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Nestor L, De Bundel D, Vander Heyden Y, Smolders I, Van Eeckhaut A. Unravelling the brain metabolome: A review of liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry strategies for extracellular brain metabolomics. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1712:464479. [PMID: 37952387 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of the brain extracellular metabolome is of interest for numerous subdomains within neuroscience. Not only does it provide information about normal physiological functions, it is even more of interest for biomarker discovery and target discovery in disease. The extracellular analysis of the brain is particularly interesting as it provides information about the release of mediators in the brain extracellular fluid to look at cellular signaling and metabolic pathways through the release, diffusion and re-uptake of neurochemicals. In vivo samples are obtained through microdialysis, cerebral open-flow microperfusion or solid-phase microextraction. The analytes of potential interest are typically low in concentration and can have a wide range of physicochemical properties. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry has proven its usefulness in brain metabolomics. It allows sensitive and specific analysis of low sample volumes, obtained through different approaches. Several strategies for the analysis of the extracellular fluid have been proposed. The most widely used approaches apply sample derivatization, specific stationary phases and/or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. Miniaturization of these methods allows an even higher sensitivity. The development of chiral metabolomics is indispensable, as it allows to compare the enantiomeric ratio of compounds and provides even more challenges. Some limitations continue to exist for the previously developed methods and the development of new, more sensitive methods remains needed. This review provides an overview of the methods developed for sampling and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the extracellular metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Nestor
- Research group Experimental Pharmacology (EFAR), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dimitri De Bundel
- Research group Experimental Pharmacology (EFAR), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yvan Vander Heyden
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling (FABI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilse Smolders
- Research group Experimental Pharmacology (EFAR), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Eeckhaut
- Research group Experimental Pharmacology (EFAR), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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Matias ME, Radulski DR, Rodrigues da Silva T, Raymundi AM, Stern CAJ, Zampronio AR. Involvement of cannabinoid receptors and neuroinflammation in early sepsis: Implications for posttraumatic stress disorder. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110745. [PMID: 37541107 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is associated with several comorbidities in survivors, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study investigated whether rats that survive sepsis develop the generalization of fear memory as a model of PTSD. Responses to interventions that target the endothelin-1 (ET-1)/cannabinoid system and glial activation in the initial stages of sepsis were evaluated. As a control, we evaluated hyperalgesia before fear conditioning. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in Wistar rats. CLP-induced sepsis with one or three punctures resulted in fear generalization in the survivors 13 and 20 days after the CLP procedure, a process that was not associated with hyperalgesia. Septic animals were intracerebroventricularly treated with vehicle, the endothelin receptor A (ETA) antagonist BQ123, the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptor antagonists AM251 and AM630, respectively, and the glial blocker minocycline 4 h after CLP. The blockade of either CB1 or ETA receptors increased the survival rate, but only the former reversed fear memory generalization. The endothelinergic system blockade is important for improving survival but not for fear memory. Treatment with the CB2 receptor antagonist or minocycline also reversed the generalization of fear memory but did not increase the survival rate that was associated with CLP. Minocycline treatment also reduced tumor necrosis factor-α levels in the hippocampus suggesting that neuroinflammation is important for the generalization of fear memory induced by CLP. The influence of CLP on the generalization of fear memory was not related to Arc protein expression, a regulator of synaptic plasticity, in the dorsal hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ana Maria Raymundi
