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Evin C, Quéro L, Le Malicot K, Blanchet-Deverly S, Evesque L, Buchalet C, Lemanski C, Hamed NB, Rivin Del Campo E, Bauwens L, Pommier P, Lièvre A, Gouriou C, Tougeron D, Macé V, Sergent G, Diaz O, Zucman D, Mornex F, Locher C, De la Rochefordière A, Vendrely V, Huguet F. Efficacy and Toxicity of (Chemo)Radiation Therapy in HIV+ Patients with Squamous Cell Anal Cancer, a Subgroup Analysis of the National Multicenter Cohort FFCD-ANABASE. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2024:S0360-3016(24)00565-0. [PMID: 38912999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2024.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The influence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on clinical outcomes in patients receiving (chemo)radiation therapy (RT) for squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA) is debated. The objective of this study was to compare efficacy and safety according to HIV status in patients with SCCA treated with C/RT. METHODS AND MATERIALS Between January 2015 and April 2020, 488 patients with a known HIV status (17.6% HIV+) were treated with radiation therapy for SCCA and included in the FFCD-ANABASE multicentric prospective cohort. Clinical outcomes including overall survival (OS), locoregional recurrence-free survival, colostomy-free survival, response rate at 4 to 6 months, cancer-specific survival, relapse-free survival, and severe acute and late toxicity were compared between HIV+ and HIV- patients. RESULTS The median follow-up was 35.8 months. HIV+ patients were younger (P < .01) and predominantly male (P < .01). Intensity modulated radiation therapy was performed in 80.7% of patients, and 80.9% received concurrent chemotherapy. A higher proportion of HIV+ patients received induction chemotherapy compared with HIV- patients. No statistically significant difference in overall treatment time or severe acute and late toxicities was found between HIV+ and HIV- patients. In univariate analyses, OS (HR = 2.1 [CI 95% 1.2;3.5], P = .007), locoregional recurrence-free survival (HR = 1.7 [1.1;2.7], P = .02), and colostomy-free survival (HR = 1.7 [1.1;2.6], P = .01) were significantly shorter in HIV+ patients than in HIV- patients. Response rate, cancer-specific survival, and relapse-free survival were not significantly different. The recurrence site was significantly different according to HIV status. In the multivariate analysis, prognostic factors for OS were a World Health Organization performance status of ≥1 for the whole population, as well as HIV+ status for the subgroup of women. CONCLUSIONS HIV+ patients treated with chemo-RT for SCCA have poorer clinical outcomes, especially women. No difference was found in toxicity according to HIV status with intensity modulated radiation therapy technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Evin
- Hôpital Tenon, APHP, Radiation Oncology Department, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
| | - Laurent Quéro
- Hôpital Saint-Louis, APHP, Radiation Oncology Department, Paris, France
| | - Karine Le Malicot
- Fédération Francophone de Cancérologie Digestive (FFCD), Biostatistics Department, EPICAD INSERM LNC-UMR 1231, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Dijon, France
| | | | - Ludovic Evesque
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Medical Oncology Department, Nice, France
| | - Chloé Buchalet
- Institut du Cancer de Montpellier, Radiation Oncology Department, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Lemanski
- Institut du Cancer de Montpellier, Radiation Oncology Department, Montpellier, France
| | - Nabil Baba Hamed
- Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph, Medical Oncology Department, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Pascal Pommier
- Centre Léon Bérard, Radiation Oncology Department, Lyon, France
| | - Astrid Lièvre
- CHU de Rennes, Gastroenterology Department, Rennes, France
| | - Claire Gouriou
- CHU de Rennes, Gastroenterology Department, Rennes, France
| | - David Tougeron
- CHU de Poitiers, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Poitiers, France
| | - Vincent Macé
- CHD-Vendée, Gastroenterology Department, La Roche sur Yon, France
| | - Guillaume Sergent
- Institut de Cancérologie Paris Nord, Radiation Oncology Department, Paris, France
| | - Olivia Diaz
- Groupe Hospitalier Mutualiste de Grenoble, Radiation Oncology Department, Grenoble, France
| | - David Zucman
- Hôpital Foch, Réseau Ville-Hôpital, Val de Seine, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Mornex
- Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Radiation Oncology Department, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Locher
- Centre Hospitalier de Meaux, Hepato-gastroenterology Department, Meaux, France
| | | | | | - Florence Huguet
- Hôpital Tenon, APHP, Radiation Oncology Department, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
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Walker RJB, Easson AM, Hosni A, Kim J, Weiss ES, Santiago AT, Chesney TR, Salit IE. Anal Cancers in Previously Screened Versus Unscreened Patients: Tumor Stage and Treatment Outcomes. Dis Colon Rectum 2024; 67:32-41. [PMID: 37787557 DOI: 10.1097/dcr.0000000000002922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted screening programs for patients at high risk for anal squamous-cell carcinoma have been proposed; however, the evidence in support of screening remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine whether screening high-risk patients (predominantly those living with HIV) detected squamous-cell carcinoma at an earlier stage compared to the routine practice of not screening. DESIGN This is a cohort study. SETTINGS This study was conducted at a quaternary care center in Canada. PATIENTS Included patients were at least 18 years old with a pathologic diagnosis of invasive anal squamous-cell carcinoma between 2002 and 2022. INTERVENTIONS Patients diagnosed through a high-risk screening program were compared to those who did not undergo screening. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was clinical stage at presentation, categorized as T1N0M0 vs other. Secondary outcomes included treatments received, treatment failure, and overall survival. RESULTS A total of 612 patients with anal squamous-cell carcinoma were included, with 26 of those patients diagnosed through a screening program. Patients with screen-detected cancers had greater odds of presenting with T1N0M0 tumors compared to unscreened patients (18 [69.2%] vs 84 [14.3%]; adjusted OR 9.95; 95% CI, 3.95-25.08). A propensity score-matched sensitivity analysis found similar results (OR 11.13; 95% CI, 4.67-26.52). Screened patients had greater odds of treatment with wide local excision alone, as opposed to any combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery (3 [12.5%] vs 18 [3.2%]; OR 4.38; 95% CI, 1.20-16.04). There were no statistically significant differences in treatment failure or overall survival between groups. LIMITATIONS The small number of screened patients limits the power of the analysis. CONCLUSIONS Screening for anal squamous-cell carcinoma among high-risk populations detects cancers at an earlier stage. Patients with screen-detected cancers also had a greater likelihood of being candidates for wide local excision alone, which may have spared them the morbidity associated with chemoradiotherapy or abdominoperineal resection. See Video Abstract. CNCERES DE ANO EN PACIENTES PREVIAMENTE DETECTADOS POR CRIBADO VERSUS NO DETECTADOS ESTADIO DEL TUMOR Y RESULTADOS DEL TRATAMIENTO ANTECEDENTES:Se han propuesto programas de cribado dirigidos a pacientes con alto riesgo de carcinoma anal de células escamosas; sin embargo, la evidencia a favor de la detección sigue sin estar clara.OBJETIVO:Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar si el cribado de pacientes de alto riesgo (predominantemente aquellos que viven con el VIH) detectó el carcinoma de células escamosas en una etapa más temprana en comparación con la práctica habitual de no cribado.DISEÑO:Este es un estudio de cohortes.CONFIGURACIÓN:Este estudio se realizó en un centro de atención cuaternaria en Canadá.PACIENTES:Los pacientes incluidos tenían al menos 18 años con un diagnóstico patológico de carcinoma de células escamosas anal invasivo entre 2002 y 2022.INTERVENCIONES:Los pacientes diagnosticados mediante un programa de cribado de alto riesgo se compararon con aquellos que no se sometieron a cribado.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO:El resultado primario fue el estadio clínico en la presentación, categorizado como T1N0M0 versus otro. Los resultados secundarios incluyeron los tratamientos recibidos, el fracaso del tratamiento y la supervivencia general.RESULTADOS:Se incluyeron un total de 612 pacientes con carcinoma anal de células escamosas, con 26 de esos pacientes diagnosticados a través de un programa de cribado. Los pacientes con cánceres detectados mediante cribado tenían mayores probabilidades de presentar tumores T1N0M0 en comparación con los pacientes no cribados (18 [69.2%] frente a 84 [14.3%]; razón de probabilidad ajustada 9.95; intervalo de confianza del 95 % 3.95 -25.08). Un análisis de sensibilidad emparejado por puntaje de propensión encontró resultados similares (odds ratio 11.13; intervalo de confianza del 95% 4.67 -26.52; p < 0.001). Los pacientes examinados tenían mayores probabilidades de recibir tratamiento con escisión local amplia sola, en comparación con cualquier combinación de quimioterapia, radiación y cirugía (3 [12.5%] frente a 18 [3.2%]; razón de probabilidad 4.38; intervalo de confianza del 95 % 1.20 -16.04). No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el fracaso del tratamiento o la supervivencia global entre los grupos.LIMITACIONES:El pequeño número de pacientes evaluados limita el poder del análisis.CONCLUSIONES:La detección del carcinoma anal de células escamosas entre las poblaciones de alto riesgo detecta los cánceres en una etapa más temprana. Los pacientes con cánceres detectados mediante cribado también tenían una mayor probabilidad de ser candidatos para una escisión local amplia sola, lo que puede haberles evitado la morbilidad asociada con la quimiorradioterapia o la resección abdominoperineal. (Traducción --Dr. Aurian Garcia Gonzalez ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J B Walker
- Department of Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra M Easson
- Department of Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali Hosni
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edward S Weiss
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna T Santiago
- Department of Biostatistics, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tyler R Chesney
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Irving E Salit
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Waters AV, Dorsey KA, Allston A, Woods A, Furness BW, Doshi RK. Risk Factors for Human Papillomavirus-Associated Cancers Among People Living with HIV in Washington, District of Columbia. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2023; 39:195-203. [PMID: 36656664 PMCID: PMC10958483 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2022.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
District of Columbia (DC) has high rates of HIV infection and human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers. People living with HIV (PLWH) are at risk for developing HPV-associated cancers. Previous studies identified factors that may further increase the risk of HPV-associated cancer among PLWH such as age, race/ethnicity, sex, risk factor for HIV transmission, stage of HIV infection, and age at HIV diagnosis. The extent to which PLWH in DC are affected by HPV-associated cancers has not previously been well described, and to our knowledge, the relationship between bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and subsequent development of HPV-associated cancer among PLWH in DC has not been explored. This was a retrospective case-control analysis of surveillance data on cancer, STIs, and HIV in Washington, DC from 1996 to 2015. There were 20,744 PLWH included in this study, of whom 335 (1.6%) had been diagnosed with an HPV-associated cancer. Among males living with HIV (MLWH), for every additional STI per 10 person-years, risk of developing an HPV-associated cancer increased by 11%. Exposure to STIs was not a significant risk factor for HPV-associated cancer among females. Ever being diagnosed with stage three HIV infection increased risk of HPV-associated cancers among males by 109% and females living with HIV by 111%. STI exposures were associated with HPV-associated cancers among MLWH in DC and ever being diagnosed with advanced HIV infection was associated with HPV-associated cancers among all PLWH. Clinicians treating MLWH should ensure their patients receive primary HPV infection prevention and HPV-associated cancer screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansley V. Waters
- Department of Epidemiology, Milken School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kerri A. Dorsey
- Department of Epidemiology, Milken School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis, STD and TB Administration, District of Columbia Department of Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Adam Allston
- HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis, STD and TB Administration, District of Columbia Department of Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Alfreda Woods
- District of Columbia Cancer Registry, District of Columbia Department of Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Bruce W. Furness
- HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis, STD and TB Administration, District of Columbia Department of Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rupali K. Doshi
- Department of Epidemiology, Milken School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis, STD and TB Administration, District of Columbia Department of Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Mathias-Machado MC, Peixoto RD, Moniz CMV, Jácome AA. Biomarkers in Anal Cancer: Current Status in Diagnosis, Disease Progression and Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2029. [PMID: 36009576 PMCID: PMC9405643 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10082029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal (SCCA) is a rare neoplasm, but with rising incidence rates in the past few decades; it is etiologically linked with the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and is especially prevalent in immunocompromised patients, mainly those infected with HIV. Fluoropyrimidine-based chemoradiotherapy remains the cornerstone of the treatment of non-metastatic disease, but the locally advanced disease still presents high rates of disease recurrence and systemic therapy of SCCA is an unmet clinical need. Despite sharing common molecular aspects with other HPV-related malignancies, such as cervical and head and neck cancers, SCCA presents specific epigenomic, genomic, and transcriptomic abnormalities, which suggest that genome-guided personalized therapies should be specifically designed for this disease. Actionable mutations are rare in SCCA and immune checkpoint inhibition has not yet been proven useful in an unselected population of patients. Therefore, advances in systemic therapy of SCCA will only be possible with the identification of predictive biomarkers and the subsequent development of targeted therapies or immunotherapeutic approaches that consider the unique tumor microenvironment and the intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity. In the present review, we address the molecular characterization of SCCA and discuss potential diagnostic, predictive and prognostic biomarkers of this complex and challenging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecília Mathias-Machado
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Oncoclinicas, São Paulo 04538-132, Brazil
- Department of Oncology, ICESP—Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Motta Venchiarutti Moniz
- Department of Oncology, ICESP—Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A. Jácome
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Oncoclinicas, Belo Horizonte 34000-000, Brazil
