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Moschopoulos CD, Alford K, Antoniadou A, Vera JH. Cognitive impairment in people living with HIV: mechanisms, controversies, and future perspectives. Trends Mol Med 2024:S1471-4914(24)00163-1. [PMID: 38955654 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite the dramatic decrease in HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment (NCI) in the combined antiretroviral treatment (cART) era, subtler neuropsychological complications remain prevalent. In this review, we discuss the changing pathophysiology of HIV-associated NCI, considering recent evidence of HIV neuropathogenesis, and the pivotal role of cART. Furthermore, we address the multifactorial nature of NCI in people living with HIV, including legacy and ongoing insults to the brain, as well as host-specific factors. We also summarize the ongoing debate about the refinement of diagnostic criteria, exploring the strengths and limitations of these recent approaches. Finally, we present current research in NCI management in people living with HIV and highlight the need for using both pharmacological and nonpharmacological pathways toward a holistic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos D Moschopoulos
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Kate Alford
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Anastasia Antoniadou
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Jaime H Vera
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK; Department of Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK; University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
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2
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Deshetty UM, Chatterjee N, Buch S, Periyasamy P. HIV-1 Tat-Mediated Human Müller Glial Cell Senescence Involves Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Dysregulated Autophagy. Viruses 2024; 16:903. [PMID: 38932195 PMCID: PMC11209317 DOI: 10.3390/v16060903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral treatments have notably extended the lives of individuals with HIV and reduced the occurrence of comorbidities, including ocular manifestations. The involvement of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in HIV-1 pathogenesis raises questions about its correlation with cellular senescence or its role in initiating senescent traits. This study investigated how ER stress and dysregulated autophagy impact cellular senescence triggered by HIV-1 Tat in the MIO-M1 cell line (human Müller glial cells). Cells exposed to HIV-1 Tat exhibited increased vimentin expression combined with markers of ER stress (BiP, p-eIF2α), autophagy (LC3, Beclin-1, p62), and the senescence marker p21 compared to control cells. Western blotting and staining techniques like SA-β-gal were employed to examine these markers. Additionally, treatments with ER stress inhibitor 4-PBA before HIV-1 Tat exposure led to a decreased expression of ER stress, senescence, and autophagy markers. Conversely, pre-treatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA resulted in reduced autophagy and senescence markers but did not alter ER stress markers compared to control cells. The findings suggest a link between ER stress, dysregulated autophagy, and the initiation of a senescence phenotype in MIO-M1 cells induced by HIV-1 Tat exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Maheswari Deshetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA;
| | - Nivedita Chatterjee
- Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Netralaya, 18, College Road, Chennai 600006, India;
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA;
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA;
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3
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DeMarino C, Denniss J, Cowen M, Norato G, Dietrich DK, Henderson L, Gollomp E, Snow J, Pandya D, Smith B, Nath A. HIV-1 RNA in extracellular vesicles is associated with neurocognitive outcomes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4391. [PMID: 38782925 PMCID: PMC11116485 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48644-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) is responsible for significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite complete control of viral replication with antiretrovirals, cells with integrated HIV-1 provirus can produce viral transcripts. In a cross-sectional study of 84 HIV+ individuals of whom 43 were followed longitudinally, we found that HIV-1 RNAs are present in extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from cerebrospinal fluid and serum of all individuals. We used seven digital droplet polymerase chain reaction assays to evaluate the transcriptional status of the latent reservoir. EV-associated viral RNA was more abundant in the CSF and correlated with neurocognitive dysfunction in both, the cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Sequencing studies suggested compartmentalization of defective viral transcripts in the serum and CSF. These findings suggest previous studies have underestimated the viral burden and there is a significant relationship between latent viral transcription and CNS complications of long-term disease despite the adequate use of antiretrovirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine DeMarino
- Section for Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julia Denniss
- Section for Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria Cowen
- Section for Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gina Norato
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Devon K Dietrich
- Section for Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa Henderson
- Section for Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elyse Gollomp
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Snow
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Darshan Pandya
- Section for Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bryan Smith
- Section for Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Avindra Nath
- Section for Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Singh S, Deshetty UM, Ray S, Oladapo A, Horanieh E, Buch S, Periyasamy P. Non-Coding RNAs in HIV Infection, NeuroHIV, and Related Comorbidities. Cells 2024; 13:898. [PMID: 38891030 PMCID: PMC11171711 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
NeuroHIV affects approximately 30-60% of people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) and is characterized by varying degrees of cognitive impairments, presenting a multifaceted challenge, the underlying cause of which is chronic, low-level neuroinflammation. Such smoldering neuroinflammation is likely an outcome of lifelong reliance on antiretrovirals coupled with residual virus replication in the brains of PLWH. Despite advancements in antiretroviral therapeutics, our understanding of the molecular mechanism(s) driving inflammatory processes in the brain remains limited. Recent times have seen the emergence of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) as critical regulators of gene expression, underlying the neuroinflammatory processes in HIV infection, NeuroHIV, and their associated comorbidities. This review explores the role of various classes of ncRNAs and their regulatory functions implicated in HIV infection, neuropathogenesis, and related conditions. The dysregulated expression of ncRNAs is known to exacerbate the neuroinflammatory responses, thus contributing to neurocognitive impairments in PLWH. This review also discusses the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of ncRNAs in HIV infection and its comorbidities, suggesting their utility as non-invasive biomarkers and targets for modulating neuroinflammatory pathways. Understanding these regulatory roles could pave the way for novel diagnostic strategies and therapeutic interventions in the context of HIV and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA; (S.S.); (U.M.D.); (S.R.); (A.O.); (E.H.)
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA; (S.S.); (U.M.D.); (S.R.); (A.O.); (E.H.)
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Shmakova A, Tsimailo I, Kozhevnikova Y, Gérard L, Boutboul D, Oksenhendler E, Tuaillon E, Rivault A, Germini D, Vassetzky Y, Beaumelle B. HIV-1 Tat is present in the serum of people living with HIV-1 despite viral suppression. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 142:106994. [PMID: 38447753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.106994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite successful human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) control with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), individuals with HIV still face health risks, including cancers, cardiovascular and neurocognitive diseases. An HIV protein, Tat, is potentially involved in these HIV-related diseases. Previous studies demonstrated circulating Tat in the blood of untreated people with HIV. Here, we measured Tat levels in the serum of cART-treated people with HIV to examine the effect of cART on Tat production. METHODS Serum samples from 63 HIV-positive and 20 HIV-seronegative individuals were analyzed using an ELISA assay that detected Tat concentrations above 2.5 ng/mL. RESULTS Among HIV-positive individuals, the Tat level ranged from 0 to 14 ng/mL. 25.4% (16 out of 63) exceeded the 2.5 ng/mL cut-off, with a median HIV Tat level of 4.518 [3.329-8.120] ng/mL. No correlation was revealed between Tat levels and CD4+ T cell counts, serum HIV RNA, p24 antigen, or anti-Tat levels. CONCLUSIONS Despite cART, circulating HIV Tat persists and may contribute to HIV-related diseases. This emphasizes the need for further research on the mechanisms of Tat action in non-infected cells where it can penetrate upon circulation in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shmakova
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, 94800 France; Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, 119334 Russia
| | - Ivan Tsimailo
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, 94800 France
| | - Yana Kozhevnikova
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, 94800 France
| | - Laurence Gérard
- Service d'Immunopathologie Clinique, Hôpital St Louis, APHP, Paris, 75012 France
| | - David Boutboul
- Service d'Immunopathologie Clinique, Hôpital St Louis, APHP, Paris, 75012 France
| | - Eric Oksenhendler
- Service d'Immunopathologie Clinique, Hôpital St Louis, APHP, Paris, 75012 France
| | - Edouard Tuaillon
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Montpellier University, INSERM U1058, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Aurélie Rivault
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 9004, Montpellier, France
| | - Diego Germini
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, 94800 France
| | - Yegor Vassetzky
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, 94800 France; Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, 119334 Russia.
| | - Bruno Beaumelle
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 9004, Montpellier, France
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Duffy BC, King KM, Nepal B, Nonnemacher MR, Kortagere S. Acute Administration of HIV-1 Tat Protein Drives Glutamatergic Alterations in a Rodent Model of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04113-8. [PMID: 38514527 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are a major comorbidity of HIV-1 infection, marked by impairment of executive function varying in severity. HAND affects nearly half of people living with HIV (PLWH), with mild forms predominating since the use of anti-retroviral therapies (ART). The HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein is found in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients adherent to ART, and its administration or expression in animals causes cognitive symptoms. Studies of Tat interaction with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) suggest that glutamate toxicity contributes to Tat-induced impairments. To identify changes in regional glutamatergic circuitry underlying cognitive impairment, we injected recombinant Tat86 or saline to medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were assessed with behavioral tasks that involve intact functioning of mPFC including the novel object recognition (NOR), spatial object recognition (SOR), and temporal order (TO) tasks at 1 and 2 postoperative weeks. Following testing, mPFC tissue was collected and analyzed by RT-PCR. Results showed Tat86 in mPFC-induced impairment in SOR, and upregulation of Grin1 and Grin2a transcripts. To further understand the mechanism of Tat toxicity, we assessed the effects of full-length Tat101 on gene expression in mPFC by RNA sequencing. The results of RNAseq suggest that glutamatergic effects of Tat86 are maintained with Tat101, as Grin2a was upregulated in Tat101-injected tissue, among other differentially expressed genes. Spatial learning and memory impairment and Grin2a upregulation suggest that exposure to Tat protein drives adaptation in mPFC, altering the function of circuitry supporting spatial learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna C Duffy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kirsten M King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Binod Nepal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael R Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Sandhya Kortagere
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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7
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Lark AR, Nass SR, Hahn YK, Gao B, Milne GL, Knapp PE, Hauser KF. HIV-1 Tat and morphine interactions dynamically shift striatal monoamine levels and exploratory behaviors over time. J Neurochem 2024; 168:185-204. [PMID: 38308495 PMCID: PMC10922901 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite the advent of combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART), nearly half of people infected with HIV treated with cART still exhibit HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). HAND can be worsened by co-morbid opioid use disorder. The basal ganglia are particularly vulnerable to HIV-1 and exhibit higher viral loads and more severe pathology, which can be exacerbated by co-exposure to opioids. Evidence suggests that dopaminergic neurotransmission is disrupted by HIV exposure, however, little is known about whether co-exposure to opioids may alter neurotransmitter levels in the striatum and if this in turn influences behavior. Therefore, we assayed motor, anxiety-like, novelty-seeking, exploratory, and social behaviors, and levels of monoamines and their metabolites following 2 weeks and 2 months of Tat and/or morphine exposure in transgenic mice. Morphine decreased dopamine levels, but significantly elevated norepinephrine, the dopamine metabolites dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA), and the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, which typically correlated with increased locomotor behavior. The combination of Tat and morphine altered dopamine, DOPAC, and HVA concentrations differently depending on the neurotransmitter/metabolite and duration of exposure but did not affect the numbers of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the mesencephalon. Tat exposure increased the latency to interact with novel conspecifics, but not other novel objects, suggesting the viral protein inhibits exploratory behavior initiation in a context-dependent manner. By contrast, and consistent with prior findings that opioid misuse can increase novelty-seeking behavior, morphine exposure increased the time spent exploring a novel environment. Finally, Tat and morphine interacted to affect locomotor activity in a time-dependent manner, while grip strength and rotarod performance were unaffected. Together, our results provide novel insight into the unique effects of HIV-1 Tat and morphine on monoamine neurochemistry that may underlie their divergent effects on motor and exploratory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Benlian Gao
- Neurochemistry Core, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University
| | - Ginger L. Milne
- Neurochemistry Core, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University
| | - Pamela E. Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Kurt F. Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University
