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Roen AO, Peters L, Wandeler G, van der Valk M, Zangerle R, Günthard HF, Wit F, Mussini C, De Wit S, d’Arminio Monforte A, Vehreschild JJ, Castagna A, Jaschinski N, Vannappagari V, Chen L, Tallada J, C’mar J, Mocroft A, Ryom L. Chronic Liver Enzyme Elevation and Use of Contemporary ARVs Among People With HIV. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae308. [PMID: 38919512 PMCID: PMC11196901 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background While use of some older antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) is associated with chronic liver enzyme elevation (cLEE), the impact of newer ARVs remains unknown. Methods People with HIV enrolled in the RESPOND cohort who started an ARV after January 1, 2012 were included (baseline). The primary outcome was first cLEE individuals were censored at first of cLEE, last visit, death, or December 31, 2021. Incidence rates (IRs; events/1000 person-years) were calculated for each ARV overall and by ARV exposure (6-12 months, 1-2 years, and 2+ years). Poisson regression was used to estimate the incidence rate ratio (IRR) of cLEE and its association with individual ARVs and ARV class. Results Of 17 106 individuals included contributing 87 924 person-years of follow-up, 1932 (11.3%) experienced cLEE (incidence rate [IR], 22.0; 95% CI, 21.0-23.0). There was no evidence of a cumulative ARV effect on cLEE incidence, (6-12 months: IR, 45.8; 95% CI, 41.4-50.19; 1-2 years: IR, 34.3; 95% CI, 31.5-37.4; and 2+ years: IR, 18.5; 95% CI, 17.4-19.7). Any use (vs no prior use) of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) as a class and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) was independently associated with an increased IRR of cLEE, and any use of darunavir (DRV) was associated with a decreased risk of cLEE. Conclusions cLEE is common and more frequent during the first year after initiating new ARVs. With a >5-year median follow-up, we found no short-term liver safety concerns with the use of INSTIs. Use of NNRTIs and TDF was associated with an increased cLEE risk, while DRV was associated with lower risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley O Roen
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lars Peters
- CHIP, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gilles Wandeler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc van der Valk
- Stichting HIV Monitoring Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Zangerle
- Austrian HIV Cohort Study (AHIVCOS), Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ferdinand Wit
- AIDS Therapy Evaluation in the Netherlands (ATHENA) Cohort, HIV Monitoring Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Mussini
- Modena HIV Cohort, Università degli Studi di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Stéphane De Wit
- CHU Saint-Pierre, Centre de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses a.s.b.l., Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Antonella Castagna
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Linda Chen
- Gilead Science, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Joan Tallada
- European AIDS Treatment Group, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Amanda Mocroft
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- CHIP, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Ryom
- CHIP, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases 144, Hvidovre University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Gawrieh S, Vilar-Gomez E, Woreta TA, Lake JE, Wilson LA, Price JC, Naggie S, Sterling RK, Heath S, Corey KE, Cachay ER, Ajmera V, Tonascia J, Sulkowski MS, Chalasani N, Loomba R. Prevalence of steatotic liver disease, MASLD, MetALD and significant fibrosis in people with HIV in the United States. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2024; 59:666-679. [PMID: 38158589 PMCID: PMC10922859 DOI: 10.1111/apt.17849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has recently been proposed as a replacement term for NAFLD. AIMS To assess the effects of this new nomenclature on the prevalence and distribution of different SLD categories in people with HIV (PWH) and identified factors associated with MASLD and clinically significant fibrosis (CSF). METHODS PWH were prospectively enrolled from 9 US centres and underwent clinical evaluation and vibration-controlled transient elastography for controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM). SLD was defined as CAP ≥ 263 dB/m, CSF as LSM of ≥8 kPa, and advanced fibrosis (AF) as LSM ≥ 12 kPa. The prevalence of SLD, MASLD, metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-associated liver disease (MetALD), ALD, cryptogenic (cSLD), CSF and AF were determined. Uni- and multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess factors associated with MASLD and CSF risk. RESULTS Of 1065 participants, 74% were male, mean (SD) age 51.6 ± 11.9 years, 46% non-Hispanic Black and 74% with undetectable HIV RNA. The prevalence of SLD was 52%, MASLD 39%, MetALD 10%, ALD 3%, CSF 15% and AF 4%. Only 0.6% had cSLD. Black race was protective whereas obesity, ALT and AST levels were associated with increased risk of MASLD and CSF in MASLD. HIV or antiretroviral therapy did not affect MASLD risk. CONCLUSIONS MASLD and MetALD are the dominant causes of SLD in PWH, affecting almost half. Application of the new nomenclature resulted in minimal change in the proportion of patients with MASLD who would have been diagnosed previously with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Gawrieh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Eduardo Vilar-Gomez
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Tinsay A. Woreta
- Division of Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jordan E. Lake
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UTHealth, Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Laura A. Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jennifer C Price
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Susanna Naggie
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Richard K. Sterling
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Sonya Heath
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
| | - Kathleen E. Corey
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Edward R Cachay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Veeral Ajmera
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - James Tonascia
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mark S. Sulkowski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Naga Chalasani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Rohit Loomba
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- The Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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3
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Lynch EN, Russo FP. Liver Transplantation in People Living with HIV: Still an Experimental Procedure or Standard of Care? Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1975. [PMID: 37895356 PMCID: PMC10608432 DOI: 10.3390/life13101975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation (LT) is the only curative treatment for various liver diseases, including acute liver failure, end-stage liver disease, and selected unresectable liver malignancies. Combination antiretroviral therapy has improved outcomes for people living with HIV (PLWH), transforming the status of acquired immune deficiency syndrome from a fatal disease to a chronic and manageable condition. These powerful antiviral therapies have not only increased the number of HIV+ enlisted patients by improving their survival but also made the use of HIV+ organs a viable option. In this review, we summarise current knowledge on the peculiarities of liver transplantation in PLWH. In particular, we focus on the indications, contraindications, specific considerations for treatment, and outcomes of LT in PLWH. Finally, we present available preliminary data on the use of HIV+ liver allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Nicola Lynch
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology/Multivisceral Transplant Section, Padua University Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy;
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Russo
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology/Multivisceral Transplant Section, Padua University Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy;
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4
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Wekesa C, Ocama P, Parkes-Ratanshi R, Kirk GD. Burden and correlates of significant liver fibrosis among HIV-infected and uninfected adults in urban Uganda. DIALOGUES IN HEALTH 2022; 1:100027. [PMID: 38515903 PMCID: PMC10953957 DOI: 10.1016/j.dialog.2022.100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Following chronic inflammation and other disease specific factors, the risk of liver disease is believed to be higher among HIV-infected patients than in the general population despite shared risk factors. Understanding this differentiated burden and its drivers will inform policy and priority populations for intervention. Methods This was a cross sectional study among 516 adults attending care clinics in Kampala Uganda. Significant liver fibrosis (SLF) was defined as liver stiffness measurement ≥7.2 KPa identified by Fibroscan®. Data analyses were stratified by HIV status and we performed logistic regression performed to identify correlates. Results The prevalence of SLF was higher among HIV un-infected patients ((24% Vs 14%; p0.004). Overall HIV-uninfected patients were more likely to be overweight and or obese, with elevated serum cholesterol levels. Elevated measurement of fatty change in the liver (CAP scores >248 dB/m) was associated with SLF among HIV un-infected patients (OR 2.3 CI (1.0-5.2); p = 0.046). Low nadir CD4 counts (200cell/mm3) was predictive of SLF among HIV-infected patients (OR 3.3 CI (1.0-10.7); p = 0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of SLF was unexpectedly higher among HIV un-infected than HIV affected patients attending care clinics in urban Uganda. This observed burden is most likely driven by non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) resulting from metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Wekesa
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ponsiano Ocama
- Makerere University, College of Health Sciences Kampala, Uganda
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Chen PH, Yenokyan K, Fojo AT, Hutton HE, Lesko CR, McCaul ME, Yang C, Cachay ER, Crane HM, Jacobson JM, Kim HN, Kitahata MM, Mayer KH, Moore RD, Napravnik S, Saag M, Lau B, Chander G. Alcohol consumption upon direct-acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C among persons with human immunodeficiency virus in the United States. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 241:109673. [PMID: 36332596 PMCID: PMC9810271 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct-acting antivirals (DAA) are highly effective against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among persons with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH). However, alcohol use post-DAA treatment poses a continued threat to the liver. Whether the focus on liver health alone during HCV treatment can impact alcohol consumption is unclear. Therefore, we examined the change in alcohol use among HCV-coinfected PWH who received DAA therapy by non-addiction medical providers. METHODS In our longitudinal clinical cohort study, we identified HCV-coinfected PWH who received interferon-free DAA therapy between January 2014 and June 2019 in the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) was the alcohol screening instrument. We used mixed-effects logistic regression models to estimate the longitudinal change in alcohol use upon DAA therapy. RESULTS Among 738 HCV-coinfected PWH, 339 (46 %) reported any alcohol use at the end of HCV treatment, including 113 (15 %) with high-risk use (i.e., AUDIT-C ≥3 for women, ≥4 for men). Concurrently, 280 (38 %) PWH noted active drug use, and 357 (48 %) were currently smoking. We observed no changes in the odds of any alcohol or high-risk alcohol use over time with DAA therapy. Findings were similar in the PWH subgroup with a history of alcohol use before DAA treatment. CONCLUSIONS For PWH with HCV, alcohol use did not change following interferon-free DAA treatment by non-addiction medical providers. Thus, clinicians should consider integrating targeted alcohol use interventions into HCV care to motivate reduced alcohol consumption and safeguard future liver health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hung Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Karine Yenokyan
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Anthony T Fojo
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Heidi E Hutton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Catherine R Lesko
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Mary E McCaul
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Cui Yang
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edward R Cachay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Heidi M Crane