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Bushara O, Weinberg SE, Finkelman BS, Jiang H, Krogh K, Sun L, Halverson AL, Jennings LJ, Liao J, Yang GY. The Effect of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Human Papillomavirus Strain Diversity on the Progression of Anal Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions. Hum Pathol 2022; 128:20-30. [PMID: 35803414 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2022.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a human papillomavirus (HPV)-mediated malignancy with increasing incidence. HIV infection is a significant risk factor for anal SCC, however it is unknown if HIV infection alters anal lesion progression and HPV strain profile. This study aims to determine whether HIV co-infection is associated with progression of HPV-mediated anal lesions and on their HPV strain diversity. This is a retrospective cohort study of adults with anal squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) who presented for anorectal sampling between 2010-2019. Using the full cohort, we performed clinicopathologic epidemiologic analysis of HIV co-infection on lesion progression. Using a subset of patients, we conducted molecular analysis of HPV strain diversity as related to HIV status and progression. Our cohort included 2203 individuals, of which 940 (43%) were HIV+. HIV+ status was associated with faster progression at all levels of dysplasia. Our molecular cohort included 329 adults, of which 190 (57.8%) were HIV+. HIV+ status was associated with higher HPV strain diversity (median: 7 [5-9] vs. median: 4 [4-6], P<0.001). Latent class analysis identified specific HPV strain signatures associated with progression. We demonstrate that HIV+ individuals had faster rates of anal SIL progression and that almost all HPV strains were more prevalent in anal samples from HIV+ adults. Our results imply that HIV+ adults with anal SIL should undergo more frequent screening and obtain HPV genotyping at initial presentation, as it shows value as a biomarker of lesion progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Bushara
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611 USA
| | - Samuel Edward Weinberg
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611 USA
| | - Brian Steven Finkelman
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611 USA
| | - Hongmei Jiang
- Department of Statistics, Northwestern University, 2006 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208 USA
| | - Katrina Krogh
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611 USA
| | - Leyu Sun
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611 USA
| | - Amy L Halverson
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E, Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611 USA
| | - Lawrence J Jennings
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611 USA
| | - Jie Liao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611 USA
| | - Guang-Yu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611 USA.
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Fuertes I, Chivite I, Cranston RD, Sánchez E, Cordón E, Rodríguez-Carunchio L, Blanco JL. Short-term effectiveness and tolerability of carbon dioxide laser for anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in individuals living with HIV. Int J STD AIDS 2022; 33:709-717. [PMID: 35611790 DOI: 10.1177/09564624221100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ablative treatment of intra-anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) reduces the risk of progression to anal squamous cell carcinoma. Our objective was to assess the short-term effectiveness and tolerability of the carbon dioxide laser for treating intra-anal HSIL in patients at high risk of anal cancer. METHODS This is an exploratory, pilot, single-arm, clinical trial of treatment response for anal HSIL in people living with HIV diagnosed with ≤3 not previously treated HSILs. Individuals were treated with one carbon dioxide laser treatment session. Clinical assessment by high resolution anoscopy and systematic recording of adverse events was performed. RESULTS Fifty-two patients with 72 HSILs were included. Response to treatment was assessed in 48 (92.3%) patients; in the per-protocol population analysis, complete, partial, and no response was seen in 50% (n = 24), 20.8% (n = 10) and 29.1% (n = 14), respectively. Being older than 40 years and having a CD4 T-cell count lower than 200 cells/μL at diagnosis of HSIL were significantly associated with a poor response to treatment. Data on adverse events was recorded for 49 patients and 69.4% (n=34) reported no symptoms after the procedure. CONCLUSIONS Carbon dioxide laser ablation is a promising and well tolerated treatment for intra-anal HSIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Fuertes
- Department of Dermatology, 16493Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iván Chivite
- Department of Infectious Diseases, 16493Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ross D Cranston
- Department of Infectious Diseases, 16493Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilia Sánchez
- Blanquerna School of Health Science, 82995Universitat Ramón Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Encarna Cordón
- Department of Infectious Diseases, 16493Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - José L Blanco
- Department of Infectious Diseases, 16493Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Eng C, Ciombor KK, Cho M, Dorth JA, Rajdev LN, Horowitz DP, Gollub MJ, Jácome AA, Lockney NA, Muldoon RL, Washington MK, O'Brian BA, Benny A, Lebeck Lee CM, Benson AB, Goodman KA, Morris VK. Anal Cancer: Emerging Standards in a Rare Rare Disease. J Clin Oncol 2022; 40:2774-2788. [PMID: 35649196 DOI: 10.1200/jco.21.02566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The social stigma surrounding an anal cancer diagnosis has traditionally prevented open discussions about this disease. However, as recent treatment options and an increasing rate of diagnoses are made worldwide, awareness is growing. In the United States alone, 9,090 individuals were expected to be diagnosed with anal cancer in 2021. The US annual incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus continues to increase by 2.7% yearly, whereas the mortality rate increases by 3.1%. The main risk factor for anal cancer is a human papillomavirus infection; those with chronic immunosuppression are also at risk. Patients with HIV are 19 times more likely to develop anal cancer compared with the general population. In this review, we have provided an overview of the carcinoma of the anal canal, the role of screening, advancements in radiation therapy, and current trials investigating acute and chronic treatment-related toxicities. This article is a comprehensive approach to presenting the existing data in an effort to encourage continuous international interest in anal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Eng
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center/Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Kristen K Ciombor
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center/Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - May Cho
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California- Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA
| | - Jennifer A Dorth
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Lakshmi N Rajdev
- Division for Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwell Health/Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY
| | - David P Horowitz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Marc J Gollub
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Alexandre A Jácome
- OncoBio Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Nova Lima, Brazil
| | - Natalie A Lockney
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Roberta L Muldoon
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Mary Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Brittany A O'Brian
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center/Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Amala Benny
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center/Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Cody M Lebeck Lee
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Internal Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Al B Benson
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Karyn A Goodman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Van Karlyle Morris
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Wells J, Chandler R, Flowers L, Paul S, Sharma A, Kalifa N, Holstad M. Perceptions of Anal Cancer Risk Among HIV-Positive and High-Risk HIV-Negative Women. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2022; 26:181-185. [PMID: 35019899 PMCID: PMC8940637 DOI: 10.1097/lgt.0000000000000652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Women living with HIV (WLWH) have a greater risk of anal cancer than women without HIV; however, there are limited studies that examine awareness of anal cancer risk among WLWH and "high-risk" HIV-negative women. This study examines risk factors for anal cancer, perceptions of risk for anal cancer, and perceptions of anal cancer screening among a cohort of WLWH and high-risk HIV-negative women. MATERIALS AND METHODS From the Atlanta, GA, and Bronx, NY, sites of the Women's Interagency HIV Study, 155 WLWH and HIV-negative women were enrolled and the Champion Health Belief Model Scale questionnaire measuring risk perceptions to anal cancer was administered to each participant. RESULTS The WLWH perceived anal cancer to be less serious and perceived facing fewer barriers to anal cancer screening than HIV-negative women (both p = .01). Older women (≥50 years) felt that they had less barriers to anal cancer screening (p = .047). Moreover, women who had less than a high school education felt more susceptible to anal cancer (p = .001), as did women who reported a history of anal intercourse (p = .017). CONCLUSIONS Despite being at an increased risk for anal cancer, perceptions of susceptibility to anal cancer and seriousness of anal cancer were low among WLWH. These findings highlight opportunities for provider and patient educational interventions to improve awareness of anal cancer risk among WLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wells
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Rasheeta Chandler
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Sudeshna Paul
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Nia Kalifa
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Marcia Holstad
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Phillips S, Cassells K, Garland SM, Machalek DA, Roberts JM, Templeton DJ, Jin F, Poynten IM, Hillman RJ, Grulich AE, Murray GL, Tabrizi SN, Molano M, Cornall AM. Gene methylation of CADM1 and MAL identified as a biomarker of high grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3565. [PMID: 35241698 PMCID: PMC8894372 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is detected in up to 96% of anal squamous cell cancers, where screening programs needed. However, the best methodology is still undetermined. Host DNA methylation markers CADM1, MAL and miR124 have been identified in cervical disease, but not anal disease. Anal swabs varying by disease grade were assessed for DNA methylation of CADM1, MAL and miR124-2. Each marker was compared across disease grades, stratified by HPV and HIV status. Receiver operating characteristic curves identified the predictive value of significant gene candidates. CADM1 methylation was significantly higher in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) compared with low-grade (LSIL) (p = 0.005) or normal (p < 0.001) samples with 67.2% correctly identified as HSIL. MAL methylation was significantly (p = 0.002) increased in HSIL compared with LSIL in HIV positive participants with 79.8% correctly indicated as HSIL. Gene miR124-2, showed no difference between disease grades. Biomarkers with established diagnostic value in cervical disease have limited utility in the prediction of anal disease, with CADM1 identified as a marker with screening potential in a gay and bisexual men (GBM) population and MAL in HIV positive GBM population. New markers specific to the anal mucosa are required to improve triage of high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Phillips
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Centre Women's Infectious Diseases Research, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| | - Kahli Cassells
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Suzanne M Garland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Centre Women's Infectious Diseases Research, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Dorothy A Machalek
- Centre Women's Infectious Diseases Research, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,HIV Epidemiology and Prevention Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | | | - David J Templeton
- HIV Epidemiology and Prevention Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Department of Sexual Health Medicine, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.,Discipline of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Fengyi Jin
- HIV Epidemiology and Prevention Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - I Mary Poynten
- HIV Epidemiology and Prevention Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Richard J Hillman
- HIV Epidemiology and Prevention Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Dysplasia and Anal Cancer Services, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Andrew E Grulich
- HIV Epidemiology and Prevention Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Gerald L Murray
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Centre Women's Infectious Diseases Research, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Sepehr N Tabrizi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Centre Women's Infectious Diseases Research, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Monica Molano
- Centre Women's Infectious Diseases Research, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Alyssa M Cornall
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Centre Women's Infectious Diseases Research, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
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10
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Wadhwa N, Arora T, Aggarwal D, Pandhi D, Diwaker P, Arora V. Evaluation of hTERT gene expression and chromosome 7 copy number variation in anal squamous intra-epithelial lesions: A pilot study. J Cytol 2022; 39:14-19. [PMID: 35341108 PMCID: PMC8955695 DOI: 10.4103/joc.joc_26_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Akin to cervical squamous intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN), anal squamous intra-epithelial lesion (a-SIL) is attributed to persistent infection with high-risk human papilloma virus infection. Amplification of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene and aneuploidy are known to correlate with CIN evolution. It is plausible that the underlying genetic events in a-SIL are similar. We conducted this cross-sectional analytical study with the objective of determining expression of hTERT gene expression and chromosome 7, as marker of cell ploidy in a-SIL. Methods: Conventional anal cytology was performed in 86 adult consenting subjects with history of receptive anal intercourse (RAI) and 4 controls without history of RAI. Cases with a-SIL and controls were subjected to fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) to evaluate hTERT gene and chromosome 7 expression, as marker of cell ploidy. Results were expressed as number of abnormal nuclei (≥3 respective signals), maximum degree of amplification, mean signals/nucleus and proportion of cases showing abnormal nuclei. Results: Twenty cases showed a-SIL; with 15 atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), 3 low grade squamous intra-epithelial lesion (LSIL) and 2 cases of high-risk cytology. Expression of both hTERT gene and chromosome 7 increased from controls to ASCUS to LSIL with concomitant increase in proportion of cases having abnormal hTERT gene and chromosome 7 expression. Conclusions: Positive association of hTERT gene with a-SIL suggests its possible role in evolution of anal squamous abnormalities. Increase in chromosome 7 also correlated positively with a-SIL. These findings corroborate the similarities between squamous carcinogenesis in CIN and a-SIL.