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Shmakova A, Hugot C, Kozhevnikova Y, Schwager Karpukhina A, Tsimailo I, Gérard L, Boutboul D, Oksenhendler E, Szewczyk-Roszczenko O, Roszczenko P, Buzun K, Sheval EV, Germini D, Vassetzky Y. Chronic HIV-1 Tat action induces HLA-DR downregulation in B cells: A mechanism for lymphoma immune escape in people living with HIV. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29423. [PMID: 38285479 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Despite the success of combination antiretroviral therapy, people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) still have an increased risk of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated B cell malignancies. In the HIV setting, B cell physiology is altered by coexistence with HIV-infected cells and the chronic action of secreted viral proteins, for example, HIV-1 Tat that, once released, efficiently penetrates noninfected cells. We modeled the chronic action of HIV-1 Tat on B cells by ectopically expressing Tat or TatC22G mutant in two lymphoblastoid B cell lines. The RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that Tat deregulated the expression of hundreds of genes in B cells, including the downregulation of a subset of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-related genes. Tat-induced downregulation of HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DRB5 genes led to a decrease in HLA-DR surface expression; this effect was reproduced by coculturing B cells with Tat-expressing T cells. Chronic Tat presence decreased the NF-ᴋB pathway activity in B cells; this downregulated NF-ᴋB-dependent transcriptional targets, including MHC class II genes. Notably, HLA-DRB1 and surface HLA-DR expression was also decreased in B cells from people with HIV. Tat-induced HLA-DR downregulation in B cells impaired EBV-specific CD4+ T cell response, which contributed to the escape from immune surveillance and could eventually promote B cell lymphomagenesis in people with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shmakova
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Coline Hugot
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Yana Kozhevnikova
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Anna Schwager Karpukhina
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Tsimailo
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Laurence Gérard
- Service d'Immunopathologie Clinique, Hôpital St Louis, APHP, Paris, France
| | - David Boutboul
- Service d'Immunopathologie Clinique, Hôpital St Louis, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Eric Oksenhendler
- Service d'Immunopathologie Clinique, Hôpital St Louis, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Olga Szewczyk-Roszczenko
- Department of Synthesis and Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Roszczenko
- Department of Biotechnology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Kamila Buzun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Eugene V Sheval
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Diego Germini
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Yegor Vassetzky
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Corda PO, Bollen M, Ribeiro D, Fardilha M. Emerging roles of the Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) in the context of viral infections. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:65. [PMID: 38267954 PMCID: PMC10807198 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) is a major serine/threonine phosphatase in eukaryotes, participating in several cellular processes and metabolic pathways. Due to their low substrate specificity, PP1's catalytic subunits do not exist as free entities but instead bind to Regulatory Interactors of Protein Phosphatase One (RIPPO), which regulate PP1's substrate specificity and subcellular localization. Most RIPPOs bind to PP1 through combinations of short linear motifs (4-12 residues), forming highly specific PP1 holoenzymes. These PP1-binding motifs may, hence, represent attractive targets for the development of specific drugs that interfere with a subset of PP1 holoenzymes. Several viruses exploit the host cell protein (de)phosphorylation machinery to ensure efficient virus particle formation and propagation. While the role of many host cell kinases in viral life cycles has been extensively studied, the targeting of phosphatases by viral proteins has been studied in less detail. Here, we compile and review what is known concerning the role of PP1 in the context of viral infections and discuss how it may constitute a putative host-based target for the development of novel antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro O Corda
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mathieu Bollen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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10
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Sun Y, Cai M, Liang Y, Zhang Y. Disruption of blood-brain barrier: effects of HIV Tat on brain microvascular endothelial cells and tight junction proteins. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:658-668. [PMID: 37899420 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Although the widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has prolonged the life span of people living with HIV (PLWH), the incidence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in PLWH is also gradually increasing, seriously affecting the quality of life for PLWH. However, the pathogenesis of HAND has not been elucidated, which leaves HAND without effective treatment. HIV protein transactivator of transcription (Tat), as an important regulatory protein, is crucial in the pathogenesis of HAND, and its mechanism of HAND has received widespread attention. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and its cellular component brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) play a necessary role in protecting the central nervous system (CNS), and their damage associated with Tat is a potential therapeutic target of HAND. In this review, we will study the Tat-mediated damage mechanism of the BBB and present multiple lines of evidence related to BMVEC damage caused by Tat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Miaotian Cai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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11
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Habib A, Liang Y, Zhu N. Exosomes multifunctional roles in HIV-1: insight into the immune regulation, vaccine development and current progress in delivery system. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1249133. [PMID: 37965312 PMCID: PMC10642161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1249133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) is known to establish a persistent latent infection. The use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) can effectively reduce the viral load, but the treatment can be costly and may lead to the development of drug resistance and life-shortening side effects. It is important to develop an ideal and safer in vivo target therapy that will effectively block viral replication and expression in the body. Exosomes have recently emerged as a promising drug delivery vehicle due to their low immunogenicity, nanoscale size (30-150nm), high biocompatibility, and stability in the targeted area. Exosomes, which are genetically produced by different types of cells such as dendritic cells, neurons, T and B cells, epithelial cells, tumor cells, and mast cells, are designed for efficient delivery to targeted cells. In this article, we review and highlight recent developments in the strategy and application of exosome-based HIV-1 vaccines. We also discuss the use of exosome-based antigen delivery systems in vaccine development. HIV-1 antigen can be loaded into exosomes, and this modified cargo can be delivered to target cells or tissues through different loading approaches. This review also discusses the immunological prospects of exosomes and their role as biomarkers in disease progression. However, there are significant administrative and technological obstacles that need to be overcome to fully harness the potential of exosome drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arslan Habib
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulai Liang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Naishuo Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Davis SE, Cirincione AB, Jimenez-Torres AC, Zhu J. The Impact of Neurotransmitters on the Neurobiology of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15340. [PMID: 37895020 PMCID: PMC10607327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases affect millions of people worldwide. Neurodegenerative diseases result from progressive damage to nerve cells in the brain or peripheral nervous system connections that are essential for cognition, coordination, strength, sensation, and mobility. Dysfunction of these brain and nerve functions is associated with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and motor neuron disease. In addition to these, 50% of people living with HIV develop a spectrum of cognitive, motor, and/or mood problems collectively referred to as HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND) despite the widespread use of a combination of antiretroviral therapies. Neuroinflammation and neurotransmitter systems have a pathological correlation and play a critical role in developing neurodegenerative diseases. Each of these diseases has a unique pattern of dysregulation of the neurotransmitter system, which has been attributed to different forms of cell-specific neuronal loss. In this review, we will focus on a discussion of the regulation of dopaminergic and cholinergic systems, which are more commonly disturbed in neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, we will provide evidence for the hypothesis that disturbances in neurotransmission contribute to the neuronal loss observed in neurodegenerative disorders. Further, we will highlight the critical role of dopamine as a mediator of neuronal injury and loss in the context of NeuroHIV. This review will highlight the need to further investigate neurotransmission systems for their role in the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (S.E.D.); (A.B.C.); (A.C.J.-T.)
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McMahan C, Dietrich DK, Horne EF, Kelly E, Geannopoulos K, Siyahhan Julnes PS, Ham L, Santamaria U, Lau CY, Wu T, Hsieh HC, Ganesan A, Berjohn C, Kapetanovic S, Reich DS, Nair G, Snow J, Agan BK, Nath A, Smith BR. Neurocognitive Dysfunction With Neuronal Injury in People With HIV on Long-Duration Antiretroviral Therapy. Neurology 2023; 100:e2466-e2476. [PMID: 37105760 PMCID: PMC10264056 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Neurologic outcomes in people with HIV (PWH) on long-duration antiretroviral therapy (ART) are not fully understood, and the underlying pathophysiology is unclear. To address this, we established a cohort of such individuals and compared them with HIV-negative controls using a novel matching technique. Both groups underwent extensive cognitive testing, evaluation for psychiatric measures, and MRI and CSF analyses. METHODS Participants underwent comprehensive neuropsychological testing and completed standardized questionnaires measuring depressive symptoms, perceptions of own functioning, and activities of daily living as part of an observational study. Brain MRI and lumbar puncture were optional. Coarsened Exact Matching was used to reduce between-group differences in age and sex, and weighted linear/logistic regression models were used to assess the effect of HIV on outcomes. RESULTS Data were analyzed from 155 PWH on ART for at least 15 years and 100 HIV-negative controls. Compared with controls, PWH scored lower in the domains of attention/working memory (PWH least square mean [LSM] = 50.4 vs controls LSM = 53.1, p = 0.008) and motor function (44.6 vs 47.7, p = 0.009) and a test of information processing speed (symbol search 30.3 vs 32.2, p = 0.003). They were more likely to self-report a higher number of cognitive difficulties in everyday life (p = 0.011). PWH also reported more depressive symptoms, general anxiety, and use of psychiatric medications (all with p < 0.05). PWH had reduced proportions of subcortical gray matter on MRI (β = -0.001, p < 0.001), and CSF showed elevated levels of neurofilament light chain (664 vs 529 pg/mL, p = 0.01) and tumor necrosis factor α (0.229 vs 0.156 ng/mL, p = 0.0008). DISCUSSION PWH, despite effective ART for over a decade, displayed neurocognitive deficits and mood abnormalities. MRI and CSF analyses revealed reduced brain volume and signs of ongoing neuronal injury and neuroinflammation. As the already large proportion of virologically controlled PWH continues to grow, longitudinal studies should be conducted to elucidate the implications of cognitive, psychiatric, MRI, and CSF abnormalities in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia McMahan
- From the Section of Infections of the Nervous System (C.M., D.K.D., E.F.H., E.K., K.G., P.S.S.J., A.N., B.R.S.), Office of the Clinical Director (T.W.),, and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., G.N.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.M.), PA; Duke University School of Medicine (E.F.H.), Durham, NC; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine (E.K.), Richmond; Department of Neurology (K.G.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Office of the Clinical Director (L.H., J.S.), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology (L.H.); Leidos Biomedical Research (U.S.), Frederick, MD; HIV Dynamics and Replication Program (C.-Y.L.), NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda,; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Bethesda,; Department of Medicine (A.G., B.K.A.), Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD; Division of Infectious Diseases (C.B.), Naval Medical Center San Diego, CA; and Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences (S.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Devon K Dietrich
- From the Section of Infections of the Nervous System (C.M., D.K.D., E.F.H., E.K., K.G., P.S.S.J., A.N., B.R.S.), Office of the Clinical Director (T.W.),, and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., G.N.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.M.), PA; Duke University School of Medicine (E.F.H.), Durham, NC; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine (E.K.), Richmond; Department of Neurology (K.G.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Office of the Clinical Director (L.H., J.S.), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology (L.H.); Leidos Biomedical Research (U.S.), Frederick, MD; HIV Dynamics and Replication Program (C.-Y.L.), NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda,; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Bethesda,; Department of Medicine (A.G., B.K.A.), Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD; Division of Infectious Diseases (C.B.), Naval Medical Center San Diego, CA; and Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences (S.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Elizabeth F Horne
- From the Section of Infections of the Nervous System (C.M., D.K.D., E.F.H., E.K., K.G., P.S.S.J., A.N., B.R.S.), Office of the Clinical Director (T.W.),, and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., G.N.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.M.), PA; Duke University School of Medicine (E.F.H.), Durham, NC; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine (E.K.), Richmond; Department of Neurology (K.G.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Office of the Clinical Director (L.H., J.S.), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology (L.H.); Leidos Biomedical Research (U.S.), Frederick, MD; HIV Dynamics and Replication Program (C.-Y.L.), NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda,; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Bethesda,; Department of Medicine (A.G., B.K.A.), Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD; Division of Infectious Diseases (C.B.), Naval Medical Center San Diego, CA; and Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences (S.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Erin Kelly
- From the Section of Infections of the Nervous System (C.M., D.K.D., E.F.H., E.K., K.G., P.S.S.J., A.N., B.R.S.), Office of the Clinical Director (T.W.),, and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., G.N.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.M.), PA; Duke University School of Medicine (E.F.H.), Durham, NC; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine (E.K.), Richmond; Department of Neurology (K.G.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Office of the Clinical Director (L.H., J.S.), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology (L.H.); Leidos Biomedical Research (U.S.), Frederick, MD; HIV Dynamics and Replication Program (C.-Y.L.), NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda,; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Bethesda,; Department of Medicine (A.G., B.K.A.), Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD; Division of Infectious Diseases (C.B.), Naval Medical Center San Diego, CA; and Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences (S.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Katrina Geannopoulos
- From the Section of Infections of the Nervous System (C.M., D.K.D., E.F.H., E.K., K.G., P.S.S.J., A.N., B.R.S.), Office of the Clinical Director (T.W.),, and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., G.N.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.M.), PA; Duke University School of Medicine (E.F.H.), Durham, NC; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine (E.K.), Richmond; Department of Neurology (K.G.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Office of the Clinical Director (L.H., J.S.), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology (L.H.); Leidos Biomedical Research (U.S.), Frederick, MD; HIV Dynamics and Replication Program (C.-Y.L.), NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda,; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Bethesda,; Department of Medicine (A.G., B.K.A.), Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD; Division of Infectious Diseases (C.B.), Naval Medical Center San Diego, CA; and Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences (S.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Peter Selim Siyahhan Julnes