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Jacobson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - H Nina Kim
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mari M Kitahata
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kenneth H Mayer
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University T.C. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard D Moore
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sonia Napravnik
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael Saag
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Bryan Lau
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Geetanjali Chander
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Titanji BK, Lee M, Wang Z, Chen J, Hui Q, Lo Re III V, So-Armah K, Justice AC, Xu K, Freiberg M, Gwinn M, Marconi VC, Sun YV. Epigenome-wide association study of biomarkers of liver function identifies albumin-associated DNA methylation sites among male veterans with HIV. Front Genet 2022; 13:1020871. [PMID: 36303554 PMCID: PMC9592923 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1020871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Liver disease (LD) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality for people with HIV (PWH). The molecular factors linked with LD in PWH are varied and incompletely characterized. We performed an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) to identify associations between DNA methylation (DNAm) and biomarkers of liver function-aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, albumin, total bilirubin, platelet count, FIB-4 score, and APRI score-in male United States veterans with HIV. Methods: Blood samples and clinical data were obtained from 960 HIV-infected male PWH from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study. DNAm was assessed using the Illumina 450K or the EPIC 850K array in two mutually exclusive subsets. We performed a meta-analysis for each DNAm site measured by either platform. We also examined the associations between four measures of DNAm age acceleration (AA) and liver biomarkers. Results: Nine DNAm sites were positively associated with serum albumin in the meta-analysis of the EPIC and 450K EWAS after correcting for multiple testing. Four DNAm sites (cg16936953, cg18942579, cg01409343, and cg12054453), annotated within the TMEM49 and four of the remaining five sites (cg18181703, cg03546163, cg20995564, and cg23966214) annotated to SOCS3, FKBP5, ZEB2, and SAMD14 genes, respectively. The DNAm site, cg12992827, was not annotated to any known coding sequence. No significant associations were detected for the other six liver biomarkers. Higher PhenoAA was significantly associated with lower level of serum albumin (β = -0.007, p-value = 8.6 × 10-4, CI: -0.011116, -0.002884). Conclusion: We identified epigenetic associations of both individual DNAm sites and DNAm AA with liver function through serum albumin in men with HIV. Further replication analyses in independent cohorts are warranted to confirm the epigenetic mechanisms underlying liver function and LD in PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boghuma K. Titanji
- Division of Infectious Disease, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mitch Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zeyuan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Junyu Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Qin Hui
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Vincent Lo Re III
- Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Medicine and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kaku So-Armah
- Boston University Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Amy C. Justice
- Connecticut Veteran Health System, West Haven, CT, United States,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ke Xu
- Connecticut Veteran Health System, West Haven, CT, United States,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Matthew Freiberg
- Cardiovascular Medicine Division and Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Marta Gwinn
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Vincent C. Marconi
- Division of Infectious Disease, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Decatur, GA, United States,Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States,Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yan V. Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Decatur, GA, United States,*Correspondence: Yan V. Sun,
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Shapiro AE, Ignacio RAB, Whitney BM, Delaney JA, Nance RM, Bamford L, Wooten D, Keruly JC, Burkholder G, Napravnik S, Mayer KH, Webel AR, Kim HN, Van Rompaey SE, Christopoulos K, Jacobson J, Karris M, Smith D, Johnson MO, Willig A, Eron JJ, Hunt P, Moore RD, Saag MS, Mathews WC, Crane HM, Cachay ER, Kitahata MM. Factors Associated With Severity of COVID-19 Disease in a Multicenter Cohort of People With HIV in the United States, March-December 2020. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2022; 90:369-376. [PMID: 35364600 PMCID: PMC9246864 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the spectrum of COVID-19 in people with HIV (PWH) is critical to provide clinical guidance and risk reduction strategies. SETTING Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinic System, a US multisite clinical cohort of PWH in care. METHODS We identified COVID-19 cases and severity (hospitalization, intensive care, and death) in a large, diverse HIV cohort during March 1, 2020-December 31, 2020. We determined predictors and relative risks of hospitalization among PWH with COVID-19, adjusted for disease risk scores. RESULTS Of 16,056 PWH in care, 649 were diagnosed with COVID-19 between March and December 2020. Case fatality was 2%; 106 (16.3%) were hospitalized, and 12 died. PWH with current CD4 count <350 cells/mm 3 [aRR 2.68; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.93 to 3.71; P < 0.001] or lowest recorded CD4 count <200 cells/mm 3 (aRR 1.67; 95% CI: 1.18 to 2.36; P < 0.005) had greater risks of hospitalization. HIV viral load and antiretroviral therapy status were not associated with hospitalization, although most of the PWH were suppressed (86%). Black PWH were 51% more likely to be hospitalized with COVID-19 compared with other racial/ethnic groups (aRR 1.51; 95% CI: 1.04 to 2.19; P = 0.03). Chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and increased cardiovascular and hepatic fibrosis risk scores were associated with higher hospitalization risk. PWH who were older, not on antiretroviral therapy, and with current CD4 count <350 cells/mm 3 , diabetes, and chronic kidney disease were overrepresented among PWH who required intubation or died. CONCLUSIONS PWH with CD4 count <350 cells/mm 3 , and a history of CD4 count <200 cells/mm 3 , have a clear excess risk of severe COVID-19, accounting for comorbidities associated with severe outcomes. PWH with these risk factors should be prioritized for COVID-19 vaccination and early treatment and monitored closely for worsening illness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Laura Bamford
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Darcy Wooten
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Sonia Napravnik
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maile Karris
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Davey Smith
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Amanda Willig
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joseph J. Eron
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Peter Hunt
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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8
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Bender Ignacio RA, Shapiro AE, Nance RM, Whitney BM, Delaney JAC, Bamford L, Wooten D, Karris MY, Mathews WC, Kim HN, Keruly J, Burkholder G, Napravnik S, Mayer KH, Jacobson J, Saag M, Moore RD, Eron JJ, Willig AL, Christopoulos KA, Martin J, Hunt PW, Crane HM, Kitahata MM, Cachay ER. Racial and ethnic disparities in coronavirus disease 2019 disease incidence independent of comorbidities, among people with HIV in the United States. AIDS 2022; 36:1095-1103. [PMID: 35796731 PMCID: PMC9273020 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To define the incidence of clinically detected coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in people with HIV (PWH) in the United States and evaluate how racial and ethnic disparities, comorbidities, and HIV-related factors contribute to risk of COVID-19. DESIGN Observational study within the CFAR Network of Integrated Clinical Systems cohort in seven cities during 2020. METHODS We calculated cumulative incidence rates of COVID-19 diagnosis among PWH in routine care by key characteristics including race/ethnicity, current and lowest CD4+ cell count, and geographic area. We evaluated risk factors for COVID-19 among PWH using relative risk regression models adjusted with disease risk scores. RESULTS Among 16 056 PWH in care, of whom 44.5% were black, 12.5% were Hispanic, with a median age of 52 years (IQR 40-59), 18% had a current CD4+ cell count less than 350 cells/μl, including 7% less than 200; 95.5% were on antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 85.6% were virologically suppressed. Overall in 2020, 649 PWH were diagnosed with COVID-19 for a rate of 4.94 cases per 100 person-years. The cumulative incidence of COVID-19 was 2.4-fold and 1.7-fold higher in Hispanic and black PWH respectively, than non-Hispanic white PWH. In adjusted analyses, factors associated with COVID-19 included female sex, Hispanic or black identity, lowest historical CD4+ cell count less than 350 cells/μl (proxy for CD4+ nadir), current low CD4+ : CD8+ ratio, diabetes, and obesity. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the presence of structural racial inequities above and beyond medical comorbidities increased the risk of COVID-19 among PWH. PWH with immune exhaustion as evidenced by lowest historical CD4+ cell count or current low CD4+ : CD8+ ratio had greater risk of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Bender Ignacio
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Adrienne E Shapiro
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Robin M Nance
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bridget M Whitney
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joseph A C Delaney
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Epidemiology of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Laura Bamford
- Division of Infectious Disease and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Darcy Wooten
- Division of Infectious Disease and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Maile Y Karris
- Division of Infectious Disease and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - William C Mathews
- Division of Infectious Disease and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Hyang Nina Kim
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeanne Keruly
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Greer Burkholder
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sonia Napravnik
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kenneth H Mayer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Fenway Health and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey Jacobson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Michael Saag
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Richard D Moore
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph J Eron
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Amanda L Willig
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Katerina A Christopoulos
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey Martin
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Carolina, USA
| | - Peter W Hunt
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Carolina, USA
| | - Heidi M Crane
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mari M Kitahata
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Edward R Cachay
- Division of Infectious Disease and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
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9
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Kim HN, Nance RM, Lo Re V, Silverberg MJ, Franco R, Sterling TR, Cachay ER, Horberg MA, Althoff KN, Justice AC, Moore RD, Klein M, Crane HM, Delaney JA, Kitahata MM. Development and Validation of a Model for Prediction of End-Stage Liver Disease in People With HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2022; 89:396-404. [PMID: 35202048 PMCID: PMC8887786 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND End-stage liver disease (ESLD) is a leading cause of non-AIDS-related death among people with HIV (PWH). Factors that increase the progression of liver disease include comorbidities and HIV-specific factors, but we currently lack a tool to apply this evidence into clinical practice. METHODS We developed and validated a risk prediction model for ESLD among PWH who received care in 12 cohorts of the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design between 2000 and 2016 and had fibrosis-4 index > 1.45. The first occurrence of ascites, variceal bleed, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, or hepatic encephalopathy was verified by standardized medical record review. The Bayesian model averaging was used to select predictors among biomarkers and diagnoses and the Harrell C statistic to assess model discrimination. RESULTS Among 13,787 PWH in the training set, 82% were men and 54% were Black with a mean age of 48 years. Three hundred ninety ESLD events occurred over a mean 5.4 years. Among the ESLD cases, 52% had hepatitis C virus, 15% hepatitis B virus, and 31% alcohol use disorder. Twelve factors together predicted ESLD risk moderately well (C statistic 0.79, 95% confidence interval: 0.76 to 0.81): age, sex, race/ethnicity, chronic hepatitis B or C, and routinely collected laboratory values reflecting hepatic impairment (serum albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and platelets) and lipid metabolism (triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol). Our model performed well in the test set (C statistic 0.81, 95% confidence interval: 0.76 to 0.86). CONCLUSION This model of readily accessible clinical parameters predicted ESLD in a large diverse population of PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amy C. Justice