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11
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Bushara O, Krogh K, Weinberg SE, Finkelman BS, Sun L, Liao J, Yang GY. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Promotes Human Papillomavirus-Mediated Anal Squamous Carcinogenesis: An Immunologic and Pathobiologic Review. Pathobiology 2021; 89:1-12. [PMID: 34535611 DOI: 10.1159/000518758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare gastrointestinal malignancy with rising incidence, both in the United States and internationally. The primary risk factor for anal SCC is human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. However, there is a growing burden of disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HPV coinfection, with the incidence of anal SCC significantly increasing in this population. This is particularly true in HIV-infected men. The epidemiologic correlation between HIV-HPV coinfection and anal SCC is established; however, the immunologic mechanisms underlying this relationship are not well understood. SUMMARY HIV-related immunosuppression due to low circulating CD4+ T cells is one component of increased risk, but other mechanisms, such as the effect of HIV on CD8+ T lymphocyte tumor infiltration and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in antitumor and antiviral response, is emerging as significant contributors. The goal of this article is to review existing research on HIV-HPV coinfected anal SCC and precancerous lesions, propose explanations for the detrimental synergy of HIV and HPV on the pathogenesis and immunologic response to HPV-associated cancers, and discuss implications for future treatments and immunotherapies in HIV-positive patients with HPV-mediated anal SCC. Key Messages: The incidence of anal squamous cell carcinoma is increased in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, even in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Locoregional HIV infection may enhance human papillomavirus oncogenicity. Chronic inflammation due to HIV infection may contribute to CD8+ T lymphocyte exhaustion by upregulating PD-1 expression, thereby blunting cytotoxic antitumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Bushara
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Katrina Krogh
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Samuel Edward Weinberg
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brian Steven Finkelman
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Leyu Sun
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jie Liao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Guang-Yu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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12
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Yoder AK, Lakomy DS, Dong Y, Raychaudhury S, Royse K, Hartman C, Richardson P, White DL, Kramer JR, Lin LL, Chiao E. The association between protease inhibitors and anal cancer outcomes in veterans living with HIV treated with definitive chemoradiation: a retrospective study. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:776. [PMID: 34225709 PMCID: PMC8256603 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08514-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of anal squamous cell carcinoma has been increasing, particularly in people living with HIV (PLWH). There is concern that radiosensitizing drugs, such as protease inhibitors, commonly used in the management of HIV, may increase toxicities in patients undergoing chemoradiation. This study examines treatment outcomes and toxicities in PLWH managed with and without protease inhibitors who are receiving chemoradiation for anal cancer. METHODS Patient demographic, HIV management, and cancer treatment information were extracted from multiple Veterans Affairs databases. Patients were also manually chart reviewed. Among PLWH undergoing chemoradiation for anal carcinoma, therapy outcomes and toxicities were compared between those treated with and without protease inhibitors at time of cancer treatment. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square, Cox regression analysis, and logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 219 PLWH taking anti-retroviral therapy undergoing chemoradiation for anal cancer were identified and included in the final analysis. The use of protease inhibitors was not associated with any survival outcome including colostomy-free survival, progression-free survival, or overall survival (all adjusted hazard ratio p-values> 0.05). Regarding toxicity, protease inhibitor use was not associated with an increased odds of hospitalizations or non-hematologic toxicities; however, protease inhibitor use was associated with increased hospitalizations for hematologic toxicities, including febrile neutropenia (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The use of protease inhibitors during chemoradiation for anal carcinoma was not associated with any clinical outcome or increase in non-hematologic toxicity. Their use was associated with increased hospitalizations for hematologic toxicities. Further prospective research is needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of protease inhibitors for patients undergoing chemoradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K Yoder
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern School of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David S Lakomy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Yongquan Dong
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1155 Pressler St. Unit, Houston, 1340, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Suchismita Raychaudhury
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1155 Pressler St. Unit, Houston, 1340, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kathryn Royse
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1155 Pressler St. Unit, Houston, 1340, USA
| | - Christine Hartman
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1155 Pressler St. Unit, Houston, 1340, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter Richardson
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1155 Pressler St. Unit, Houston, 1340, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Donna L White
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1155 Pressler St. Unit, Houston, 1340, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer R Kramer
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1155 Pressler St. Unit, Houston, 1340, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lilie L Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth Chiao
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1155 Pressler St. Unit, Houston, 1340, USA.
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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13
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14
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McGovern J, Fuller C, Burris K. Anal cancer screening and prevention: a review for dermatologists. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35:1622-1627. [PMID: 33797819 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of and mortality from anal cancer, predominantly squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), have been increasing since the 1980s, during an era when many common malignancies have seen decreases in mortality. Dermatologists may be more likely to see patients at an increased risk for anal SCC, such as those living with HIV, MSM and those presenting for management of anogenital warts, yet there is little guidance in the field on how to manage these patients. We underwent a project to review the evidence surrounding screening and prevention of anal SCC. HPV vaccination, the main preventative measure for anal SCC, is often underutilized and may not be effective for those most at risk. Screening methods currently include high-risk HPV and anal cytology testing, with high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) reserved for biopsy and confirmatory testing. High-risk HPV testing has been associated with high sensitivity for intraepithelial neoplasia, but low specificity in high-risk groups. Recent meta-analyses examining AIN detection using anal cytology estimate a similarly high sensitivity of 74-87%, with a relatively higher specificity (44-66%) for identifying high-grade AIN. HRA is the gold standard for diagnosis, but its accessibility and cost are deterrents from its use as a screening tool. Cervical cancer screening, initially adopted without significant evidence of its impact, has significantly decreased cervical cancer rates. The argument can be made that rates of anal SCC may also benefit from appropriate screening methods, particularly anal cytology. It is prudent for dermatologists to be aware of the methods available to them in the management of at-risk patients, the data supporting them, and the potential benefits of screening in order to counsel patients appropriately and address the increasing burden of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McGovern
- Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Fuller
- Department of Dermatology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K Burris
- Department of Dermatology, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Fuertes I, Cranston R, de Lazzari E, Rodriguez-Carunchio L, Blanco JL. Response factors associated with electrocautery treatment of intra-anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in a population of HIV-positive men who have sex with men. Int J STD AIDS 2021; 32:1052-1059. [PMID: 33978536 DOI: 10.1177/09564624211017005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ablative treatment of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) reduces the risk of progression to anal squamous cell carcinoma. OBJECTIVES To identify factors that influence the response to treatment of anal HSIL by electrocautery ablation (ECA) in a population of HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM). DESIGN Retrospective study of ECA treatment response in a prospectively followed anal dysplasia cohort. HIV-positive MSM diagnosed with anal HSIL were included. Demographic and HIV data were recorded. Response to treatment was assessed by biopsy after at least 18 months of follow-up. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-eight HSILs in 91 men were included in this study. The overall response rate at 18 months was 70.3%. The number of electrocautery sessions required (2 ECA sessions vs 1: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.36 (95%CI 0.13-1.01); >=3 sessions vs 1: aOR = 0.10 (95%CI 0.04-0.29); p < 0.001]) and the history of previous HPV-related anal pathology (previous anal lesions vs no previous lesions AOR = 2.83 (95%CI 1.14-7.02), p = 0.024) were independently associated with response at 18 months. No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS Consideration should be given to alternative therapies in patients with unresolved HSIL after 1 ECA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Fuertes
- Department of Dermatology, 16493Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ross Cranston
- Department of Infectious Diseases, 16493Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa de Lazzari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, 16493Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - José L Blanco
- Department of Infectious Diseases, 16493Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Hernández-Ramírez RU, Qin L, Lin H, Leyden W, Neugebauer RS, Althoff KN, Hessol NA, Achenbach CJ, Brooks JT, Gill MJ, Grover S, Horberg MA, Li J, Mathews WC, Mayor AM, Patel P, Rabkin CS, Rachlis A, Justice AC, Moore RD, Engels EA, Silverberg MJ, Dubrow R. Association of Immunosuppression and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Viremia With Anal Cancer Risk in Persons Living With HIV in the United States and Canada. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 70:1176-1185. [PMID: 31044245 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PLWH) have a markedly elevated anal cancer risk, largely due to loss of immunoregulatory control of oncogenic human papillomavirus infection. To better understand anal cancer development and prevention, we determined whether recent, past, cumulative, or nadir/peak CD4+ T-cell count (CD4) and/or HIV-1 RNA level (HIV RNA) best predict anal cancer risk. METHODS We studied 102 777 PLWH during 1996-2014 from 21 cohorts participating in the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design. Using demographics-adjusted, cohort-stratified Cox models, we assessed associations between anal cancer risk and various time-updated CD4 and HIV RNA measures, including cumulative and nadir/peak measures during prespecified moving time windows. We compared models using the Akaike information criterion. RESULTS Cumulative and nadir/peak CD4 or HIV RNA measures from approximately 8.5 to 4.5 years in the past were generally better predictors for anal cancer risk than their corresponding more recent measures. However, the best model included CD4 nadir (ie, the lowest CD4) from approximately 8.5 years to 6 months in the past (hazard ratio [HR] for <50 vs ≥500 cells/µL, 13.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.5-51.0) and proportion of time CD4 <200 cells/µL from approximately 8.5 to 4.5 years in the past (a cumulative measure; HR for 100% vs 0%, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.5-6.6). CONCLUSIONS Our results are consistent with anal cancer promotion by severe, prolonged HIV-induced immunosuppression. Nadir and cumulative CD4 may represent useful markers for identifying PLWH at higher anal cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl U Hernández-Ramírez
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Haiqun Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Wendy Leyden
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland
| | | | - Keri N Althoff
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nancy A Hessol
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Chad J Achenbach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John T Brooks
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - M John Gill
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Surbhi Grover
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Michael A Horberg
- Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic States, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Jun Li
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Angel M Mayor
- Retrovirus Research Center, Department of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
| | - Pragna Patel
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Charles S Rabkin
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Anita Rachlis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy C Justice
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Research Service, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven
| | - Richard D Moore
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eric A Engels
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Robert Dubrow
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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17
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Brogden DRL, Khoo CC, Kontovounisios C, Pellino G, Chong I, Tait D, Warren OJ, Bower M, Tekkis P, Mills SC. Anal squamous cell carcinoma in a high HIV prevalence population. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:3. [PMID: 33844706 PMCID: PMC7878215 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ASCC) is a rare cancer that has a rapidly increasing incidence in areas with highly developed economies. ASCC is strongly associated with HIV and there appears to be increasing numbers of younger male persons living with HIV (PLWH) diagnosed with ASCC. This is a retrospective cohort study of HIV positive and HIV negative patients diagnosed with primary ASCC between January 2000 and January 2020 in a demographic group with high prevalence rates of HIV. One Hundred and seventy six patients were included, and clinical data was retrieved from multiple, prospective databases. A clinical subgroup was identified in this cohort of younger HIV positive males who were more likely to have had a prior diagnosis of Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (AIN). Gender and HIV status had no effect on staging or disease-free survival. PLWH were more likely to develop a recurrence (p < 0.000) but had a longer time to recurrence than HIV negative patients, however this was not statistically significant (46.1 months vs. 17.5 months; p = 0.077). Patients known to have a previous diagnosis of AIN were more likely to have earlier staging and local tumour excision. Five-year Disease-Free Survival was associated with tumour size and the absence of nodal or metastatic disease (p < 0.000).