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Leite-Avalca MCG, Zampronio A, Lehmann C. Cannabinoid Receptor 1 and 2 Signaling Pathways Involved in Sepsis. Shock 2021; 56:673-681. [PMID: 33625115 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction, caused by a dysregulated host response to an infection and can progress to septic shock, which represents a major challenge in critical care with a high mortality rate. Currently, there is no definitive treatment available for the dysregulated immune response in sepsis. Therefore, a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms may be useful for elucidating the molecular basis of sepsis and may contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies. The endocannabinoid system is an emerging research topic for the modulation of the host immune response under various pathological conditions. Cannabinoid receptors include the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) and the cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2). This review addresses the main functionality of CB1 and CB2 in sepsis, which can contribute to a better understanding about the pathophysiology of sepsis. Specifically, we discuss the role of CB1 in the cardiovascular system which is one of the biological systems that are strongly affected by sepsis and septic shock. We are also reviewing the role of CB2 in sepsis, specially CB2 activation, which exerts anti-inflammatory activities with potential benefit in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksander Zampronio
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Christian Lehmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Ripamonte GC, Bernardes-Ribeiro M, Patrone LGA, Vicente MC, Bícego KC, Gargaglioni LH. Functional role for preoptic CB1 receptors in breathing and thermal control. Neurosci Lett 2020; 732:135021. [PMID: 32454147 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The anteroventral preoptic region (AVPO) of the hypothalamus is involved in both temperature and breathing regulation. This area densely express cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CB1) that modulate both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission. However, it is still unknown if the endocannabinoid system located in the AVPO participates in breathing control and thermoregulation. Therefore, we tested the participation of CB1 in the AVPO in the modulation of ventilation and thermal control during normoxia and hypoxia. To this end, body temperature (Tb) of Wistar rats was monitored by datallogers and ventilation (VE) by whole body plethysmography before and after intra-AVPO microinjection of AM-251 (CB1 antagonist, 50 and 100 pmol) followed by 60 min of hypoxia exposure (7% O2). Intra-AVPO microinjection of the higher dose of AM-251 increased VE but did not change Tb under resting conditions. Exposure of rats to 7% of inspired oxygen evoked typical hypoxia-induced anapyrexia and hyperventilation after vehicle microinjection. The higher dose of the cannabinoid antagonist increased the hypoxia-induced hyperventilation, in the same magnitude as observed under normoxic condition, whereas the drop in Tb elicited by hypoxia was attenuated. Therefore, the present results demonstrate that the endocannabinoid system acting on CB1 receptors in the AVPO exerts a tonic inhibitory modulation on breathing but seem not be involved in thermoregulation during resting conditions. In addition, activation of CB1 receptors in the AVPO stimulate thermal response during hypoxia, reducing energetically expensive responses, such as the hypoxic hyperventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel C Ripamonte
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP/FCAV at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Bernardes-Ribeiro
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP/FCAV at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Gustavo A Patrone
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP/FCAV at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariane C Vicente
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP/FCAV at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Kênia C Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP/FCAV at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP/FCAV at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
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Rehman A, Baloch NUA, Morrow JP, Pacher P, Haskó G. Targeting of G-protein coupled receptors in sepsis. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 211:107529. [PMID: 32197794 PMCID: PMC7388546 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Third International Consensus Definitions (Sepsis-3) define sepsis as life-threatening multi-organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Sepsis can progress to septic shock-an even more lethal condition associated with profound circulatory, cellular and metabolic abnormalities. Septic shock remains a leading cause of death in intensive care units and carries a mortality of almost 25%. Despite significant advances in our understanding of the pathobiology of sepsis, therapeutic interventions have not translated into tangible differences in the overall outcome for patients. Clinical trials of antagonists of various pro-inflammatory mediators in sepsis have been largely unsuccessful in the past. Given the diverse physiologic roles played by G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), modulation of GPCR signaling for the treatment of sepsis has also been explored. Traditional pharmacologic approaches have mainly focused on ligands targeting the extracellular domains of GPCR. However, novel techniques aimed at modulating GPCR intracellularly through aptamers, pepducins and intrabodies have opened a fresh avenue of therapeutic possibilities. In this review, we summarize the diverse roles played by various subfamilies of GPCR in the pathogenesis of sepsis and identify potential targets for pharmacotherapy through these novel approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rehman
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Noor Ul-Ain Baloch
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - John P Morrow
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States.