- From the Section of Infections of the Nervous System (C.M., D.K.D., E.F.H., E.K., K.G., P.S.S.J., A.N., B.R.S.), Office of the Clinical Director (T.W.),, and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., G.N.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.M.), PA; Duke University School of Medicine (E.F.H.), Durham, NC; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine (E.K.), Richmond; Department of Neurology (K.G.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Office of the Clinical Director (L.H., J.S.), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology (L.H.); Leidos Biomedical Research (U.S.), Frederick, MD; HIV Dynamics and Replication Program (C.-Y.L.), NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda,; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Bethesda,; Department of Medicine (A.G., B.K.A.), Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD; Division of Infectious Diseases (C.B.), Naval Medical Center San Diego, CA; and Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences (S.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Lillian Ham
- From the Section of Infections of the Nervous System (C.M., D.K.D., E.F.H., E.K., K.G., P.S.S.J., A.N., B.R.S.), Office of the Clinical Director (T.W.),, and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., G.N.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.M.), PA; Duke University School of Medicine (E.F.H.), Durham, NC; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine (E.K.), Richmond; Department of Neurology (K.G.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Office of the Clinical Director (L.H., J.S.), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology (L.H.); Leidos Biomedical Research (U.S.), Frederick, MD; HIV Dynamics and Replication Program (C.-Y.L.), NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda,; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Bethesda,; Department of Medicine (A.G., B.K.A.), Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD; Division of Infectious Diseases (C.B.), Naval Medical Center San Diego, CA; and Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences (S.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Ulisses Santamaria
- From the Section of Infections of the Nervous System (C.M., D.K.D., E.F.H., E.K., K.G., P.S.S.J., A.N., B.R.S.), Office of the Clinical Director (T.W.),, and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., G.N.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.M.), PA; Duke University School of Medicine (E.F.H.), Durham, NC; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine (E.K.), Richmond; Department of Neurology (K.G.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Office of the Clinical Director (L.H., J.S.), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology (L.H.); Leidos Biomedical Research (U.S.), Frederick, MD; HIV Dynamics and Replication Program (C.-Y.L.), NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda,; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Bethesda,; Department of Medicine (A.G., B.K.A.), Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD; Division of Infectious Diseases (C.B.), Naval Medical Center San Diego, CA; and Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences (S.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Chuen-Yen Lau
- From the Section of Infections of the Nervous System (C.M., D.K.D., E.F.H., E.K., K.G., P.S.S.J., A.N., B.R.S.), Office of the Clinical Director (T.W.),, and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., G.N.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.M.), PA; Duke University School of Medicine (E.F.H.), Durham, NC; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine (E.K.), Richmond; Department of Neurology (K.G.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Office of the Clinical Director (L.H., J.S.), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology (L.H.); Leidos Biomedical Research (U.S.), Frederick, MD; HIV Dynamics and Replication Program (C.-Y.L.), NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda,; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Bethesda,; Department of Medicine (A.G., B.K.A.), Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD; Division of Infectious Diseases (C.B.), Naval Medical Center San Diego, CA; and Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences (S.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Tianxia Wu
- From the Section of Infections of the Nervous System (C.M., D.K.D., E.F.H., E.K., K.G., P.S.S.J., A.N., B.R.S.), Office of the Clinical Director (T.W.),, and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., G.N.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.M.), PA; Duke University School of Medicine (E.F.H.), Durham, NC; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine (E.K.), Richmond; Department of Neurology (K.G.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Office of the Clinical Director (L.H., J.S.), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology (L.H.); Leidos Biomedical Research (U.S.), Frederick, MD; HIV Dynamics and Replication Program (C.-Y.L.), NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda,; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Bethesda,; Department of Medicine (A.G., B.K.A.), Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD; Division of Infectious Diseases (C.B.), Naval Medical Center San Diego, CA; and Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences (S.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Hsing-Chuan Hsieh
- From the Section of Infections of the Nervous System (C.M., D.K.D., E.F.H., E.K., K.G., P.S.S.J., A.N., B.R.S.), Office of the Clinical Director (T.W.),, and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., G.N.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.M.), PA; Duke University School of Medicine (E.F.H.), Durham, NC; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine (E.K.), Richmond; Department of Neurology (K.G.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Office of the Clinical Director (L.H., J.S.), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology (L.H.); Leidos Biomedical Research (U.S.), Frederick, MD; HIV Dynamics and Replication Program (C.-Y.L.), NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda,; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Bethesda,; Department of Medicine (A.G., B.K.A.), Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD; Division of Infectious Diseases (C.B.), Naval Medical Center San Diego, CA; and Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences (S.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Anuradha Ganesan
- From the Section of Infections of the Nervous System (C.M., D.K.D., E.F.H., E.K., K.G., P.S.S.J., A.N., B.R.S.), Office of the Clinical Director (T.W.),, and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., G.N.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.M.), PA; Duke University School of Medicine (E.F.H.), Durham, NC; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine (E.K.), Richmond; Department of Neurology (K.G.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Office of the Clinical Director (L.H., J.S.), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology (L.H.); Leidos Biomedical Research (U.S.), Frederick, MD; HIV Dynamics and Replication Program (C.-Y.L.), NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda,; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Bethesda,; Department of Medicine (A.G., B.K.A.), Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD; Division of Infectious Diseases (C.B.), Naval Medical Center San Diego, CA; and Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences (S.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Catherine Berjohn
- From the Section of Infections of the Nervous System (C.M., D.K.D., E.F.H., E.K., K.G., P.S.S.J., A.N., B.R.S.), Office of the Clinical Director (T.W.),, and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., G.N.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.M.), PA; Duke University School of Medicine (E.F.H.), Durham, NC; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine (E.K.), Richmond; Department of Neurology (K.G.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Office of the Clinical Director (L.H., J.S.), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology (L.H.); Leidos Biomedical Research (U.S.), Frederick, MD; HIV Dynamics and Replication Program (C.-Y.L.), NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda,; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Bethesda,; Department of Medicine (A.G., B.K.A.), Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD; Division of Infectious Diseases (C.B.), Naval Medical Center San Diego, CA; and Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences (S.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Suad Kapetanovic
- From the Section of Infections of the Nervous System (C.M., D.K.D., E.F.H., E.K., K.G., P.S.S.J., A.N., B.R.S.), Office of the Clinical Director (T.W.),, and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., G.N.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.M.), PA; Duke University School of Medicine (E.F.H.), Durham, NC; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine (E.K.), Richmond; Department of Neurology (K.G.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Office of the Clinical Director (L.H., J.S.), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology (L.H.); Leidos Biomedical Research (U.S.), Frederick, MD; HIV Dynamics and Replication Program (C.-Y.L.), NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda,; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Bethesda,; Department of Medicine (A.G., B.K.A.), Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD; Division of Infectious Diseases (C.B.), Naval Medical Center San Diego, CA; and Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences (S.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Daniel S Reich
- From the Section of Infections of the Nervous System (C.M., D.K.D., E.F.H., E.K., K.G., P.S.S.J., A.N., B.R.S.), Office of the Clinical Director (T.W.),, and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., G.N.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.M.), PA; Duke University School of Medicine (E.F.H.), Durham, NC; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine (E.K.), Richmond; Department of Neurology (K.G.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Office of the Clinical Director (L.H., J.S.), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology (L.H.); Leidos Biomedical Research (U.S.), Frederick, MD; HIV Dynamics and Replication Program (C.-Y.L.), NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda,; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Bethesda,; Department of Medicine (A.G., B.K.A.), Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD; Division of Infectious Diseases (C.B.), Naval Medical Center San Diego, CA; and Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences (S.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Govind Nair
- From the Section of Infections of the Nervous System (C.M., D.K.D., E.F.H., E.K., K.G., P.S.S.J., A.N., B.R.S.), Office of the Clinical Director (T.W.),, and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., G.N.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.M.), PA; Duke University School of Medicine (E.F.H.), Durham, NC; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine (E.K.), Richmond; Department of Neurology (K.G.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Office of the Clinical Director (L.H., J.S.), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology (L.H.); Leidos Biomedical Research (U.S.), Frederick, MD; HIV Dynamics and Replication Program (C.-Y.L.), NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda,; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Bethesda,; Department of Medicine (A.G., B.K.A.), Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD; Division of Infectious Diseases (C.B.), Naval Medical Center San Diego, CA; and Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences (S.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Joseph Snow
- From the Section of Infections of the Nervous System (C.M., D.K.D., E.F.H., E.K., K.G., P.S.S.J., A.N., B.R.S.), Office of the Clinical Director (T.W.),, and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., G.N.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.M.), PA; Duke University School of Medicine (E.F.H.), Durham, NC; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine (E.K.), Richmond; Department of Neurology (K.G.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Office of the Clinical Director (L.H., J.S.), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology (L.H.); Leidos Biomedical Research (U.S.), Frederick, MD; HIV Dynamics and Replication Program (C.-Y.L.), NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda,; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Bethesda,; Department of Medicine (A.G., B.K.A.), Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD; Division of Infectious Diseases (C.B.), Naval Medical Center San Diego, CA; and Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences (S.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Brian K Agan
- From the Section of Infections of the Nervous System (C.M., D.K.D., E.F.H., E.K., K.G., P.S.S.J., A.N., B.R.S.), Office of the Clinical Director (T.W.),, and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., G.N.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.M.), PA; Duke University School of Medicine (E.F.H.), Durham, NC; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine (E.K.), Richmond; Department of Neurology (K.G.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Office of the Clinical Director (L.H., J.S.), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology (L.H.); Leidos Biomedical Research (U.S.), Frederick, MD; HIV Dynamics and Replication Program (C.-Y.L.), NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda,; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Bethesda,; Department of Medicine (A.G., B.K.A.), Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD; Division of Infectious Diseases (C.B.), Naval Medical Center San Diego, CA; and Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences (S.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Avindra Nath
- From the Section of Infections of the Nervous System (C.M., D.K.D., E.F.H., E.K., K.G., P.S.S.J., A.N., B.R.S.), Office of the Clinical Director (T.W.),, and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., G.N.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.M.), PA; Duke University School of Medicine (E.F.H.), Durham, NC; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine (E.K.), Richmond; Department of Neurology (K.G.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Office of the Clinical Director (L.H., J.S.), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology (L.H.); Leidos Biomedical Research (U.S.), Frederick, MD; HIV Dynamics and Replication Program (C.-Y.L.), NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda,; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Bethesda,; Department of Medicine (A.G., B.K.A.), Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD; Division of Infectious Diseases (C.B.), Naval Medical Center San Diego, CA; and Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences (S.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Bryan R Smith
- From the Section of Infections of the Nervous System (C.M., D.K.D., E.F.H., E.K., K.G., P.S.S.J., A.N., B.R.S.), Office of the Clinical Director (T.W.),, and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., G.N.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (C.M.), PA; Duke University School of Medicine (E.F.H.), Durham, NC; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine (E.K.), Richmond; Department of Neurology (K.G.), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Office of the Clinical Director (L.H., J.S.), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology (L.H.); Leidos Biomedical Research (U.S.), Frederick, MD; HIV Dynamics and Replication Program (C.-Y.L.), NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda,; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (H.-C.H., A.G., B.K.A.), Bethesda,; Department of Medicine (A.G., B.K.A.), Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD; Division of Infectious Diseases (C.B.), Naval Medical Center San Diego, CA; and Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences (S.K.), University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles.