- Yale University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA and Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare System, USA
| | | | - Marina Klein
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Joseph A. Delaney
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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10
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Fisher BS, Fancher KA, Gustin AT, Fisher C, Wood MP, Gale M, Burwitz BJ, Smedley J, Klatt NR, Derby N, Sodora DL. Liver Bacterial Dysbiosis With Non-Tuberculosis Mycobacteria Occurs in SIV-Infected Macaques and Persists During Antiretroviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 12:793842. [PMID: 35082782 PMCID: PMC8784802 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.793842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected individuals, even during successful viral suppression with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Similar to HIV infection, SIV infection of rhesus macaques is associated with gut microbiome dysbiosis and microbial translocation that can be detected systemically in the blood. As microbes leaving the intestines must first pass through the liver via the portal vein, we evaluated the livers of both SIV-infected (SIV+) and SIV-infected cART treated (SIV+cART) rhesus macaques for evidence of microbial changes compared to uninfected macaques. Dysbiosis was observed in both the SIV+ and SIV+cART macaques, encompassing changes in the relative abundance of several genera, including a reduction in the levels of Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus. Most strikingly, we found an increase in the relative abundance and absolute quantity of bacteria within the Mycobacterium genus in both SIV+ and SIV+cART macaques. Multi-gene sequencing identified a species of atypical mycobacteria similar to the opportunistic pathogen M. smegmatis. Phosphatidyl inositol lipoarabinomannan (PILAM) (a glycolipid cell wall component found in atypical mycobacteria) stimulation in primary human hepatocytes resulted in an upregulation of inflammatory transcriptional responses, including an increase in the chemokines associated with neutrophil recruitment (CXCL1, CXCL5, and CXCL6). These studies provide key insights into SIV associated changes in hepatic microbial composition and indicate a link between microbial components and immune cell recruitment in SIV+ and SIV+cART treated macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget S. Fisher
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Katherine A. Fancher
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Andrew T. Gustin
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Cole Fisher
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Matthew P. Wood
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Burwitz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Nichole R. Klatt
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Nina Derby
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Donald L. Sodora
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
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11
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Bender Ignacio RA, Shapiro AE, Nance RM, Whitney BM, Delaney J, Bamford L, Wooten D, Karris M, Mathews WC, Kim HN, Van Rompaey SE, Keruly JC, Burkholder G, Napravnik S, Mayer KH, Jacobson J, Saag MS, Moore RD, Eron JJ, Willig AL, Christopoulos KA, Martin J, Hunt PW, Crane HM, Kitahata MM, Cachay E. Racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 disease incidence independent of comorbidities, among people with HIV in the US. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.12.07.21267296. [PMID: 34909782 PMCID: PMC8669849 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.07.21267296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To define the incidence of clinically-detected COVID-19 in people with HIV (PWH) in the US and evaluate how racial and ethnic disparities, comorbidities, and HIV-related factors contribute to risk of COVID-19. DESIGN Observational study within the CFAR Network of Integrated Clinical Systems cohort in 7 cities during 2020. METHODS We calculated cumulative incidence rates of COVID-19 diagnosis among PWH in routine care by key characteristics including race/ethnicity, current and lowest CD4 count, and geographic area. We evaluated risk factors for COVID-19 among PWH using relative risk regression models adjusted with disease risk scores. RESULTS Among 16,056 PWH in care, of whom 44.5% were Black, 12.5% were Hispanic, with a median age of 52 years (IQR 40-59), 18% had a current CD4 count < 350, including 7% < 200; 95.5% were on antiretroviral therapy, and 85.6% were virologically suppressed. Overall in 2020, 649 PWH were diagnosed with COVID-19 for a rate of 4.94 cases per 100 person-years. The cumulative incidence of COVID-19 was 2.4-fold and 1.7-fold higher in Hispanic and Black PWH respectively, than non-Hispanic White PWH. In adjusted analyses, factors associated with COVID-19 included female sex, Hispanic or Black identity, lowest historical CD4 count <350 (proxy for CD4 nadir), current low CD4/CD8 ratio, diabetes, and obesity. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the presence of structural racial inequities above and beyond medical comorbidities increased the risk of COVID-19 among PWHPWH with immune exhaustion as evidenced by lowest historical CD4 or current low CD4:CD8 ratio had greater risk of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Bender Ignacio
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - A E Shapiro
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - R M Nance
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - L Bamford
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - D Wooten
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - M Karris
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - W C Mathews
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - H N Kim
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - J C Keruly
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - G Burkholder
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - S Napravnik
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K H Mayer
- Fenway Health and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Jacobson
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - M S Saag
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - R D Moore
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - J J Eron
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A L Willig
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - J Martin
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - P W Hunt
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - H M Crane
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - E Cachay
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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12
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Khalili M, King WC, Kleiner DE, Jain MK, Chung RT, Sulkowski M, Lisker-Melman M, Wong DK, Ghany M, Sanyal A, Sterling RK. Fatty Liver Disease in a Prospective North American Cohort of Adults With Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis B Virus Coinfection. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e3275-e3285. [PMID: 32869840 PMCID: PMC8563226 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and fatty liver disease (FLD) are common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Correlates of FLD and its relationship with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were examined longitudinally in HIV-HBV coinfection. METHODS From 28/4/2014-7/11/2018, 114 HIV-HBV adults had liver biopsy and were followed for a median of 3 years (ancillary study of Hepatitis B Research Network). Steatohepatitis was based on presence of steatosis, ballooning, and perisinusoidal fibrosis. FLD was defined as ≥5% steatosis and/or steatohepatitis. RESULTS Median age was 49 years, 93% were male, 51% black, 93% had HIV RNA <400 copies/mL and 83% HBV DNA <1000 IU/mL. Thirty percent had FLD (20% steatosis, 10% steatohepatitis). Those with FLD had higher median triglyceride (171 vs 100 mg/dL, P < .01) and small, dense LDL (44 vs 29 mg/dL, P < .01) and lower HDL-2-C (9 vs 12 mg/dL, P = .001). After adjusting for age, sex, and alcohol use, white and other versus black race (ORs, 8.49 and 16.54, respectively), ALT (OR, 3.13/doubling), hypertension (OR, 10.93), hyperlipidemia (OR, 4.36), and diabetes family history (OR, 5.38) were associated with having FLD (all P < .05). Steatohepatitis or steatosis alone (vs none) was associated with higher ALT over time (1.93 and 1.34 times higher, respectively; P < .001), with adjustment for age, sex, and HBV DNA. CONCLUSIONS About 30% with HIV-HBV coinfection had FLD including 10% with steatohepatitis. FLD was associated with non-black race, metabolic risks, an atherogenic lipid profile, and elevated ALT over time. Thus, identification of FLD and management of adverse metabolic profiles are critically important in HIV-HBV coinfection. Clinical Trial Registration. NCT01924455.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Khalili
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wendy C King
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Mamta K Jain
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Marc Ghany
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Arun Sanyal
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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13
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Shapiro AE, Bender Ignacio RA, Whitney BM, Delaney JA, Nance RM, Bamford L, Wooten D, Keruly JC, Burkholder G, Napravnik S, Mayer KH, Webel AR, Kim HN, Van Rompaey SE, Christopoulos K, Jacobson J, Karris M, Smith D, Johnson MO, Willig A, Eron JJ, Hunt P, Moore RD, Saag MS, Mathews WC, Crane HM, Cachay ER, Kitahata MM. Factors associated with severity of COVID-19 disease in a multicenter cohort of people with HIV in the United States, March-December 2020. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.10.15.21265063. [PMID: 34704092 PMCID: PMC8547524 DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.15.21265063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease in people with HIV (PWH) is critical to provide clinical guidance and implement risk-reduction strategies. OBJECTIVE To characterize COVID-19 in PWH in the United States and identify predictors of disease severity. DESIGN Observational cohort study. SETTING Geographically diverse clinical sites in the CFAR Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS). PARTICIPANTS Adults receiving HIV care through December 31, 2020. MEASUREMENTS COVID-19 cases and severity (hospitalization, intensive care, death). RESULTS Of 16,056 PWH in care, 649 were diagnosed with COVID-19 between March-December 2020. Case fatality was 2%; 106 (16.3%) were hospitalized and 12 died. PWH with current CD4 count <350 cells/mm 3 (aRR 2.68; 95%CI 1.93-3.71; P<.001) or lowest recorded CD4 count <200 (aRR 1.67; 95%CI 1.18-2.36; P<.005) had greater risk of hospitalization. HIV viral load suppression and antiretroviral therapy (ART) status were not associated with hospitalization, although the majority of PWH were suppressed (86%). Black PWH were 51% more likely to be hospitalized with COVID-19 compared to other racial/ethnic groups (aRR 1.51; 95%CI 1.04-2.19, P=.03). Chronic kidney disease (CKD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and increased cardiovascular and hepatic fibrosis risk scores were associated with higher risk of hospitalization. PWH who were older, not on ART, with current CD4 <350, diabetes, and CKD were overrepresented amongst PWH who required intubation or died. LIMITATIONS Unable to compare directly to persons without HIV; underestimate of total COVID-19 cases. CONCLUSIONS PWH with CD4 <350 cells/mm 3 , low CD4/CD8 ratio, and history of CD4 <200, have a clear excess risk of severe COVID-19, after accounting for comorbidities also associated with severe outcomes. PWH with these risk factors should be prioritized for COVID-19 vaccination, early treatment, and monitored closely for worsening illness.