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Nogueira JE, Agostinho BK, Mota CM, Branco LG. Splenic anti-inflammatory reflex in immune tolerance. J Therm Biol 2019; 85:102411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.102411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Mota CMD, Borges GS, Amorim MR, Carolino ROG, Batalhão ME, Anselmo-Franci JA, Carnio EC, Branco LGS. Central serotonin prevents hypotension and hypothermia and reduces plasma and spleen cytokine levels during systemic inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:255-265. [PMID: 30885841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An exceptionally high mortality rate is observed in sepsis and septic shock. Systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been used as an experimental model for sepsis resulting in an exacerbated immune response, brain neurochemistry adjustments, hypotension, and hypothermia followed by fever. Central serotonergic pathways not only modulate systemic inflammation (SI) but also are affected by SI, including in the anteroventral region of the hypothalamus (AVPO), which is the hierarchically most important region for body temperature (Tb) control. In this study, we sought to determine if central serotonin (5-HT) plays a role in SI induced by intravenous administration of LPS (1.5 mg/kg) in male Wistar rats (280-350 g) by assessing 5-HT levels in the AVPO, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and Tb up to 300 min after LPS administration, as well as assessing plasma and spleen cytokine levels, nitric oxide (NO) plasma levels, and prostaglandin (PG) E2 levels in the AVPO at 75 min and 300 min after LPS administration. We observed reduced AVPO 5-HT levels, hypotension, tachycardia, hypothermia followed by fever, as well as observing increased plasma NO, plasma and spleen cytokines and AVPO PGE2 levels in SI. Intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of 5-HT 30 min before LPS administration prevented hypotension and hypothermia, which were accompanied by reduced plasma NO, as well as plasma TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 and spleen TNF-α and IL-10 levels. We suggest that SI reduced 5-HT levels in the AVPO favor an increased pro-inflammatory status both centrally and peripherally that converge to hypotension and hypothermia. Moreover, our results are consistent with the notion that exogenous 5-HT given icv prevents hypotension and hypothermia probably activating the splenic anti-inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa M D Mota
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela S Borges
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mateus R Amorim
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ruither O G Carolino
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo E Batalhão
- Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janete A Anselmo-Franci
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Evelin C Carnio
- Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz G S Branco
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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8
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Leite-Avalca MCG, Staats FT, Verona D, de Souza P, Almeida MC, Silva-Santos JE, Zampronio AR. Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Antagonist Rimonabant Decreases Levels of Markers of Organ Dysfunction and Alters Vascular Reactivity in Aortic Vessels in Late Sepsis in Rats. Inflammation 2018; 42:618-627. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0919-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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9
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Garami A, Steiner AA, Romanovsky AA. Fever and hypothermia in systemic inflammation. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 157:565-597. [PMID: 30459026 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64074-1.00034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation-associated syndromes (e.g., sepsis and septic shock) often have high mortality and remain a challenge in emergency medicine. Systemic inflammation is usually accompanied by changes in body temperature: fever or hypothermia. In animal studies, systemic inflammation is often modeled by administering bacterial lipopolysaccharide, which triggers autonomic and behavioral thermoeffector responses and causes either fever or hypothermia, depending on the dose and ambient temperature. Fever and hypothermia are regulated changes of body temperature, which correspond to mild and severe forms of systemic inflammation, respectively. Mediators of fever and hypothermia are called endogenous pyrogens and cryogens; they are produced when the innate immune system recognizes an infectious pathogen. Upon an inflammatory challenge, hepatic and pulmonary macrophages (and later brain endothelial cells) start to release lipid mediators, of which prostaglandin (PG) E2 plays the key role, and cytokines. Blood PGE2 enters the brain and triggers fever. At later stages of fever, PGE2 synthesized within the blood-brain barrier maintains fever. In both cases, PGE2 is synthesized by cyclooxygenase-2 and microsomal PGE2synthase-1. Mediators of hypothermia are not well established. Both fever and hypothermia are beneficial host defense responses. Based on evidence from studies in laboratory animals and clinical trials in humans, fever is beneficial for fighting mild infection. Based mainly on animal studies, hypothermia is beneficial in severe systemic inflammation and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Garami
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Alexandre A Steiner
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrej A Romanovsky