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14
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Smith BR, Nath A. SI for NeuroAIDS: CNS function and dysfunction when HIV is a chronic disease. Neurosci Lett 2023; 804:137203. [PMID: 36972895 PMCID: PMC10122184 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Chronic, treated HIV and the neurologic effects, both clinically and virologically, is a field with significant potential for research that will have impacts for patients and virologists alike as we seek to better understand HIV reservoirs with the ultimate aim of curing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R Smith
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Avindra Nath
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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15
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Lark ARS, Silva LK, Nass SR, Marone MG, Ohene-Nyako M, Ihrig TM, Marks WD, Yarotskyy V, Rory McQuiston A, Knapp PE, Hauser KF. Progressive Degeneration and Adaptive Excitability in Dopamine D1 and D2 Receptor-Expressing Striatal Neurons Exposed to HIV-1 Tat and Morphine. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:1105-1127. [PMID: 35695980 PMCID: PMC9976699 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The striatum is especially vulnerable to HIV-1 infection, with medium spiny neurons (MSNs) exhibiting marked synaptodendritic damage that can be exacerbated by opioid use disorder. Despite known structural defects in MSNs co-exposed to HIV-1 Tat and opioids, the pathophysiological sequelae of sustained HIV-1 exposure and acute comorbid effects of opioids on dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-expressing (D1 and D2) MSNs are unknown. To address this question, Drd1-tdTomato- or Drd2-eGFP-expressing reporter and conditional HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice were interbred. MSNs in ex vivo slices from male mice were assessed by whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology and filled with biocytin to explore the functional and structural effects of progressive Tat and acute morphine exposure. Although the excitability of both D1 and D2 MSNs increased following 48 h of Tat exposure, D1 MSN firing rates decreased below control (Tat-) levels following 2 weeks and 1 month of Tat exposure but returned to control levels after 2 months. D2 neurons continued to display Tat-dependent increases in excitability at 2 weeks, but also returned to control levels following 1 and 2 months of Tat induction. Acute morphine exposure increased D1 MSN excitability irrespective of the duration of Tat exposure, while D2 MSNs were variably affected. That D1 and D2 MSN excitability would return to control levels was unexpected since both subpopulations displayed significant synaptodendritic degeneration and pathologic phospho-tau-Thr205 accumulation following 2 months of Tat induction. Thus, despite frank morphologic damage, D1 and D2 MSNs uniquely adapt to sustained Tat and acute morphine insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna R S Lark
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Lindsay K Silva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
- PPD®, Part of Thermo Fisher Scientific, Richmond, VA, 23230-3323, USA
| | - Sara R Nass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Michael G Marone
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Michael Ohene-Nyako
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Therese M Ihrig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - William D Marks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Viktor Yarotskyy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - A Rory McQuiston
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980709, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980709, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980709, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA.
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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16
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Chandra PK, Braun SE, Maity S, Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Kim H, Shaffer JG, Cikic S, Rutkai I, Fan J, Guidry JJ, Worthylake DK, Li C, Abdel-Mageed AB, Busija DW. Circulating Plasma Exosomal Proteins of Either SHIV-Infected Rhesus Macaque or HIV-Infected Patient Indicates a Link to Neuropathogenesis. Viruses 2023; 15:794. [PMID: 36992502 PMCID: PMC10058833 DOI: 10.3390/v15030794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the suppression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication by combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), 50-60% of HIV-infected patients suffer from HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Studies are uncovering the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially exosomes, in the central nervous system (CNS) due to HIV infection. We investigated links among circulating plasma exosomal (crExo) proteins and neuropathogenesis in simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected rhesus macaques (RM) and HIV-infected and cART treated patients (Patient-Exo). Isolated EVs from SHIV-infected (SHIV-Exo) and uninfected (CTL-Exo) RM were predominantly exosomes (particle size < 150 nm). Proteomic analysis quantified 5654 proteins, of which 236 proteins (~4%) were significantly, differentially expressed (DE) between SHIV-/CTL-Exo. Interestingly, different CNS cell specific markers were abundantly expressed in crExo. Proteins involved in latent viral reactivation, neuroinflammation, neuropathology-associated interactive as well as signaling molecules were expressed at significantly higher levels in SHIV-Exo than CTL-Exo. However, proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, ATP production, autophagy, endocytosis, exocytosis, and cytoskeleton organization were significantly less expressed in SHIV-Exo than CTL-Exo. Interestingly, proteins involved in oxidative stress, mitochondrial biogenesis, ATP production, and autophagy were significantly downregulated in primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells exposed with HIV+/cART+ Patient-Exo. We showed that Patient-Exo significantly increased blood-brain barrier permeability, possibly due to loss of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 protein and actin cytoskeleton structure. Our novel findings suggest that circulating exosomal proteins expressed CNS cell markers-possibly associated with viral reactivation and neuropathogenesis-that may elucidate the etiology of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha K. Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Stephen E. Braun
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Sudipa Maity
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | | - Hogyoung Kim
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jeffrey G. Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Sinisa Cikic
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Ibolya Rutkai
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jessie J. Guidry
- Proteomics Core Facility, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - David K. Worthylake
- Proteomics Core Facility, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Chenzhong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Asim B. Abdel-Mageed
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - David W. Busija
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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17
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Li L, Zhao X, He JJ. HIV Tat Expression and Cocaine Exposure Lead to Sex- and Age-Specific Changes of the Microbiota Composition in the Gut. Microorganisms 2023; 11:799. [PMID: 36985373 PMCID: PMC10054272 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance of microbial communities in the gut is extremely important for normal physiological function. Disruption of the balance is often associated with various disorders and diseases. Both HIV infection and cocaine use are known to change the gut microbiota and the epithelial barrier integrity, which contribute to inflammation and immune activation. Our recent study shows that Tat expression and cocaine exposure result in changes of genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression and lead to worsen the learning and memory impairments. In the current study, we extended the study to determine effects of Tat and cocaine on the gut microbiota composition. We found that both Tat expression and cocaine exposure increased Alteromonadaceae in 6-month-old female/male mice. In addition, we found that Tat, cocaine, or both increased Alteromonadaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Cyanobiaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, and Muribaculaceae but decreased Clostridiales_vadinBB60_group, Desulfovibrionaceae, Helicobacteraceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae in 12-month-old female mice. Lastly, we analyzed changes of metabolic pathways and found that Tat decreased energy metabolism and nucleotide metabolism, and increased lipid metabolism and metabolism of other amino acids while cocaine increased lipid metabolism in 12-month-old female mice. These results demonstrated that Tat expression and cocaine exposure resulted in significant changes of the gut microbiota in an age- and sex-dependent manner and provide additional evidence to support the bidirectional gut-brain axis hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
- School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Xiaojie Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
- School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Johnny J. He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
- School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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18
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Datta G, Miller NM, Chen X. 17⍺-Estradiol Protects against HIV-1 Tat-Induced Endolysosome Dysfunction and Dendritic Impairments in Neurons. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050813. [PMID: 36899948 PMCID: PMC10000619 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Tat continues to play an important role in the development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), which persist in 15-55% of people living with HIV even with virological control. In the brain, Tat is present on neurons, where Tat exerts direct neuronal damaging effects by, at least in part, disrupting endolysosome functions, a pathological feature present in HAND. In this study, we determined the protective effects of 17α-estradiol (17αE2), the predominant form of estrogen in the brain, against Tat-induced endolysosome dysfunction and dendritic impairment in primary cultured hippocampal neurons. We demonstrated that pre-treatment with 17αE2 protected against Tat-induced endolysosome dysfunction and reduction in dendritic spine density. Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) knockdown impairs the ability of 17αE2 to protect against Tat-induced endolysosome dysfunction and reduction in dendritic spine density. Furthermore, over-expressing an ERα mutant that fails to localize on endolysosomes impairs 17αE2's protective effects against Tat-induced endolysosome dysfunction and reduction in dendritic spine density. Our findings demonstrate that 17αE2 protects against Tat-induced neuronal injury via a novel ERα-mediated and endolysosome-dependent pathway, and such a finding might lead to the development of novel adjunct therapeutics against HAND.
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Flounlacker KM, Hahn YK, Xu R, Simons CA, Tian T, Hauser KF, Knapp PE. Myelin regulatory factor is a target of individual and interactive effects of HIV-1 Tat and morphine in the striatum and pre-frontal cortex. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:15-26. [PMID: 36853588 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-022-01107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain pervasive even with increased efficacy/use of antiretroviral therapies. Opioid use/abuse among HIV + individuals is documented to exacerbate CNS deficits. White matter (WM) alterations, including myelin pallor, and volume/structural alterations detected by diffusion tensor imaging are common observations in HIV + individuals, and studies in non-human primates suggest that WM may harbor virus. Using transgenic mice that express the HIV-1 Tat protein, we examined in vivo effects of 2-6 weeks of Tat and morphine exposure on WM using genomic and biochemical methods. RNA sequencing of striatal tissue at 2 weeks revealed robust changes in mRNAs associated with oligodendrocyte precursor populations and myelin integrity, including those for transferrin, the atypical oligodendrocyte marker N-myc downstream regulated 1 (Ndrg1), and myelin regulatory factor (Myrf/Mrf), an oligodendrocyte-specific transcription factor with a significant role in oligodendrocyte differentiation/maturation. Western blots conducted after 6-weeks exposure in 3 brain regions (striatum, corpus callosum, pre-frontal cortex) revealed regional differences in the effect of Tat and morphine on Myrf levels, and on levels of myelin basic protein (MBP), whose transcription is regulated by Myrf. Responses included individual and interactive effects. Although baseline and post-treatment levels of Myrf and MBP differed between brain regions, post-treatment MBP levels in striatum and pre-frontal cortex were compatible with changes in Myrf activity. Additionally, the Myrf regulatory ubiquitin ligase Fbxw7 was identified as a novel target in our model. These results suggest that Myrf and Fbxw7 contribute to altered myelin gene regulation in HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Flounlacker
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E. Marshall St, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA.