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle R. L. Brogden
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Christos Kontovounisios
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gianluca Pellino
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Università Degli Studi Della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- Colorectal Surgery, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Chong
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Diana Tait
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Oliver J. Warren
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Bower
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paris Tekkis
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Imperial College London, London, UK
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sarah. C. Mills
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Imperial College London, London, UK
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18
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Finneran C, Johnson Peretz J, Blemur D, Palefsky J, Flowers L. "That's Only for Women": The Importance of Educating HIV-Positive Sexual Minority Men on HPV and High Resolution Anoscopy (HRA). J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2021; 20:23259582211016134. [PMID: 34056930 PMCID: PMC8170352 DOI: 10.1177/23259582211016134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) experience disproportionately high burdens of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)-associated anal cancers. Recent focus has shifted to anorectal cancer prevention through high-resolution anoscopy (HRA); however, little is known about sexual minority men's perceptions, attitudes, or beliefs regarding HRA. We conducted 4 qualitative Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) (n = 15) with sexual minority men, focusing on their beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions of undergoing HRA. Participants discussed their experiences of HPV/HRA as influenced by both their gender and sexuality, including unawareness of HPV disease as a male health issue, challenges relating to female-oriented HPV/HRA language, conception of HPV/HRA as related to prostate health, and connecting their sexual behavior identification as "bottoms" to their need for HRA. As efforts to improve HRA knowledge, access, and uptake among sexual and gender minority communities increase, special attention should be paid to language and messaging choices around HRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Finneran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine
in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jason Johnson Peretz
- Global Health and Clinical Science, University of California San
Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Blemur
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; Emory University School of
Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joel Palefsky
- Department of Infectious Disease; University of California San
Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Flowers
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; Emory University School of
Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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19
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Nongnuch A, Petcharut J, Suksuwan W, Davenport A, Phuphuakrat A. Causes of hypercalcemia in people living with HIV in the HAART era. HIV Res Clin Pract 2020; 21:115-120. [PMID: 33076771 DOI: 10.1080/25787489.2020.1836900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypercalcemia is an uncommon finding in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Causes of hypercalcemia in PLHIV have not been well documented. As such, we studied the causes of hypercalcemia in PLHIV. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of PLHIV who had corrected serum calcium of ≥10.5 mg/dL between 2010 and 2019. Demographic data, associated diseases, and treatment details were collected. Corrected serum calcium levels were compared among the causes of hypercalcemia. RESULTS A total of 70 of 2168 (3.2%) PLHIV had hypercalcemia. Forty-nine (70.0%) were male with a mean age of 47.7 ± 4.7 years. Only two (2.9%) had symptoms of hypercalcemia. Fifty-four patients had identifiable causes of hypercalcemia; 21 infections (30.0%), 17 solid organ malignancies (24.3%), 14 hematologic malignancies (20.0%), and two other specific causes (2.9%). Mean corrected serum calcium concentrations of PLHIV who had solid organ malignancy, hematologic malignancy, infection, and unknown causes were 12.8 ± 2.1, 11.4 ± 1.0, 11.2 ± 0.6, and 10.8 ± 0.2 mg/dL, respectively. Corrected serum calcium levels were significantly greater in patients who had solid organ malignancy comparing to those with other causes of hypercalcemia (p < 0.05, all). Logistic regression identified solid organ malignancy as the only factor associated with moderate to severe hypercalcemia (odds ratio 12.72, 95% confidence interval 3.11-52.08; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Hypercalcemia in PLHIV is associated with solid organ malignancy, hematologic malignancy, and infection. Most PLHIV with hypercalcemia are asymptomatic. Solid organ malignancy is associated with moderate to severe hypercalcemia, and as such PLHIV presenting with moderate to severe hypercalcemia should be investigated for solid organ malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkom Nongnuch
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jutatip Petcharut
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Worramin Suksuwan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Andrew Davenport
- UCL Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, UK
| | - Angsana Phuphuakrat
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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20
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Power Foley M, Kelly ME, Kerr C, Kennedy C, Gallagher D, Gillham C, Mehigan BJ, McCormick PH, Bergin C, Larkin JO. Management of anal intraepithelial neoplasia and anal squamous cell carcinoma at a tertiary referral centre with a dedicated infectious diseases unit: an 18-year review. Int J Colorectal Dis 2020; 35:1855-1864. [PMID: 32500433 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-020-03640-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) is a rare malignancy with rising incidence rates. Risk factors include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, high-risk sexual activity and HPV-related genitourinary dysplasia/neoplasia. There is an overlap between high-risk patients and those attending HIV Medicine/Sexual Health (HMSH) services. We hypothesised that HMSH involvement may facilitate earlier referral to colorectal surgeons, with better outcomes. METHODS Retrospective review of all ASCC and anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) treated at a tertiary-referral hospital with a dedicated HMSH clinic between 2000 and 2018. Comparative analysis was performed of demographics, management and outcomes between HMSH and non-HMSH patients. RESULTS One hundred and nine patients had anal pathology, eighty-five with ASCC (78%) and twenty-four with AIN (22%). Seventy (64%) were male. Median (range) age at ASCC diagnosis was 51 years (26-88). Thirty-six percent of all patients attended HMSH services, 28% were HIV positive, and 41% of males were men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM). Eighty-one ASCC patients (97.5%) were treated with curative intent. Sixty-seven (80%) had primary chemoradiation therapy. Fifteen (17.5%) had primary surgical excision. Twelve (14%) developed recurrent disease. Ultimately, seven required salvage APR. Overall 3-year survival (3YS) was 76%. HMSH patients were significantly younger at ASCC diagnosis (p < 0.001), with a higher prevalence of HIV, HPV and MSM. HMSH attenders also tended to be diagnosed at earlier stages, were less likely to develop recurrence and achieved better overall outcomes, with a superior overall 3YS than non-HMSH patients (92% vs 72%, p = 0.037). CONCLUSION ASCC incidence is increasing worldwide. The HMSH cohort has emerged as a distinct subpopulation of younger, high-risk, male patients. Collaboration between HMSH and colorectal surgeons offers an opportunity for risk reduction strategies and earlier intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Power Foley
- Department of Colorectal & General Surgery, St James' Hospital, Dublin, 8, Ireland. .,School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - M E Kelly
- Department of Colorectal & General Surgery, St James' Hospital, Dublin, 8, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - C Kerr
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Disease, St James' Hospital, Dublin, 8, Ireland
| | - C Kennedy
- Department of Colorectal & General Surgery, St James' Hospital, Dublin, 8, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - D Gallagher
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Medical Oncology, St James' Hospital, Dublin, 8, Ireland
| | - C Gillham
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, St James' Hospital, Dublin, 8, Ireland
| | - B J Mehigan
- Department of Colorectal & General Surgery, St James' Hospital, Dublin, 8, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - P H McCormick
- Department of Colorectal & General Surgery, St James' Hospital, Dublin, 8, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - C Bergin
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Disease, St James' Hospital, Dublin, 8, Ireland
| | - J O Larkin
- Department of Colorectal & General Surgery, St James' Hospital, Dublin, 8, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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21
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Cerejeira A, Cunha S, Coelho R, Macedo G, Barkoudah E, Azevedo F, Lisboa C. Perianal warts as a risk marker for anal high-risk-human papillomavirus (HPV) detection and HPV-associated diseases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:2613-2619. [PMID: 32713086 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genital warts are the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) and are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Persistent anal infection by oncogenic genotypes of HPV is a determinant for anal cancer. Currently, anal cancer screening is not widely implemented. OBJECTIVES Our aim is to evaluate the role of perianal warts as a risk marker for anal high-risk (HR) HPV detection and anal dysplasia. METHODS In this observational, retrospective, cohort study of attendees of a STI outpatient clinic between January 2010 and June 2018, all human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) who performed anal cytology, anal HPV DNA detection and anoscopy were included. A comparison was made between patients with and without perianal warts. Primary endpoint: proportion of patients with an abnormal anal cytology. Secondary endpoints: proportion of patients with (i) anal HR-HPV detection; (ii) anal HPV 16 detection; (iii) abnormal anal biopsy; and (iv) anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). RESULTS Seventy-eight individuals were included: 39 with perianal warts and 39 without perianal warts. Subjects with perianal warts more frequently had an abnormal anal cytology (71.8% vs. 38.5%; P = 0.003). This group also had a higher rate of anal HPV 16 detection (38.5% vs. 12.8%; P = 0.01). No differences were detected in the proportion of patients with anal HR-HPV detection, with an abnormal anal biopsy or with anal HSIL. Perianal warts was an independent risk factor for an abnormal anal cytology (OR: 7.2) and for anal HPV 16 detection (OR: 6.7). CONCLUSION Given the high risk of anal cancer in HIV-positive MSM, effective screening strategies are greatly needed. This study suggests that the presence of perianal warts is a suitable risk marker for anal HPV 16 detection and anal dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cerejeira
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, EPE Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - S Cunha
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - R Coelho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João EPE, Porto, Portugal
| | - G Macedo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João EPE, Porto, Portugal
| | - E Barkoudah
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - F Azevedo
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, EPE Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - C Lisboa
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, EPE Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Microbiology Service, Department of Pathology and CINTESIS, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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22
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Agan BK, Ganesan A, Byrne M, Deiss R, Schofield C, Maves RC, Okulicz J, Chu X, O'Bryan T, Lalani T, Kronmann K, Ferguson T, Robb ML, Whitman TJ, Burgess TH, Michael N, Tramont E. The US Military HIV Natural History Study: Informing Military HIV Care and Policy for Over 30 Years. Mil Med 2020; 184:6-17. [PMID: 31778201 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usy430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In October 1985, 4 years after the initial descriptions of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) began routine screening for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to prevent infected recruits from exposure to live virus vaccines, implemented routine active-duty force screening to ensure timely care and help protect the walking blood bank, and initiated the U.S. Military HIV Natural History Study (NHS) to develop epidemiologic, clinical, and basic science evidence to inform military HIV policy and establish a repository of data and specimens for future research. Here, we have reviewed accomplishments of the NHS over the past 30 years and sought to describe relevant trends among NHS subjects over this time, with emphasis on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) use and non-AIDS comorbidities. METHODS Subjects who were prospectively enrolled in the NHS from 1986 through 2015 were included in this analysis. Time periods were classified by decade of study conduct, 1986-1995, 1996-2005, and 2006-2015, which also correlate approximately with pre-, early-, and late-combination ART (cART) eras. Analyses included descriptive statistics and comparisons among decades. We also evaluated mean community log10 HIV viral load (CVL) and CD4 counts for each year. RESULTS A total of 5,758 subjects were enrolled between 1986 and 2015, of whom 92% were male with a median age of 28 years, and 45% were African-American, 42% Caucasian, and 13% Hispanic/other. The proportion of African-Americans remained stable over the decades (45%, 47%, and 42%, respectively), while the proportion of Hispanic/other increased (10%, 13%, and 24%, respectively). The CD4 count at HIV diagnosis has remained high (median 496 cells/uL), while the occurrence of AIDS-defining conditions (excluding low CD4 count) has decreased by decade (36.7%, 5.4%, and 2.9%, respectively). Following the introduction of effective cART in 1996, CVL declined through 2000 as use increased and then plateaued until guidelines changed. After 2004, cART use again increased and CVL declined further until 2012-15 when the vast majority of subjects achieved viral suppression. Non-AIDS comorbidities have remained common, with approximately half of subjects experiencing one or more new diagnoses overall and nearly half of subjects diagnosed between 2006 and 2015, in spite of their relatively young age, shorter median follow-up, and wide use of cART. CONCLUSIONS The US Military HIV NHS has been critical to understanding the impact of HIV infection among active-duty service members and military beneficiaries, as well as producing insights that are broadly relevant. In addition, the rich repository of NHS data and specimens serves as a resource to investigators in the DoD, NIH, and academic community, markedly increasing scientific yield and identifying novel associations. Looking forward, the NHS remains relevant to understanding host factor correlates of virologic and immunologic control, biologic pathways of HIV pathogenesis, causes and consequences of residual inflammation in spite of effective cART, identifying predictors of and potential approaches to mitigation of excess non-AIDS comorbidities, and helping to understand the latent reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Agan