- Thermoregulation and Systemic Inflammation Laboratory (FeverLab), Trauma Research, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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Surkin PN, Di Rosso ME, Correa F, Elverdin JC, Genaro AM, De Laurentiis A, Fernández-Solari J. Participation of hypothalamic CB1 receptors in reproductive axis disruption during immune challenge. J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 29. [PMID: 28665507 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immune challenge inhibits reproductive function and endocannabinoids (eCB) modulate sexual hormones. However, no studies have been performed to assess whether the eCB system mediates the inhibition of hormones that control reproduction as a result of immune system activation during systemic infections. For that reason, we evaluated the participation of the hypothalamic cannabinoid receptor CB1 on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis activity in rats submitted to immune challenge. Male adult rats were treated i.c.v. administration with a CB1 antagonist/inverse agonist (AM251) (500 ng/5 μL), followed by an i.p. injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (5 mg/kg) 15 minutes later. Plasmatic, hypothalamic and adenohypophyseal pro-inflammatory cytokines, hormones and neuropeptides were assessed 90 or 180 minutes post-LPS. The plasma concentration of tumour necrosis factor α and adenohypophyseal mRNA expression of Tnfα and Il1β increased 90 and 180 minutes post i.p. administration of LPS. However, cytokine mRNA expression in the hypothalamus increased only 180 minutes post-LPS, suggesting an inflammatory delay in this organ. CB1 receptor blockade with AM251 increased LPS inflammatory effects, particularly in the hypothalamus. LPS also inhibited the HPG axis by decreasing gonadotrophin-releasing hormone hypothalamic content and plasma levels of luteinising hormone and testosterone. These disruptor effects were accompanied by decreased hypothalamic Kiss1 mRNA expression and prostaglandin E2 content, as well as by increased gonadotrophin-inhibitory hormone (Rfrp3) mRNA expression. All these disruptive effects were prevented by the presence of AM251. In summary, our results suggest that, in male rats, eCB mediate immune challenge-inhibitory effects on reproductive axis at least partially via hypothalamic CB1 activation. In addition, this receptor also participates in homeostasis recovery by modulating the inflammatory process taking place after LPS administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Surkin
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M E Di Rosso
- Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F Correa
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J C Elverdin
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A M Genaro
- Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A De Laurentiis
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J Fernández-Solari
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Reyes BAS, Carvalho AF, Szot P, Kalamarides DJ, Wang Q, Kirby LG, Van Bockstaele EJ. Cortical adrenoceptor expression, function and adaptation under conditions of cannabinoid receptor deletion. Exp Neurol 2017; 292:179-192. [PMID: 28341460 PMCID: PMC5454488 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A neurochemical target at which cannabinoids interact to have global effects on behavior is brain noradrenergic circuitry. Acute and repeated administration of a cannabinoid receptor synthetic agonist is capable of increasing multiple indices of noradrenergic activity. This includes cannabinoid-induced 1) increases in norepinephrine (NE) release in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC); 2) desensitization of cortical α2-adrenoceptor-mediated effects; 3) activation of c-Fos in brainstem locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic neurons; and 4) increases in anxiety-like behaviors. In the present study, we sought to examine adaptations in adrenoceptor expression and function under conditions of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1r) deletion using knockout (KO) mice and compare these to wild type (WT) controls. Electrophysiological analysis of α2-adrenoceptor-mediated responses in mPFC slices in WT mice showed a clonidine-induced α2-adrenoceptor-mediated increase in mPFC cell excitability coupled with an increase in input resistance. In contrast, CB1r KO mice showed an α2-adrenoceptor-mediated decrease in mPFC cell excitability. We then examined protein expression levels of α2- and β1-adrenoceptor subtypes in the mPFC as well as TH expression in the locus coeruleus (LC) of mice deficient in CB1r. Both α2- and β1-adrenoceptors exhibited a significant decrease in expression levels in CB1r KO mice when compared to WT in the mPFC, while a significant increase in TH was observed in the LC. To better define whether the same cortical neurons express α2A-adrenoceptor and CB1r in mPFC, we utilized high-resolution immunoelectron microscopy. We localized α2A-adrenoceptors in a knock-in mouse that expressed a hemoagglutinin (HA) tag downstream of the α2A-adrenoceptor promoter. Although the α2A-adrenoceptor was often identified pre-synaptically, we observed co-localization of CB1r with α2-adrenoceptors post-synaptically in the same mPFC neurons. Finally, using receptor binding, we confirmed prior results showing that α2A-adrenoceptor is unchanged in mPFC following acute or chronic exposure to the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist, WIN 55,212-2, but is increased, following chronic treatment followed by a period of abstinence. Taken together, these data provide convergent lines of evidence indicating cannabinoid regulation of the cortical adrenergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A S Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States.
