatic brain injury (TBI) have shown diffuse axonal injury as varicosities or spheroids in white matter (WM) bundles when using immunoperoxidase-ABC staining with 22C11, a mouse monoclonal antibody against amyloid precursor protein (APP). These findings have been interpreted as TBI-induced axonal pathology. In a mouse model of TBI however, when we used immunofluorescent staining with 22C11, as opposed to immunoperoxidase staining, we did not observe varicosities or spheroids. To explore this discrepancy, we performed immunofluorescent staining with Y188, an APP knockout-validated rabbit monoclonal that shows baseline immunoreactivity in neurons and oligodendrocytes of non-injured mice, with some arranged-like varicosities. In gray matter after injury, Y188 intensely stained axonal blebs. In WM, we encountered large patches of heavily stained puncta, heterogeneous in size. Scattered axonal blebs were also identified among these Y188-stained puncta. To assess the neuronal origin of Y188 staining after TBI we made use of transgenic mice with fluorescently labeled neurons and axons. A close correlation was observed between Y188-stained axonal blebs and fluorescently labeled neuronal cell bodies/axons. By contrast, no correlation was observed between Y188-stained puncta and fluorescent axons in WM, suggesting that these puncta in WM did not originate from axons, and casting further doubt on the nature of previous reports with 22C11. As such, we strongly recommend Y188 as a biomarker for detecting damaged neurons and axons after TBI. With Y188, stained axonal blebs likely represent acute axonal truncations that may lead to death of the parent neurons. Y188-stained puncta in WM may indicate damaged oligodendrocytes, whose death and clearance can result in secondary demyelination and Wallerian degeneration of axons. We also provide evidence suggesting that 22C11-stained varicosities or spheroids previously reported in TBI patients might be showing damaged oligodendrocytes, due to a cross-reaction between the ABC kit and upregulated endogenous biotin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Hannah Metheny
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kaitlin Hood
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Neuroscience Graduate GroupUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Ian Jean
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Anthony M. Farrugia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Brian N. Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Shanti R. Tummala
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied SciencesUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Noam A. Cohen
- Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryPerelman School of Medicine, University of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Akiva S. Cohen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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Deshetty UM, Periyasamy P. Potential Biomarkers in Experimental Animal Models for Traumatic Brain Injury. J Clin Med 2023; 12:3923. [PMID: 37373618 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12123923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex and multifaceted disorder that has become a significant public health concern worldwide due to its contribution to mortality and morbidity. This condition encompasses a spectrum of injuries, including axonal damage, contusions, edema, and hemorrhage. Unfortunately, specific effective therapeutic interventions to improve patient outcomes following TBI are currently lacking. Various experimental animal models have been developed to mimic TBI and evaluate potential therapeutic agents to address this issue. These models are designed to recapitulate different biomarkers and mechanisms involved in TBI. However, due to the heterogeneous nature of clinical TBI, no single experimental animal model can effectively mimic all aspects of human TBI. Accurate emulation of clinical TBI mechanisms is also tricky due to ethical considerations. Therefore, the continued study of TBI mechanisms and biomarkers, of the duration and severity of brain injury, treatment strategies, and animal model optimization is necessary. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of TBI, available experimental TBI animal models, and the range of biomarkers and detection methods for TBI. Overall, this review highlights the need for further research to improve patient outcomes and reduce the global burden of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Maheswari Deshetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Traumatic axonopathy in spinal tracts after impact acceleration head injury: Ultrastructural observations and evidence of SARM1-dependent axonal degeneration. Exp Neurol 2023; 359:114252. [PMID: 36244414 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic axonal injury (TAI) and the associated axonopathy are common consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and contribute to significant neurological morbidity. It has been previously suggested that TAI activates a highly conserved program of axonal self-destruction known as Wallerian degeneration (WD). In the present study, we utilize our well-established impact acceleration model of TBI (IA-TBI) to characterize the pathology of injured myelinated axons in the white matter tracks traversing the ventral, lateral, and dorsal spinal columns in the mouse and assess the effect of Sterile Alpha and TIR Motif Containing 1 (Sarm1) gene knockout on acute and subacute axonal degeneration and myelin pathology. In silver-stained preparations, we found that IA-TBI results in white matter pathology as well as terminal field degeneration across the rostrocaudal axis of the spinal cord. At the ultrastructural level, we found that traumatic axonopathy is associated with diverse types of axonal and myelin pathology, ranging from focal axoskeletal perturbations and focal disruption of the myelin sheath to axonal fragmentation. Several morphological features such as neurofilament compaction, accumulation of organelles and inclusions, axoskeletal flocculation, myelin degeneration and formation of ovoids are similar to profiles encountered in classical examples of WD. Other profiles such as excess myelin figures and inner tongue evaginations are more typical of chronic neuropathies. Stereological analysis of pathological axonal and myelin profiles in the ventral, lateral, and dorsal columns of the lower cervical cord (C6) segments from wild type and Sarm1 KO mice at 3 and 7 days post IA-TBI (n = 32) revealed an up to 90% reduction in the density of pathological profiles in Sarm1 KO mice after IA-TBI. Protection was evident across all white matter tracts assessed, but showed some variability. Finally, Sarm1 deletion ameliorated the activation of microglia associated with TAI. Our findings demonstrate the presence of severe traumatic axonopathy in multiple ascending and descending long tracts after IA-TBI with features consistent with some chronic axonopathies and models of WD and the across-tract protective effect of Sarm1 deletion.
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Lee SJ, Logsdon AF, Yagi M, Baskin BM, Peskind ER, Raskind MM, Cook DG, Schindler AG. The dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor mediates adverse immunological and behavioral outcomes induced by repetitive blast trauma. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:288. [PMID: 36463243 PMCID: PMC9719647 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02643-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse pathophysiological and behavioral outcomes related to mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and chronic pain are common following blast exposure and contribute to decreased quality of life, but underlying mechanisms and prophylactic/treatment options remain limited. The dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system helps regulate behavioral and inflammatory responses to stress and injury; however, it has yet to be investigated as a potential mechanism in either humans or animals exposed to blast. We hypothesized that blast-induced KOR activation mediates adverse outcomes related to inflammation and affective behavioral response. METHODS C57Bl/6 adult male mice were singly or repeatedly exposed to either sham (anesthesia only) or blast delivered by a pneumatic shock tube. The selective KOR antagonist norBNI or vehicle (saline) was administered 72 h prior to repetitive blast or sham exposure. Serum and brain were collected 10 min or 4 h post-exposure for dynorphin A-like immunoreactivity and cytokine measurements, respectively. At 1-month post-exposure, mice were tested in a series of behavioral assays related to adverse outcomes reported by humans with blast trauma. RESULTS Repetitive but not single blast exposure resulted in increased brain dynorphin A-like immunoreactivity. norBNI pretreatment blocked or significantly reduced blast-induced increase in serum and brain cytokines, including IL-6, at 4 h post exposure and aversive/anxiety-like behavioral dysfunction at 1-month post-exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate a previously unreported role for the dynorphin/KOR system as a mediator of biochemical and behavioral dysfunction following repetitive blast exposure and highlight this system as a potential prophylactic/therapeutic treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhjung Janet Lee
- grid.413919.70000 0004 0420 6540VA Northwest Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, S182, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
| | - Aric F. Logsdon
- grid.413919.70000 0004 0420 6540VA Northwest Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, S182, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108 USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Mayumi Yagi
- grid.413919.70000 0004 0420 6540VA Northwest Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, S182, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
| | - Britahny M. Baskin
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Elaine. R. Peskind
- grid.413919.70000 0004 0420 6540VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108 USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Murray M. Raskind
- grid.413919.70000 0004 0420 6540VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108 USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - David G. Cook
- grid.413919.70000 0004 0420 6540VA Northwest Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, S182, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108 USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Abigail. G. Schindler
- grid.413919.70000 0004 0420 6540VA Northwest Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, S182, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108 USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
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11
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Bibineyshvili Y, Schiff ND, Calderon DP. Dexmedetomidine-mediated sleep phase modulation ameliorates motor and cognitive performance in a chronic blast-injured mouse model. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1040975. [DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1040975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have shown that blast injury is followed by sleep disruption linked to functional sequelae. It is well established that improving sleep ameliorates such functional deficits. However, little is known about longitudinal brain activity changes after blast injury. In addition, the effects of directly modulating the sleep/wake cycle on learning task performance after blast injury remain unclear. We hypothesized that modulation of the sleep phase cycle in our injured mice would improve post-injury task performance. Here, we have demonstrated that excessive sleep electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns are accompanied by prominent motor and cognitive impairment during acute stage after secondary blast injury (SBI) in a mouse model. Over time we observed a transition to more moderate and prolonged sleep/wake cycle disturbances, including changes in theta and alpha power. However, persistent disruptions of the non-rapid eye movement (NREM) spindle amplitude and intra-spindle frequency were associated with lasting motor and cognitive deficits. We, therefore, modulated the sleep phase of injured mice using subcutaneous (SC) dexmedetomidine (Dex), a common, clinically used sedative. Dex acutely improved intra-spindle frequency, theta and alpha power, and motor task execution in chronically injured mice. Moreover, dexmedetomidine ameliorated cognitive deficits a week after injection. Our results suggest that SC Dex might potentially improve impaired motor and cognitive behavior during daily tasks in patients that are chronically impaired by blast-induced injuries.