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14
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Bullington BW, Klemperer K, Mages K, Chalem A, Mazigo HD, Changalucha J, Kapiga S, Wright PF, Yazdanbakhsh MM, Downs JA. Effects of schistosomes on host anti-viral immune response and the acquisition, virulence, and prevention of viral infections: A systematic review. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009555. [PMID: 34015063 PMCID: PMC8172021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a growing number of studies suggest interactions between Schistosoma parasites and viral infections, the effects of schistosome infections on the host response to viruses have not been evaluated comprehensively. In this systematic review, we investigated how schistosomes impact incidence, virulence, and prevention of viral infections in humans and animals. We also evaluated immune effects of schistosomes in those coinfected with viruses. We screened 4,730 studies and included 103. Schistosomes may increase susceptibility to some viruses, including HIV and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, and virulence of hepatitis B and C viruses. In contrast, schistosome infection may be protective in chronic HIV, Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus-Type 1, and respiratory viruses, though further research is needed. Schistosome infections were consistently reported to impair immune responses to hepatitis B and possibly measles vaccines. Understanding the interplay between schistosomes and viruses has ramifications for anti-viral vaccination strategies and global control of viral infections. Many studies have described the effects of parasitic Schistosoma worm infections on the way that humans and animals respond to a variety of viral infections. Our goal was to evaluate, in a systematic manner, how having a schistosome parasitic infection affects a host’s susceptibility to viral infections, the clinical disease course of viral infections, and prevention of viral infections by vaccines. We also assessed the effects of schistosome infection on the host immune response to viruses. We screened 4,730 studies for potential relevance and included 103 of them in this review. Overall, our analysis showed that schistosome infection impairs the host response to many viruses. This includes increasing host susceptibility to HIV and possibly Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, worsening the severity of clinical disease in hepatitis B and C infections, and decreasing immune responses to vaccines for hepatitis B and possibly measles. The studies that we analyzed also suggested that schistosome infection may protect the host against poor clinical outcomes from some viral infections including Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus-Type 1, respiratory viruses, and chronic HIV. We discuss how these findings might be interpreted, and the additional research needed, in order to improve anti-viral vaccination strategies and control of viral infections globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke W. Bullington
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Keith Mages
- Samuel J. Wood Library Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Andrea Chalem
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Humphrey D. Mazigo
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - John Changalucha
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Saidi Kapiga
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research Mwanza, Tanzania
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter F. Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | | | - Jennifer A. Downs
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
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15
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Han WM, Ueaphongsukkit T, Chattranukulchai P, Siwamogsatham S, Chaiteerakij R, Sophonphan J, Gatechompol S, Ubolyam S, Phonphithak S, Ruxrungtham K, Tangkijvanich P, Avihingsanon Y, Kerr SJ, Avihingsanon A. Incident Liver Cirrhosis, Associated Factors, and Cardiovascular Disease Risks Among People Living With HIV: A Longitudinal Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2021; 86:463-472. [PMID: 33273213 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the incidence and associated factors of liver cirrhosis and cardiovascular disease risks among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in a Thai cohort. DESIGN A prospective cohort analysis. METHODS Participants with at least one reliable transient elastography measurement during follow-up, who had pretreatment alanine transaminase, AST, and platelet count at HIV treatment initiation were included. Liver cirrhosis was defined as AST to Platelet Ratio Index >1.5 or fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) >3.25 or liver stiffness by transient elastography >12.5 kPa and confirmed by imaging or liver biopsy. Competing-risk regression was used to identify factors associated with liver cirrhosis. Time-updated 10-year atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) risks were compared between PLHIV with or without liver cirrhosis. RESULTS A total of 1069 participants (33% women, 9% hepatitis C virus, and 16% hepatitis B virus) with the median age and CD4 at cART initiation of 32 years and 240 cells/mm3 were included. During 8232 person-years, 124 (12%) developed liver cirrhosis after a median of 6.9 (2.4-13.7) follow-up years [incidence, 1.5 (95% confidence interval: 1.3 to 1.8) per 100 person-years]. In multivariable analysis, the factors independently associated with liver cirrhosis were time-updated HIV viremia, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus coinfection, diabetes mellitus, high-density lipoproteins <40 mg/mL, and d4T exposure. The median time-updated 10-year ASCVD risk score was statistically higher among cirrhotic PLHIV vs. noncirrhosis [4.9% (interquartile range, 2.3-9.7) vs. 2.4% (interquartile range, 1.3-4.9), P < 0.001]. CONCLUSION PLHIV with metabolic diseases were more likely to develop liver cirrhosis, independent of hepatitis coinfections, and ASCVD risks were higher among cirrhotic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Min Han
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thornthun Ueaphongsukkit
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pairoj Chattranukulchai
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Siwamogsatham
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chula Clinical Research Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Roongruedee Chaiteerakij
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation and Endoscopy in Gastrointestinal Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Sivaporn Gatechompol
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Pisit Tangkijvanich
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yingyos Avihingsanon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand ; and
| | - Stephen J Kerr
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Biostatistics Excellence Centre, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Avihingsanon
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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16
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Wang Y, Liang H, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Wu L, Ni L, Gao G, Yang D, Zhao H, Xiao J. The burden of serious non-AIDS-defining events among admitted cART-naive AIDS patients in China: An observational cohort study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243773. [PMID: 33351812 PMCID: PMC7755215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to elucidate the burden, risk factors, and prognosis of serious non-AIDS-defining events among admitted cART-naive AIDS patients in China. The evaluation of the burden, risk factors and prognosis of serious NADEs was carried out among 1309 cART-naive AIDS patients (median age: 38.2 years, range: 18–78 years) admitted in Beijing Ditan Hospital between January 2009 and December 2018. Among 1309 patients, 143 patients (10.9%) had at least one serious NADEs, including 49 (3.8%) with cerebrovascular diseases, 37 (2.8%) with non-AIDS-defining cancers, 28 (2.1%) with chronic kidney diseases, 26 (2.0%) with cardiovascular diseases, and 18 (1.4%) with liver cirrhosis. Serious NADEs distributed in different age and CD4 levels, especially with age ≥50 years and CD4 ≤350 cells/ul. Other traditional risk factors, including cigarette smoking (OR = 1.9, 95%CI = 1.3–2.8, p = 0.002), hypertension (OR = 2.5, 95%CI = 1.7–3.7, p<0.001), chronic HCV infection (OR = 2.8, 95%CI = 1.4–5.6, p = 0.004), and hypercholesterolemia (OR = 4.1, 95% CI = 1.2–14.1, p = 0.026), were also associated with serious NADEs. Seventeen cases (1.3%) with serious NADEs died among hospitalized cART-naive AIDS patients, and severe pneumonia (HR = 5.5, 95%CI = 1.9–15.9, p<0.001) and AIDS-defining cancers (HR = 3.8, 95%CI = 1.1–13.2, p = 0.038) were identified as risk factors associated with an increased hazard of mortality among these patients with serious NADEs. Serious NADEs also occurred in cART-naive AIDS patients in China with low prevalence. Our results reminded physicians that early screening of serious NADEs, timely intervention of their risk factors, management of severe AIDS-defining events, multi-disciplinary cooperation, and early initiation of cART were essential to reduce the burden of serious NADEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyuan Liang
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Wu
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Ni
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guiju Gao
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Yang
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxin Zhao
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (JX)
| | - Jiang Xiao
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (JX)
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17
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Ahmed MH, Raza M, Lucas S, Mital D. Reactivation of the Epstein-Barr Virus Leading to Acute Liver Failure in a Patient Living with HIV. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2020; 9:41-44. [PMID: 33850712 PMCID: PMC8030544 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_16_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of a 46-year-old female living with HIV since 2010 who was originally from Malawi and had settled in the UK in 2001. She was admitted to our hospital with confusion and quickly noted to have a decreased Glasgow Coma Scale of 10/15. Her biochemical parameters showed the presence of elevated liver function tests (LFTs), clotting abnormalities, and her ammonia were found to be >400 mmol/L with a severe metabolic acidosis (pH = 7.05). She was treated for HIV with combined antiretroviral therapy, namely tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine (FTC) and cobicistat boosted atazanavir 2 years previously and had normal LFTs at that time. Her HIV-1 viral load was 1400 copies/ml on admission after recently having an undetectable viral load 2 months previously, and her CD4 count was 480. Her relevant past medical history included insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Her other medications included insulin, ramipril, sertraline, amitriptyline, and zopiclone. Toxicology and viral hepatitis screen were negative. Epstein Barr virus (EBV) serology showed evidence of previous exposure, but she was found to have a very high EBV viral load of 55,000 copies/ml, which given her serology, was very likely to be a reactivation of EBV infection rather than a primary EBV infection. In the intensive care unit, the patient deteriorated and died very quickly. The postmortem examination showed extensive hepatic necrosis with collapse. To our knowledge, this is the first case report to show an association between EBV reactivation and fulminant hepatic failure in an individual living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Ahmed
- Department of Medicine and HIV Metabolic Clinic, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Eaglestone, Milton Keyne, Buckinghamshire, London, UK
| | - Mansoor Raza
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Eaglestone, Milton Keyne, Buckinghamshire, London, UK
| | - Sebastian Lucas
- Department of Cellular Pathology, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Dushyant Mital
- Department of Blood Borne Viruses, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Eaglestone, Milton Keyne, Buckinghamshire, London, UK
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18
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Sherman KE, Abdel-Hameed E, Rouster SD, Shata MTM, Blackard JT, Safaie P, Kroner B, Preiss L, Horn PS, Kottilil S. Improvement in Hepatic Fibrosis Biomarkers Associated With Chemokine Receptor Inactivation Through Mutation or Therapeutic Blockade. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 68:1911-1918. [PMID: 30239650 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The C-C chemokine receptor Type 5 (CCR5) is a key receptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry into T-cells and a variant allele, CCR5 delta-32, is associated with decreased viral replication and disease progression. Active HIV-1 replication is highly associated with accelerated rates of hepatic fibrosis. We postulated that CCR5 plays a role in the development of hepatic fibrosis and evaluated the longitudinal effect of natural or drug-induced CCR5 mutation and blockade on biomarkers of liver fibrosis in HIV-1 patients. METHODS To accomplish this goal, we examined 2 distinct cohorts. First, we evaluated fibrosis markers in the Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Studies (MHCS), which included subjects with HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection with the CCR5 delta-32 allele. We also evaluated an HIV-1 infected cohort that was treated with a dual CCR5/CCR2 antagonist, cenicriviroc. The enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) index was validated against liver histology obtained from HCV/HIV and HCV patients and demonstrated strong correlation with fibrosis stage. RESULTS In both the MHCS patients and patients treated with cenicriviroc, CCR5 mutation or blockade was associated with a significant decrease in the ELF index. Among the patients with the delta-32 allele, the ELF index rate significantly decreased in sequential samples as compared to CCR5 wild-type patients (P = .043). This was not observed in control subjects treated with efavirenz nor with a lower dose of 100 mg cenicriviroc. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that hepatic fibrosis in HIV-1 infected patients can be modulated by the mutation of CCR5 and/or use of CCR5/CCR2 blockade agents. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT01338883.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul S Horn