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817
| | - Anuradha Ganesan
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20852
| | - Morgan Byrne
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817
| | - Robert Deiss
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Naval Medical Center San Diego, 34800 Bob Wilson Drive, San Diego, CA 92134
| | - Christina Schofield
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Madigan Army Medical Center, 9040A Jackson Avenue, Joint Base Lewis McChord, WA 98431
| | - Ryan C Maves
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Naval Medical Center San Diego, 34800 Bob Wilson Drive, San Diego, CA 92134
| | - Jason Okulicz
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814.,Infectious Disease Service, San Antonio Military Medical Center, 3551 Roger Brooke Drive, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234
| | - Xiuping Chu
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817
| | - Thomas O'Bryan
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817.,Infectious Disease Service, San Antonio Military Medical Center, 3551 Roger Brooke Drive, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234
| | - Tahaniyat Lalani
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, 620 John Paul Jones Circle, Portsmouth, VA 23708
| | - Karl Kronmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, 620 John Paul Jones Circle, Portsmouth, VA 23708
| | - Tomas Ferguson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Madigan Army Medical Center, 9040A Jackson Avenue, Joint Base Lewis McChord, WA 98431
| | - Merlin L Robb
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910
| | - Timothy J Whitman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20852
| | - Timothy H Burgess
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Nelson Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910
| | - Edmund Tramont
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5601 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20892
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23
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Shmakova A, Germini D, Vassetzky Y. HIV-1, HAART and cancer: A complex relationship. Int J Cancer 2020; 146:2666-2679. [PMID: 31603989 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
HIV infected people are at higher risk of developing cancer, although it is globally diminished in the era of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). Recently, antioncogenic properties of some HAART drugs were discovered. We discuss the role of HAART in the prevention and improvement of treatment outcomes of cancers in HIV-infected people. We describe different trends in HAART-cancer relationships: cancer-predisposing as well as cancer-preventing. We cover the roles of particular drug regimens in cancer prevention. We also describe the causes of cancer treatment with HAART drugs in HIV-negative people, including ongoing clinical studies that may directly point to a possible independent anti-oncogenic activity of HAART drugs. We conclude that despite potent antioncogenic activities of every class of HAART drugs reported in preclinical models, the evidence to date indicates that their independent clinical impact in HIV-infected people is limited. Improved cancer prevention strategies besides HAART are needed to reduce HIV-cancer-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shmakova
- UMR 8126, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Édouard-Vaillant, Villejuif, France
- LIA 1066 LFR2O French-Russian Joint Cancer Research Laboratory, Édouard-Vaillant, Villejuif, France
- Laboratory of Gene and Cell Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Diego Germini
- UMR 8126, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Édouard-Vaillant, Villejuif, France
- LIA 1066 LFR2O French-Russian Joint Cancer Research Laboratory, Édouard-Vaillant, Villejuif, France
| | - Yegor Vassetzky
- UMR 8126, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Édouard-Vaillant, Villejuif, France
- LIA 1066 LFR2O French-Russian Joint Cancer Research Laboratory, Édouard-Vaillant, Villejuif, France
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, Russia
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24
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Heer E, Hackl M, Ferlitsch M, Waldhoer T, Yang L. Trends in incidence of anal cancer in Austria, 1983-2016. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2020; 132:438-443. [PMID: 32130523 PMCID: PMC7445201 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-020-01622-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Recent reports have noted increasing rates of anal cancer among high-income countries worldwide; however, little is known about these trends in Austria. Methods Data on anal cancer from 1983 to 2016 were obtained from Statistics Austria. All tumors (n = 3567) were classified into anal squamous cell carcinomas (ASCC), anal adenocarcinomas (AADC), and others (unspecified carcinoma and other specific carcinoma). Anal cancer incidence rates were calculated in 5‑year cycles and incidence average annual percentage change (AAPC) to evaluate trends by sex, histology and age group. Results The incidence rate of anal cancer was higher among females than males (relative risk, RR = 1.66, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.55–1.79, p < 0.0001). From 1983 through 2016, incident anal cancer increased significantly (0.92 per 100,000 person-years to 1.85 per 100,000 person-years, AAPC = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.52 to 2.34, p < 0.0001), particularly among those 40–69 years old. From 1983 through 2016, the increasing anal cancer incidence was primarily driven by ASCC (0.47–1.20 per 100,000 person-years, AAPC = 2.23, 95% CI: 1.58 to 2.88, p < 0.0001) and others (other than ASCC and AADC, AAPC = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.01–2.55), yet stable in AADC (AAPC = 0.88, 95% CI: −0.48–2.25). Conclusions Despite being a rare cancer in Austria, the increase in anal cancer incidence rate from 1983 to 2016 was substantial, particularly in ASCC. The observed rising trends reflect the need to investigate associated risk factors that have increased over time to inform preventive measures. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00508-020-01622-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Heer
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Monika Hackl
- Austrian National Cancer Registry, Statistics Austria, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Ferlitsch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Waldhoer
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lin Yang
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Oncology & Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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25
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Hur H, Jung KW, Kim BW, Oh CM, Won YJ, Oh JH, Kim NK. Long-term Oncologic Outcome and Its Relevant Factors in Anal Cancer in Korea: A Nationwide Data Analysis. Ann Coloproctol 2020; 36:35-40. [PMID: 32146787 PMCID: PMC7069677 DOI: 10.3393/ac.2019.07.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Anal cancer is a rare disease in Korea, and thus survival analyses are limited by small sample sizes. This study used the Korea Central Cancer Registry (KCCR) for a survival analysis and for assessing characteristics of anal cancer in a large sample of Koreans. Methods From the KCCR, data on 3,615 patients who were diagnosed and treated for anal cancer from 1993 to 2015 were retrieved. Clinicopathologic variables including age, sex, histological type, and Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) stage were reviewed, and a survival analysis was performed according to these variables. Results The 5-year relative survival rate improved from 39.7% in 1993–1995 to 66.5% in 2011–2015. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common and showed the highest survival rate. Males and older patients (≥40 years and ≥70 years) showed poor prognoses. Conclusion The survival rate for anal cancer in Korea has improved steadily over time. The characteristics related to survival were the histological type, sex, and age. These statistics will be fundamental for future Korean anal cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Hur
- Korean Colorectal Cancer Study Group (KOCCS), The Korean Society of Coloproctology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu-Won Jung
- Cancer Registration and Statistics Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Byung-Woo Kim
- Cancer Registration and Statistics Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Chang-Mo Oh
- Cancer Registration and Statistics Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Young-Joo Won
- Cancer Registration and Statistics Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Oh
- Korean Colorectal Cancer Study Group (KOCCS), The Korean Society of Coloproctology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Kyu Kim
- Korean Colorectal Cancer Study Group (KOCCS), The Korean Society of Coloproctology, Seoul, Korea
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26
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Kelly H, Chikandiwa A, Alemany Vilches L, Palefsky JM, de Sanjose S, Mayaud P. Association of antiretroviral therapy with anal high-risk human papillomavirus, anal intraepithelial neoplasia, and anal cancer in people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet HIV 2020; 7:e262-e278. [PMID: 32109408 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(19)30434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the natural history of anal high-risk HPV and anal lesion progression is not well established. We reviewed the association of ART and other HIV-related factors on anal HPV infection, anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN), and anal cancer among people living with HIV. METHODS For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for studies published between Jan 1, 1996, and Oct 30, 2019, that reported the association of HIV-related exposures (ART or highly active ART [HAART], HIV-RNA plasma viral load [PVL], and nadir or current CD4 cell count) with outcomes of anal high-risk HPV prevalence, incidence, and persistence; prevalence, incidence, progression, or regression of anal histological and cytological abnormalities; and anal cancer incidence. Effect estimates were extracted whenever available; otherwise, they were calculated from raw data. We assessed the risk of bias of included studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale, and random-effects meta-analyses were done to examine heterogeneity using the I2 statistic. This study is registered on the PROSPERO database, CRD42018007271. FINDINGS We identified 6777 studies, of which 5377 were excluded before full-text review. 122 studies providing estimates for 130 distinct populations matched the inclusion criteria. The populations comprised 417 006 people living with HIV (women, men who have sex with men, and men who have sex with women). 41 (32%) population estimates were not stratified by sex or sexual orientation. People living with HIV receiving ART had 35% lower high-risk HPV prevalence than ART-naive people (crude odds ratio [OR] 0·65, 95% CI 0·54-0·79; I2 12·1%, p=0·31) in 18 studies, and prolonged ART use was associated with a 10% reduction per year in high-risk HPV prevalence in two studies (adjusted OR 0·90, 0·85-0·95; I2 0%, p=0·88). People living with HIV with undetectable PVL had lower HSIL-AIN2+ prevalence than those with detectable PVL (crude OR 0·84, 0·72-0·98; I2 0%, p=0·80) in 16 studies, particularly if sustained for more than 1 year (crude OR 0·62, 0·47-0·81; I2 0%, p=0·51). ART was not associated with anal cancer incidence when adjusted for years living with HIV in three studies (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1·11, 95% CI 0·68-1·80; I2 0%, p=0·57), but ART users with sustained undetectable HIV PVL had 44% lower risk of anal cancer than those without (adjusted HR 0·56, 0·44-0·70; I2 0%, p=0·94) and for each increase in nadir CD4 cell counts of 100 cells per μL, there was a 40% decrease in anal cancer incidence (crude HR 0·60, 0·46-0·78; I2 21·7%, p=0·26). INTERPRETATION Effective ART use and early initiation at high nadir CD4 counts might reduce anal high-risk HPV infection and anal cancer risk. Although most studies were cross-sectional in design and few adjusted for potential confounders, this analysis provides comprehensive estimates of the effect of ART and HIV-related factors on the natural history of anal HPV-related disease in people living with HIV. FUNDING EU Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Kelly
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Admire Chikandiwa
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Laia Alemany Vilches
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joel M Palefsky
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Silvia de Sanjose
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain; PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Philippe Mayaud
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Gaisa MM, Sigel K, Zheng W, Liu Y, Wang Y. Negative Predictive Value of Human Papillomavirus Testing: Implications for Anal Cancer Screening in People Living with HIV/AIDS. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:6352315. [PMID: 32411239 PMCID: PMC7204264 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6352315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) have an increased incidence of anal squamous cell carcinoma. Since high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) is the primary cause, hrHPV DNA testing may play an important role in anal cancer screening. This study aims to determine the negative predictive value (NPV) of hrHPV testing in PLWHA as well as factors that may lead to false-negative results. METHODS Anal swabs were collected for cytology and Cobas® 4800 HPV test for 14 hrHPV types. Patients underwent concomitant high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) examination and biopsy. High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL, synonymous with anal intraepithelial neoplasia AIN2 and 3) detected in Cobas-negative patients were genotyped for 22 HPV types using BioPerfectus Multiplex Real-time PCR. RESULTS 156 PLWHA tested negative for hrHPV on anal swab samples (i.e., Cobas-negative). HRA-guided biopsy detected HSIL/AIN3 in 13 patients (8%, NPV 92%), HSIL/AIN2 in 5 patients (3%), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in 82 (LSIL, 53%), or benign findings in 56 (36%). No cancer was found. The HSIL group was similar to the LSIL/benign group regarding age, gender, race/ethnicity, clinical HIV parameters, cytological diagnoses, history of receptive anal sex, and smoking (p ≥ 0.02). Genotyping HSIL tissue derived from Cobas-negative patients revealed hrHPV (n=7), possibly carcinogenic HPV53, 67, 73, 82 (n=12), or absence of hrHPV (n=4). CONCLUSIONS In this series, anal hrHPV DNA testing offered 92% NPV for PLWHA; in other words, a 8% risk of occult precancer remains for those who test hrHPV negative on anal swab samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael M. Gaisa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Keith Sigel
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wenxin Zheng
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Simons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
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28
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Sadlier C, Lynam A, Kerr C, Sheils O, Bergin C. Anal cancer in people living with HIV: A case series. Int J STD AIDS 2019; 31:82-84. [PMID: 31842694 DOI: 10.1177/0956462419878039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes almost 5% of all cancers worldwide including cervical cancer, oropharyngeal cancers, vulval cancer, penile cancer and anal cancer. HPV-associated anal squamous cell carcinoma is a rare occurrence in the general population; however, the incidence is increasing. Certain groups including people living with HIV are disproportionately affected. In this case series, we report baseline demographics, clinical characteristics and outcome of anal cancer cases presenting in people living with HIV over a ten-year period (2006–2015).