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12
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Kingston ACN, Woodin SA, Wethey DS, Speiser DI. Snapping shrimp have helmets that protect their brains by dampening shock waves. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3576-3583.e3. [PMID: 35793681 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Shock waves are supersonic high-amplitude pressure waves that cause barotrauma when they transfer kinetic energy to the tissues of animals.1-4 Snapping shrimp (Alpheidae) produce shock waves and are exposed to them frequently, so we asked if these animals have evolved mechanisms of physical protection against them. Snapping shrimp generate shock waves by closing their snapping claws rapidly enough to form cavitation bubbles that release energy as an audible "snap" and a shock wave when they collapse.5-8 We tested if snapping shrimp are protected from shock waves by a helmet-like extension of their exoskeleton termed the orbital hood. Using behavioral trials, we found shock wave exposure slowed shelter-seeking and caused a loss of motor control in Alpheus heterochaelis from which we had removed orbital hoods but did not significantly affect behavior in shrimp with unaltered orbital hoods. Shock waves thus have the potential to harm snapping shrimp but may not do so under natural conditions because of protection provided to shrimp by their orbital hoods. Using pressure recordings, we discovered the orbital hoods of A. heterochaelis dampen shock waves. Sealing the anterior openings of orbital hoods diminished how much they altered the magnitudes of shock waves, which suggests these helmet-like structures dampen shock waves by trapping and expelling water so that kinetic energy is redirected and released away from the heads of shrimp. Our results indicate orbital hoods mitigate blast-induced neurotrauma in snapping shrimp by dampening shock waves, making them the first biological armor system known to have such a function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C N Kingston
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK 74104 USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.
| | - Sarah A Woodin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - David S Wethey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - Daniel I Speiser
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
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13
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McNamara EH, Tucker LB, Liu J, Fu AH, Kim Y, Vu PA, McCabe JT. Limbic Responses Following Shock Wave Exposure in Male and Female Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:863195. [PMID: 35747840 PMCID: PMC9210954 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.863195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Blast traumatic brain injury (bTBI) presents a serious threat to military personnel and often results in psychiatric conditions related to limbic system dysfunction. In this study, the functional outcomes for anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors and neuronal activation were evaluated in male and female mice after exposure to an Advanced Blast Simulator (ABS) shock wave. Mice were placed in a ventrally exposed orientation inside of the ABS test section and received primary and tertiary shock wave insults of approximately 15 psi peak pressure. Evans blue staining indicated cases of blood-brain barrier breach in the superficial cerebral cortex four, but not 24 h after blast, but the severity was variable. Behavioral testing with the elevated plus maze (EPM) or elevated zero maze (EZM), sucrose preference test (SPT), and tail suspension test (TST) or forced swim test (FST) were conducted 8 days–3.5 weeks after shock wave exposure. There was a sex difference, but no injury effect, for distance travelled in the EZM where female mice travelled significantly farther than males. The SPT and FST did not indicate group differences; however, injured mice were less immobile than sham mice during the TST; possibly indicating more agitated behavior. In a separate cohort of animals, the expression of the immediate early gene, c-Fos, was detected 4 h after undergoing bTBI or sham procedures. No differences in c-Fos expression were found in the cerebral cortex, but female mice in general displayed enhanced c-Fos activation in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) compared to male mice. In the amygdala, more c-Fos-positive cells were observed in injured animals compared to sham mice. The observed sex differences in the PVT and c-Fos activation in the amygdala may correlate with the reported hyperactivity of females post-injury. This study demonstrates, albeit with mild effects, behavioral and neuronal activation correlates in female rodents after blast injury that could be relevant to the incidence of increased post-traumatic stress disorder in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen H. McNamara
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Laura B. Tucker
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Pre-Clinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jiong Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Amanda H. Fu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Pre-Clinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yeonho Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Pre-Clinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Patricia A. Vu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joseph T. McCabe
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Pre-Clinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Joseph T. McCabe,
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14
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Kawauchi S, Yoshida K, Osawa T, Muramatsu Y, Nawashiro H, Karna SP, Gupta RK, Nishidate I, Sato S. Effects of isolated and combined exposure of the brain and lungs to a laser-induced shock wave(s) on physiological and neurological responses in rats. J Neurotrauma 2022; 39:1533-1546. [PMID: 35652331 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) has been suggested to be caused by direct head exposure and by torso exposure to a shock wave (thoracic hypotheses). However, it is unclear how torso exposure affects the brain in real-time. This study applied a mild-impulse laser-induced shock wave(s) (LISW[s]) only to the brain (Group 1), lungs (Group 2), or to the brain and lungs (Group 3) in rats. Since LISWs are unaccompanied by a dynamic pressure in principle, the effects of acceleration can be excluded, allowing analysis of the pure primary mechanism. For all rat groups, real-time monitoring of the brain and systemic responses were conducted for up to 1 h postexposure and motor function assessments for up to 7 days postexposure. As previously reported, brain exposure alone caused cortical spreading depolarization (CSD), followed by long-lasting hypoxemia/oligemia in the cortices (Group 1). It was found that even LISW application only to the lungs caused prolonged hypoxemia and mitochondrial dysfunction in the cortices (Group 2). Importantly, CSD and mitochondrial dysfunction were significantly exacerbated by combined exposure (Group 3) compared with those caused by brain exposure alone (Group 1). Motor dysfunction was observed in all groups, but their time courses depended on the exposure schemes. Rats of Group 1 exhibited the most evident motor dysfunction at 1 day postexposure, and it did not change much for up to 7 days postexposure. Alternatively, two groups of rats with lung exposure (Groups 2&3) exhibited continuously aggravated motor functions for up to 7 days postexposure, suggesting different mechanisms for motor dysfunction caused by brain exposure and that caused by lung exposure. As for the reported thoracic hypotheses, our observations seem to support the volumetric blood surge and vago-vagal reflex. Overall, the results of this study indicate the importance of the torso guard to protect the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Kawauchi
- National Defense Medical College, 13077, Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan, 359-8513;
| | - Keiichiro Yoshida
- National Defense Medical College, 13077, Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan;
| | - Takuya Osawa
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Graduate School of Bio-Applications & Systems Engineering, Koganei, Japan;
| | - Yuriko Muramatsu
- National Defense Medical College, 13077, Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Nawashiro
- Tokorozawa Central Hospital, Division of Neurosurgery, Tokorozawa, Japan;
| | - Shashi P Karna
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, United States;
| | - Raj K Gupta
- US Army Medical Research and Development Command, 19919, DoD Blast Injury Research Program Coordinating Office, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States;
| | - Izumi Nishidate
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Graduate School of Bio-Applications & Systems Engineering, Koganei, Japan;
| | - Shunichi Sato
- National Defense Medical College, 13077, Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, Research Institute, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan, 359-8513;
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15
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Nwafor DC, Brichacek AL, Foster CH, Lucke-Wold BP, Ali A, Colantonio MA, Brown CM, Qaiser R. Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: An Update on Preclinical Models, Clinical Biomarkers, and the Implications of Cerebrovascular Dysfunction. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2022; 14:11795735221098125. [PMID: 35620529 PMCID: PMC9127876 DOI: 10.1177/11795735221098125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality. Recent studies suggest that children and adolescents have worse post-TBI outcomes and take longer to recover than adults. However, the pathophysiology and progression of TBI in the pediatric population are studied to a far lesser extent compared to the adult population. Common causes of TBI in children are falls, sports/recreation-related injuries, non-accidental trauma, and motor vehicle-related injuries. A fundamental understanding of TBI pathophysiology is crucial in preventing long-term brain injury sequelae. Animal models of TBI have played an essential role in addressing the knowledge gaps relating to pTBI pathophysiology. Moreover, a better understanding of clinical biomarkers is crucial to diagnose pTBI and accurately predict long-term outcomes. This review examines the current preclinical models of pTBI, the implications of pTBI on the brain’s vasculature, and clinical pTBI biomarkers. Finally, we conclude the review by speculating on the emerging role of the gut-brain axis in pTBI pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divine C. Nwafor
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Allison L. Brichacek
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Chase H. Foster
- Department of Neurosurgery, George Washington University Hospital, Washington D.C., USA
| | | | - Ahsan Ali
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Candice M. Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Rabia Qaiser
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott and White, Temple, TX, USA
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16
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DDAH1 Promotes Lung Endothelial Barrier Repair by Decreasing Leukocyte Transendothelial Migration and Oxidative Stress in Explosion-Induced Lung Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:8407635. [PMID: 35620579 PMCID: PMC9130000 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8407635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Explosion-induced injury is the most commonly encountered wound in modern warfare and incidents. The vascular inflammatory response and subsequent oxidative stress are considered the key causes of morbidity and mortality among those in blast lung injury. It has been reported dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (DDAH1) plays important roles in regulating vascular endothelial injury repair and angiogenesis, but its role in explosion-induced injury remains to be explained. To explore the mechanism of vascular injury in blast lung, 40 C57BL/6 wild type mice and 40 DDAH1 knockout mice were randomly equally divided into control group and blast group, respectively. Body weight, lung weight, and dry weight of the lungs were recorded. Diffuse vascular leakage was detected by Evans blue test. The serum inflammatory factors, nitric oxide (NO) contents, and ADMA level were determined through ELISA. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and ROS detection were performed for histopathological changes. Western blot was used to detect the proteins related to oxidative stress, cell adhesion molecules and leukocyte transendothelial migration, vascular injury, endothelial barrier dysfunction, and the DDAH1/ADMA/eNOS signaling pathway. We found that DDAH1 deficiency aggravated explosion-induced body weight reduction, lung weight promotion, diffuse vascular leakage histopathological changes, and the increased levels of inflammatory-related factors. Additionally, DDAH1 deficiency also increased ROS generation, MDA, and IRE-1α expression. Regarding vascular endothelial barrier dysfunction, DDAH1 deficiency increased the expression of ICAM-1, Itgal, Rac2, VEGF, MMP9, vimentin, and N-cadherin, while lowering the expression of occludin, CD31, and dystrophin. DDAH1 deficiency also exacerbated explosion-induced increase of ADMA and decrease of eNOS activity and NO contents. Our results indicated that explosion could induce severe lung injury and pulmonary vascular insufficiency, whereas DDAH1 could promote lung endothelial barrier repair and reduce inflammation and oxidative stress by inhibiting ADMA signaling which in turn increased eNOS activity.