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Ohio
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19
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Kaplan A, Simon TG, Henson JB, Wang T, Zheng H, Osganian SA, Rosenblatt R, Lake J, Corey KE. Brief Report: Relationship Between Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Disease in Persons With HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2020; 84:400-404. [PMID: 32235172 PMCID: PMC10462389 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and HIV are independently associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the factors associated with NAFLD in persons living with HIV (PWH) and whether CVD is more frequent in PWH with NAFLD are currently unknown. METHODS From the Partners HealthCare Research Patient Data Registry, we identified PWH with and without NAFLD between 2010 and 2017. NAFLD was defined using validated histological or radiographic criteria. CVD was defined by an ICD-9 diagnosis of coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, peripheral vascular disease, heart failure, transient ischemic attack, or stroke and was confirmed by clinician review. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to examine the relationship between NAFLD and CVD. RESULTS Compared with PWH without NAFLD (n = 135), PWH with NAFLD (n = 97) had higher body mass index and more frequently had hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, and CVD (P < 0.01 for all). PWH with NAFLD were also more likely to have CD4 T-cell counts (CD4) <200 cells/mm. In multivariable models, the presence of NAFLD was significantly associated with CVD (adjusted odds ratio 3.08, 95% confidence interval: 1.37 to 6.94) and CD4 <200 cells/mm (adjusted odds ratio 4.49, 95% confidence interval: 1.74 to 11.55). CONCLUSION In PWH, CVD was independently associated with prevalent NAFLD after controlling for traditional CVD risk factors. NAFLD was also associated with CD4 <200 cells/mm, suggesting that immune dysfunction may be related to NAFLD. Both CVD and low CD4 count as risk factors for NAFLD require prospective evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Kaplan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell School of Medicine, New York Presbyterian, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Tracey G. Simon
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jacqueline B. Henson
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Thomas Wang
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Russell Rosenblatt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell School of Medicine, New York Presbyterian, New York, NY
| | - Jordan Lake
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kathleen E. Corey
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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20
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Tsutsumi T, Sato H, Kikuchi T, Ikeuchi K, Lim LA, Adachi E, Koga M, Okushin K, Kawahara T, Koibuchi T, Yotsuyanagi H. Factors associated with clearance of hepatitis B virus surface antigen in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e21271. [PMID: 32702915 PMCID: PMC7373618 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000021271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to similar routes of transmission, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection commonly occurs. Compared with patients infected with only HBV, coinfected patients develop persistent HBV infection followed by advanced liver diseases. However, the characteristics of HIV-infected patients who can achieve the clearance of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) have not been clarified. In this study, we retrospectively examined patients coinfected with HBV and HIV and determined the host factors associated with HBsAg clearance.Among HIV-infected patients who visited our hospital between 1994 and 2017, we examined medical records of those who were seropositive for HBsAg at least once. Among them, patients who cleared HBsAg afterward were regarded as "cured," while those who remained HBsAg-seropositive until 2017 were "chronic."HBsAg seropositivity was found in 57 patients, and among them, 27 male patients were cured whereas 18 were chronic. The cured patients were significantly younger and had higher CD4 cell and platelet counts than the chronic patients. In addition, the cured patients had higher levels of transaminases after the detection of HBsAg. Multivariate analysis revealed age as an independent factor. Analyses of the patients infected with genotype A also showed that the cured patients had significantly higher CD4 cell counts.Considering that the CD4 cell and platelet counts were higher in the cured patients, immunological and liver functions were closely associated with HBsAg clearance. Higher levels of transaminases in the cured patients may also reflect the immunological function leading to HBsAg clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeya Tsutsumi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hidenori Sato
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo
| | - Tadashi Kikuchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo
| | - Kazuhiko Ikeuchi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo
| | - Lay Ahyoung Lim
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo
| | - Eisuke Adachi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo
| | - Michiko Koga
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo
| | - Kazuya Okushin
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Takuya Kawahara
- Central Coordinating Unit, Clinical Research Support Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Koibuchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo
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21
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Castilho JL, Turner M, Shepherd BE, Koethe JR, Furukawa SS, Bofill CE, Raffanti S, Sterling TR. CD4/CD8 Ratio and CD4 Nadir Predict Mortality Following Noncommunicable Disease Diagnosis in Adults Living with HIV. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:960-967. [PMID: 31407605 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular disease (CVD), cirrhosis, and non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs), have been associated with HIV viremia, CD4 cell counts, and CD4/CD8 ratio in persons living with HIV (PLWH). This study examined the importance of these markers to mortality risk following NCD diagnosis. We examined factors associated with mortality following incident CVD, cirrhosis, or NADCs in a clinical cohort of PLWH between 1998 and 2015. We calculated Kaplan-Meier estimates and used multivariable Cox proportional hazard models. We included 341 patients with NCDs (CVD = 169, cancer = 103, and cirrhosis = 67), of whom 129 died. Median age at NCD diagnosis was 49 years and median proportion of time before NCD with virologic suppression was 64%. Median survival after CVD was longer than for cancer or cirrhosis (11.6 years vs. 4.8 and 3.4 years, respectively; log rank test p < .001). In multivariable Cox proportional hazard models, higher CD4/CD8 ratio preceding NCD (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] per 0.1 increase = 0.92 [95% confidence interval 0.85-0.99]) and higher CD4 nadir (aHR per 100 cells/μL = 0.84 [0.72-0.97]) were associated with decreased mortality risk. Neither CD4 cell count before NCD nor HIV viremia was statistically associated with mortality in adjusted models. When restricted to 116 patients with virologic suppression for ≥80% of time before NCD, only CD4 nadir was associated with mortality risk. Low CD4/CD8 ratio and CD4 nadir were associated with increased mortality risk after NCD, suggesting that prior immunosuppression or ongoing immune imbalance remain important for outcomes following serious NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Castilho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Megan Turner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Bryan E. Shepherd
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - John R. Koethe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sally S. Furukawa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Carmen E. Bofill
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Stephen Raffanti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Timothy R. Sterling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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22
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Lo Re V, Newcomb CW, Carbonari DM, Roy JA, Althoff KN, Kitahata MM, Reddy KR, Lim JK, Silverberg MJ, Mayor AM, Horberg MA, Cachay ER, Kirk GD, Hull M, Gill J, Sterling TR, Kostman JR, Peters MG, Moore RD, Klein MB, Kim HN. Determinants of Liver Complications Among HIV/Hepatitis B Virus-Coinfected Patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019; 82:71-80. [PMID: 31107304 PMCID: PMC6692181 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of end-stage liver disease (ESLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in HIV. Factors contributing to the high rates of liver complications among HIV/HBV-coinfected individuals remain unknown. SETTING North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study among HIV/HBV-coinfected patients in 10 US and Canadian cohorts of the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design that validated ESLD (ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, variceal hemorrhage, and/or hepatic encephalopathy) and HCC diagnoses from 1996 to 2010. Multivariable Cox regression was used to examine adjusted hazard ratios [aHRs with 95% confidence interval (CIs)] of liver complications (first occurrence of ESLD or HCC) associated with hypothesized determinants and with increasing durations of HIV suppression (≤500 copies/mL). RESULTS Among 3573 HIV/HBV patients with 13,790 person-years of follow-up, 111 liver complications occurred (incidence rate = 8.0 [95% CI: 6.6 to 9.7] events/1000 person-years). Rates of liver complication were increased with non-black/non-Hispanic race [aHR = 1.76 (1.13-2.74)], diabetes mellitus [aHR = 2.07 (1.20-3.57)], lower time-updated CD4 cell count [<200 cells/mm: aHR = 2.59 (1.36-4.91); 201-499 cells/mm: aHR = 1.75 (1.01-3.06) versus ≥500 cells/mm], heavy alcohol use [aHR = 1.58 (1.04-2.39)], and higher FIB-4 at start of follow-up [>3.25: aHR = 9.79 (5.73-16.74); 1.45-3.25: aHR = 3.20 (1.87-5.47) versus FIB-4 <1.45]. HIV suppression for ≥6 months was associated with lower liver complication rates compared with those with unsuppressed HIV [aHR = 0.56 (0.35-0.91)]. CONCLUSIONS Non-black/non-Hispanic race, diabetes, lower CD4 cell count, heavy alcohol use, and advanced liver fibrosis were determinants of liver complications among HIV/HBV patients. Sustained HIV suppression should be a focus for HIV/HBV-coinfected patients to reduce the risks of ESLD/HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Lo Re
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Craig W Newcomb
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dena M Carbonari
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jason A Roy
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Keri N Althoff
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mari M Kitahata
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - K Rajender Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Joseph K Lim
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Angel M Mayor
- Department of Medicine, Retrovirus Research Center, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
| | - Michael A Horberg
- Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic States, Rockville, MD
| | - Edward R Cachay
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Gregory D Kirk
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mark Hull
- Department of Medicine, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - John Gill
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Timothy R Sterling
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Jay R Kostman
- John Bell Health Center, Philadelphia Field Initiating Group for HIV Trials, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Marion G Peters
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Richard D Moore
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Marina B Klein
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - H Nina Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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23
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Abstract
: Elevation of liver transaminases is common in patients infected with the HIV. Although this is usually an incidental finding during regular work-up, HIV-infected patients with transaminase elevations require additional visits for laboratory studies and clinical assessments, and often undergo interruptions and changes in antiretroviral therapy (ART). Alanine aminotransferase is present primarily in the liver, thus being a surrogate marker of hepatocellular injury. Aspartate aminotransferase is present in the liver and other organs, namely cardiac and skeletal muscle, kidney and brain. Serum levels of both liver transaminases predict liver-related mortality. Moreover, serum fibrosis biomarkers based on alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase predict all-cause mortality. In a busy clinical setting, a diagnostic approach to elevated liver transaminases could be complicated given the frequency and nonspecificity of this finding. Indeed, HIV-infected individuals present multiple risk factors for liver damage and chronic elevation of transaminases, including coinfection with hepatitis B and C viruses, alcohol abuse, hepatotoxicity due to ART, HIV itself and frequent metabolic comorbidities leading to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. This review provides an update on epidemiology of elevated liver transaminases, summarizes the main etiologic contributors and discusses the prognostic significance and a pragmatic approach to this frequent finding in the clinical practice of HIV medicine. With the aging of the HIV-infected population following the successful implementation of ART in Western countries, liver-related conditions are now a major comorbidity in this setting. As such, clinicians should be aware of the frequency, clinical significance and diagnostic approach to elevated liver transaminases.