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Sadlier
- Cork University Hospital, Wilton Road, Cork, Ireland.,Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Almida Lynam
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Diseases (GUIDE), St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm Kerr
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Diseases (GUIDE), St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Orla Sheils
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Histopathology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm Bergin
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Diseases (GUIDE), St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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29
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Anal squamous intraepithelial lesions: an update and proposed management algorithm. Tech Coloproctol 2019; 24:95-103. [DOI: 10.1007/s10151-019-02133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Grace D, Gaspar M, Rosenes R, Grewal R, Burchell AN, Grennan T, Salit IE. Economic barriers, evidentiary gaps, and ethical conundrums: a qualitative study of physicians' challenges recommending HPV vaccination to older gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. Int J Equity Health 2019; 18:159. [PMID: 31623613 PMCID: PMC6798383 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-019-1067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBM), and GBM living with HIV in particular, are disproportionately impacted by HPV-associated cancers. The HPV vaccine, given early enough in life, may markedly reduce the likelihood of such cancers. In Canada, most provincial insurance programs only cover HPV vaccination for GBM up to the age of 26. Our objective was to understand physicians' everyday experiences and challenges in recommending HPV vaccination to older GBM patients. METHODS As part of the HPV Screening and Vaccine Evaluation (HPV-SAVE) Study, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 25 HIV-positive GBM patients who had received anal cancer screening and 15 service providers, including 13 physicians, who had arranged for anal cancer screening in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and British Columbia. In this analysis, we draw upon the 13 physician interviews, which were coded following Grounded Theory. RESULTS Physicians strongly supported the HPV vaccine for all GBM and considered it to be important for the management of HIV-related care. However, the overall support for HPV vaccination among physicians did not translate into consistent recommendation practices. There were two overarching factors that limited the strength/frequency of physicians' vaccine recommendation practices. First, cost/insurance coverage for some older patients impacted if and how the HPV vaccine was discussed. Second, physicians had diverse perspectives on both the prevention and therapeutic benefits of vaccinating older GBM and the reality that national guidelines are incongruent with publicly funded vaccine programs for vaccinating patients over 26 years old. These two interrelated factors have co-produced an apparent economic-evidentiary conundrum for many physicians regarding how and for whom to offer HPV vaccination. CONCLUSION Economic barriers coupled with evidentiary and guideline gaps have created clinical practice challenges for physicians and has resulted in different messages being communicated to some older GBM patients about how important HPV vaccination is for their health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Grace
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7 Canada
| | - Mark Gaspar
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7 Canada
| | - Ron Rosenes
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4 Canada
| | - Ramandip Grewal
- Department of Family and Community Medicine and MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond St, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8 Canada
| | - Ann N. Burchell
- Department of Family and Community Medicine and MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond St, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8 Canada
| | - Troy Grennan
- BC Centre for Disease Control, 655 West 12th Ave., Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4 Canada
| | - Irving E. Salit
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4 Canada
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Fuertes I, Bastida C, Lopez-Cabezas C, Rodríguez-Carunchio L, Ordi J, Mallolas J, Cranston RD, Blanco JL. The effectiveness and tolerability of imiquimod suppositories to treat extensive intra-anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions/warts in HIV-infected individuals. Int J STD AIDS 2019; 30:1194-1200. [PMID: 31558130 DOI: 10.1177/0956462419864506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Topical imiquimod is a potential treatment for intra-anal condyloma and squamous intraepithelial lesions caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). We aimed to assess the effectiveness and tolerability of imiquimod suppositories for the treatment of anal high-grade intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and condylomas in HIV-infected patients. We conducted a retrospective analysis in a prospectively followed cohort. High-resolution anoscopy was used for diagnosis and assessment following treatment. Patients’ tolerability was assessed with a self-administered survey. Ninety-five patients (94.7% men) were analyzed. All were on combination antiretroviral therapy. Median CD4 T-cell count was 690 cells/µL, 89% had undetectable plasma viral load. Response to imiquimod was seen in 46.3% (complete: 12.5%, partial: 33.8%) in the intent-to-treat analysis, and in 55.2% (complete: 14.9%, partial: 40.3%) in the on-treatment analysis. Higher response rates were observed for anal condyloma compared with HSIL. A significantly poorer response rate was observed in smokers and in individuals with lower nadir CD4 T-cell counts. Imiquimod tolerability was “good” in 57.1% (n = 36), “acceptable” in 33.3% (n = 21), and “poor” in 9.5% (n = 6). Systemic side effects were reported in 20.7% (n = 13). There was no association between treatment effect and tolerability. In conclusion, imiquimod stands as a well-tolerated option for the treatment of HPV-associated intra-anal pathology in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Fuertes
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Bastida
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Lopez-Cabezas
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jaume Ordi
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Salut Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Mallolas
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ross D Cranston
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Luís Blanco
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain
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Patel P, Bush T, Kojic EM, Conley L, Unger ER, Darragh TM, Henry K, Hammer J, Escota G, Palefsky JM, Brooks JT. Prevalence, Incidence, and Clearance of Anal High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection Among HIV-Infected Men in the SUN Study. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:953-963. [PMID: 29211874 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The natural history of anal human papilloma virus (HPV) infection among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men is unknown. Methods Annually, from 2004 to 2012, we examined baseline prevalence, incidence, and clearance of anal HPV infection at 48 months, and associated factors among HIV-infected men. Results We examined 403 men who have sex with men (MSM) and 96 men who have sex with women (MSW) (median age 42 years for both, 78% versus 81% prescribed cART, median CD4+ T-lymphocyte cell count 454 versus 379 cells/mm3, and 74% versus 75% had undetectable viral load, respectively). Type 16 prevalence among MSM and MSW was 38% versus 14% (P < .001), and incidence 24% versus 7% (P = .001). Type 18 prevalence was 24% versus 8% (P < .001), and incidence 13% versus 4% (P = .027). Among MSM and MSW, clearance of prevalent HPV 16 and HPV 18 was 31% and 60% (P = .392), and 47% and 25% (P = .297), respectively. Among MSM, receptive anal sex (with or without a condom) was associated with persistent HPV 16 (OR 2.24, P < .001). Conclusions MSM had higher prevalence and incidence of HPV than MSW, but similar clearance. Receptive anal sex may predict cancer risk among HIV-infected MSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragna Patel
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tim Bush
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Lois Conley
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Keith Henry
- Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - John Hammer
- Denver Infectious Disease Consultants, Colorado
| | - Gerome Escota
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - John T Brooks
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Optimizing Screening for Sexually Transmitted Infections in Men Using Self-Collected Swabs: A Systematic Review. Sex Transm Dis 2019; 45:294-300. [PMID: 29465701 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexually transmitted infection (STI) rates are increasing in the United States while funding for prevention and treatment programs has declined. Sample self-collection for STI testing in men may provide an acceptable, easy, rapid, and potentially cost-effective method for increasing diagnosis and treatment of STIs. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of articles assessing self-collection of anal, oral, or genital swab samples among adult men for detection of STIs and/or human papillomavirus-related dysplasia. We searched for English-language articles in which men 18 years or older were recruited to participate. RESULTS Our literature search resulted in 1053 citations, with 20 meeting inclusion criteria. Self-collection methods were highly sensitive and comparable with clinician collection for detection of multiple STI pathogens. However, self-collected samples were less likely to be of adequate quality for anorectal cytology and less sensitive for detection of anal intraepithelial neoplasia than clinician-collected samples. Self-collection was highly acceptable. Overall, studies were small and heterogeneous and used designs providing lower levels of evidence. CONCLUSIONS Self-collection methods are a viable option for collecting samples for STI testing in adult men based on their high feasibility, acceptability, and validity. Implementation of self-collection procedures in STI testing venues should be performed to expand opportunities for STI detection and treatment.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) HIV-positive individuals have elevated rates of anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and sexually transmitted infections with its causative agent, high-risk human papillomavirus, and other oncoviruses including hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV infection can cause liver cancer, and has been associated with increased risk of some extra-hepatic cancers including biliary tract cancer, pancreatic cancer, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Whether HBV is associated with anal SCC risk is unknown. DESIGN Prospective study of anal SCC risk in HIV-positive and HIV-negative MSM in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study from 1984 to 2014. METHODS Poisson regression models were used to examine the association between past or current HBV infection (positive tests for HBV core antibodies, surface antigen, and/or DNA) and anal SCC risk. RESULTS We observed 53 cases of anal SCC among 5298 participants with 79 334 person-years follow-up. Among HIV-positive men, past or current HBV infection was associated with anal SCC risk in models adjusted for age, CD4+ cell counts, HAART use, and other risk factors [incidence rate ratio (IRR), 95% confidence interval 3.15, 1.27-7.82]. Additional risk factors included immunological parameters 1 and 6 years prior to diagnosis (IRR, 95% confidence interval 2.45, 1.31-4.58 and 2.44, 1.3-4.59 for CD4+ cell counts <500 cells/μl; 2.43, 1.34-4.42 and 2.77, 1.5-5.11 for CD4+ : CD8+ ratios <0.5, respectively). Among HIV-negative men, IRR for prior HBV and anal SCC risk was similar, but NS due to small number of cases. CONCLUSION HIV-positive MSM with prior HBV infection have increased anal SCC risk. This population may benefit from screening.