| | - Yun Kyung Hahn
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E. Marshall St, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA
| | - Ruqiang Xu
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E. Marshall St, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA
| | - Chloe A Simons
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E. Marshall St, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA
| | - Tao Tian
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E. Marshall St, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA.,Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.,The Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E. Marshall St, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA.,Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.,The Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
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20
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Nass SR, Hahn YK, Ohene-Nyako M, McLane VD, Damaj MI, Thacker LR, Knapp PE, Hauser KF. Depressive-like Behavior Is Accompanied by Prefrontal Cortical Innate Immune Fatigue and Dendritic Spine Losses after HIV-1 Tat and Morphine Exposure. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030590. [PMID: 36992299 PMCID: PMC10052300 DOI: 10.3390/v15030590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) and HIV are comorbid epidemics that can increase depression. HIV and the viral protein Tat can directly induce neuronal injury within reward and emotionality brain circuitry, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Such damage involves both excitotoxic mechanisms and more indirect pathways through neuroinflammation, both of which can be worsened by opioid co-exposure. To assess whether excitotoxicity and/or neuroinflammation might drive depressive behaviors in persons infected with HIV (PWH) and those who use opioids, male mice were exposed to HIV-1 Tat for eight weeks, given escalating doses of morphine during the last two weeks, and assessed for depressive-like behavior. Tat expression decreased sucrose consumption and adaptability, whereas morphine administration increased chow consumption and exacerbated Tat-induced decreases in nesting and burrowing—activities associated with well-being. Across all treatment groups, depressive-like behavior correlated with increased proinflammatory cytokines in the PFC. Nevertheless, supporting the theory that innate immune responses adapt to chronic Tat exposure, most proinflammatory cytokines were unaffected by Tat or morphine. Further, Tat increased PFC levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, which were exacerbated by morphine administration. Tat, but not morphine, decreased dendritic spine density on layer V pyramidal neurons in the anterior cingulate. Together, our findings suggest that HIV-1 Tat and morphine differentially induce depressive-like behaviors associated with increased neuroinflammation, synaptic losses, and immune fatigue within the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R. Nass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - Yun K. Hahn
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709, USA
| | - Michael Ohene-Nyako
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - Virginia D. McLane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - M. Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - Leroy R. Thacker
- Department of Biostatistics, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Pamela E. Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709, USA
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0059, USA
| | - Kurt F. Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709, USA
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0059, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-804-628-7579; Fax: +1-804-828-0676
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21
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Perkins MV, Joseph S, Dittmer DP, Mackman N. Cardiovascular Disease and Thrombosis in HIV Infection. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:175-191. [PMID: 36453273 PMCID: PMC10165851 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.318232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection has transitioned from an acute, fatal disease to a chronic one managed by antiretroviral therapy. Thus, the aging population of people living with HIV (PLWH) continues to expand. HIV infection results in a dysregulated immune system, wherein CD4+ T cells are depleted, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract, disrupting the gut epithelial barrier. Long-term HIV infection is associated with chronic inflammation through potentially direct mechanisms caused by viral replication or exposure to viral proteins and indirect mechanisms resulting from increased translocation of microbial products from the intestine or exposure to antiretroviral therapy. Chronic inflammation (as marked by IL [interleukin]-6 and CRP [C-reactive protein]) in PLWH promotes endothelial cell dysfunction and atherosclerosis. PLWH show significantly increased rates of cardiovascular disease, such as myocardial infarction (risk ratio, 1.79 [95% CI, 1.54-2.08]) and stroke (risk ratio, 2.56 [95% CI, 1.43-4.61]). In addition, PLWH have increased levels of the coagulation biomarker D-dimer and have a two to ten-fold increased risk of venous thromboembolism compared with the general population. Several small clinical trials analyzed the effect of different antithrombotic agents on platelet activation, coagulation, inflammation, and immune cell activation. Although some markers for coagulation were reduced, most agents failed to reduce inflammatory markers in PLWH. More studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms driving inflammation in PLWH to create better therapies for lowering chronic inflammation in PLWH. Such therapies can potentially reduce atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and thrombosis rates in PLWH and thus overall mortality in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan V. Perkins
- UNC Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah Joseph
- UNC Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dirk P. Dittmer
- UNC Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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22
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Ohene-Nyako M, Nass SR, Richard HT, Lukande R, Nicol MR, McRae M, Knapp PE, Hauser KF. Casein Kinase 2 Mediates HIV- and Opioid-Induced Pathologic Phosphorylation of TAR DNA Binding Protein 43 in the Basal Ganglia. ASN Neuro 2023; 15:17590914231158218. [PMID: 36890725 PMCID: PMC9998424 DOI: 10.1177/17590914231158218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY STATEMENT HIV/HIV-1 Tat and morphine independently increase pathologic phosphorylation of TAR DNA binding protein 43 in the striatum. HIV- and opioid-induced pathologic phosphorylation of TAR DNA binding protein 43 may involve enhanced CK2 activity and protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ohene-Nyako
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, 6886Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sara R Nass
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, 6886Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Hope T Richard
- Pathology, School of Medicine, 6886Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Robert Lukande
- Pathology, College of Health Sciences, 58589Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Melanie R Nicol
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, 15515University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - MaryPeace McRae
- Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, 15535Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, 6886Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, 6886Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, 6886Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, 6886Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, 6886Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, 6886Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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23
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Scanlan A, Zhang Z, Koneru R, Reece M, Gavegnano C, Anderson AM, Tyor W. A Rationale and Approach to the Development of Specific Treatments for HIV Associated Neurocognitive Impairment. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2244. [PMID: 36422314 PMCID: PMC9699382 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurocognitive impairment (NCI) associated with HIV infection of the brain impacts a large proportion of people with HIV (PWH) regardless of antiretroviral therapy (ART). While the number of PWH and severe NCI has dropped considerably with the introduction of ART, the sole use of ART is not sufficient to prevent or arrest NCI in many PWH. As the HIV field continues to investigate cure strategies, adjunctive therapies are greatly needed. HIV imaging, cerebrospinal fluid, and pathological studies point to the presence of continual inflammation, and the presence of HIV RNA, DNA, and proteins in the brain despite ART. Clinical trials exploring potential adjunctive therapeutics for the treatment of HIV NCI over the last few decades have had limited success. Ideally, future research and development of novel compounds need to address both the HIV replication and neuroinflammation associated with HIV infection in the brain. Brain mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) are the primary instigators of inflammation and HIV protein expression; therefore, adjunctive treatments that act on MPs, such as immunomodulating agents, look promising. In this review, we will highlight recent developments of innovative therapies and discuss future approaches for HIV NCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Scanlan
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rajeth Koneru
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Monica Reece
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Christina Gavegnano
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Albert M. Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - William Tyor
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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24
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Nühn MM, Gumbs SBH, Buchholtz NVEJ, Jannink LM, Gharu L, de Witte LD, Wensing AMJ, Lewin SR, Nijhuis M, Symons J. Shock and kill within the CNS: A promising HIV eradication approach? J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1297-1315. [PMID: 36148896 PMCID: PMC9826147 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5vmr0122-046rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The most studied HIV eradication approach is the "shock and kill" strategy, which aims to reactivate the latent reservoir by latency reversing agents (LRAs) and allowing elimination of these cells by immune-mediated clearance or viral cytopathic effects. The CNS is an anatomic compartment in which (persistent) HIV plays an important role in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Restriction of the CNS by the blood-brain barrier is important for maintenance of homeostasis of the CNS microenvironment, which includes CNS-specific cell types, expression of transcription factors, and altered immune surveillance. Within the CNS predominantly myeloid cells such as microglia and perivascular macrophages are thought to be a reservoir of persistent HIV infection. Nevertheless, infection of T cells and astrocytes might also impact HIV infection in the CNS. Genetic adaptation to this microenvironment results in genetically distinct, compartmentalized viral populations with differences in transcription profiles. Because of these differences in transcription profiles, LRAs might have different effects within the CNS as compared with the periphery. Moreover, reactivation of HIV in the brain and elimination of cells within the CNS might be complex and could have detrimental consequences. Finally, independent of activity on latent HIV, LRAs themselves can have adverse neurologic effects. We provide an extensive overview of the current knowledge on compartmentalized (persistent) HIV infection in the CNS and on the "shock and kill" strategy. Subsequently, we reflect on the impact and promise of the "shock and kill" strategy on the elimination of persistent HIV in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke M. Nühn
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical CenterUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Stephanie B. H. Gumbs
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical CenterUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Ninée V. E. J. Buchholtz
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical CenterUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Lisanne M. Jannink
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical CenterUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Lavina Gharu
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical CenterUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Lot D. de Witte
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical CenterUtrechtthe Netherlands,Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Annemarie M. J. Wensing
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical CenterUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Department of Infectious DiseasesThe University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute of Immunity and InfectionMelbourneVICAustralia,Victorian Infectious Diseases ServiceThe Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute of Immunity and InfectionMelbourneVICAustralia,Department of Infectious DiseasesAlfred Hospital and Monash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Monique Nijhuis
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical CenterUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Jori Symons
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical CenterUtrechtthe Netherlands
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25
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Qrareya AN, Wise NS, Hodges ER, Mahdi F, Stewart JA, Paris JJ. HIV-1 Tat Upregulates the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products and Superoxide Dismutase-2 in the Heart of Transgenic Mice. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102191. [PMID: 36298745 PMCID: PMC9607872 DOI: 10.3390/v14102191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disorder (CVD) is a common comorbidity in people living with HIV (PLWH). Although the underlying mechanisms are unknown, virotoxic HIV proteins, such as the trans-activator of transcription (Tat), likely contribute to CVD pathogenesis. Tat expression in mouse myocardium has been found to induce cardiac dysfunction and increase markers of endothelial toxicity. However, the role that Tat may play in the development of CVD pathogenesis is unclear. The capacity for Tat to impact cardiac function was assessed using AC16 human cardiomyocyte cells and adult male and female transgenic mice that conditionally expressed Tat [Tat(+)], or did not [Tat(-)]. In AC16 cardiomyocytes, Tat increased intracellular calcium. In Tat(+) mice, Tat expression was detected in both atrial and ventricular heart tissue. Tat(+) mice demonstrated an increased expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end products and superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD-2) in ventricular tissues compared to Tat(-) controls. No changes in SOD-1 or α-smooth muscle actin were observed. Despite Tat-mediated changes at the cellular level, no changes in echocardiographic measures were detected. Tat(+) mice had a greater proportion of ventricular mast cells and collagen; however, doxycycline exposure offset the latter effect. These data suggest that Tat exposure promotes cellular changes that can precede progression to CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa N. Qrareya
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Nason S. Wise
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Emmanuel R. Hodges
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Fakhri Mahdi
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - James A. Stewart
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
- Correspondence: (J.A.S.J.); (J.J.P.); Tel.: +1-662-915-2309 (J.A.S.J.); +1-662-915-3096 (J.J.P.)
| | - Jason J. Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
- Correspondence: (J.A.S.J.); (J.J.P.); Tel.: +1-662-915-2309 (J.A.S.J.); +1-662-915-3096 (J.J.P.)