| | - A F Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - P Szot
- Northwest Network for Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98108, United States
| | - D J Kalamarides
- Center for Substance Abuse Research and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Q Wang
- Department of Cell, Development and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - L G Kirby
- Center for Substance Abuse Research and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - E J Van Bockstaele
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States
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Karwad MA, Couch DG, Theophilidou E, Sarmad S, Barrett DA, Larvin M, Wright KL, Lund JN, O'Sullivan SE. The role of CB 1 in intestinal permeability and inflammation. FASEB J 2017; 31:3267-3277. [PMID: 28404744 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601346r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system has previously been shown to play a role in the permeability and inflammatory response of the human gut. The goal of our study was to determine the effects of endogenous anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) on the permeability and inflammatory response of intestinal epithelium under normal, inflammatory, and hypoxic conditions. Human intestinal mucosa was modeled using Caco-2 cells. Human tissue was collected from planned colorectal resections. Accumulation of AEA and 2-AG was achieved by inhibiting their metabolizing enzymes URB597 (a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor) and JZL184 (a monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor). Inflammation and ischemia were simulated with TNF-α and IFN-γ and oxygen deprivation. Permeability changes were measured by transepithelial electrical resistance. The role of the CB1 receptor was explored using CB1-knockdown (CB1Kd) intestinal epithelial cells. Endocannabinoid levels were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Cytokine secretion was measured using multiplex and ELISA. URB597 and JZL184 caused a concentration-dependent increase in permeability via CB1 (P < 0.0001) and decreased cytokine production. Basolateral application of JZL184 decreased permeability via CB1 (P < 0.0001). URB597 and JZL184 increased the enhanced (worsened) permeability caused by inflammation and hypoxia (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.05). CB1Kd cells showed reduced permeability response to inflammation (P < 0.01) but not hypoxia. 2-AG levels were increased in response to inflammation and hypoxia in Caco-2 cells. In human mucosal tissue, inflammation increased the secretion of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, IL-12, -13, and -15, which was prevented with ex vivo treatment with URB597 and JZL184, and was inhibited by a CB1 antagonist. The results of this study show that endogenous AEA and 2-AG production and CB1 activation play a key modulatory roles in normal intestinal mucosa permeability and in inflammatory and hypoxic conditions.-Karwad, M. A., Couch, D. G., Theophilidou, E., Sarmad, S., Barrett, D. A., Larvin, M., Wright, K. L., Lund, J. N., O'Sullivan, S. E. The role of CB1 in intestinal permeability and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa A Karwad
- School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel G Couch
- School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Theophilidou
- School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sarir Sarmad
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David A Barrett
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Larvin
- Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Karen L Wright
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan N Lund
- School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Saoirse E O'Sullivan
- School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom;
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Involvement of Central Endothelin ETA and Cannabinoid CB1 Receptors and Arginine Vasopressin Release in Sepsis Induced by Cecal Ligation and Puncture in Rats. Shock 2016; 46:290-6. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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14
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The intracerebroventricular injection of rimonabant inhibits systemic lipopolysaccharide-induced lung inflammation. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 286:16-24. [PMID: 26298320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of rimonabant (500ng), a CB1 antagonist, on lipopolysaccharide ((LPS) 5mg/kg)-induced pulmonary inflammation in rats in an isolated perfused lung model. There were decreases in pulmonary capillary pressure (Ppc) and increases in the ((Wet-Dry)/Dry lung weight)/(Ppc) ratio in the ICV-vehicle/LPS group at 4h. There were decreases in TLR4 pathway markers, such as interleukin receptor-associated kinase-1, IκBα, Raf1 and phospho-SFK (Tyr416) at 30min and at 4h increases in IL-6, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and myeloperoxidase in lung homogenate. Intracerebroventricular rimonabant attenuated these LPS-induced responses, indicating that ICV rimonabant modulates LPS-initiated pulmonary inflammation.