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17
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Babcock KJ, Abdolmohammadi B, Kiernan PT, Mahar I, Cherry JD, Alvarez VE, Goldstein LE, Stein TD, McKee AC, Huber BR. Interface astrogliosis in contact sport head impacts and military blast exposure. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:52. [PMID: 35418116 PMCID: PMC9009003 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01358-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to military blast and repetitive head impacts (RHI) in contact sports is associated with increased risk of long-term neurobehavioral sequelae and cognitive deficits, and the neurodegenerative disease chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). At present, the exact pathogenic mechanisms of RHI and CTE are unknown, and no targeted therapies are available. Astrocytes have recently emerged as key mediators of the multicellular response to head trauma. Here, we investigated interface astrogliosis in blast and impact neurotrauma, specifically in the context of RHI and early stage CTE. We compared postmortem brain tissue from former military veterans with a history of blast exposure with and without a neuropathological diagnosis of CTE, former American football players with a history of RHI with and without a neuropathological diagnosis of CTE, and control donors without a history of blast, RHI exposure or CTE diagnosis. Using quantitative immunofluorescence, we found that astrogliosis was higher at the grey-white matter interface in the dorsolateral frontal cortex, with mixed effects at the subpial surface and underlying cortex, in both blast and RHI donors with and without CTE, compared to controls. These results indicate that certain astrocytic alterations are associated with both impact and blast neurotrauma, and that different astroglial responses take place in distinct brain regions.
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18
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Bergmann-Leitner ES, Bobrov AG, Bolton JS, Rouse MD, Heyburn L, Pavlovic R, Garry BI, Alamneh Y, Long J, Swierczewski B, Tyner S, Getnet D, Sajja VS, Antonic V. Blast Waves Cause Immune System Dysfunction and Transient Bone Marrow Failure in a Mouse Model. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:821169. [PMID: 35392409 PMCID: PMC8980552 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.821169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Explosive devices, either conventional or improvised, are common sources of injuries during combat, civil unrest, and terror attacks, resulting in trauma from exposure to blast. A blast wave (BW), a near-instantaneous rise in pressure followed by a negative pressure, propagates through the body in milliseconds and can affect physiology for days/months after exposure. Epidemiological data show that blast-related casualties result in significantly higher susceptibility to wound infections, suggesting long-lasting immune modulatory effects from blast exposure. The mechanisms involved in BW-induced immune changes are poorly understood. We evaluated the effects of BW on the immune system using an established murine model. Animals were exposed to BWs (using an Advanced Blast Simulator), followed by longitudinally sampling for 14 days. Blood, bone marrow, and spleen were analyzed for changes in the 1) complete blood count (CBC), and 2) composition of bone marrow cells (BMC) and splenocytes, and 3) concentrations of systemic cytokines/chemokines. Our data demonstrate that BW results in transient bone marrow failure and long-term changes in the frequency and profile of progenitor cell populations. Viability progressively decreased in hematopoietic stem cells and pluripotent progenitor cells. Significant decrease of CD4+ T cells in the spleen indicates reduced functionality of adaptive immune system. Dynamic changes in the concentrations of several cytokines and chemokines such as IL-1α and IL-17 occurred potentially contributing to dysregulation of immune response after trauma. This work lays the foundation for identifying the potential mechanisms behind BW’s immunosuppressive effects to inform the recognition of this compromised status is crucial for the development of therapeutic interventions for infections to reduce recovery time of wounded patients injured by explosive devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke S. Bergmann-Leitner
- Biologics Research and Development, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Elke S. Bergmann-Leitner, ; Venkatasivasai S. Sajja, ; Vlado Antonic,
| | - Alexander G. Bobrov
- Wound Infections Department, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Jessica S. Bolton
- Biologics Research and Development, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Michael D. Rouse
- Wound Infections Department, Naval Research Medical Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Lanier Heyburn
- Blast Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Radmila Pavlovic
- Wound Infections Department, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Brittany I. Garry
- Wound Infections Department, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Yonas Alamneh
- Wound Infections Department, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Joseph Long
- Blast Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Brett Swierczewski
- Bacterial Disease Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Stuart Tyner
- Military Infectious Diseases Research Program, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Derese Getnet
- Wound Infections Department, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Venkatasivasai S. Sajja
- Blast Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Elke S. Bergmann-Leitner, ; Venkatasivasai S. Sajja, ; Vlado Antonic,
| | - Vlado Antonic
- Wound Infections Department, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Elke S. Bergmann-Leitner, ; Venkatasivasai S. Sajja, ; Vlado Antonic,
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19
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Siedhoff HR, Chen S, Song H, Cui J, Cernak I, Cifu DX, DePalma RG, Gu Z. Perspectives on Primary Blast Injury of the Brain: Translational Insights Into Non-inertial Low-Intensity Blast Injury. Front Neurol 2022; 12:818169. [PMID: 35095749 PMCID: PMC8794583 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.818169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) during military deployment or training are clinically "mild" and frequently caused by non-impact blast exposures. Experimental models were developed to reproduce the biological consequences of high-intensity blasts causing moderate to severe brain injuries. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms of low-intensity blast (LIB)-induced neurological deficits have been understudied. This review provides perspectives on primary blast-induced mild TBI models and discusses translational aspects of LIB exposures as defined by standardized physical parameters including overpressure, impulse, and shock wave velocity. Our mouse LIB-exposure model, which reproduces deployment-related scenarios of open-field blast (OFB), caused neurobehavioral changes, including reduced exploratory activities, elevated anxiety-like levels, impaired nesting behavior, and compromised spatial reference learning and memory. These functional impairments associate with subcellular and ultrastructural neuropathological changes, such as myelinated axonal damage, synaptic alterations, and mitochondrial abnormalities occurring in the absence of gross- or cellular damage. Biochemically, we observed dysfunctional mitochondrial pathways that led to elevated oxidative stress, impaired fission-fusion dynamics, diminished mitophagy, decreased oxidative phosphorylation, and compensated cell respiration-relevant enzyme activity. LIB also induced increased levels of total tau, phosphorylated tau, and amyloid β peptide, suggesting initiation of signaling cascades leading to neurodegeneration. We also compare translational aspects of OFB findings to alternative blast injury models. By scoping relevant recent research findings, we provide recommendations for future preclinical studies to better reflect military-operational and clinical realities. Overall, better alignment of preclinical models with clinical observations and experience related to military injuries will facilitate development of more precise diagnosis, clinical evaluation, treatment, and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R. Siedhoff
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital Research Service, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Shanyan Chen
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital Research Service, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Hailong Song
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital Research Service, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Jiankun Cui
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital Research Service, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Ibolja Cernak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, United States
| | - David X. Cifu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Ralph G. DePalma
- Office of Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Zezong Gu
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital Research Service, Columbia, MO, United States
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20
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Bishop R, Won SJ, Irvine KA, Basu J, Rome ES, Swanson RA. Blast-induced axonal degeneration in the rat cerebellum in the absence of head movement. Sci Rep 2022; 12:143. [PMID: 34996954 PMCID: PMC8741772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Blast exposure can injure brain by multiple mechanisms, and injury attributable to direct effects of the blast wave itself have been difficult to distinguish from that caused by rapid head displacement and other secondary processes. To resolve this issue, we used a rat model of blast exposure in which head movement was either strictly prevented or permitted in the lateral plane. Blast was found to produce axonal injury even with strict prevention of head movement. This axonal injury was restricted to the cerebellum, with the exception of injury in visual tracts secondary to ocular trauma. The cerebellar axonal injury was increased in rats in which blast-induced head movement was permitted, but the pattern of injury was unchanged. These findings support the contentions that blast per se, independent of head movement, is sufficient to induce axonal injury, and that axons in cerebellar white matter are particularly vulnerable to direct blast-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Bishop
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- (127)Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Seok Joon Won
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- (127)Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.
| | - Karen-Amanda Irvine
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- (127)Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
- Anesthesiology Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave (E4-220), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jayinee Basu
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- (127)Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Eric S Rome
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- (127)Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- (127)Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
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21
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Hetzer SM, Shalosky EM, Torrens JN, Evanson NK. Chronic Histological Outcomes of Indirect Traumatic Optic Neuropathy in Adolescent Mice: Persistent Degeneration and Temporally Regulated Glial Responses. Cells 2021; 10:3343. [PMID: 34943851 PMCID: PMC8699438 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the optic nerve, termed, traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) is a known comorbidity of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is now known to cause chronic and progressive retinal thinning up to 35 years after injury. Although animal models of TBI have described the presence of optic nerve degeneration and research exploring acute mechanisms is underway, few studies in humans or animals have examined chronic TON pathophysiology outside the retina. We used a closed-head weight-drop model of TBI/TON in 6-week-old male C57BL/6 mice. Mice were euthanized 7-, 14-, 30-, 90-, and 150-days post-injury (DPI) to assess histological changes in the visual system of the brain spanning a total of 12 regions. We show chronic elevation of FluoroJade-C, indicative of neurodegeneration, throughout the time course. Intriguingly, FJ-C staining revealed a bimodal distribution of mice indicating the possibility of subpopulations that may be more or less susceptible to injury outcomes. Additionally, we show that microglia and astrocytes react to optic nerve damage in both temporally and regionally different ways. Despite these differences, astrogliosis and microglial changes were alleviated between 14-30 DPI in all regions examined, perhaps indicating a potentially critical period for intervention/recovery that may determine chronic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby M. Hetzer
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
| | - Emily M. Shalosky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA;
| | - Jordyn N. Torrens
- Division of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Nathan K. Evanson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
- Division of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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22
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Rubio JE, Unnikrishnan G, Sajja VSSS, Van Albert S, Rossetti F, Skotak M, Alay E, Sundaramurthy A, Subramaniam DR, Long JB, Chandra N, Reifman J. Investigation of the direct and indirect mechanisms of primary blast insult to the brain. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16040. [PMID: 34362935 PMCID: PMC8346555 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of explosion-induced blast waves with the head (i.e., a direct mechanism) or with the torso (i.e., an indirect mechanism) presumably causes traumatic brain injury. However, the understanding of the potential role of each mechanism in causing this injury is still limited. To address this knowledge gap, we characterized the changes in the brain tissue of rats resulting from the direct and indirect mechanisms at 24 h following blast exposure. To this end, we conducted separate blast-wave exposures on rats in a shock tube at an incident overpressure of 130 kPa, while using whole-body, head-only, and torso-only configurations to delineate each mechanism. Then, we performed histopathological (silver staining) and immunohistochemical (GFAP, Iba-1, and NeuN staining) analyses to evaluate brain-tissue changes resulting from each mechanism. Compared to controls, our results showed no significant changes in torso-only-exposed rats. In contrast, we observed significant changes in whole-body-exposed (GFAP and silver staining) and head-only-exposed rats (silver staining). In addition, our analyses showed that a head-only exposure causes changes similar to those observed for a whole-body exposure, provided the exposure conditions are similar. In conclusion, our results suggest that the direct mechanism is the major contributor to blast-induced changes in brain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose E Rubio
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Development Command, ATTN: FCMR-TT, 504 Scott Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702-5012, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Ginu Unnikrishnan
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Development Command, ATTN: FCMR-TT, 504 Scott Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702-5012, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Venkata Siva Sai Sujith Sajja
- Blast Induced Neurotrauma Division, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Drive, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Stephen Van Albert
- Blast Induced Neurotrauma Division, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Drive, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Franco Rossetti
- Blast Induced Neurotrauma Division, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Drive, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Maciej Skotak
- Blast Induced Neurotrauma Division, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Drive, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials, and Medicine, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 111 Lock Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Eren Alay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials, and Medicine, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 111 Lock Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Aravind Sundaramurthy
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Development Command, ATTN: FCMR-TT, 504 Scott Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702-5012, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Dhananjay Radhakrishnan Subramaniam
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Development Command, ATTN: FCMR-TT, 504 Scott Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702-5012, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Joseph B Long
- Blast Induced Neurotrauma Division, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Drive, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Namas Chandra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials, and Medicine, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 111 Lock Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Jaques Reifman
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Development Command, ATTN: FCMR-TT, 504 Scott Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702-5012, USA.