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26
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Leibrand CR, Paris JJ, Jones AM, Ohene-Nyako M, Rademeyer KM, Nass SR, Kim WK, Knapp PE, Hauser KF, McRae M. Independent actions by HIV-1 Tat and morphine to increase recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages into the brain in a region-specific manner. Neurosci Lett 2022; 788:136852. [PMID: 36028004 PMCID: PMC9845733 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), approximately one-half of people infected with HIV (PWH) experience neurocognitive impairment. Opioid use disorder (OUD) can exacerbate the cognitive and pathological changes seen in PWH. HIV increases inflammation and immune cell trafficking into the brain; however, less is known about how opioid use disorder affects the recruitment of immune cells. Accordingly, we examined the temporal consequences of HIV-1 Tat and/or morphine on the recruitment of endocytic cells (predominantly perivascular macrophages and microglia) in the dorsal striatum and hippocampus by infusing multi-colored, fluorescently labeled dextrans before and after exposure. To address this question, transgenic mice that conditionally expressed HIV-1 Tat (Tat+), or their control counterparts (Tat-), received three sequential intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusions of Cascade Blue-, Alexa Fluor 488-, and Alexa Fluor 594-labeled dextrans, respectively infused 1 day before, 1-day after, or 13-days after morphine and/or Tat exposure. At the end of the study, the number of cells labeled with each fluorescent dextran were counted. The data demonstrated a significantly higher influx of newly-labeled cells into the perivascular space than into the parenchyma. In the striatum, Tat or morphine exposure increased the number of endocytic cells in the perivascular space, while only morphine increased the recruitment of endocytic cells into the parenchyma. In the hippocampus, morphine (but not Tat) increased the influx of dextran-labeled cells into the perivascular space, but there were too few labeled cells within the hippocampal parenchyma to analyze. Collectively, these data suggest that HIV-1 Tat and morphine act independently to increase the recruitment of endocytic cells into the brain in a region-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal R Leibrand
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
| | - Austin M Jones
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Michael Ohene-Nyako
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Kara M Rademeyer
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Sara R Nass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, United States
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - MaryPeace McRae
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
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27
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Deme P, Moniruzzaman M, Moore D, Heaton R, Ellis R, Letendre S, Haughey N. Association of Plasma Eicosanoid Levels With Immune, Viral, and Cognitive Outcomes in People With HIV. Neurology 2022; 99:e1251-e1264. [PMID: 35851253 PMCID: PMC9576290 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To determine whether plasma eicosanoid levels are associated with immune, viral, and cognitive outcomes in people with HIV (PWH). METHODS We measured 42 eicosanoids in a longitudinal study of 95 PWH and 25 demographically comparable uninfected participants. Routine clinical chemistry, virologic, immune markers, and a neuropsychological test battery assessing 7 cognitive domains were administered to all participants at 2 study visits over an average of 6.5 months. RESULTS Plasma eicosanoid concentrations were elevated in PWH (n = 95) compared with seronegative controls (n = 25) (100% prediction power at 5% false discovery rate [FDR], α = 0.0531) and were negatively associated with lower current and nadir CD4 lymphocyte counts. Higher levels of eicosanoids were associated with impairments in working memory, verbal fluency, and executive function. Higher plasma viral load was associated with elevated proinflammatory eicosanoids (24% prediction power at 5% FDR and 42.4% prediction power at 10% FDR, α = 0.10). Longitudinal analyses showed that eicosanoid levels were correlated with viral load and with plasma creatinine. Despite associations of eicosanoids with viral loads, elevated plasma eicosanoids were similar in virally suppressed and not fully suppressed PWH. DISCUSSION These data show that HIV infection is associated with a robust production of eicosanoids that are not substantially reduced by antiretroviral therapy (ART). The sustained elevation of these oxylipins in PWH despite ART may contribute to an accelerated aging phenotype that includes earlier than expected brain and peripheral organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragney Deme
- From the Department of Neurology (P.D., M.M., N.H.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program and Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry (D.M., R.H., R.E., S.L.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; and the Department of Psychiatry (N.H.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mohammed Moniruzzaman
- From the Department of Neurology (P.D., M.M., N.H.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program and Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry (D.M., R.H., R.E., S.L.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; and the Department of Psychiatry (N.H.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - David Moore
- From the Department of Neurology (P.D., M.M., N.H.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program and Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry (D.M., R.H., R.E., S.L.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; and the Department of Psychiatry (N.H.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Robert Heaton
- From the Department of Neurology (P.D., M.M., N.H.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program and Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry (D.M., R.H., R.E., S.L.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; and the Department of Psychiatry (N.H.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ronald Ellis
- From the Department of Neurology (P.D., M.M., N.H.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program and Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry (D.M., R.H., R.E., S.L.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; and the Department of Psychiatry (N.H.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Scott Letendre
- From the Department of Neurology (P.D., M.M., N.H.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program and Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry (D.M., R.H., R.E., S.L.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; and the Department of Psychiatry (N.H.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Norman Haughey
- From the Department of Neurology (P.D., M.M., N.H.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program and Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry (D.M., R.H., R.E., S.L.), School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; and the Department of Psychiatry (N.H.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
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Basova LV, Vien W, Bortell N, Najera JA, Marcondes MCG. Methamphetamine signals transcription of IL1β and TNFα in a reactive oxygen species-dependent manner and interacts with HIV-1 Tat to decrease antioxidant defense mechanisms. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:911060. [PMID: 36060276 PMCID: PMC9434488 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.911060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) abuse is a common HIV co-morbidity that is linked to aggravated Central Nervous System (CNS) inflammation, which accentuates HIV- associated neurological disorders, triggered both directly or indirectly by the drug. We used the well-established human innate immune macrophage cell line system (THP1) to demonstrate that Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) immediately induced by Meth play a role in the increased transcription of inflammatory genes, in interaction with HIV-1 Tat peptide. Meth and Tat, alone and together, affect early events of transcriptional activity, as indicated by changes in RNA polymerase (RNAPol) recruitment patterns throughout the genome, via ROS-dependent and -independent mechanisms. IL1β (IL1β) and TNF α (TNFα), two genes with defining roles in the inflammatory response, were both activated in a ROS-dependent manner. We found that this effect occurred via the activation of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) comprising cFOS and cJUN transcription factors and regulated by the SRC kinase. HIV-1 Tat, which was also able to induce the production of ROS, did not further impact the effects of ROS in the context of Meth, but promoted gene activity independently from ROS, via additional transcription factors. For instance, HIV-1 Tat increased NFkB activation and activated gene clusters regulated by Tata box binding peptide, ING4 and IRF2. Importantly, HIV-1 Tat decreased the expression of anti-oxidant genes, where its suppression of the detoxifying machinery may contribute to the aggravation of oxidative stress induced by ROS in the context of Meth. Our results provide evidence of effects of Meth via ROS and interactions with HIV Tat that promote the transcription of inflammatory genes such as IL1β and TNFα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana V. Basova
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Whitney Vien
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nikki Bortell
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Maria Cecilia Garibaldi Marcondes
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Maria Cecilia Garibaldi Marcondes,
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Donoso M, D’Amico D, Valdebenito S, Hernandez CA, Prideaux B, Eugenin EA. Identification, Quantification, and Characterization of HIV-1 Reservoirs in the Human Brain. Cells 2022; 11:2379. [PMID: 35954221 PMCID: PMC9367788 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The major barrier to cure HIV infection is the early generation and extended survival of HIV reservoirs in the circulation and tissues. Currently, the techniques used to detect and quantify HIV reservoirs are mostly based on blood-based assays; however, it has become evident that viral reservoirs remain in tissues. Our study describes a novel multi-component imaging method (HIV DNA, mRNA, and viral proteins in the same assay) to identify, quantify, and characterize viral reservoirs in tissues and blood products obtained from HIV-infected individuals even when systemic replication is undetectable. In the human brains of HIV-infected individuals under ART, we identified that microglia/macrophages and a small population of astrocytes are the main cells with integrated HIV DNA. Only half of the cells with integrated HIV DNA expressed viral mRNA, and one-third expressed viral proteins. Surprisingly, we identified residual HIV-p24, gp120, nef, vpr, and tat protein expression and accumulation in uninfected cells around HIV-infected cells suggesting local synthesis, secretion, and bystander uptake. In conclusion, our data show that ART reduces the size of the brain's HIV reservoirs; however, local/chronic viral protein secretion still occurs, indicating that the brain is still a major anatomical target to cure HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Eliseo A. Eugenin
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Research Building 17, Fifth Floor, 105 11th Street, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (M.D.); (D.D.); (S.V.); (C.A.H.); (B.P.)
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Wojna V. Neuroinflammation and HIV-Associated Cognitive Impairment: Can They Be Eradicated? Neurology 2022; 99:499-500. [PMID: 35918171 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Wojna
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus
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31
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Qrareya AN, Mahdi F, Kaufman MJ, Ashpole NM, Paris JJ. Age-related neuroendocrine, cognitive, and behavioral co-morbidities are promoted by HIV-1 Tat expression in male mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:5345-5365. [PMID: 35830469 PMCID: PMC9320553 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the U.S. about half of the HIV-infected individuals are aged 50 and older. In men living with HIV, secondary hypogonadism is common and occurs earlier than in seronegative men, and its prevalence increases with age. While the mechanisms(s) are unknown, the HIV-1 trans-activator of transcription (Tat) protein disrupts neuroendocrine function in mice partly by dysregulating mitochondria and neurosteroidogenesis. We hypothesized that conditional Tat expression in middle-aged male transgenic mice [Tat(+)] would promote age-related comorbidities compared to age-matched controls [Tat(−)]. We expected Tat to alter steroid hormone milieu consistent with behavioral deficits. Middle-aged Tat(+) mice had lower circulating testosterone and progesterone than age-matched controls and greater circulating corticosterone and central allopregnanolone than other groups. Young Tat(+) mice had greater circulating progesterone and estradiol-to-testosterone ratios. Older age or Tat exposure increased anxiety-like behavior (open field; elevated plus-maze), increased cognitive errors (radial arm water maze), and reduced grip strength. Young Tat(+), or middle-aged Tat(−), males had higher mechanical nociceptive thresholds than age-matched counterparts. Steroid levels correlated with behaviors. Thus, Tat may contribute to HIV-accelerated aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa N Qrareya
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Fakhri Mahdi
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Marc J Kaufman
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Nicole M Ashpole
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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32
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T-cell evasion and invasion during HIV-1 infection: The role of HIV-1 Tat protein. Cell Immunol 2022; 377:104554. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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McLane VD, Lark ARS, Nass SR, Knapp PE, Hauser KF. HIV-1 Tat reduces apical dendritic spine density throughout the trisynaptic pathway in the hippocampus of male transgenic mice. Neurosci Lett 2022; 782:136688. [PMID: 35595189 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Nearly one-third of persons infected with HIV-1 (PWH) develop HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), which can be exacerbated by exposure to opioids. The impact of opioids on HIV-induced alterations in neuronal plasticity is less well understood. Both morphine exposure and HIV have been shown to disrupt synaptic growth and stability in the hippocampus suggesting a potential site of convergence for their deleterious effects. In the present study, we examined the density of dendritic spines in CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons, and granule neurons within the dentate gyrus representing the hippocampal trisynaptic pathway after short-term exposure to the HIV transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein and morphine. We exposed inducible male, HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice to escalating doses of morphine (10-40 mg/kg, b.i.d.) and examined synaptodendritic structure in Golgi-impregnated hippocampal neurons. HIV-1 Tat, but not morphine, systematically reduced the density of apical, but not basilar, dendrites of CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons, and granule neuronal apical dendrites, suggesting the coordinated loss of specific synaptic interconnections throughout the hippocampal trisynaptic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia D McLane
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Arianna R S Lark
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Sara R Nass
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Biotypes of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders based on viral and immune pathogenesis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2022; 35:223-230. [PMID: 35665716 PMCID: PMC9179892 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) continues to be prevalent in people living with HIV despite antiretroviral therapy. However, understanding disease mechanisms and identifying therapeutic avenues has been challenging. One of the challenges is that HAND is a heterogeneous disease and that patients identified with similar impairments phenotypically may have very different underlying disease processes. As the NeuroAIDS field is re-evaluating the approaches used to identify patients with HIV-associated neurological impairments, we propose the subtyping of patients into biotypes based on viral and immune pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Here we review the evidence supporting subtyping patients with HIV-associated neurological complications into four biotypes: macrophage-mediated HIV encephalitis, CNS viral escape, T-cell-mediated HIV encephalitis, and HIV protein-associated encephalopathy. SUMMARY Subtyping patients into subgroups based on biotypes has emerged as a useful approach for studying heterogeneous diseases. Understanding biotypes of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairments may therefore enable better understanding of disease mechanisms, allow for the development of prognostic and diagnostic markers, and could ultimately guide therapeutic decisions.
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Expression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transactivator of Transcription (HIV-Tat 1-86) Protein Alters Nociceptive Processing that is Sensitive to Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Interventions. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2022; 17:152-164. [PMID: 33619645 PMCID: PMC8380260 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-09985-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the success of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in reducing viral load, a substantial portion of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)+ patients report chronic pain. The exact mechanism underlying this co-morbidity even with undetectable viral load remains unknown, but the transactivator of transcription (HIV-Tat) protein is of particular interest. Functional HIV-Tat protein is observed even in cerebrospinal fluid of patients who have an undetectable viral load. It is hypothesized that Tat protein exposure is sufficient to induce neuropathic pain-like manifestations via both activation of microglia and generation of oxidative stress. iTat mice conditionally expressed Tat(1-86) protein in the central nervous system upon daily administration of doxycycline (100 mg/kg/d, i.p., up to 14 days). The effect of HIV-Tat protein exposure on the well-being of the animal was assessed using sucrose-evoked grooming and acute nesting behavior for pain-depressed behaviors, and the development of hyperalgesia assessed with warm-water tail-withdrawal and von Frey assays for thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia, respectively. Tissue harvested at select time points was used to assess ex vivo alterations in oxidative stress, astrocytosis and microgliosis, and blood-brain barrier integrity with assays utilizing fluorescence-based indicators. Tat protein induced mild thermal hyperalgesia but robust mechanical allodynia starting after 4 days of exposure, reaching a nadir after 7 days. Changes in nociceptive processing were associated with reduced sucrose-evoked grooming behavior without altering acute nesting behavior, and in spinal cord dysregulated free radical generation as measured by DCF fluorescence intensity, altered immunohistochemical expression of the gliotic markers, Iba-1 and GFAP, and increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier to the small molecule fluorescent tracer, sodium fluorescein, in a time-dependent manner. Pretreatment with the anti-inflammatory, indomethacin (1 mg/kg/d, i.p.), the antioxidant, methylsulfonylmethane (100 mg/kg/d i.p.), or the immunomodulatory agent, dimethylfumarate (100 mg/kg/d p.o.) thirty minutes prior to daily injections of doxycycline (100 mg/kg/d i.p.) over 7 days significantly attenuated the development of Tat-induced mechanical allodynia. Collectively, the data suggests that even acute exposure to HIV-1 Tat protein at pathologically relevant levels is sufficient to produce select neurophysiological and behavioral manifestations of chronic pain consistent with that reported by HIV-positive patients.