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24
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether continued, accelerated liver fibrosis progression occurs following acute hepatitis C virus infection (AHCVI) in HIV-positive MSM is unknown. DESIGN AND METHODS HIV-positive MSM from the AIDS Therapy Evaluation in the Netherlands and MSM Observational Study for Acute Infection with Hepatitis C-cohorts with primary AHCVI and at least one fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) measurement less than 2 years before and 1 year after estimated AHCVI were included. Mixed-effect linear models were used to evaluate (time-updated) determinants of FIB-4 levels over time. Determinants of transitioning to and from FIB-4 ≤ 1.45 and > 1.45 were examined using multistate Markov models. RESULTS Of 313 MSM, median FIB-4 measurements per individual was 12 (interquartile range = 8-18) and median follow-up following AHCVI was 3.5 years (interquartile range = 1.9-5.6). FIB-4 measurements averaged at 1.00 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.95-1.05] before AHCVI, 1.31 (95% CI = 1.25-1.38) during the first year of AHCVI and 1.10 (95% CI = 1.05-1.15) more than 1 year after AHCVI. Mean FIB-4 more than 1 year after AHCVI was higher for chronically infected patients compared with those successfully treated (P = 0.007). Overall FIB-4 scores were significantly higher with older age, lower CD4 cell count, longer duration from HIV-diagnosis or AHCVI, and nonresponse to HCV-treatment. At the end of follow-up, 60 (19.2%) and eight MSM (2.6%) had FIB-4 between 1.45-3.25 and ≥ 3.25, respectively. Older age, lower CD4 cell count and detectable HIV-RNA were significantly associated with higher rates of progression to FIB-4 > 1.45, whereas older age, longer duration from HIV-diagnosis and nonresponse to HCV-treatment were significantly associated with lower rates of regression to FIB-4 ≤ 1.45. CONCLUSION In this population of HIV-positive MSM, FIB-4 scores were higher during the first year of AHCVI, but FIB-4 ≥ 3.25 was uncommon by the end of follow-up. Well controlled HIV-infection appears to attenuate FIB-4 progression.
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25
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Kaminskas LM, Williams CC, Leong NJ, Chan LJ, Butcher NJ, Feeney OM, Porter CJH, Tyssen D, Tachedjian G, Ascher DB. A 30 kDa polyethylene glycol-enfuvirtide complex enhances the exposure of enfuvirtide in lymphatic viral reservoirs in rats. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 137:218-226. [PMID: 30851352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
HIV therapy with anti-retroviral drugs is limited by the poor exposure of viral reservoirs, such as lymphoid tissue, to these small molecule drugs. We therefore investigated the effect of PEGylation on the anti-retroviral activity and subcutaneous lymphatic pharmacokinetics of the peptide-based fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide in thoracic lymph duct cannulated rats. Both the peptide and the PEG were quantified in plasma and lymph via ELISA. Conjugation to a single 5 kDa linear PEG decreased anti-HIV activity three-fold compared to enfuvirtide. Whilst plasma and lymphatic exposure to peptide mass was moderately increased, the loss of anti-viral activity led to an overall decrease in exposure to enfuvirtide activity. A 20 kDa 4-arm branched PEG conjugated with an average of two enfuvirtide peptides decreased peptide activity by six-fold. Plasma and lymph exposure to enfuvirtide, however, increased significantly such that anti-viral activity was increased two- and six-fold respectively. The results suggest that a multi-enfuvirtide-PEG complex may optimally enhance the anti-retroviral activity of the peptide in plasma and lymph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Kaminskas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Charlotte C Williams
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Nathania J Leong
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Linda J Chan
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Neville J Butcher
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Orlagh M Feeney
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - David Tyssen
- Burnet Institute, 89 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Gilda Tachedjian
- Burnet Institute, 89 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - David B Ascher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville 3052, Australia
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26
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Dharan NJ, Neuhaus J, Rockstroh JK, Peters L, Gordin F, Arenas‐Pinto A, Emerson C, Marks K, Hidalgo J, Sarmento‐Castro R, Stephan C, Kumarasamy N, Emery S, Matthews GV. Benefit of Early versus Deferred Antiretroviral Therapy on Progression of Liver Fibrosis among People with HIV in the START Randomized Trial. Hepatology 2019; 69:1135-1150. [PMID: 30298608 PMCID: PMC6393919 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in reducing or contributing to liver fibrosis in persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is unclear. We evaluated participants in the Strategic Timing of AntiRetroviral Treatment (START) trial for liver fibrosis using the AST to Platelet Ratio Index (APRI) and Fibrosis-4 Index (FIB-4), and assessed for a benefit of early versus delayed ART on liver fibrosis progression. ART-naïve persons with high CD4 counts (>500 cells/µL) from 222 clinical sites in 35 countries were randomized to receive ART either at study enrollment (immediate treatment arm) or when their CD4 count fell below 350 cells/µL (deferred treatment arm). The following outcomes were evaluated: fibrosis (APRI > 0.5 or FIB-4 > 1.45), significant fibrosis (APRI > 1.5 or FIB-4 > 3.25), hepatic flare, and resolution of elevated APRI and FIB-4 scores. Of the 4,684 enrolled into the START study, 104 did not have APRI or FIB-4 results and were excluded. Among 4,580 participants (2,273 immediate treatment; 2,307 deferred treatment), the median age was 36 years, 26.9% were female, and 30.4% were black. Three percent had an alcoholism or substance abuse history, 6.4% had hepatitis B and/or C, and 1.1% had significant fibrosis at baseline. The median CD4 count was 651, and 5.3% had HIV RNA ≤ 200. Immediate arm participants were at lower risk of developing increased fibrosis scores than deferred arm participants (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.57-0.78; P < 0.001) and more likely to have resolution of elevated baseline scores (HR 1.6; 95% CI 1.3-1.9; P < 0.001). Conclusions: Significant liver fibrosis was rare among ART-naïve HIV-positive persons with high CD4 counts. Our findings suggest a benefit of early ART in preventing the development of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lars Peters
- CHIP, Department of Infectious DiseaseRigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | | | | | - Kristen Marks
- Weill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew YorkNY
| | | | | | | | | | - Sean Emery
- Kirby InstituteUNSW SydneySydneyAustralia,Faculty of MedicineUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
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Aibibula W, Cox J, Hamelin AM, Moodie EEM, Anema A, Klein MB, Brassard P. Association between depressive symptoms, CD4 count and HIV viral suppression among HIV-HCV co-infected people. AIDS Care 2018; 30:643-649. [PMID: 29374972 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2018.1431385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Depressive symptoms are associated with poor HIV viral control and immune recovery among people living with HIV. However, no prior studies assessed this association exclusively among people co-infected with HIV-hepatitis C virus (HCV). While people with HIV only and those with HIV-HCV co-infection share many characteristics, co-infected people may become more susceptible to the effects of depressive symptoms on health outcomes. We assessed this association exclusively among people co-infected with HIV-HCV in Canada using data from the Food Security & HIV-HCV Sub-Study (FS Sub-Study) of the Canadian Co-Infection Cohort (CCC). Stabilized inverse probability weighted marginal structural model was used to account for potential time-varying confounders. A total of 725 participants were enrolled between 2012 and 2015. At baseline, 52% of participants reported depressive symptoms, 75% had undetectable HIV viral load, and median CD4 count was 466 (IQR 300-665). People experiencing depressive symptoms had 1.32 times (95% CI: 1.07, 1.63) the risk of having detectable HIV viral load, but had comparable CD4 count to people who did not experience depressive symptoms (fold change of CD4 = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.91, 1.03). Presence of depressive symptoms is a risk factor for incomplete short-term HIV viral suppression among people co-infected with HIV-HCV. Therefore, depressive symptoms screening and related counseling may improve HIV related health outcomes and reduce HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wusiman Aibibula
- a Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health , McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Joseph Cox
- a Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health , McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada.,b Public Health Department , CIUSSS du Centre-Est-de-l 'Ile-de-Montréal , Montréal , QC , Canada.,c Centre for Outcomes Research & Evaluation , Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre , Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Hamelin
- a Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health , McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Erica E M Moodie
- a Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health , McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Aranka Anema
- d Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School , Harvard University , Boston , MA , USA.,e Department of Medicine , Boston Children's Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,f Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada
| | - Marina B Klein
- a Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health , McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada.,g Department of Medicine , McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Paul Brassard
- a Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health , McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada.,c Centre for Outcomes Research & Evaluation , Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre , Montreal , QC , Canada.,g Department of Medicine , McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada
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28