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23
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Dependence of visual and cognitive outcomes on animal holder configuration in a rodent model of blast overpressure exposure. Vision Res 2021; 188:162-173. [PMID: 34333201 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Blast-induced traumatic brain injury is the signature injury of modern military conflicts. To more fully understand the effects of blast exposure, we placed rats in different holder configurations, exposed them to blast overpressure, and assessed the degree of eye and brain injury. Anesthetized Long-Evans rats received blast exposures directed at the head (63 kPa, 195 dB-SPL) in either an "open holder" (head and neck exposed; n = 7), or an "enclosed holder" (window for blast exposure to eye; n = 15) and were compared to non-blast exposed (control) rats (n = 22). Outcomes included optomotor response (OMR), electroretinography (ERG), and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) at 2, 4, and 6 months post-blast, and cognitive function (Y-maze) at 3 months. Spatial frequency and contrast sensitivity were reduced in ipsilateral blast-exposed eyes in both holders (p < 0.01), while contralateral eyes showed greater deficits with the enclosed holder (p < 0.05). Thinner retinas (p < 0.001) and reduced ERG a- and b- wave amplitudes (p < 0.05) were observed for both ipsilateral and contralateral eyes with the enclosed, but not the open, holder. Rats in the open holder showed cognitive deficits compared to rats in the enclosed holder (p < 0.05). Overall, the animal holder configuration used in blast exposure studies can significantly affect outcomes. Enclosed holders may cause secondary damage to the contralateral eye by concussive injury or blast wave reflection off the holder wall. Open holders may damage the brain via rapid head movement (contrecoup injury). These results highlight additional factors to be considered when evaluating patients with blast exposure or developing models of blast injury.
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24
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High-frequency head impact causes chronic synaptic adaptation and long-term cognitive impairment in mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2613. [PMID: 33972519 PMCID: PMC8110563 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22744-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated head impact exposure can cause memory and behavioral impairments. Here, we report that exposure to non-damaging, but high frequency, head impacts can alter brain function in mice through synaptic adaptation. High frequency head impact mice develop chronic cognitive impairments in the absence of traditional brain trauma pathology, and transcriptomic profiling of mouse and human chronic traumatic encephalopathy brain reveal that synapses are strongly affected by head impact. Electrophysiological analysis shows that high frequency head impacts cause chronic modification of the AMPA/NMDA ratio in neurons that underlie the changes to cognition. To demonstrate that synaptic adaptation is caused by head impact-induced glutamate release, we pretreated mice with memantine prior to head impact. Memantine prevents the development of the key transcriptomic and electrophysiological signatures of high frequency head impact, and averts cognitive dysfunction. These data reveal synapses as a target of high frequency head impact in human and mouse brain, and that this physiological adaptation in response to head impact is sufficient to induce chronic cognitive impairment in mice.
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25
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Nonaka M, Taylor WW, Bukalo O, Tucker LB, Fu AH, Kim Y, McCabe JT, Holmes A. Behavioral and Myelin-Related Abnormalities after Blast-Induced Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1551-1571. [PMID: 33605175 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In civilian and military settings, mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a common consequence of impacts to the head, sudden blows to the body, and exposure to high-energy atmospheric shockwaves from blast. In some cases, mTBI from blast exposure results in long-term emotional and cognitive deficits and an elevated risk for certain neuropsychiatric diseases. Here, we tested the effects of mTBI on various forms of auditory-cued fear learning and other measures of cognition in male C57BL/6J mice after single or repeated blast exposure (blast TBI; bTBI). bTBI produced an abnormality in the temporal organization of cue-induced freezing behavior in a conditioned trace fear test. Spatial working memory, evaluated by the Y-maze task performance, was also deleteriously affected by bTBI. Reverse-transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis for glial markers indicated an alteration in the expression of myelin-related genes in the hippocampus and corpus callosum 1-8 weeks after bTBI. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analyses detected bTBI-related myelin and axonal damage in the hippocampus and corpus callosum. Together, these data suggest a possible link between blast-induced mTBI, myelin/axonal injury, and cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Nonaka
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - William W Taylor
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Olena Bukalo
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura B Tucker
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Preclinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda H Fu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Preclinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yeonho Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Preclinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph T McCabe
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Preclinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Holmes
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, USA
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26
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Bradshaw DV, Kim Y, Fu A, Marion CM, Radomski KL, McCabe JT, Armstrong RC. Repetitive Blast Exposure Produces White Matter Axon Damage without Subsequent Myelin Remodeling: In Vivo Analysis of Brain Injury Using Fluorescent Reporter Mice. Neurotrauma Rep 2021; 2:180-192. [PMID: 34013219 PMCID: PMC8127063 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2020.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential effects of blast exposure on the brain health of military personnel have raised concerns and led to increased surveillance of blast exposures. Neuroimaging studies have reported white matter abnormalities in brains of service members with a history of blast exposure. However, blast effects on white matter microstructure remain poorly understood. As a novel approach to screen for white matter effects, transgenic mice that express fluorescent reporters to sensitively detect axon damage and myelin remodeling were exposed to simulated repetitive blasts (once/day on 5 consecutive days). Axons were visualized using Thy1-YFP-16 reporter mice that express yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) in a broad spectrum of neurons. Swelling along damaged axons forms varicosities that fill with YFP. The frequency and size of axonal varicosities were significantly increased in the corpus callosum (CC) and cingulum at 3 days after the final blast exposure, versus in sham procedures. CC immunolabeling for reactive astrocyte and microglial markers was also significantly increased. NG2CreER;mTmG mice were given tamoxifen (TMX) on days 2 and 3 after the final blast to induce fluorescent labeling of newly synthesized myelin membranes, indicating plasticity and/or repair. Myelin synthesis was not altered in the CC over the intervening 4 or 8 weeks after repetitive blast exposure. These experiments show the advantages of transgenic reporter mice for analysis of white matter injury that detects subtle, diffuse axon damage and the dynamic nature of myelin sheaths. These results show that repetitive low-level blast exposures produce infrequent but significant axon damage along with neuroinflammation in white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald V Bradshaw
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yeonho Kim
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda Fu
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christina M Marion
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kryslaine L Radomski
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph T McCabe
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Regina C Armstrong
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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27
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Oswald J, Kegeles E, Minelli T, Volchkov P, Baranov P. Transplantation of miPSC/mESC-derived retinal ganglion cells into healthy and glaucomatous retinas. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 21:180-198. [PMID: 33816648 PMCID: PMC7994731 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Optic neuropathies, including glaucoma, are a group of neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), leading to irreversible vision loss. While previous studies demonstrated the potential to replace RGCs with primary neurons from developing mouse retinas, their use is limited clinically. We demonstrate successful transplantation of mouse induced pluripotent stem cell (miPSC)/mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC)-derived RGCs into healthy and glaucomatous mouse retinas, at a success rate exceeding 65% and a donor cell survival window of up to 12 months. Transplanted Thy1-GFP+ RGCs were able to polarize within the host retina and formed axonal processes that followed host axons along the retinal surface and entered the optic nerve head. RNA sequencing of donor RGCs re-isolated from host retinas at 24 h and 1 week post-transplantation showed upregulation of cellular pathways mediating axonal outgrowth, extension, and guidance. Additionally, we provide evidence of subtype-specific diversity within miPSC-derived RGCs prior to transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Oswald
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Evgenii Kegeles
- Life Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudniy 141700, Russia
| | - Tomas Minelli
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Pavel Volchkov
- Life Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudniy 141700, Russia
- Research Institute of Personalized Medicine, National Center for Personalized Medicine of Endocrine Diseases, The National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, Moscow 117036, Russia
| | - Petr Baranov
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Corresponding author: Petr Baranov, The Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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28
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Belding JN, Englert RM, Fitzmaurice S, Jackson JR, Koenig HG, Hunter MA, Thomsen CJ, da Silva UO. Potential Health and Performance Effects of High-Level and Low-Level Blast: A Scoping Review of Two Decades of Research. Front Neurol 2021; 12:628782. [PMID: 33776888 PMCID: PMC7987950 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.628782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although blast exposure has been recognized as a significant source of morbidity and mortality in military populations, our understanding of the effects of blast exposure, particularly low-level blast (LLB) exposure, on health outcomes remains limited. This scoping review provides a comprehensive, accessible review of the peer-reviewed literature that has been published on blast exposure over the past two decades, with specific emphasis on LLB. We conducted a comprehensive scoping review of the scientific literature published between January 2000 and 2019 pertaining to the effects of blast injury and/or exposure on human and animal health. A three-level review process with specific inclusion and exclusion criteria was used. A full-text review of all articles pertaining to LLB exposure was conducted and relevant study characteristics were extracted. The research team identified 3,215 blast-relevant articles, approximately half of which (55.4%) studied live humans, 16% studied animals, and the remainder were non-subjects research (e.g., literature reviews). Nearly all (99.49%) of the included studies were conducted by experts in medicine or epidemiology; approximately half of these articles were categorized into more than one medical specialty. Among the 51 articles identified as pertaining to LLB specifically, 45.1% were conducted on animals and 39.2% focused on human subjects. Animal studies of LLB predominately used shock tubes to induce various blast exposures in rats, assessed a variety of outcomes, and clearly demonstrated that LLB exposure is associated with brain injury. In contrast, the majority of LLB studies on humans were conducted among military and law enforcement personnel in training environments and had remarkable variability in the exposures and outcomes assessed. While findings suggest that there is the potential for LLB to harm human populations, findings are mixed and more research is needed. Although it is clear that more research is needed on this rapidly growing topic, this review highlights the detrimental effects of LLB on the health of both animals and humans. Future research would benefit from multidisciplinary collaboration, larger sample sizes, and standardization of terminology, exposures, and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N. Belding
- Defense Health Group, Leidos, San Diego, CA, United States
- Health and Behavioral Sciences Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Robyn M. Englert
- Defense Health Group, Leidos, San Diego, CA, United States
- Health and Behavioral Sciences Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Shannon Fitzmaurice
- Defense Health Group, Leidos, San Diego, CA, United States
- Health and Behavioral Sciences Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jourdan R. Jackson
- Defense Health Group, Leidos, San Diego, CA, United States
- Health and Behavioral Sciences Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Hannah G. Koenig
- Defense Health Group, Leidos, San Diego, CA, United States
- Health and Behavioral Sciences Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Michael A. Hunter
- Defense Health Group, Leidos, San Diego, CA, United States
- Health and Behavioral Sciences Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Cynthia J. Thomsen
- Health and Behavioral Sciences Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Uade Olaghere da Silva
- Health and Behavioral Sciences Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, United States
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29
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Gamboa J, Horvath J, Simon A, Islam MS, Gao S, Perk D, Thoman A, Calderon DP. Secondary-blast injury in rodents produces cognitive sequelae and distinct motor recovery trajectories. Brain Res 2021; 1755:147275. [PMID: 33422537 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Gamboa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York 10065, United States
| | - Jessica Horvath
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York 10065, United States
| | - Amanda Simon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York 10065, United States
| | - Md Safiqul Islam
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York 10065, United States
| | - Sijia Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York 10065, United States
| | - Dror Perk
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York 10065, United States
| | - Amy Thoman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York 10065, United States
| | - Diany Paola Calderon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York 10065, United States.