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Feleder C, Sertac Yilmaz M, Peng J, Göktalay G, Millington WR. The OVLT initiates the fall in arterial pressure evoked by high dose lipopolysaccharide: evidence that dichotomous, dose-related mechanisms mediate endotoxic hypotension. J Neuroimmunol 2015. [PMID: 26198924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) lowers arterial pressure through two different mechanisms depending on the dose. Previously, we found that a low hypotensive dose of LPS (1mg/kg) lowers arterial pressure by activating vagus nerve afferents. Here we report that hypotension evoked by high dose LPS (15mg/kg) can be prevented by injecting lidocaine into the OVLT but not by vagotomy or inactivation of the NTS. The hypotension produced by both LPS doses was correlated with elevated extracellular norepinephrine concentrations in the POA and prevented by blocking alpha-adrenergic receptors. Thus, initiation of endotoxic hypotension is dose-related, mechanistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Feleder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, United States
| | - M Sertac Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Uludag University, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa 16059, Turkey
| | - Jianya Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, United States
| | - Gökhan Göktalay
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Uludag University, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa 16059, Turkey
| | - William R Millington
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
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Mittag J, Lyons DJ, Sällström J, Vujovic M, Dudazy-Gralla S, Warner A, Wallis K, Alkemade A, Nordström K, Monyer H, Broberger C, Arner A, Vennström B. Thyroid hormone is required for hypothalamic neurons regulating cardiovascular functions. J Clin Invest 2012; 123:509-16. [PMID: 23257356 DOI: 10.1172/jci65252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is well known for its profound direct effects on cardiovascular function and metabolism. Recent evidence, however, suggests that the hormone also regulates these systems indirectly through the central nervous system. While some of the molecular mechanisms underlying the hormone's central control of metabolism have been identified, its actions in the central cardiovascular control have remained enigmatic. Here, we describe a previously unknown population of parvalbuminergic neurons in the anterior hypothalamus that requires thyroid hormone receptor signaling for proper development. Specific stereotaxic ablation of these cells in the mouse resulted in hypertension and temperature-dependent tachycardia, indicating a role in the central autonomic control of blood pressure and heart rate. Moreover, the neurons exhibited intrinsic temperature sensitivity in patch-clamping experiments, providing a new connection between cardiovascular function and core temperature. Thus, the data identify what we believe to be a novel hypothalamic cell population potentially important for understanding hypertension and indicate developmental hypothyroidism as an epigenetic risk factor for cardiovascular disorders. Furthermore, the findings may be beneficial for treatment of the recently identified patients that have a mutation in thyroid hormone receptor α1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Mittag
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Steiner AA, Molchanova AY, Dogan MD, Patel S, Pétervári E, Balaskó M, Wanner SP, Eales J, Oliveira DL, Gavva NR, Almeida MC, Székely M, Romanovsky AA. The hypothermic response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide critically depends on brain CB1, but not CB2 or TRPV1, receptors. J Physiol 2011; 589:2415-31. [PMID: 21486787 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.202465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothermia occurs in the most severe cases of systemic inflammation, but the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. This study evaluated whether the hypothermic response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is modulated by the endocannabinoid anandamide(AEA) and its receptors: cannabinoid-1 (CB1), cannabinoid-2 (CB2) and transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1). In rats exposed to an ambient temperature of 22◦C, a moderate dose of LPS (25 - 100 μg kg−1 I.V.) induced a fall in body temperature with a nadir at ∼100 minpostinjection. This response was not affected by desensitization of intra-abdominal TRPV1 receptors with resiniferatoxin (20 μg kg - 1 I.P.), by systemic TRPV1 antagonism with capsazepine(40mg kg−1 I.P.), or by systemic CB2 receptor antagonism with SR144528 (1.4 mg kg−1 I.P.).However, CB1 receptor antagonism by rimonabant (4.6mg kg−1 I.P.) or SLV319 (15mg kg−1 I.P.)blocked LPS hypothermia. The effect of rimonabant was further studied. Rimonabant blocked LPS hypothermia when administered I.C.V. at a dose (4.6 μg) that was too low to produce systemic effects. The blockade of LPS hypothermia by I.C.V. rimonabant was associated with suppression of the circulating level of tumour necrosis factor-α. In contrast to rimonabant,the I.C.V. administration of AEA (50 μg) enhanced LPS hypothermia. Importantly, I.C.V. AEAdid not evoke hypothermia in rats not treated with LPS, thus indicating that AEA modulates LPS-activated pathways in the brain rather than thermo effector pathways. In conclusion, the present study reveals a novel, critical role of brain CB1 receptors in LPS hypothermia. Brain CB1 receptors may constitute a new therapeutic target in systemic inflammation and sepsis.