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Vinikoor MJ, Sinkala E, Chilengi R, Mulenga LB, Chi BH, Zyambo Z, Hoffmann CJ, Saag MS, Davies MA, Egger M, Wandeler G. Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Liver Fibrosis Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Adults With and Without HBV Coinfection in Zambia. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 64:1343-1349. [PMID: 28158504 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated changes in hepatic fibrosis, based on transient elastography (TE), among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with and without hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Zambia. Methods Patients' liver stiffness measurements (LSM; kiloPascals [kPa]) at ART initiation were categorized as no or minimal fibrosis (equivalent to Metavir F0-F1), significant fibrosis (F2-F3), and cirrhosis (F4). TE was repeated following 1 year of ART. Stratified by HBV coinfection status (hepatitis B surface antigen positive at baseline), we described LSM change and the proportion with an increase/decrease in fibrosis category. Using multivariable logistic regression, we assessed correlates of significant fibrosis/cirrhosis at 1 year on ART. Results Among 463 patients analyzed (61 with HBV coinfection), median age was 35 years, 53.7% were women, and median baseline CD4+ count was 240 cells/mm3. Nearly all (97.6%) patients received tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-containing ART, in line with nationally recommended first-line treatment. The median LSM change was -0.70 kPa (95% confidence interval, -3.0 to +1.7) and was similar with and without HBV coinfection. Significant fibrosis/cirrhosis decreased in frequency from 14.0% to 6.7% (P < .001). Increased age, male sex, and HBV coinfection predicted significant fibrosis/cirrhosis at 1 year (all P < .05). Conclusion The percentage of HIV-infected Zambian adults with elevated liver stiffness suggestive of significant fibrosis/cirrhosis decreased following ART initiation-regardless of HBV status. This suggests that HIV infection plays a role in liver inflammation. HBV-coinfected patients were more likely to have significant fibrosis/cirrhosis at 1 year on ART. Clinical Trials Registration NCT02060162.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Vinikoor
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia.,School of Medicine, University of Zambia, and
| | - Edford Sinkala
- School of Medicine, University of Zambia, and.,Department of Medicine, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Lloyd B Mulenga
- School of Medicine, University of Zambia, and.,Department of Medicine, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Benjamin H Chi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Zude Zyambo
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia
| | | | - Michael S Saag
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Mary-Ann Davies
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Matthias Egger
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Wandeler
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Kumar RN, Balba GP. Managing the HIV/HCV-Co-Infected Patient in the Direct-Acting Antiviral Era: a Review of Pertinent Drug Interactions. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40506-017-0138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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Kaspar MB, Sterling RK. Mechanisms of liver disease in patients infected with HIV. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2017; 4:e000166. [PMID: 29119002 PMCID: PMC5663263 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2017-000166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe the various mechanisms of liver disease in patients with HIV infection, and to link these mechanisms to disease states which may utilise them. Background Non-AIDS causes of morbidity and mortality are becoming increasingly common in patients chronically infected with HIV. In particular, liver-related diseases have risen to become one of the leading causes of non-AIDS-related death. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms driving the development of liver disease in these patients is essential when evaluating and caring for these patients. Methods The literature regarding mechanisms of liver disease by which different disease entities may cause hepatic injury and fibrosis was reviewed and synthesised. Results A number of discrete mechanisms of injury were identified, to include: oxidative stress, mitochondrial injury, lipotoxicity, immune-mediated injury, cytotoxicity, toxic metabolite accumulation, gut microbial translocation, systemic inflammation, senescence and nodular regenerative hyperplasia. Disease states may use any number of these mechanisms to exert their effect on the liver. Conclusions The mechanisms by which liver injury may occur in patients with HIV infection are numerous. Most disease states use multiple mechanisms to cause hepatic injury and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Kaspar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Richard K Sterling
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Section of Hepatology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Division of Infectious Disease, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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31
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Pembroke T, Deschenes M, Lebouché B, Benmassaoud A, Sewitch M, Ghali P, Wong P, Halme A, Vuille-Lessard E, Pexos C, Klein MB, Sebastiani G. Hepatic steatosis progresses faster in HIV mono-infected than HIV/HCV co-infected patients and is associated with liver fibrosis. J Hepatol 2017; 67:801-808. [PMID: 28527666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatic steatosis (HS) seems common in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, the relative effect of HIV, as well as hepatitis C virus (HCV) in those co-infected, and the influence of HS on liver fibrosis progression are unclear. METHODS The LIVEr disease in HIV (LIVEHIV) is a Canadian prospective cohort study using transient elastography and associated controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) to screen for HS and liver fibrosis, in unselected HIV-infected adults. HS progression was defined as development of any grade HS (CAP ⩾248dB/m), or transition to severe HS (CAP >292dB/m), for those with any grade HS at baseline. Fibrosis progression was defined as development of significant liver fibrosis (liver stiffness measurement [LSM] >7.1kPa), or transition to cirrhosis (LSM >12.5kPa) for those with significant liver fibrosis at baseline. Cox regression analysis was used to assess predictors of HS and fibrosis progression. RESULTS A prospective cohort study was conducted, which included 726 HIV-infected patients (22.7% HCV co-infected). Prevalence of any grade HS did not differ between HIV mono-infected and HIV/HCV co-infected patients (36.1% vs. 38.6%, respectively). 313 patients were followed for a median of 15.4 (interquartile range 8.5-23.0) months. The rate of HS progression was 37.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] 29.2-49.0) and 21.9 (95% CI 15.6-30.7) per 100 person-years in HIV mono-infection and HIV/HCV co-infection, respectively. HCV co-infection was an independent negative predictor of HS progression (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.50, 95% CI 0.28-0.89). HS predicted liver fibrosis progression in HIV mono-infection (aHR 4.18, 95% CI 1.21-14.5), but not in HIV/HCV co-infection. CONCLUSION HS progresses faster and is associated with liver fibrosis progression in HIV mono-infection but not in HIV/HCV co-infection. Lay summary: Fatty liver is the most frequent liver disease in Western countries. People living with HIV seem at high risk of fatty liver due to frequent metabolic disorders and the long-term effects of antiretroviral therapy. However, due to the invasiveness of liver biopsy, the traditional method of diagnosing fatty liver, there are few data regarding its frequency in people living with HIV. In this study, we used a non-invasive diagnostic tool to analyze the epidemiology of fatty liver in 726 HIV+ patients. We found that fatty liver affects over one-third of people living with HIV. When followed over time, we found that HIV+ patients without HCV co-infection develop fatty liver more frequently than those co-infected with HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pembroke
- Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Marc Deschenes
- Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bertrand Lebouché
- Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amine Benmassaoud
- Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maida Sewitch
- Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Peter Ghali
- Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Philip Wong
- Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alex Halme
- Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Costa Pexos
- Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marina B Klein
- Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Giada Sebastiani
- Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Alcohol use, viral hepatitis and liver fibrosis among HIV-positive persons in West Africa: a cross-sectional study. J Int AIDS Soc 2017; 19:21424. [PMID: 28362065 PMCID: PMC5467604 DOI: 10.7448/ias.20.1.21424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Liver fibrosis is often the first stage of liver disease in people living with HIV (PLWHIV) in industrialized countries. However, little is known about liver fibrosis and its correlates among PLWHIV in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: The study was undertaken in three HIV referral clinics in Côte d’Ivoire, Senegal and Togo. Enrolled PLWHIV underwent a non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis combining liver stiffness measure (LSM) with transient elastography and the aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI). Significant liver fibrosis was defined as LSM ≥7.1 kPa. Patients were screened for alcohol use (alcohol use disorder identification test (AUDIT)-C questionnaire), hepatitis B virus (HBV) antigen, hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) antibody and anti-hepatitis C (HCV) antibody. A logistic regression model was used to identify the factors associated with significant liver fibrosis. Results: A total of 807 PLWHIV were screened at a median age of 43 years (interquartile range (IQR): 36–50). Their median CD4 count was 393 cells/mm3 (IQR: 234–563) and 682 (84.5%) were on antiretroviral therapy (ART). The prevalence of significant fibrosis was 5.3% (3.8–6.7). Infections with HBV and HCV were identified in 74 (9.2%) and nine (1.1%) participants. Main factors associated with liver fibrosis were alcohol use (AUDIT-C >6): (odds ratio (OR) = 4.0, confidence interval (CI): 1.2–14.0), (Ref. AUDIT-C <4) and HBV infection (OR = 2.9, CI: 1.2–7.2). Of the 74 patients positively screened for HBV, 50.0% were on a tenofovir-based ART regimen. Overall, 10% of HIV/HBV coinfected patients were detected with a positive HDV antibody with a higher prevalence in patients with a significant liver fibrosis (43.0%) compared to others (6.3%) (p = 0.01). Conclusions: Considering the WHO recommendations to screen for HBV infection and treat co-infected patients with tenofovir-based ART, screening of alcohol use and brief interventions to prevent alcohol abuse should be implemented in West Africa, especially in HBV/HIV co-infected patients.
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Prevalence and Factors Associated with Hazardous Alcohol Use Among Persons Living with HIV Across the US in the Current Era of Antiretroviral Treatment. AIDS Behav 2017; 21:1914-1925. [PMID: 28285434 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-017-1740-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous alcohol use is associated with detrimental health outcomes among persons living with HIV (PLWH). We examined the prevalence and factors associated with hazardous alcohol use in the current era using several hazardous drinking definitions and binge drinking defined as ≥5 drinks for men versus ≥4 for women. We included 8567 PLWH from 7 U.S. sites from 2013 to 2015. Current hazardous alcohol use was reported by 27% and 34% reported binge drinking. In adjusted analyses, current and past cocaine/crack (odd ratio [OR] 4.1:3.3-5.1, p < 0.001 and OR 1.3:1.1-1.5, p < 0.001 respectively), marijuana (OR 2.5:2.2-2.9, p < 0.001 and OR 1.4:1.2-1.6, p < 0.001), and cigarette use (OR 1.4:1.2-1.6, p < 0.001 and OR 1.3:1.2-1.5, p < 0.001) were associated with increased hazardous alcohol use. The prevalence of hazardous alcohol use remains high in the current era, particularly among younger men. Routine screening and targeted interventions for hazardous alcohol use, potentially bundled with interventions for other drugs, remain a key aspect of HIV care.