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30
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Rubio JE, Skotak M, Alay E, Sundaramurthy A, Subramaniam DR, Kote VB, Yeoh S, Monson K, Chandra N, Unnikrishnan G, Reifman J. Does Blast Exposure to the Torso Cause a Blood Surge to the Brain? Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:573647. [PMID: 33392161 PMCID: PMC7773947 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.573647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of explosion-induced blast waves with the torso is suspected to contribute to brain injury. In this indirect mechanism, the wave-torso interaction is assumed to generate a blood surge, which ultimately reaches and damages the brain. However, this hypothesis has not been comprehensively and systematically investigated, and the potential role, if any, of the indirect mechanism in causing brain injury remains unclear. In this interdisciplinary study, we performed experiments and developed mathematical models to address this knowledge gap. First, we conducted blast-wave exposures of Sprague-Dawley rats in a shock tube at incident overpressures of 70 and 130 kPa, where we measured carotid-artery and brain pressures while limiting exposure to the torso. Then, we developed three-dimensional (3-D) fluid-structure interaction (FSI) models of the neck and cerebral vasculature and, using the measured carotid-artery pressures, performed simulations to predict mass flow rates and wall shear stresses in the cerebral vasculature. Finally, we developed a 3-D finite element (FE) model of the brain and used the FSI-computed vasculature pressures to drive the FE model to quantify the blast-exposure effects in the brain tissue. The measurements from the torso-only exposure experiments revealed marginal increases in the peak carotid-artery overpressures (from 13.1 to 28.9 kPa). Yet, relative to the blast-free, normotensive condition, the FSI simulations for the blast exposures predicted increases in the peak mass flow rate of up to 255% at the base of the brain and increases in the wall shear stress of up to 289% on the cerebral vasculature. In contrast, our simulations suggest that the effect of the indirect mechanism on the brain-tissue-strain response is negligible (<1%). In summary, our analyses show that the indirect mechanism causes a sudden and abundant stream of blood to rapidly propagate from the torso through the neck to the cerebral vasculature. This blood surge causes a considerable increase in the wall shear stresses in the brain vasculature network, which may lead to functional and structural effects on the cerebral veins and arteries, ultimately leading to vascular pathology. In contrast, our findings do not support the notion of strain-induced brain-tissue damage due to the indirect mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose E Rubio
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, United States.,The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Maciej Skotak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials, and Medicine, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States.,Blast Induced Neurotrauma Division, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Eren Alay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials, and Medicine, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Aravind Sundaramurthy
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, United States.,The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dhananjay Radhakrishnan Subramaniam
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, United States.,The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Vivek Bhaskar Kote
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, United States.,The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Stewart Yeoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Kenneth Monson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Namas Chandra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials, and Medicine, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Ginu Unnikrishnan
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, United States.,The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jaques Reifman
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
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31
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Popovitz J, Mysore SP, Adwanikar H. Neural Markers of Vulnerability to Anxiety Outcomes after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 38:1006-1022. [PMID: 33050836 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety outcomes after traumatic brain injury (TBI) are complex, and the underlying neural mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we developed a multi-dimensional behavioral profiling approach to investigate anxiety-like outcomes in mice that takes into account individual variability. Departing from the tradition of comparing outcomes in TBI versus sham groups, we identified a subgroup within the TBI group that is vulnerable to anxiety dysfunction, and present increased exploration of the anxiogenic zone compared to sham controls or resilient injured animals, by applying dimensionality reduction, clustering, and post hoc validation to behavioral data obtained from multiple assays for anxiety at several post-injury time points. These vulnerable animals expressed distinct molecular profiles in the corticolimbic network, with downregulation in gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate and upregulation in neuropeptide Y markers. Indeed, among vulnerable animals, not resilient or sham controls, severity of anxiety-related outcomes correlated strongly with expression of molecular markers. Our results establish a foundational approach, with predictive power, for reliably identifying maladaptive anxiety outcomes after TBI and uncovering neural signatures of vulnerability to anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Popovitz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shreesh P Mysore
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hita Adwanikar
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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32
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Schindler AG, Terry GE, Wolden-Hanson T, Cline M, Park M, Lee J, Yagi M, Meabon JS, Peskind ER, Raskind MM, Phillips PEM, Cook DG. Repetitive Blast Promotes Chronic Aversion to Neutral Cues Encountered in the Peri-Blast Environment. J Neurotrauma 2020; 38:940-948. [PMID: 33138684 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has been called the "signature injury" of military service members in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars and is highly comorbid with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Correct attribution of adverse blast-induced mTBI and/or PTSD remains challenging. Pre-clinical research using animal models can provide important insight into the mechanisms by which blast produces injury and dysfunction-but only to the degree by which such models reflect the human experience. Avoidance of trauma reminders is a hallmark of PTSD. Here, we sought to understand whether a mouse model of blast reproduces this phenomenon, in addition to blast-induced physical injuries. Drawing on well-established work from the chronic stress and Pavlovian conditioning literature, we hypothesized that even while one is anesthetized during blast exposure, environmental cues encountered in the peri-blast environment could be conditioned to evoke aversion/dysphoria and re-experiencing of traumatic stress. Using a pneumatic shock tube that recapitulates battlefield-relevant open-field blast forces, we provide direct evidence that stress is inherent to repetitive blast exposure, resulting in chronic aversive/dysphoric-like responses to previous blast-paired cues. The results in this report demonstrate that, although both single and repetitive blast exposures produce acute stress responses (weight loss, corticosterone increase), only repetitive blast exposure also results in co-occurring aversive/dysphoric-like stress responses. These results extend appreciation of the highly complex nature of repetitive blast exposure; and lend further support for the potential translational relevance of animal modeling approaches currently used by multiple laboratories aimed at elucidating the mechanisms (both molecular and behavioral) of repetitive blast exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail G Schindler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,VA Northwest Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Garth E Terry
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tami Wolden-Hanson
- VA Northwest Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marcella Cline
- VA Northwest Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Park
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janet Lee
- VA Northwest Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mayumi Yagi
- VA Northwest Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James S Meabon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elaine R Peskind
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Murray M Raskind
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Paul E M Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David G Cook
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,VA Northwest Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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33
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Shultz SR, McDonald SJ, Corrigan F, Semple BD, Salberg S, Zamani A, Jones NC, Mychasiuk R. Clinical Relevance of Behavior Testing in Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:2381-2400. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandy R. Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart J. McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frances Corrigan
- Department of Anatomy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bridgette D. Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sabrina Salberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Akram Zamani
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel C. Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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34
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Meabon JS, Cook DG, Yagi M, Terry GE, Cross DJ, Muzi M, Pagulayan KF, Logsdon AF, Schindler AG, Ghai V, Wang K, Fallen S, Zhou Y, Kim TK, Lee I, Banks WA, Carlson ES, Mayer C, Hendrickson RC, Raskind MA, Marshall DA, Perl DP, Keene CD, Peskind ER. Chronic elevation of plasma vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is associated with a history of blast exposure. J Neurol Sci 2020; 417:117049. [PMID: 32758764 PMCID: PMC7492467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence points to the significance of neurovascular-related dysfunction in veterans with blast-related mTBI, which is also associated with reduced [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake. The goal of this study was to determine whether plasma VEGF-A is altered in veterans with blast-related mTBI and address whether VEGF-A levels correlate with FDG uptake in the cerebellum, a brain region that is vulnerable to blast-related injury 72 veterans with blast-related mTBI (mTBI) and 24 deployed control (DC) veterans with no lifetime history of TBI were studied. Plasma VEGF-A was significantly elevated in mTBIs compared to DCs. Plasma VEGF-A levels in mTBIs were significantly negatively correlated with FDG uptake in cerebellum. In addition, performance on a Stroop color/word interference task was inversely correlated with plasma VEGF-A levels in blast mTBI veterans. Finally, we observed aberrant perivascular VEGF-A immunoreactivity in postmortem cerebellar tissue and not cortical or hippocampal tissues from blast mTBI veterans. These findings add to the limited number of plasma proteins that are chronically elevated in veterans with a history of blast exposure associated with mTBI. It is likely the elevated VEGF-A levels are from peripheral sources. Nonetheless, increasing plasma VEGF-A concentrations correlated with chronically decreased cerebellar glucose metabolism and poorer performance on tasks involving cognitive inhibition and set shifting. These results strengthen an emerging view that cognitive complaints and functional brain deficits caused by blast exposure are associated with chronic blood-brain barrier injury and prolonged recovery in affected regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Meabon
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Northwest Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David G Cook
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mayumi Yagi
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Garth E Terry
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Northwest Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Donna J Cross
- Department of Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mark Muzi