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Tomassi MJ, Abbas MA, Klaristenfeld DD. Expectant management surveillance for patients at risk for invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the anus: a large US healthcare system experience. Int J Colorectal Dis 2019; 34:47-54. [PMID: 30244347 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-018-3167-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the impact of expectant management surveillance for patients at risk for squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA). METHODS Adult patients at risk for anal cancer, specifically those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or known human papilloma virus (HPV) infections (anal dysplasia, anogenital warts, cervical dysplasia, or cervical cancer), underwent expectant management surveillance with targeted therapy of only grossly abnormal or symptomatic anoderm lesions. A retrospective analysis investigated the SCCA incidence in these surveilled populations and in the general population patients without known HIV or HPV infection. RESULTS There were 452 incident SCCA in a population of 5,978,510 patients (mean follow-up per patient of 5.4 years). Four hundred ten cancers (90.7%) developed in 5,750,501 HIV-negative patients without documented history of HPV infection (cumulative incidence 0.007%). In at-risk patient populations, the cumulative incidence was 0.69% in patients with anal dysplasia (6 out of 872 patients), 0.14% in HIV+ patients (8 out of 5626 patients), and less than 0.1% in the remaining at-risk groups: cervical cancer (1 out of 1168 patients), cervical dysplasia (14 out of 125,604 patients), and genital warts (14 out of 94,739 patients). CONCLUSIONS Expectant management surveillance, with targeted treatment for symptomatic or abnormal lesions, is an effective strategy for the diagnosis of anal cancer in at-risk patient populations. In this study, most patients who developed anal cancer had no known risk factors. A screening strategy for the general population needs to be further delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco J Tomassi
- Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, Kaiser Permanente San Diego, 4405 Vandever Avenue, Fourth Floor, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA.
| | | | - Daniel D Klaristenfeld
- Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, Kaiser Permanente San Diego, 4405 Vandever Avenue, Fourth Floor, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA
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36
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Koskan AM, Fernandez-Pineda M. Anal Cancer Prevention Perspectives Among Foreign-Born Latino HIV-Infected Gay and Bisexual Men. Cancer Control 2018; 25:1073274818780368. [PMID: 29925247 PMCID: PMC6028166 DOI: 10.1177/1073274818780368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explores understanding of primary and secondary prevention of anal cancer among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected foreign-born Latino gay and bisexual men (GBM). Between August 2015 and December 2016, researchers conducted 33 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with HIV-infected foreign-born Latino GBM. Interview questions sought to determine participants' knowledge and perceived barriers and facilitators to primary and secondary prevention of anal cancer. Researchers analyzed interview transcripts using a qualitative content analysis approach. For primary prevention, men reported a lack of knowledge about the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. However, for secondary prevention, roughly 60% of participants had previously screened for anal dysplasia via anal Papanicolaou (Pap) smear. However, participants reported willingness to screen, and provider recommendation was the most common screening facilitator. Men reported stigma related to their HIV status, sexual orientation, and anal Pap smear procedures as anal cancer screening barriers. Participants reported willingness to use a self-screening anal Pap smear test if it was commercially available. Health providers continue to be the leading source of health information. Therefore, provider recommendation for HPV vaccination and anal cancer screening among age-eligible foreign-born Latino HIV-infected GBM is critical. More work is needed to destigmatize HIV and sexual orientation to influence positive health behaviors among this population. Future intervention research could test the effects of provider-led interventions and also media campaigns aimed at influencing HPV vaccine uptake and anal cancer screening among this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Koskan
- 1 Arizona State University, College of Health Solutions, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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37
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Grace D, Gaspar M, Paquette R, Rosenes R, Burchell AN, Grennan T, Salit IE. HIV-positive gay men's knowledge and perceptions of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV vaccination: A qualitative study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207953. [PMID: 30496221 PMCID: PMC6264470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBM) living with HIV are disproportionately impacted by HPV-associated anal cancer, with rates about 100-fold that of the general population. Fortunately, HPV vaccination has proven efficacy in preventing both anogenital warts (condyloma) in males and anal pre-cancers (anal intraepithelial neoplasia; AIN) in GBM up to the age of 26. We conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 25 HIV-positive gay men in Toronto to gain an understanding of their knowledge and experiences related to HPV and the HPV vaccine. These participants were part of The HPV Screening and Vaccine Evaluation (HPV-SAVE) Study, and received invitations to have anal cancer screening from their primary care doctors. Interviews were analyzed following a Grounded Theory Approach. Most participants had not received the HPV vaccine. Men described a lack of prior knowledge of the health consequences of HPV for GBM living with HIV and financial barriers to vaccine access. Participants did not articulate concerns about vaccine safety. Men frequently reported initial beliefs that HPV was predominantly-or exclusively-a risk for females or young girls, and thus they had not considered the vaccine to be necessary. Some participants remained uncertain if the current availability of the vaccine, and their newly acquired knowledge of its importance, was "too little, too late" because of their age and/or HPV exposure. Improving access and uptake of HPV vaccination requires addressing both financial barriers to access as well as increasing HPV health literacy levels, particularly by reframing the long-standing gendered associations of HPV. Physicians should provide clear, tailored messages regarding HPV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Grace
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mark Gaspar
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Ron Rosenes
- Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Troy Grennan
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
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38
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Davis KG, Orangio GR. Basic Science, Epidemiology, and Screening for Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Its Relationship to Anal Squamous Cell Cancer. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2018; 31:368-378. [PMID: 30397396 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1668107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the progress made in the reduction of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, the incidence of anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) has been increasing since 1992. While it remains an uncommon disease, the prevalence is climbing steadily. Among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults, especially men who have sex with men, ASCC is one of the more common non-AIDS-defining malignancies. The precursor lesion, anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN), is prevalent in the HIV-infected population. More than 90% of ASCCs are related to human papilloma virus (HPV), oncogenic types (HPV 16, 18). While the biology of HPV-related intraepithelial neoplasia is consistent in the anogenital area, the natural history of AIN is poorly understood and is not identical to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). CIN is also considered an AIDS-defining malignancy, and the methods for screening and prevention of AIN are derived from the CIN literature. This article will discuss the epidemiology of ASCC and its association with HPV and the life cycle of the HPV, and the molecular changes that lead to clearance, productive infection, latency, and persistence. The immunology of HPV infection will discuss natural immunity, humoral and cellular immunity, and how the HPV virus evades and interferes with these mechanisms. We will also discuss high-risk factors for developing AIN in high-risk patient populations with relation to infections (HIV, HPV, and chlamydia infections), prolonged immunocompromised people, and sexual behavior and tobacco abuse. We will also discuss the pre- and post-HAART era and its effect on AINs and ASCC. Finally, we will discuss the importance of anal cytology and high-resolution anoscopy with and without biopsy in this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt G Davis
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, LSU Department of Surgery, LSU School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Guy R Orangio
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, LSU Department of Surgery, LSU School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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39
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Hypertrophic Herpes Simplex—Pseudocarcinoma. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2018. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000000668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Gaspar M, Grennan T, Salit I, Grace D. Confronting comorbidity risks within HIV biographies: gay men’s integration of HPV-associated anal cancer risk into their narratives of living with HIV. HEALTH RISK & SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/13698575.2018.1519114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Gaspar
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Troy Grennan
- Provincial HIV/STI Program, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Irving Salit
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Daniel Grace
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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41
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Burger EA, Dyer MA, Sy S, Palefsky JM, de Pokomandy A, Coutlee F, Silverberg MJ, Kim JJ. Development and Calibration of a Mathematical Model of Anal Carcinogenesis for High-Risk HIV-Infected Men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2018; 79:10-19. [PMID: 29757775 PMCID: PMC6092220 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Men who have sex with men who are living with HIV are at highest risk for anal cancer. Our objective was to use empirical data to develop a comprehensive disease simulation model that reflects the most current understanding of anal carcinogenesis, which is uniquely positioned to evaluate future anal cancer screening strategies and provide insight on the unobservable course of the disease. SETTING North America. METHODS The individual-based simulation model was calibrated leveraging primary data from empirical studies, such as a longitudinal HIV-positive men who have sex with men cohort study [Human Immunodeficiency and Papilloma Virus Research Group (HIPVIRG); n = 247] and the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design [(NA-ACCORD); n = 13,146]. We used the model to infer unobservable progression probabilities from high-grade precancer to invasive anal cancer by CD4 nadir and human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype. RESULTS The calibrated model had good correspondence to data on genotype- and age-specific HPV prevalence; genotype frequency in precancer and cancer; and age- and nadir CD4-specific cancer incidence. The model-projected progression probabilities differed substantially by HPV genotype and nadir CD4 status. For example, among individuals with CD4 nadir <200, the median monthly progression probability from a high-grade lesion to invasive cancer was 0.054% (ie, 6.28% 10-year probability) and 0.004% (ie, 0.48% 10-year probability) for men with an HPV-16 infection versus without a detectable HPV infection, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We synthesized existing evidence into a state-of-the-art anal cancer disease simulation model that will be used to quantify the tradeoffs of harms and benefits of alternative strategies, understand critical uncertainties, and inform national anal cancer prevention policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Burger
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael A Dyer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Stephen Sy
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Joel M Palefsky
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Alexandra de Pokomandy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - François Coutlee
- Université de Montréal, Département de Microbiologie et Infectiologie, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jane J Kim
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Prognostic and Predictive Clinicopathologic Factors of Squamous Anal Canal Cancer in HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Patients: Does HAART Influence Outcomes? World J Surg 2018; 42:876-883. [PMID: 28948325 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-017-4201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the anal canal has been rising over the past decades, especially in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Despite the advent of potent multidrug regimens to treat HIV-termed highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), anal SCC rates have not declined, and the impact of HAART on anal SCC remains controversial. AIM The purpose of this study was to define outcomes of anal SCC treatment in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients. METHODS AND MATERIALS A retrospective single-institution analysis was performed on all patients with anal SCC treated at the Johns Hopkins Hospital between 1991 and 2010. The primary outcomes measured were 5-year overall survival (5-year OS), median survival, and relapse rates. RESULTS Our search identified 93 patients with anal SCC. Patients had a mean age of 54 years; 37.6% were male, and 21.5% were HIV-positive. Median follow-up was 28 months. Relapse occurred in 16.1% of patients. Median time to relapse was 20 months. Relapse rates were slightly higher with HIV-positive versus negative patients (30.0 vs. 12.3%) but did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.06). Among HIV-positive patients, those who relapsed were more likely to be on HAART than those who did not relapse (83.3 vs. 14.3%, p = 0.007). 5-year OS was 58.9% for the total group of patients with no significant difference between those who relapsed versus those who did not (76.2 vs. 54.5%, p = 0.20). No survival difference was seen between HIV-positive and negative patients. Survival was associated with AJCC stage in all patients. CONCLUSION In our small series, HIV infection was not associated with a significantly higher relapse rate or worse 5-year OS among patients with anal SCC. HAART was associated with a higher rate of relapse in HIV-positive patients. AJCC staging predicted survival in both relapsed and non-relapsed patients regardless of HIV status.