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Mena A, Meijide H, Rodríguez-Osorio I, Castro A, Poveda E. Liver-related mortality and hospitalizations attributable to chronic hepatitis C virus coinfection in persons living with HIV. HIV Med 2017; 18:685-689. [DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Mena
- Clinical Virology group; Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC)-University Hospital of A Coruña (CHUAC); Sergas; University of A Coruña (UDC); A Coruña Spain
| | - H Meijide
- Clinical Virology group; Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC)-University Hospital of A Coruña (CHUAC); Sergas; University of A Coruña (UDC); A Coruña Spain
- Internal Medicine Service; Quiron Hospital; A Coruña Spain
| | - I Rodríguez-Osorio
- Clinical Virology group; Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC)-University Hospital of A Coruña (CHUAC); Sergas; University of A Coruña (UDC); A Coruña Spain
| | - A Castro
- Clinical Virology group; Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC)-University Hospital of A Coruña (CHUAC); Sergas; University of A Coruña (UDC); A Coruña Spain
| | - E Poveda
- Clinical Virology group; Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC)-University Hospital of A Coruña (CHUAC); Sergas; University of A Coruña (UDC); A Coruña Spain
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Bailey H, Nizova N, Martsynovska V, Volokha A, Malyuta R, Cortina-Borja M, Thorne C. HCV co-infection and markers of liver injury and fibrosis among HIV-positive childbearing women in Ukraine: results from a cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:755. [PMID: 27955711 PMCID: PMC5153905 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ukraine’s injecting drug use-driven HIV epidemic is among the most severe in Europe with high burden of HCV co-infection. HIV/HCV co-infected individuals are at elevated risk of HCV-related morbidity, but little is known about burden of liver disease and associated factors in the HIV-positive population in Ukraine, particularly among women. Methods Characteristics of 2050 HIV-positive women enrolled into the Ukrainian Study of HIV-infected Childbearing Women were described by HCV serostatus. Aspartate transaminase (AST) to platelet ratio (APRI) and FIB-4 scores were calculated and exact logistic regression models fitted to investigate factors associated with significant fibrosis (APRI >1.5) among 762 women with an APRI score available. Results Of 2050 HIV-positive women (median age 27.7 years, IQR 24.6-31.3), 33% were HCV co-infected (79% of those with a history of injecting drug use vs 23% without) and 17% HBsAg positive. A quarter were on antiretroviral therapy at postnatal cohort enrolment. 1% of the HIV/HCV co-infected group had ever received treatment for HCV. Overall, 24% had an alanine aminotransferase level >41 U/L and 34% an elevated AST (53% and 61% among HIV/HCV co-infected). Prevalence of significant fibrosis was 4.5%; 2.5% among 445 HIV mono-infected and 12.3% among 171 HIV/HCV co-infected women. 1.2% had a FIB-4 score >3.25 indicating advanced fibrosis. HCV RNA testing in a sub-group of 56 HIV/HCV co-infected women indicated a likely spontaneous clearance rate of 18% and predominance of HCV genotype 1, with one-third having genotype 3 infection. Factors associated with significant fibrosis were HCV co-infection (AOR 2.53 95%CI 1.03-6.23), history of injecting drug use (AOR 3.51 95%CI 1.39-8.89), WHO stage 3-4 HIV disease (AOR 3.47 95%CI 1.51-7.99 vs stage 1-2 HIV disease) and not being on combination antiretroviral therapy (AOR 3.08 95%CI 1.23-7.74), adjusted additionally for HBV co-infection, smoking and age. Conclusions Most HIV/HCV co-infected women had elevated liver enzymes and 12% had significant fibrosis according to APRI. Risk factors for liver fibrosis in this young HIV-positive population include poorly controlled HIV and high burden of HCV. Results highlight the importance of addressing modifiable risk factors and rolling out HCV treatment to improve the health outcomes of this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Bailey
- Population, Policy and Practice Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Nataliya Nizova
- The Public Health Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Violeta Martsynovska
- The Public Health Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.,Institute of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases of NAMS, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Alla Volokha
- Shupyk National Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Ruslan Malyuta
- Perinatal Prevention of AIDS Initiative, Odessa, Ukraine
| | - Mario Cortina-Borja
- Population, Policy and Practice Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Claire Thorne
- Population, Policy and Practice Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
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Ronit A, Haissman J, Kirkegaard-Klitbo DM, Kristensen TS, Lebech AM, Benfield T, Gerstoft J, Ullum H, Køber L, Kjær A, Kofoed K, Vestbo J, Nordestgaard B, Lundgren J, Nielsen SD. Copenhagen comorbidity in HIV infection (COCOMO) study: a study protocol for a longitudinal, non-interventional assessment of non-AIDS comorbidity in HIV infection in Denmark. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:713. [PMID: 27887644 PMCID: PMC5124288 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has improved survival for people living with HIV (PLWHIV). Non-AIDS comorbidities have replaced opportunistic infections as leading causes of mortality and morbidity, and are becoming a key health concern as this population continues to age. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence and incidence of non-AIDS comorbidity among PLWHIV in Denmark in the cART era and to determine risk factors contributing to the pathogenesis. The study primarily targets cardiovascular, respiratory, and hepatic non-AIDS comorbidity. METHODS/DESIGN The Copenhagen comorbidity in HIV-infection (COCOMO) study is an observational, longitudinal cohort study. The study was initiated in 2015 and recruitment is ongoing with the aim of including 1500 PLWHIV from the Copenhagen area. Follow-up examinations after 2 and 10 years are planned. Uninfected controls are derived from the Copenhagen General Population Study (CGPS), a cohort study including 100,000 uninfected participants from the same geographical region. Physiological and biological measures including blood pressure, ankle-brachial index, electrocardiogram, spirometry, exhaled nitric oxide, transient elastography of the liver, computed tomography (CT) angiography of the heart, unenhanced CT of the chest and upper abdomen, and a number of routine biochemical analysis are uniformly collected in participants from the COCOMO study and the CGPS. Plasma, serum, buffy coat, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), urine, and stool samples are collected in a biobank for future studies. Data will be updated through periodical linking to national databases. DISCUSSION As life expectancy for PLWHIV improves, it is essential to study long-term impact of HIV and cART. We anticipate that findings from this cohort study will increase knowledge on non-AIDS comorbidity in PLWHIV and identify targets for future interventional trials. Recognizing the demographic, clinical and pathophysiological characteristics of comorbidity in PLWHIV may help inform development of new guidelines and enable us to move forward to a more personalized HIV care. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02382822 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ronit
- Viro-immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases 8632, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Judith Haissman
- Viro-immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases 8632, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ditte Marie Kirkegaard-Klitbo
- Viro-immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases 8632, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Anne-Mette Lebech
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Benfield
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Gerstoft
- Viro-immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases 8632, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Ullum
- Department of Clinical Immunology 2034, Blood Bank, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Køber
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjær
- Department of clinical physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Kofoed
- Department of Radiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Vestbo
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust and The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Børge Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Lundgren
- CHIP, Department of Infectious Diseases, Section 2100, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Dam Nielsen
- Viro-immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases 8632, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Jaquet A, Wandeler G, Tine J, Dagnra CA, Attia A, Patassi A, Ndiaye A, de Ledinghen V, Ekouevi DK, Seydi M, Dabis F. HIV infection, viral hepatitis and liver fibrosis among prison inmates in West Africa. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:249. [PMID: 27267370 PMCID: PMC4895802 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1601-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prisoners represent a vulnerable population for blood-borne and sexually transmitted infections which can potentially lead to liver fibrosis and ultimately cirrhosis. However, little is known about the prevalence of liver fibrosis and associated risk factors among inmates in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods Screening of liver fibrosis was undertaken in a randomly selected sample of male inmates incarcerated in Lome, Togo and in Dakar, Senegal using transient elastography. A liver stiffness measurement ≥9.5 KPa was retained to define the presence of a severe liver fibrosis. All included inmates were also screened for HIV, Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection. Substances abuse including alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use were assessed during face-to-face interviews. Odds Ratio (OR) estimates were computed with their 95 % Confidence Interval (CI) to identify factors associated with severe liver fibrosis. Results Overall, 680 inmates were included with a median age of 30 years [interquartile range: 24–35]. The prevalence of severe fibrosis was 3.1 % (4.9 % in Lome and 1.2 % in Dakar). Infections with HIV, HBV and HCV were identified in 2.6 %, 12.5 % and 0.5 % of inmates, respectively. Factors associated with a severe liver fibrosis were HIV infection (OR = 7.6; CI 1.8–32.1), HBV infection (OR = 4.8; CI 1.8–12.8), HCV infection (OR = 52.6; CI 4.1–673.8), use of traditional medicines (OR = 3.7; CI 1.4–10.1) and being incarcerated in Lome (OR = 3.3; CI 1.1–9.8) compared to Dakar. Conclusions HIV infection and viral hepatitis infections were identified as important and independent determinants of severe liver fibrosis. While access to active antiviral therapies against HIV and viral hepatitis expands in Africa, adapted strategies for the monitoring of liver disease need to be explored, especially in vulnerable populations such as inmates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Jaquet
- Université Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897- Epidémiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000, Bordeaux, France. .,INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897- Epidémiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Gilles Wandeler
- Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales, CRCF, CHU de Fann, Dakar, Sénégal.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Judicaël Tine
- Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales, CRCF, CHU de Fann, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Claver A Dagnra
- Service de virologie, BIOLIM, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Alain Attia
- Service de hépato-gastroentérologie, CHU de Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Akouda Patassi
- Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales, CHU Sylvanus Olympio, Lomé, Togo
| | | | - Victor de Ledinghen
- Centre d'investigation de la fibrose hepatique, Hopital Haut-Leveque, CHU de Bordeaux & INSERM U1053, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Didier K Ekouevi
- Université Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897- Epidémiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897- Epidémiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,Département de Santé Publique, Faculté des Sciences de la santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Moussa Seydi
- Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales, CRCF, CHU de Fann, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - François Dabis
- Université Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897- Epidémiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897- Epidémiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
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