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathleen F Pagulayan
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Northwest Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aric F Logsdon
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Abigail G Schindler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vikas Ghai
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Yong Zhou
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Inyoul Lee
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erik S Carlson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cynthia Mayer
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Northwest Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rebecca C Hendrickson
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Northwest Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Murray A Raskind
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Northwest Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Daniel P Perl
- Department of Pathology, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elaine R Peskind
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Northwest Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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35
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Tokhmechi B, Fazel-Rezai R, Bamdad M. The effects of explosion sound on the brain based on electroencephalogram signals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2020; 30:475-491. [PMID: 30950642 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1599326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the brain reactions to explosion sound are investigated. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals of 17 people were recorded. Subjects were selected from three groups: staff who did not face explosion before, blasting employees of surface, and underground mining workers. Routine EEG signals, also called explosion sounds, were recorded. Explosion sound was broadcasted without any previous alarm. Then it was repeated with their pre-awareness. Gradient and time duration of Delta band of EEG signals were extracted as features. Results showed that for blasting employees, especially underground ones, an increase of mean amplitude of delta band power of EEG signals of motor, speech, auditory and visual sensations were occurred, while in the case of staff it was decreased. This shows consciousness arising of blasting employees with hearing explosion sound. The reaction of somatosensory sense was dropped for all three groups. In general, reaction time for blasting employees has been longer than staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Tokhmechi
- School of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of North Dakota , Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Reza Fazel-Rezai
- Electrical Engineering, University of North Dakota , Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Mahdi Bamdad
- Faculty of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology , Shahrood, Iran
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36
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Logsdon AF, Schindler AG, Meabon JS, Yagi M, Herbert MJ, Banks WA, Raskind MA, Marshall DA, Keene CD, Perl DP, Peskind ER, Cook DG. Nitric oxide synthase mediates cerebellar dysfunction in mice exposed to repetitive blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9420. [PMID: 32523011 PMCID: PMC7287110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66113-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in mediating blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and peripheral immune cell infiltration in the cerebellum following blast exposure. Repetitive, but not single blast exposure, induced delayed-onset BBB disruption (72 hours post-blast) in cerebellum. The NOS inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) administered after blast blocked BBB disruption and prevented CD4+ T-cell infiltration into cerebellum. L-NAME also blocked blast-induced increases in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a molecule that plays a critical role in regulating blood-to-brain immune cell trafficking. Blocking NOS-mediated BBB dysfunction during this acute/subacute post-blast interval (24-71 hours after the last blast) also prevented sensorimotor impairment on a rotarod task 30 days later, long after L-NAME cleared the body. In postmortem brains from Veterans/military Servicemembers with blast-related TBI, we found marked Purkinje cell dendritic arbor structural abnormalities, which were comparable to neuropathologic findings in the blast-exposed mice. Taken collectively, these results indicate that blast provokes delayed-onset of NOS-dependent pathogenic cascades that can later emerge as behavioral dysfunction. These results also further implicate the cerebellum as a brain region vulnerable to blast-induced mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aric F. Logsdon
- 0000 0004 0420 6540grid.413919.7Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108 USA ,0000000122986657grid.34477.33Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Abigail G. Schindler
- 0000 0004 0420 6540grid.413919.7Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108 USA ,0000000122986657grid.34477.33Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - James S. Meabon
- 0000 0004 0420 6540grid.413919.7VA Northwest Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108 USA ,0000000122986657grid.34477.33Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Mayumi Yagi
- 0000 0004 0420 6540grid.413919.7Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
| | - Melanie J. Herbert
- 0000 0004 0420 6540grid.413919.7Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
| | - William A. Banks
- 0000 0004 0420 6540grid.413919.7Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108 USA ,0000000122986657grid.34477.33Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Murray A. Raskind
- 0000 0004 0420 6540grid.413919.7VA Northwest Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108 USA ,0000000122986657grid.34477.33Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Desiree A. Marshall
- 0000000122986657grid.34477.33Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- 0000000122986657grid.34477.33Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Daniel P. Perl
- 0000 0001 0421 5525grid.265436.0Department of Pathology, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Elaine R. Peskind
- 0000 0004 0420 6540grid.413919.7VA Northwest Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108 USA ,0000000122986657grid.34477.33Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - David G. Cook
- 0000 0004 0420 6540grid.413919.7Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108 USA ,0000000122986657grid.34477.33Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
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37
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Papesh MA, Stefl AA, Gallun FJ, Billings CJ. Effects of Signal Type and Noise Background on Auditory Evoked Potential N1, P2, and P3 Measurements in Blast-Exposed Veterans. Ear Hear 2020; 42:106-121. [PMID: 32520849 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000000906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Veterans who have been exposed to high-intensity blast waves frequently report persistent auditory difficulties such as problems with speech-in-noise (SIN) understanding, even when hearing sensitivity remains normal. However, these subjective reports have proven challenging to corroborate objectively. Here, we sought to determine whether use of complex stimuli and challenging signal contrasts in auditory evoked potential (AEP) paradigms rather than traditional use of simple stimuli and easy signal contrasts improved the ability of these measures to (1) distinguish between blast-exposed Veterans with auditory complaints and neurologically normal control participants, and (2) predict behavioral measures of SIN perception. DESIGN A total of 33 adults (aged 19-56 years) took part in this study, including 17 Veterans exposed to high-intensity blast waves within the past 10 years and 16 neurologically normal control participants matched for age and hearing status with the Veteran participants. All participants completed the following test measures: (1) a questionnaire probing perceived hearing abilities; (2) behavioral measures of SIN understanding including the BKB-SIN, the AzBio presented in 0 and +5 dB signal to noise ratios (SNRs), and a word-level consonant-vowel-consonant test presented at +5 dB SNR; and (3) electrophysiological tasks involving oddball paradigms in response to simple tones (500 Hz standard, 1000 Hz deviant) and complex speech syllables (/ba/ standard, /da/ deviant) presented in quiet and in four-talker speech babble at a SNR of +5 dB. RESULTS Blast-exposed Veterans reported significantly greater auditory difficulties compared to control participants. Behavioral performance on tests of SIN perception was generally, but not significantly, poorer among the groups. Latencies of P3 responses to tone signals were significantly longer among blast-exposed participants compared to control participants regardless of background condition, though responses to speech signals were similar across groups. For cortical AEPs, no significant interactions were found between group membership and either stimulus type or background. P3 amplitudes measured in response to signals in background babble accounted for 30.9% of the variance in subjective auditory reports. Behavioral SIN performance was best predicted by a combination of N1 and P2 responses to signals in quiet which accounted for 69.6% and 57.4% of the variance on the AzBio at 0 dB SNR and the BKB-SIN, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Although blast-exposed participants reported far more auditory difficulties compared to controls, use of complex stimuli and challenging signal contrasts in cortical and cognitive AEP measures failed to reveal larger group differences than responses to simple stimuli and easy signal contrasts. Despite this, only P3 responses to signals presented in background babble were predictive of subjective auditory complaints. In contrast, cortical N1 and P2 responses were predictive of behavioral SIN performance but not subjective auditory complaints, and use of challenging background babble generally did not improve performance predictions. These results suggest that challenging stimulus protocols are more likely to tap into perceived auditory deficits, but may not be beneficial for predicting performance on clinical measures of SIN understanding. Finally, these results should be interpreted with caution since blast-exposed participants did not perform significantly poorer on tests of SIN perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Papesh
- National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Alyssa A Stefl
- National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Frederick J Gallun
- National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Curtis J Billings
- National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diffuse or traumatic axonal injury is one of the principal pathologies encountered in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the resulting axonal loss, disconnection, and brain atrophy contribute significantly to clinical morbidity and disability. The seminal discovery of the slow Wallerian degeneration mice (Wld) in which transected axons do not degenerate but survive and function independently for weeks has transformed concepts on axonal biology and raised hopes that axonopathies may be amenable to specific therapeutic interventions. Here we review mechanisms of axonal degeneration and also describe how these mechanisms may inform biological therapies of traumatic axonopathy in the context of TBI. RECENT FINDINGS In the last decade, SARM1 [sterile a and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) motif containing 1] and the DLK (dual leucine zipper bearing kinase) and LZK (leucine zipper kinase) MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases) cascade have been established as the key drivers of Wallerian degeneration, a complex program of axonal self-destruction which is activated by a wide range of injurious insults, including insults that may otherwise leave axons structurally robust and potentially salvageable. Detailed studies on animal models and postmortem human brains indicate that this type of partial disruption is the main initial pathology in traumatic axonopathy. At the same time, the molecular dissection of Wallerian degeneration has revealed that the decision that commits axons to degeneration is temporally separated from the time of injury, a window that allows potentially effective pharmacological interventions. SUMMARY Molecular signals initiating and triggering Wallerian degeneration appear to be playing an important role in traumatic axonopathy and recent advances in understanding their nature and significance is opening up new therapeutic opportunities for TBI.