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36
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HIV-Tat protein-accelerated aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:4618-4619. [PMID: 35622387 PMCID: PMC9217711 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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37
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Nass SR, Ohene-Nyako M, Hahn YK, Knapp PE, Hauser KF. Neurodegeneration Within the Amygdala Is Differentially Induced by Opioid and HIV-1 Tat Exposure. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:804774. [PMID: 35600626 PMCID: PMC9115100 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.804774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a critical problem that contributes to the spread of HIV and may intrinsically worsen neuroHIV. Despite the advent of combined antiretroviral therapies (cART), about half of persons infected with HIV (PWH) experience cognitive and emotional deficits that can be exacerbated by opioid abuse. HIV-1 Tat is expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) of PWH on cART and is thought to contribute to neuroHIV. The amygdala regulates emotion and memories associated with fear and stress and is important in addiction behavior. Notwithstanding its importance in emotional saliency, the effects of HIV and opioids in the amygdala are underexplored. To assess Tat- and morphine-induced neuropathology within the amygdala, male Tat transgenic mice were exposed to Tat for 8 weeks and administered saline and/or escalating doses of morphine twice daily (s.c.) during the last 2 weeks of Tat exposure. Eight weeks of Tat exposure decreased the acoustic startle response and the dendritic spine density in the basolateral amygdala, but not the central nucleus of the amygdala. In contrast, repeated exposure to morphine alone, but not Tat, increased the acoustic startle response and whole amygdalar levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) monomers and oligomers and tau phosphorylation at Ser396, but not neurofilament light chain levels. Co-exposure to Tat and morphine decreased habituation and prepulse inhibition to the acoustic startle response and potentiated the morphine-induced increase in Aβ monomers. Together, our findings indicate that sustained Tat and morphine exposure differentially promote synaptodendritic degeneration within the amygdala and alter sensorimotor processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R. Nass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Michael Ohene-Nyako
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Yun K. Hahn
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Pamela E. Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Kurt F. Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Kurt F. Hauser,
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38
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Zhao X, Zhang F, Kandel SR, Brau F, He JJ. HIV Tat and cocaine interactively alter genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression and exacerbate learning and memory impairments. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110765. [PMID: 35508123 PMCID: PMC9615417 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine use is a major comorbidity of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). In this study, we show that cocaine exposure worsens the learning and memory of doxycycline-inducible and brain-specific HIV Tat transgenic mice (iTat) and results in 14,838 hypermethylated CpG-related differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and 15,800 hypomethylated CpG-related DMRs, which are linked to 52 down- and 127 upregulated genes, respectively, in the hippocampus of iTat mice. These genes are mostly enriched at the neuronal function-, cell morphology-, and synapse formation-related extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor-ligand interaction pathway and mostly impacted in microglia. The accompanying neuropathological changes include swollen dendritic spines, increased synaptophysin expression, and diminished glial activation. We also find that sex (female) and age additively worsen the behavioral and pathological changes. These findings together indicate that chronic cocaine and long-term Tat expression interactively contribute to HAND, likely involving changes of DNA methylation and ECM receptor-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA; Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA; School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Suresh R Kandel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA; Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Frédéric Brau
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, Sophia-Antipolis 06560, France
| | - Johnny J He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA; Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA; School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
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Clathrin-nanoparticles deliver BDNF to hippocampus and enhance neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and cognition in HIV/neuroAIDS mouse model. Commun Biol 2022; 5:236. [PMID: 35301411 PMCID: PMC8931075 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes the growth, differentiation, maintenance and survival of neurons. These attributes make BDNF a potentially powerful therapeutic agent. However, its charge, instability in blood, and poor blood brain barrier (BBB) penetrability have impeded its development. Here, we show that engineered clathrin triskelia (CT) conjugated to BDNF (BDNF-CT) and delivered intranasally increased hippocampal BDNF concentrations 400-fold above that achieved previously with intranasal BDNF alone. We also show that BDNF-CT targeted Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) and increased TrkB expression and downstream signaling in iTat mouse brains. Mice were induced to conditionally express neurotoxic HIV Transactivator-of-Transcription (Tat) protein that decreases BDNF. Down-regulation of BDNF is correlated with increased severity of HIV/neuroAIDS. BDNF-CT enhanced neurorestorative effects in the hippocampus including newborn cell proliferation and survival, granule cell neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and increased dendritic integrity. BDNF-CT exerted cognitive-enhancing effects by reducing Tat-induced learning and memory deficits. These results show that CT bionanoparticles efficiently deliver BDNF to the brain, making them potentially powerful tools in regenerative medicine.
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Khan N, Halcrow PW, Afghah Z, Baral A, Geiger J, Chen X. HIV-1 Tat endocytosis and retention in endolysosomes affects HIV-1 Tat-induced LTR transactivation in astrocytes. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22184. [PMID: 35113458 PMCID: PMC9627655 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101722r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The presence of latent HIV-1 reservoirs in the periphery and brain represents a major obstacle to curing HIV-1 infection. As an essential protein for HIV-1 viral replication, HIV-1 Tat, mostly intracellular, has been implicated in latent HIV-1 infection. From HIV-1 infected cells, HIV-1 Tat is actively secreted and bystander cells uptake the released Tat whereupon it is endocytosed and internalized into endolysosomes. However, to activate the HIV-1 LTR promoter and increase HIV-1 replication, HIV-1 Tat must first escape from the endolysosomes and then enter the nucleus. Here, we tested the hypothesis that HIV-1 Tat can accumulate in endolysosomes and contribute to the activation of latent HIV-1 in astrocytes. Using U87MG astrocytoma cells expressing HIV-1 LTR-driven luciferase and primary human astrocytes we found that exogenous HIV-1 Tat enters endolysosomes, resides in endolysosomes for extended periods of time, and induces endolysosome de-acidification as well as enlargement. The weak base chloroquine promoted the release of HIV-1 Tat from endolysosomes and induced HIV-1 LTR transactivation. Similar results were observed by activating endolysosome Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR7/8. Conversely, pharmacological block of TLRs and knocking down expression levels of TLR3 and TLR7, but not TLR8, prevented endolysosome leakage and attenuated HIV-1 Tat-mediated HIV-1 LTR transactivation. Our findings suggest that HIV-1 Tat accumulation in endolysosomes may play an important role in controlling HIV-1 transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabab Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Peter W. Halcrow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Zahra Afghah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Aparajita Baral
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Jonathan D. Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
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DeMarino C, Cowen M, Khatkar P, Cotto B, Branscome H, Kim Y, Sharif SA, Agbottah ET, Zhou W, Costiniuk CT, Jenabian MA, Gelber C, Liotta LA, Langford D, Kashanchi F. Cannabinoids Reduce Extracellular Vesicle Release from HIV-1 Infected Myeloid Cells and Inhibit Viral Transcription. Cells 2022; 11:723. [PMID: 35203372 PMCID: PMC8869966 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the 37.9 million individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), approximately 50% exhibit HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). We and others previously showed that HIV-1 viral RNAs, such as trans-activating response (TAR) RNA, are incorporated into extracellular vesicles (EVs) and elicit an inflammatory response in recipient naïve cells. Cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary cannabinoids present in cannabis, are effective in reducing inflammation. Studies show that cannabis use in people living with HIV-1 is associated with lower viral load, lower circulating CD16+ monocytes and high CD4+ T-cell counts, suggesting a potentially therapeutic application. Here, HIV-1 infected U1 monocytes and primary macrophages were used to assess the effects of CBD. Post-CBD treatment, EV concentrations were analyzed using nanoparticle tracking analysis. Changes in intracellular and EV-associated viral RNA were quantified using RT-qPCR, and changes in viral proteins, EV markers, and autophagy proteins were assessed by Western blot. Our data suggest that CBD significantly reduces the number of EVs released from infected cells and that this may be mediated by reducing viral transcription and autophagy activation. Therefore, CBD may exert a protective effect by alleviating the pathogenic effects of EVs in HIV-1 and CNS-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine DeMarino
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 22030, USA; (C.D.); (M.C.); (P.K.); (H.B.); (Y.K.)
| | - Maria Cowen
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 22030, USA; (C.D.); (M.C.); (P.K.); (H.B.); (Y.K.)
| | - Pooja Khatkar
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 22030, USA; (C.D.); (M.C.); (P.K.); (H.B.); (Y.K.)
| | - Bianca Cotto
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (B.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Heather Branscome
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 22030, USA; (C.D.); (M.C.); (P.K.); (H.B.); (Y.K.)
| | - Yuriy Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 22030, USA; (C.D.); (M.C.); (P.K.); (H.B.); (Y.K.)
| | - Sarah Al Sharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz, University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Weidong Zhou
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (W.Z.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Cecilia T. Costiniuk
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada;
| | | | - Lance A. Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (W.Z.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Dianne Langford
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (B.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 22030, USA; (C.D.); (M.C.); (P.K.); (H.B.); (Y.K.)
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Brew BJ. Is HIV Brain Disease Preventable? NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2022; 9:9/2/e1145. [PMID: 35140143 PMCID: PMC8904082 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J Brew
- From the Faculty of Medicine (B.J.B.), University of New South Wales, and University of Notre Dame Sydney; and Departments of Neurology and HIV Medicine (B.J.B.), St Vincent's Hospital, and Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.