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Lam JO, Barnell GM, Merchant M, Ellis CG, Silverberg MJ. Acceptability of high-resolution anoscopy for anal cancer screening in HIV-infected patients. HIV Med 2018; 19:716-723. [PMID: 30084191 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV-infected individuals are at increased risk of anal cancer. Screening for anal cancer precursors using high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) may be clinically beneficial. In this study, we examined patient tolerability of this procedure. METHODS The acceptability of HRA was evaluated among HIV-infected patients who completed a first-time HRA between July 2008 and December 2013 at Kaiser Permanente Northern California. We reviewed electronic medical records to identify lack of HRA acceptability, which was defined as receipt of HRA with sedation, dispensation of opioid analgaesia, and/or an urgent care visit following HRA, and to evaluate factors associated with patients not returning for a recommended repeat HRA (proxy for HRA acceptability). HRA acceptability was also assessed via a survey mailed to patients who completed HRA between January 2014 and August 2014. Logistic regression was used to model lack of acceptability of initial HRA and likelihood of not returning for a repeat HRA. RESULTS Of 1857 HIV-infected patients, 94 were prescribed opioids and one had an urgent care visit. Lack of HRA acceptability was more likely in patients with pre-existing anal conditions [e.g. warts or fissure; adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 4.02; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.4-6.7], those who had ever smoked (aOR 1.6; 95% CI 1.0-2.5) and women (aOR 5.3; 95% CI 1.6-17.5). Fifty per cent of patients returned for a repeat HRA, with younger patients less likely to return (per 10-year age interval, aOR 0.8; 95% CI 0.7-0.9). Of 48 survey respondents, 91.7% reported acceptable pain levels and all reported willingness to return for a repeat HRA. CONCLUSIONS HRA was generally well tolerated and may be an acceptable screening approach for patients at high risk of anal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Lam
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - G M Barnell
- Oakland Medical Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - M Merchant
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - C G Ellis
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - M J Silverberg
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
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Nassereddine H, Charpentier C, Bucau M, Joly V, Bienvenu L, Davitian C, Abramowitz L, Benabderrahmane D, Kotelevets L, Chastre E, Lehy T, Walker F. Interest of cytology combined with Xpert ® HPV and Anyplex ® II HPV28 Detection human papillomavirus (HPV) typing: differential profiles of anal and cervical HPV lesions in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med 2018; 19:698-707. [PMID: 30062761 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to assess the interest to combine cytological examination and human papillomavirus (HPV) typing of anal and cervical Papanicolaou (Pap) smears of HIV-infected patients on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), to evaluate whether differences in prevalence exist between anal and cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in patients with high-risk oncogenic HPV infection. METHODS Anal and/or cervical Pap smears were obtained by anoscopy and/or colposcopy in 238 subjects recruited consecutively in 2015: anal smears were obtained from 48 male and female patients [42 men; 35 men who have sex with men (MSM)] and cervical smears from 190 female patients. Cytological Bethesda classification was coupled with HPV typing. HPV typing was performed, on the same smears, using the Xpert® HPV Assay, which detects only high-risk HPV (hrHPV), and the Anyplex® II HPV28 Detection assay, which detects hrHPV and low-risk (lr) HPV. RESULTS Our data showed clear-cut differences between the anal and cervical samples. Compared with the cervical samples, the anal samples exhibited (1) more numerous cytological lesions, which were histologically proven; (2) a higher hrHPV infection prevalence; (3) a higher prevalence of multiple hrHPV coinfections whatever HPV typing kit was used; (4) a predominance of HPV16 and HPV18/45 types. Overall, there was an almost perfect agreement between the two HPV typing assays (absolute agreement = 90.3%). CONCLUSIONS Co-testing consisting of cytology and HPV typing is a useful screening tool in the HIV-infected population on cART. It allows detection of prevalence differences between anal and cervical HPV-related lesions. As recently recommended, anal examination should be regularly performed especially in HIV-infected MSM but also in HIV-infected women with genital hrHPV lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nassereddine
- Pathology Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
| | - C Charpentier
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Virology Laboratory, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - M Bucau
- Pathology Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
| | - V Joly
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Infectious diseases Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - L Bienvenu
- Pathology Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
| | - C Davitian
- Gynecology Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
| | - L Abramowitz
- Proctology Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
| | - D Benabderrahmane
- Proctology Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
| | - L Kotelevets
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Paris, France
| | - E Chastre
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Paris, France
| | - T Lehy
- Pathology Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France.,INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Paris, France
| | - F Walker
- Pathology Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France.,Proctology Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
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45
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Frank M, Lahiri CD, Nguyen ML, Mehta CC, Mosunjac M, Flowers L. Factors Associated with High-Grade Anal Intraepithelial Lesion in HIV-Positive Men in a Southern U.S. City. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:598-602. [PMID: 29607650 PMCID: PMC6025845 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of anal cancer is increased in HIV-infected patients compared with the general population. Risk factors associated with the anal cancer precursor, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), have not been extensively studied in an urban black population with late-stage HIV disease. We performed a retrospective chart review of HIV-infected men at the Grady Ponce de Leon Center HIV Clinic (Atlanta, GA) referred for high-resolution anoscopy (HRA), a procedure where anal tissue is examined under magnification and abnormal areas are biopsied. Between December 2013 and September 2015, 147 men underwent HRA: 72% were black, and 94% were men who have sex with men. CD4 count closest to time of HRA was a median 325 cells/mm3 (interquartile range 203-473), and 69% had an undetectable HIV viral load. Ninety-four percent had abnormal anal cytology [80% atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance/low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) and 20% atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude HSIL/HSIL], and 97% had abnormal histology (35% LSIL, 65% HSIL). Statistically significant variables associated with HSIL included number of biopsies [odds ratio (OR) 1.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13-2.14] and having ≥1 high-grade anal cytology in the last 12 months (OR 3.76, 95% CI 1.38-10.23). No significant association was found between HSIL and CD4, HIV viral load, or recent sexually transmitted infection. In this population, the burden of anal HSIL was extremely high, regardless of most recent anal cytology result. In newly diagnosed HIV-infected men with no history of anal cancer screening, performing HRA as primary anal cancer screening instead of cytology appears to be a viable option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Frank
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cecile D. Lahiri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Grady Ponce de Leon Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Minh Ly Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Grady Ponce de Leon Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cyra Christina Mehta
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Marina Mosunjac
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lisa Flowers
- Grady Ponce de Leon Center, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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46
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Abstract
Anal cancer is a rare malignancy, although its incidence has been increasingly in recent decades. This article discusses risk factors for anal cancer and how these risk factors affect the changing demographics of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie M Nelson
- Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N Saint Clair, Suite 850, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Al B Benson
- Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N Saint Clair, Suite 850, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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47
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Willeford WG, Bachmann LH. Uncertainty Abounds in the World of Anal Dysplasia Screening. Sex Transm Dis 2018; 43:436-7. [PMID: 27322045 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley G Willeford
- From the *Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC
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48
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Okoye JO, Erinle C, Ngokere AA, Jimoh A. Low CD4 cells and viral co-infection increase the risk of VaIN: Use of SCCA1 and Ki67 as diagno-prognostic biomarkers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 25:51-56. [PMID: 29269193 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the correlation of SCCA1, Ki67 and CD4 cell expressions and classified vaginal smears in individuals co-infected with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2), Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and Human Papilloma virus (HPV). This crossectional study included 173 participants within the age range of 20-70 years. Vaginal smears were stained by Papanicolaou technique and classified into high-grade squamous cell intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) and negative for intraepithelial lesion (NIL). Presence of immunoglobulin M and G antibodies for EBV, HIV, HPV and HSV2, and SCCA1 and Ki67 antigens were determined by ELISA method. Result showed that biomarkers SCCA1 had higher sensitivity (87.5%) to vaginal lesions when compared with Ki67 which had a sensitivity of 70.8% (p > .01). Assays revealed viral co-infections of 96.0% and 16.8% in smears positive and negative for vaginal lesions, respectively (p < .01) with HIV, HSV2 and EBV as the most prevalent type of co-infection (36%). The findings of this study suggest that low CD4 cells and viral co-infection could increase the risk of developing vaginal lesions. This study also suggests that SCCA1 and Ki67 could be used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Ogechukwu Okoye
- Medical Laboratory Science Department, School of Public and Allied Health, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Charles Erinle
- Department of Surgery and Family Medicine, State Hospital Ijaye, Shokenu, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Antony Ajuluchukwu Ngokere
- Medical Laboratory Science Department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Abimbola Jimoh
- Medical Laboratory Science Department, School of Public and Allied Health, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
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Anal Dysplasia Screening and Treatment in a Southern Human Immunodeficiency Virus Clinic. Sex Transm Dis 2017; 43:479-82. [PMID: 27419814 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent human papillomavirus infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals has been strongly associated with anal squamous cell carcinoma. The incidence of anal squamous cell carcinoma continues to increase in this population despite advances in HIV therapy. There are few studies describing the prevalence of anal cancer precursors, treatment outcomes, and associated factors among HIV-infected populations in the southern United States. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed on 355 HIV-infected patients from a Southern HIV clinic who were 18 years or older and had received at least one anal Pap smear. Demographic and clinical variables were collected. Descriptive statistics, single variable, and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to evaluate for predictors of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were constructed for independent measures. RESULTS After the first anal Pap smear, 38.3% (70/183) of patients with abnormal results were lost to follow-up. Comparing patients with biopsy proven HSIL versus low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, patients were less likely to have HSIL if they had a higher CD4 count (odds ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.72-0.93; P = 0.0022). Treatment success after the first round of treatment for topical and infrared coagulation therapy was 36.7% (18/49, all therapy types), and of those who achieved biopsy proven treatment success at follow-up screening, 94.4% (17/18) required subsequent therapy. CONCLUSIONS Patients with a higher CD4 count were less likely to have HSIL. CD4 nadir, number of sexual partners, and race/ethnicity were not significantly associated with the presence of HSIL.
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50
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Mahmud A, Poon R, Jonker D. PET imaging in anal canal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Radiol 2017; 90:20170370. [PMID: 28972796 PMCID: PMC6047643 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20170370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature to synthesize and summarize the evidence surrounding the clinical utility of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in patients with anal canal cancer. METHODS The literature was searched using MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews databases. Studies comparing PET or PET/CT with conventional imaging in the staging, response evaluation and follow-up of anal canal cancer were deemed eligible for inclusion. RESULTS 17 studies met the inclusion criteria. For the detection of primary tumour in situ, the pooled sensitivity was 99% for PET or PET/CT and 67% for CT. For the detection of inguinal lymph nodes, PET/CT had an overall sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 76%. PET or PET/CT upstaged 5.1 to 37.5% of patients and downstaged 8.2 to 26.7% of patients. Treatment plans were modified in 12.5 to 59.3% of patients, which consisted mainly of radiotherapy dose or field changes. Complete response on PET or PET/CT is a good prognostic factor for overall and progression-free survival. CONCLUSIONS PET/CT seems to add value to conventional imaging in the initial staging of patients with T2-4 disease but further high-quality research is required to validate this. There is insufficient evidence at this time to recommend a routine use of PET/CT in the assessment of treatment response or follow-up. Advances in knowledge: PET/CT appears to alter the disease stage and management in a meaningful number of patients to justify its use as part of staging investigations in locally advanced cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamer Mahmud
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Cancer Centre of Southeastern Ontario, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ONT, Canada
| | - Raymond Poon
- Program in Evidence-Based Care, Cancer Care Ontario, Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton, ONT, Canada
| | - Derek Jonker
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, General Campus, Ottawa, ONT, Canada
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