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Qin MY, Atwood RE, Ketchum WA, Kaba SA, Bradley MJ. Characterization of serum levels of testosterone and corticosterone in a blast and amputation rat model of heterotopic ossification. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 509:110799. [PMID: 32209352 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endocrine dysregulation's role in heterotopic ossification (HO) remains unexplored. We sought to examine corticosterone and testosterone in established rat models of ectopic bone formation, and correlate to HO formation with CT analysis. METHODS Fifteen rats were placed into three groups of traumatic injury patterns: Blast and injury (120 kPa blast, femoral fracture and quadriceps crush), injury only, and blast only. Serum corticosterone and testosterone levels were drawn until post-operative day 40. HO was analyzed using CT. RESULTS Corticosterone levels peaked in the blast and injury group in the shortest time post injury, followed by injury only and blast only groups. Testosterone levels reached nadir in similar fashion. Volume of HO was highest in the blast and injury group, followed by the injury only group. CONCLUSION Corticosterone and testosterone's contribution to HO formation requires further characterization, but this study suggests that high peaks in corticosterone and a low nadir in testosterone are associated with higher volumes of HO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mack Y Qin
- Naval Medical Research Center, Regenerative Medicine, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rex E Atwood
- Naval Medical Research Center, Regenerative Medicine, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William A Ketchum
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen A Kaba
- Naval Medical Research Center, Regenerative Medicine, Silver Spring, MD, USA; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Matthew J Bradley
- Naval Medical Research Center, Regenerative Medicine, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Bethesda, MD, USA
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40
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Venkatasubramanian PN, Keni P, Gastfield R, Li L, Aksenov D, Sherman SA, Bailes J, Sindelar B, Finan JD, Lee J, Bailes JE, Wyrwicz AM. Diffusion Tensor Imaging Detects Acute and Subacute Changes in Corpus Callosum in Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury. ASN Neuro 2020; 12:1759091420922929. [PMID: 32403948 PMCID: PMC7238783 DOI: 10.1177/1759091420922929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a critical need for understanding the progression of neuropathology in blast-induced traumatic brain injury using valid animal models to develop diagnostic approaches. In the present study, we used diffusion imaging and magnetic resonance (MR) morphometry to characterize axonal injury in white matter structures of the rat brain following a blast applied via blast tube to one side of the brain. Diffusion tensor imaging was performed on acute and subacute phases of pathology from which fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity were calculated for corpus callosum (CC), cingulum bundle, and fimbria. Ventricular volume and CC thickness were measured. Blast-injured rats showed temporally varying bilateral changes in diffusion metrics indicating persistent axonal pathology. Diffusion changes in the CC suggested vasogenic edema secondary to axonal injury in the acute phase. Axonal pathology persisted in the subacute phase marked by cytotoxic edema and demyelination which was confirmed by ultrastructural analysis. The evolution of pathology followed a different pattern in the cingulum bundle: axonal injury and demyelination in the acute phase followed by cytotoxic edema in the subacute phase. Spatially, structures close to midline were most affected. Changes in the genu were greater than in the body and splenium; the caudal cingulum bundle was more affected than the rostral cingulum. Thinning of CC and ventriculomegaly were greater only in the acute phase. Our results reveal the persistent nature of blast-induced axonal pathology and suggest that diffusion imaging may have potential for detecting the temporal evolution of blast injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palamadai N Venkatasubramanian
- Center for Basic M.R. Research, Department of Radiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Prachi Keni
- Department of Neurosurgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Roland Gastfield
- Center for Basic M.R. Research, Department of Radiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Limin Li
- Center for Basic M.R. Research, Department of Radiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Daniil Aksenov
- Center for Basic M.R. Research, Department of Radiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Sydney A Sherman
- Department of Neurosurgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Julian Bailes
- Department of Neurosurgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Brian Sindelar
- Department of Neurosurgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - John D Finan
- Department of Neurosurgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - John Lee
- Department of Pathology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Julian E Bailes
- Department of Neurosurgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Alice M Wyrwicz
- Center for Basic M.R. Research, Department of Radiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States
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Honig MG, Dorian CC, Worthen JD, Micetich AC, Mulder IA, Sanchez KB, Pierce WF, Del Mar NA, Reiner A. Progressive long-term spatial memory loss following repeat concussive and subconcussive brain injury in mice, associated with dorsal hippocampal neuron loss, microglial phenotype shift, and vascular abnormalities. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 54:5844-5879. [PMID: 32090401 PMCID: PMC7483557 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable concern about the long‐term deleterious effects of repeat head trauma on cognition, but little is known about underlying mechanisms and pathology. To examine this, we delivered four air blasts to the left side of the mouse cranium, a week apart, with an intensity that causes deficits when delivered singly and considered “concussive,” or an intensity that does not yield significant deficits when delivered singly and considered “subconcussive.” Neither repeat concussive nor subconcussive blast produced spatial memory deficits at 4 months, but both yielded deficits at 14 months, and dorsal hippocampal neuron loss. Hierarchical cluster analysis of dorsal hippocampal microglia across the three groups based on morphology and expression of MHCII, CX3CR1, CD68 and IBA1 revealed five distinct phenotypes. Types 1A and 1B microglia were more common in sham mice, linked to better neuron survival and memory, and appeared mildly activated. By contrast, 2B and 2C microglia were more common in repeat concussive and subconcussive mice, linked to poorer neuron survival and memory, and characterized by low expression levels and attenuated processes, suggesting they were de‐activated and dysfunctional. In addition, endothelial cells in repeat concussive mice exhibited reduced CD31 and eNOS expression, which was correlated with the prevalence of type 2B and 2C microglia. Our findings suggest that both repeat concussive and subconcussive head injury engender progressive pathogenic processes, possibly through sustained effects on microglia that over time lead to increased prevalence of dysfunctional microglia, adversely affecting neurons and blood vessels, and thereby driving neurodegeneration and memory decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia G Honig
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Conor C Dorian
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John D Worthen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Anthony C Micetich
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Isabelle A Mulder
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Katelyn B Sanchez
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - William F Pierce
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nobel A Del Mar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Anton Reiner
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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42
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Neuro-Ophthalmic Injuries With Systemic Neurologic Injury or Traumatic Brain Injury in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. J Neuroophthalmol 2020; 40:322-327. [DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000000913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tomura S, Seno S, Kawauchi S, Miyazaki H, Sato S, Kobayashi Y, Saitoh D. A novel mouse model of mild traumatic brain injury using laser-induced shock waves. Neurosci Lett 2020; 721:134827. [PMID: 32036028 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury (mild bTBI) has been a frequent battlefield injury in soldiers during the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Understanding the pathophysiology and determining effective treatments for mild bTBI has become an international problem in the field of neurotrauma research. Contributing to this problem is a lack of an experimental model that accurately mimics the characteristics of mild bTBI. To date, the "mild'' versions of common experimental models of TBI have simply been less severe degrees of traumatic injury; these animals do not necessarily exhibit the clinical characteristics of mild bTBI seen in humans. Therefore, our first objective was to develop a highly controlled mouse model of bTBI using laser-induced shockwaves (LISWs). We established the parameters necessary to cause a reproducible injury of very mild severity, the most important feature seen in clinical practice. We defined very mild bTBI as having no traumatic change on the head visible to the naked eye after the insult was applied using very mild shockwaves to the heads of mice. Our very mild bTBI mouse model exhibited neurobehavioral changes in the chronic phase, such as cognitive impairment and depression-like behavior. We also observed an increase in 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-positive, proliferating cells in the dentate gyrus during the acute phase and a subsequent decrease during the chronic phase. This model appears to be an accurate representation of the damage occurring in actual mild bTBI patients. We also found that an increase in cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus during the acute phase is the most prominent feature after a TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Tomura
- Division of Traumatology, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.