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Salahuddin MF, Qrareya AN, Mahdi F, Moss E, Akins NS, Li J, Le HV, Paris JJ. Allopregnanolone and neuroHIV: Potential benefits of neuroendocrine modulation in the era of antiretroviral therapy. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13047. [PMID: 34651359 PMCID: PMC8866218 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Forty years into the HIV pandemic, approximately 50% of infected individuals still suffer from a constellation of neurological disorders collectively known as 'neuroHIV.' Although combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has been a tremendous success, in its present form, it cannot eradicate HIV. Reservoirs of virus reside within the central nervous system, serving as sources of HIV virotoxins that damage mitochondria and promote neurotoxicity. Although understudied, there is evidence that HIV or the HIV regulatory protein, trans-activator of transcription (Tat), can dysregulate neurosteroid formation potentially contributing to endocrine dysfunction. People living with HIV commonly suffer from endocrine disorders, including hypercortisolemia accompanied by paradoxical adrenal insufficiency upon stress. Age-related comorbidities often onset sooner and with greater magnitude among people living with HIV and are commonly accompanied by hypogonadism. In the post-cART era, these derangements of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and -gonadal axes are secondary (i.e., relegated to the brain) and indicative of neuroendocrine dysfunction. We review the clinical and preclinical evidence for neuroendocrine dysfunction in HIV, the capacity for hormone therapeutics to play an ameliorative role and the future steroid-based therapeutics that may have efficacy as novel adjunctives to cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed F. Salahuddin
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Alaa N. Qrareya
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Fakhri Mahdi
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Emaya Moss
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Nicholas S. Akins
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Hoang V. Le
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Jason J. Paris
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
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44
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Dash PK, Alomar FA, Cox JL, McMillan J, Hackfort BT, Makarov E, Morsey B, Fox HS, Gendelman HE, Gorantla S, Bidasee KR. A Link Between Methylglyoxal and Heart Failure During HIV-1 Infection. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:792180. [PMID: 34970611 PMCID: PMC8712558 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.792180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-onset heart failure (HF) continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in people living with human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) infection (PLWH), yet the molecular causes for this remain poorly understood. Herein NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ humanized mice (Hu-mice), plasma from PLWH, and autopsied cardiac tissues from deceased HIV seropositive individuals were used to assess if there is a link between the glycolysis byproduct methylglyoxal (MG) and HF in the setting of HIV-1 infection. At five weeks post HIV infection, Hu-mice developed grade III-IV diastolic dysfunction (DD) with an associated two-fold increase in plasma MG. At sixteen-seventeen weeks post infection, cardiac ejection fraction and fractional shortening also declined by 26 and 35%, and plasma MG increased to four-fold higher than uninfected controls. Histopathological and biochemical analyses of cardiac tissues from Hu-mice 17 weeks post-infection affirmed MG increase with a concomitant decrease in expression of the MG-degrading enzyme glyoxalase-1 (Glo1). The endothelial cell marker CD31 was found to be lower, and coronary microvascular leakage and myocardial fibrosis were prominent. Increasing expression of Glo1 in Hu-mice five weeks post-infection using a single dose of an engineered AAV2/9 (1.7 × 1012 virion particles/kg), attenuated the increases in plasma and cardiac MG levels. Increasing Glo1 also blunted microvascular leakage, fibrosis, and HF seen at sixteen weeks post-infection, without changes in plasma viral loads. In plasma from virally suppressed PLWH, MG was also 3.7-fold higher. In autopsied cardiac tissues from seropositive, HIV individuals with low viral log, MG was 4.2-fold higher and Glo1 was 50% lower compared to uninfected controls. These data show for the first time a causal link between accumulation of MG and HF in the setting of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta K Dash
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Fadhel A Alomar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jesse L Cox
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - JoEllyn McMillan
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Bryan T Hackfort
- Departments of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Edward Makarov
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Brenda Morsey
- Departments of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Howard S Fox
- Departments of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Keshore R Bidasee
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Departments of Environment and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Nebraska Redox Biology Center, Lincoln, NE, United States
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45
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Datta G, Miller NM, Du W, Geiger JD, Chang S, Chen X. Endolysosome Localization of ERα Is Involved in the Protective Effect of 17α-Estradiol against HIV-1 gp120-Induced Neuronal Injury. J Neurosci 2021; 41:10365-10381. [PMID: 34764157 PMCID: PMC8672688 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1475-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxic HIV-1 viral proteins contribute to the development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), the prevalence of which remains high (30-50%) with no effective treatment available. Estrogen is a known neuroprotective agent; however, the diverse mechanisms of estrogen action on the different types of estrogen receptors is not completely understood. In this study, we determined the extent to which and mechanisms by which 17α-estradiol (17αE2), a natural less-feminizing estrogen, offers neuroprotection against HIV-1 gp120-induced neuronal injury. Endolysosomes are important for neuronal function, and endolysosomal dysfunction contributes to HAND and other neurodegenerative disorders. In hippocampal neurons, estrogen receptor α (ERα) is localized to endolysosomes and 17αE2 acidifies endolysosomes. ERα knockdown or overexpressing an ERα mutant that is deficient in endolysosome localization prevents 17αE2-induced endolysosome acidification. Furthermore, 17αE2-induced increases in dendritic spine density depend on endolysosome localization of ERα. Pretreatment with 17αE2 protected against HIV-1 gp120-induced endolysosome deacidification and reductions in dendritic spines; such protective effects depended on endolysosome localization of ERα. In male HIV-1 transgenic rats, we show that 17αE2 treatment prevents the development of enlarged endolysosomes and reduction in dendritic spines. Our findings demonstrate a novel endolysosome-dependent pathway that governs the ERα-mediated neuroprotective actions of 17αE2, findings that might lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies against HAND.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Extranuclear presence of membrane-bound estrogen receptors (ERs) underlie the enhancing effect of estrogen on cognition and synaptic function. The estrogen receptor subtype ERα is present on endolysosomes and plays a critical role in the enhancing effects of 17αE2 on endolysosomes and dendritic spines. These findings provide novel insight into the neuroprotective actions of estrogen. Furthermore, 17αE2 protected against HIV-1 gp120-induced endolysosome dysfunction and reductions in dendritic spines, and these protective effects of 17αE2 were mediated via endolysosome localization of ERα. Such findings provide a rationale for developing 17αE2 as a therapeutic strategy against HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Datta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202-9037
| | - Nicole M Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202-9037
| | - Wenjuan Du
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology and Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey 07079
| | - Jonathan D Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202-9037
| | - Sulie Chang
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology and Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey 07079
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202-9037
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Lau CY, Adan MA, Maldarelli F. Why the HIV Reservoir Never Runs Dry: Clonal Expansion and the Characteristics of HIV-Infected Cells Challenge Strategies to Cure and Control HIV Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:2512. [PMID: 34960781 PMCID: PMC8708047 DOI: 10.3390/v13122512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively reduces cycles of viral replication but does not target proviral populations in cells that persist for prolonged periods and that can undergo clonal expansion. Consequently, chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is sustained during ART by a reservoir of long-lived latently infected cells and their progeny. This proviral landscape undergoes change over time on ART. One of the forces driving change in the landscape is the clonal expansion of infected CD4 T cells, which presents a key obstacle to HIV eradication. Potential mechanisms of clonal expansion include general immune activation, antigenic stimulation, homeostatic proliferation, and provirus-driven clonal expansion, each of which likely contributes in varying, and largely unmeasured, amounts to maintaining the reservoir. The role of clinical events, such as infections or neoplasms, in driving these mechanisms remains uncertain, but characterizing these forces may shed light on approaches to effectively eradicate HIV. A limited number of individuals have been cured of HIV infection in the setting of bone marrow transplant; information from these and other studies may identify the means to eradicate or control the virus without ART. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence and clonal expansion, along with the attempts to modify these factors as part of reservoir reduction and cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuen-Yen Lau
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.-Y.L.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Matthew A. Adan
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.-Y.L.); (M.A.A.)
- Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Frank Maldarelli
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.-Y.L.); (M.A.A.)
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Anderson AM, Ma Q, Letendre SL, Iudicello J. Soluble Biomarkers of Cognition and Depression in Adults with HIV Infection in the Combination Therapy Era. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2021; 18:558-568. [PMID: 34780037 PMCID: PMC8860504 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-021-00581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cognitive impairment and depression continue to be common among people with HIV (PWH) in the combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. A better understanding of the biological mechanisms that may underpin these disorders is needed. The purpose of this review is to describe published findings on soluble biomarkers from blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that have been associated with either cognition or depression among PWH in the setting of ART. RECENT FINDINGS Several biomarkers, including those that reflect viral persistence, monocyte/macrophage activation, and other processes, are associated with cognition and depressive symptoms. Some but not all results have been consistent across multiple studies. More research has been published on biomarkers of cognition relative to biomarkers of depression (particularly from CSF). More studies are needed that investigate multiple biomarkers to understand the role of distinct but additive pathways in these disorders and to guide the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert M Anderson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 341 Ponce de Leon Avenue, Atlanta, GA, 30308, USA.
| | - Qing Ma
- University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Scott L Letendre
- Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Iudicello
- Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Ellis RJ, Iudicello JE, Heaton RK, Isnard S, Lin J, Routy JP, Gianella S, Hoenigl M, Knight R. Markers of Gut Barrier Function and Microbial Translocation Associate with Lower Gut Microbial Diversity in People with HIV. Viruses 2021; 13:1891. [PMID: 34696320 PMCID: PMC8537977 DOI: 10.3390/v13101891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
People with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PWH) have reduced gut barrier integrity ("leaky gut") that permits diffusion of microbial antigens (microbial translocation) such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the circulation, stimulating inflammation. A potential source of this disturbance, in addition to gut lymphoid tissue CD4+ T-cell depletion, is the interaction between the gut barrier and gut microbes themselves. We evaluated the relationship of gut barrier integrity, as indexed by plasma occludin levels (higher levels corresponding to greater loss of occludin from the gut barrier), to gut microbial diversity. PWH and people without HIV (PWoH) participants were recruited from community sources and provided stool, and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was used to characterize the gut microbiome. Microbial diversity was indexed by Faith's phylogenetic diversity (PD). Participants were 50 PWH and 52 PWoH individuals, mean ± SD age 45.6 ± 14.5 years, 28 (27.5%) women, 50 (49.0%) non-white race/ethnicity. PWH had higher gut microbial diversity (Faith's PD 14.2 ± 4.06 versus 11.7 ± 3.27; p = 0.0007), but occludin levels were not different (1.84 ± 0.311 versus 1.85 ± 0.274; p = 0.843). Lower gut microbial diversity was associated with higher plasma occludin levels in PWH (r = -0.251; p = 0.0111), but not in PWoH. A multivariable model demonstrated an interaction (p = 0.0459) such that the correlation between Faith's PD and plasma occludin held only for PWH (r = -0.434; p = 0.0017), but not for PWoH individuals (r = -0.0227; p = 0.873). The pattern was similar for Shannon alpha diversity. Antiretroviral treatment and viral suppression status were not associated with gut microbial diversity (ps > 0.10). Plasma occludin levels were not significantly related to age, sex or ethnicity, nor to current or nadir CD4 or plasma viral load. Higher occludin levels were associated with higher plasma sCD14 and LPS, both markers of microbial translocation. Together, the findings suggest that damage to the gut epithelial barrier is an important mediator of microbial translocation and inflammation in PWH, and that reduced gut microbiome diversity may have an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J. Ellis
- Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Iudicello
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (J.E.I.); (R.K.H.)
| | - Robert K. Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (J.E.I.); (R.K.H.)
| | - Stéphane Isnard
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (S.I.); (J.L.); (J.-P.R.)
| | - John Lin
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (S.I.); (J.L.); (J.-P.R.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (S.I.); (J.L.); (J.-P.R.)
| | - Sara Gianella
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (S.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Martin Hoenigl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (S.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
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Synergistic Impairment of the Neurovascular Unit by HIV-1 Infection and Methamphetamine Use: Implications for HIV-1-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091883. [PMID: 34578464 PMCID: PMC8473422 DOI: 10.3390/v13091883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular units (NVU) are the minimal functional units of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), composed of endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, neurons, and the basement membrane. The BBB serves as an important interface for immune communication between the brain and peripheral circulation. Disruption of the NVU by the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) induces dysfunction of the BBB and triggers inflammatory responses, which can lead to the development of neurocognitive impairments collectively known as HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Methamphetamine (METH) use disorder is a frequent comorbidity among individuals infected with HIV-1. METH use may be associated not only with rapid HIV-1 disease progression but also with accelerated onset and increased severity of HAND. However, the molecular mechanisms of METH-induced neuronal injury and cognitive impairment in the context of HIV-1 infection are poorly understood. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the signaling pathways mediating synergistic impairment of the BBB and neuronal injury induced by METH and HIV-1, potentially accelerating the onset or severity of HAND in HIV-1-positive METH abusers. We also discuss potential therapies to limit neuroinflammation and NVU damage in HIV-1-infected METH abusers.
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League AF, Gorman BL, Hermes DJ, Johnson CT, Jacobs IR, Yadav-Samudrala BJ, Poklis JL, Niphakis MJ, Cravatt BF, Lichtman AH, Ignatowska-Jankowska BM, Fitting S. Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibitor MJN110 Reduces Neuronal Hyperexcitability, Restores Dendritic Arborization Complexity, and Regulates Reward-Related Behavior in Presence of HIV-1 Tat. Front Neurol 2021; 12:651272. [PMID: 34484091 PMCID: PMC8415271 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.651272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
While current therapeutic strategies for people living with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) suppress virus replication peripherally, viral proteins such as transactivator of transcription (Tat) enter the central nervous system early upon infection and contribute to chronic inflammatory conditions even alongside antiretroviral treatment. As demand grows for supplemental strategies to combat virus-associated pathology presenting frequently as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), the present study aimed to characterize the potential utility of inhibiting monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) activity to increase inhibitory activity at cannabinoid receptor-type 1 receptors through upregulation of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and downregulation of its degradation into proinflammatory metabolite arachidonic acid (AA). The MAGL inhibitor MJN110 significantly reduced intracellular calcium and increased dendritic branching complexity in Tat-treated primary frontal cortex neuron cultures. Chronic MJN110 administration in vivo increased 2-AG levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and striatum across Tat(+) and Tat(–) groups and restored PFC N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) levels in Tat(+) subjects. While Tat expression significantly increased rate of reward-related behavioral task acquisition in a novel discriminative stimulus learning and cognitive flexibility assay, MJN110 altered reversal acquisition specifically in Tat(+) mice to rates indistinguishable from Tat(–) controls. Collectively, our results suggest a neuroprotective role of MAGL inhibition in reducing neuronal hyperexcitability, restoring dendritic arborization complexity, and mitigating neurocognitive alterations driven by viral proteins associated with latent HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis F League
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Benjamin L Gorman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Douglas J Hermes
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Clare T Johnson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ian R Jacobs
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Barkha J Yadav-Samudrala
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Justin L Poklis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Micah J Niphakis
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Aron H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | | | - Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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