| | - Soichiro Seno
- Division of Traumatology, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Satoko Kawauchi
- Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Hiromi Miyazaki
- Division of Traumatology, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Shunichi Sato
- Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kobayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Daizoh Saitoh
- Division of Traumatology, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
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Huynh LM, Burns MP, Taub DD, Blackman MR, Zhou J. Chronic Neurobehavioral Impairments and Decreased Hippocampal Expression of Genes Important for Brain Glucose Utilization in a Mouse Model of Mild TBI. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:556380. [PMID: 33071972 PMCID: PMC7531511 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.556380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is an essential cellular fuel for maintaining normal brain functions. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) decreases brain glucose utilization in both human and experimental animals during the acute or subacute phase of TBI. It remains unclear as to how the damages affect brain glucose utilization and its association with persistent neurobehavioral impairments in the chronic phase of mild TBI (mTBI). Accordingly, we compared expression of selected genes important to brain glucose utilization in different brain regions of mice during the chronic phase in mTBI vs. sham operated mice. These genes included hexokinase-1 (HK1), phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate kinase (PK), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), capillary glucose transporter (Glut-1), neuron glucose transporter (Glut-3), astrocyte lactate transpor1 (MCT-1), neuron lactate transporter (MCT-2), lactate receptor (GPR81), and Hexokinase isoform-2 (HK2). Young adult male C57BL/6J mice were brain injured with repetitive closed-head concussions. Morris water maze (MWM), elevated plus maze (EPM), and neurological severity score test (NSS) were performed for evaluation of mice neurobehavioral impairments at 2, 4, and 6 months post mTBI. Two days after completion of the last behavioral test, the frontal cortex, hippocampus, brainstem, hypothalamus, and cerebellum were collected for gene expression measurements. The expression of the mRNAs encoding PK, and PDH, two critical enzymes in glucose metabolism, was decreased at all-time points only in the hippocampus, but was unchanged in the brainstem, hypothalamus, and cortex in mTBI mice. mTBI mice also exhibited the following behavioral alterations: (1) decreased spatial learning and memory 2, 4, and 6 months after the injury, (2) increased proportion of time spent on open vs. closed arms determined by EPM, and (3) accelerated reduction in motor activity observed at 4 months, two months earlier than observed in the sham group, during the EPM testing. There were no significant differences in NSS between injury and sham groups at any of the three time points. Thus, mTBI in male mice led to persistent decreased hippocampal expression of mRNAs that encode critical glucose utilization related enzymes in association with long-term impairments in selected neurobehavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M. Huynh
- Research Service, Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Mark P. Burns
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Daniel D. Taub
- Research Service, Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Marc R. Blackman
- Research Service, Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - June Zhou
- Research Service, Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- *Correspondence: June Zhou
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Welsbie DS, Ziogas NK, Xu L, Kim BJ, Ge Y, Patel AK, Ryu J, Lehar M, Alexandris AS, Stewart N, Zack DJ, Koliatsos VE. Targeted disruption of dual leucine zipper kinase and leucine zipper kinase promotes neuronal survival in a model of diffuse traumatic brain injury. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:44. [PMID: 31775817 PMCID: PMC6882250 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0345-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of CNS neurodegeneration and has no disease-altering therapies. It is commonly associated with a specific type of biomechanical disruption of the axon called traumatic axonal injury (TAI), which often leads to axonal and sometimes perikaryal degeneration of CNS neurons. We have previously used genome-scale, arrayed RNA interference-based screens in primary mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to identify a pair of related kinases, dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) and leucine zipper kinase (LZK) that are key mediators of cell death in response to simple axotomy. Moreover, we showed that DLK and LZK are the major upstream triggers for JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling following total axonal transection. However, the degree to which DLK/LZK are involved in TAI/TBI is unknown. METHODS Here we used the impact acceleration (IA) model of diffuse TBI, which produces TAI in the visual system, and complementary genetic and pharmacologic approaches to disrupt DLK and LZK, and explored whether DLK and LZK play a role in RGC perikaryal and axonal degeneration in response to TAI. RESULTS Our findings show that the IA model activates DLK/JNK/JUN signaling but, in contrast to axotomy, many RGCs are able to recover from the injury and terminate the activation of the pathway. Moreover, while DLK disruption is sufficient to suppress JUN phosphorylation, combined DLK and LZK inhibition is required to prevent RGC cell death. Finally, we show that the FDA-approved protein kinase inhibitor, sunitinib, which has activity against DLK and LZK, is able to produce similar increases in RGC survival. CONCLUSION The mitogen-activated kinase kinase kinases (MAP3Ks), DLK and LZK, participate in cell death signaling of CNS neurons in response to TBI. Moreover, sustained pharmacologic inhibition of DLK is neuroprotective, an effect creating an opportunity to potentially translate these findings to patients with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek S Welsbie
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037, USA. .,Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Nikolaos K Ziogas
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Leyan Xu
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Byung-Jin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yusong Ge
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Amit K Patel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037, USA
| | - Jiwon Ryu
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mohamed Lehar
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Athanasios S Alexandris
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Nicholas Stewart
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Donald J Zack
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscienc, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Vassilis E Koliatsos
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Arun P, Wilder DM, Eken O, Urioste R, Batuure A, Sajja S, Van Albert S, Wang Y, Gist ID, Long JB. Long-Term Effects of Blast Exposure: A Functional Study in Rats Using an Advanced Blast Simulator. J Neurotrauma 2019; 37:647-655. [PMID: 31595810 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anecdotal observations of blast victims indicate that significant neuropathological and neurobehavioral defects may develop at later stages of life. To pre-clinically model this phenomenon, we have examined neurobehavioral changes in rats up to 1 year after exposure to single and tightly coupled repeated blasts using an advanced blast simulator. Neurobehavioral changes were monitored at acute, sub-acute, and chronic time-points using Morris water maze test of spatial learning and memory, novel object recognition test of short-term memory, open field exploratory activity as a test of anxiety/depression, a rotating pole test for vestibulomotor function, and a rotarod balance test for motor coordination. Single and repeated blasts resulted in significant functional deficits at both acute and chronic time-points. In most functional tests, rats exposed to repeated blasts performed more poorly than rats exposed to single blast. Interestingly, several functional deficits post-blast were most pronounced at 6 months and beyond. Significant neuromotor impairments occurred at early stages after blast exposure and the severity increased with repeated exposures. The novel object recognition testing revealed short-term memory deficits at 6 and 12 months post-blast. The water maze test revealed impairments at acute and chronic stages after blast exposure. The most substantial changes in the blast-exposed rats were observed with the center time and margin time legacies in the open field exploration test at 6, 9, and 12 months post-blast. Notably, these two outcome measures were minimally altered acutely, recovered during sub-acute stages, and were markedly affected during the chronic stages after blast exposures and may implicate development of chronic anxiety and depressive-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peethambaran Arun
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Donna M Wilder
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Ondine Eken
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Rodrigo Urioste
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Andrew Batuure
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Sujith Sajja
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Stephen Van Albert
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Ying Wang
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Irene D Gist
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Joseph B Long
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Jaiswal S, Knutsen AK, Wilson CM, Fu AH, Tucker LB, Kim Y, Bittner KC, Whiting MD, McCabe JT, Dardzinski BJ. Mild traumatic brain injury induced by primary blast overpressure produces dynamic regional changes in [18F]FDG uptake. Brain Res 2019; 1723:146400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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48
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Bugay V, Bozdemir E, Vigil FA, Chun SH, Holstein DM, Elliott WR, Sprague CJ, Cavazos JE, Zamora DO, Rule G, Shapiro MS, Lechleiter JD, Brenner R. A Mouse Model of Repetitive Blast Traumatic Brain Injury Reveals Post-Trauma Seizures and Increased Neuronal Excitability. J Neurotrauma 2019; 37:248-261. [PMID: 31025597 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive blast traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects numerous soldiers on the battlefield. Mild TBI has been shown to have long-lasting effects with repeated injury. We have investigated effects on neuronal excitability after repetitive, mild TBI in a mouse model of blast-induced brain injury. We exposed mice to mild blast trauma of an average peak overpressure of 14.6 psi, repeated across three consecutive days. While a single exposure did not reveal trauma as indicated by the glial fibrillary acidic protein indicator, three repetitive blasts did show significant increases. As well, mice had an increased indicator of inflammation (Iba-1) and increased tau, tau phosphorylation, and altered cytokine levels in the spleen. Video-electroencephalographic monitoring 48 h after the final blast exposure demonstrated seizures in 50% (12/24) of the mice, most of which were non-convulsive seizures. Long-term monitoring revealed that spontaneous seizures developed in at least 46% (6/13) of the mice. Patch clamp recording of dentate gyrus hippocampus neurons 48 h post-blast TBI demonstrated a shortened latency to the first spike and hyperpolarization of action potential threshold. We also found that evoked excitatory postsynaptic current amplitudes were significantly increased. These findings indicate that mild, repetitive blast exposures cause increases in neuronal excitability and seizures and eventual epilepsy development in some animals. The non-convulsive nature of the seizures suggests that subclinical seizures may occur in individuals experiencing even mild blast events, if repeated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Bugay
- Cell and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Eda Bozdemir
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Fabio A Vigil
- Cell and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Sang H Chun
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Deborah M Holstein
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - William R Elliott
- Sensory Trauma, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston San Antonio, Texas
| | - Cassie J Sprague
- Sensory Trauma, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston San Antonio, Texas
| | - Jose E Cavazos
- Cell and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - David O Zamora
- Sensory Trauma, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Mark S Shapiro
- Cell and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - James D Lechleiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Robert Brenner
- Cell and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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49
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Satoh Y, Araki Y, Kashitani M, Nishii K, Kobayashi Y, Fujita M, Suzuki S, Morimoto Y, Tokuno S, Tsumatori G, Yamamoto T, Saitoh D, Ishizuka T. Molecular Hydrogen Prevents Social Deficits and Depression-Like Behaviors Induced by Low-Intensity Blast in Mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 77:827-836. [PMID: 30053086 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Detonation of explosive devices creates blast waves, which can injure brains even in the absence of external injuries. Among these, blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury (bmTBI) is increasing in military populations, such as in the wars in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria. Although the clinical presentation of bmTBI is not precisely defined, it is frequently associated with psycho-neurological deficits and usually manifests in the form of poly-trauma including psychiatric morbidity and cognitive disruption. Although the underlying mechanisms of bmTBI are largely unknown, some studies suggested that bmTBI is associated with blood-brain barrier disruption, oxidative stress, and edema in the brain. The present study investigated the effects of novel antioxidant, molecular hydrogen gas, on bmTBI using a laboratory-scale shock tube model in mice. Hydrogen gas has a strong prospect for clinical use due to easy preparation, low-cost, and no side effects. The administration of hydrogen gas significantly attenuated the behavioral deficits observed in our bmTBI model, suggesting that hydrogen application might be a strong therapeutic method for treatment of bmTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoshiyuki Araki
- Department of Defense Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Kashitani
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, National Defense Academy of Japan, Yokosuka, Japan
| | | | - Yasushi Kobayashi
- Department of Defense Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | | | - Shinya Suzuki
- Kameda Medical Center, Emergency and Trauma Center, Kamogawa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuji Morimoto
- Department of Integrated Physiology Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Shinichi Tokuno
- Department of Defense Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Gentaro Tsumatori
- Department of Defense Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamamoto
- Military Medicine Research Unit, Test and Evaluation Command, Japan Ground Self-Defense Force, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daizoh Saitoh
- Division of Traumatology, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
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50
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Bernardo-Colón A, Vest V, Cooper ML, Naguib SA, Calkins DJ, Rex TS. Progression and Pathology of Traumatic Optic Neuropathy From Repeated Primary Blast Exposure. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:719. [PMID: 31354422 PMCID: PMC6637732 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Indirect traumatic optic neuropathy (ITON) is a condition that is often associated with traumatic brain injury and can result in significant vision loss due to degeneration of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons at the time of injury or within the ensuing weeks. We used a mouse model of eye-directed air-blast exposure to characterize the histopathology of blast-induced ITON. This injury caused a transient elevation of intraocular pressure with subsequent RGC death and axon degeneration that was similar throughout the length of the optic nerve (ON). Deficits in active anterograde axon transport to the superior colliculus accompanied axon degeneration and first appeared in peripheral representations of the retina. Glial area in the ON increased early after injury and involved a later period of additional expansion. The increase in area involved a transient change in astrocyte organization independent of axon degeneration. While levels of many cytokines and chemokines did not change, IL-1α and IL-1β increased in both the ON and retina. In contrast, glaucoma shows distal to proximal axon degeneration with astrocyte remodeling and increases in many cytokines and chemokines. Further, direct traumatic optic neuropathies have a clear site of injury with rapid, progressive axon degeneration and cell death. These data show that blast-induced ITON is a distinct neuropathology from other optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria Vest
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Melissa L. Cooper
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Sarah A. Naguib
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - David J. Calkins
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Tonia S. Rex
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
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