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Ruiz-Valdepeñas L, Martínez-Orgado JA, Benito C, Millán A, Tolón RM, Romero J. Cannabidiol reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced vascular changes and inflammation in the mouse brain: an intravital microscopy study. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:5. [PMID: 21244691 PMCID: PMC3034694 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) exhibits antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties. The present study was designed to explore its effects in a mouse model of sepsis-related encephalitis by intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS Vascular responses of pial vessels were analyzed by intravital microscopy and inflammatory parameters measured by qRT-PCR. RESULTS CBD prevented LPS-induced arteriolar and venular vasodilation as well as leukocyte margination. In addition, CBD abolished LPS-induced increases in tumor necrosis factor-alpha and cyclooxygenase-2 expression as measured by quantitative real time PCR. The expression of the inducible-nitric oxide synthase was also reduced by CBD. Finally, preservation of Blood Brain Barrier integrity was also associated to the treatment with CBD. CONCLUSIONS These data highlight the antiinflammatory and vascular-stabilizing effects of CBD in endotoxic shock and suggest a possible beneficial effect of this natural cannabinoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Ruiz-Valdepeñas
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativa, Alcorcón, 28922, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Mukhopadhyay P, Horváth B, Rajesh M, Matsumoto S, Saito K, Bátkai S, Patel V, Tanchian G, Gao RY, Cravatt BF, Haskó G, Pacher P. Fatty acid amide hydrolase is a key regulator of endocannabinoid-induced myocardial tissue injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:179-95. [PMID: 21070851 PMCID: PMC3022384 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that increased levels of endocannabinoids in various cardiovascular disorders (e.g., various forms of shock, cardiomyopathies, atherosclerosis) through the activation of CB(1) cannabinoid receptors may promote cardiovascular dysfunction and tissue injury. We have investigated the role of the main endocannabinoid anandamide-metabolizing enzyme (fatty acid amide hydrolase; FAAH) in myocardial injury induced by an important chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin (DOX; known for its cardiotoxicity mediated by increased reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generation), using well-established acute and chronic cardiomyopathy models in mice. The DOX-induced myocardial oxidative/nitrative stress (increased 4-hydroxynonenal, protein carbonyl, and nitrotyrosine levels and decreased glutathione content) correlated with multiple cell death markers, which were enhanced in FAAH knockout mice exhibiting significantly increased DOX-induced mortality and cardiac dysfunction compared to their wild type. The effects of DOX in FAAH knockouts were attenuated by CB(1) receptor antagonists. Furthermore, anandamide induced enhanced cell death in human cardiomyocytes pretreated with FAAH inhibitor and enhanced sensitivity to ROS generation in inflammatory cells of FAAH knockouts. These results suggest that in pathological conditions associated with acute oxidative/nitrative stress FAAH plays a key role in controlling the tissue injury that is, at least in part, mediated by the activation of CB(1) receptors by endocannabinoids.
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MESH Headings
- Amidohydrolases/genetics
- Amidohydrolases/metabolism
- Amidohydrolases/physiology
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators/adverse effects
- Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators/pharmacology
- Cardiomyopathies/chemically induced
- Cardiomyopathies/genetics
- Cardiomyopathies/metabolism
- Cardiomyopathies/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Doxorubicin/adverse effects
- Endocannabinoids
- Heart/drug effects
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bėla Horváth
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mohanraj Rajesh
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shingo Matsumoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Keita Saito
- Radiation Biology Branch, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sándor Bátkai
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vivek Patel
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Galin Tanchian
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachel Y Gao
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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20
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Rajesh M, Mukhopadhyay P, Haskó G, Liaudet L, Mackie K, Pacher P. Cannabinoid-1 receptor activation induces reactive oxygen species-dependent and -independent mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and cell death in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:688-700. [PMID: 20590572 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00712.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Impaired endothelial activity and/or cell death play a critical role in the development of vascular dysfunction associated with congestive heart failure, diabetic complications, hypertension, coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis. Increasing evidence suggests that cannabinoid 1 (CB(1)) receptor inhibition is beneficial in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular inflammation both in experimental models, as well as in humans. Here, we investigated the effects of CB(1) receptor activation with the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) or synthetic agonist HU210 on cell death and interrelated signal transduction pathways in human primary coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cell death, CB(1) receptor expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and activation of signal transduction pathways in HCAECs were determined by flow cytometry and molecular biology tools. KEY RESULTS In HCAECs expressing CB(1) receptors (demonstrated by Western immunoblot and flow cytometry) AEA (5-15 microM) or HU210 (30-1000 nM) triggered concentration- and time-dependent activation of p38 and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal protein kinase (JNK)-mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), cell death and ROS generation. The AEA- or HU210-induced cell death and MAPK activation were attenuated by CB(1) antagonists [SR141716 (rimonabant) and AM281], inhibitors of p38 and JNK-MAPKs or the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. N-acetylcysteine alone prevented AEA- or HU210-induced ROS generation, but only partially attenuated MAPK activation and cell death. In contrast, in combination with CB(1) antagonists, N-acetylcysteine completely prevented these effects. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CB(1) receptor activation in endothelial cells may amplify the ROS-MAPK activation-cell death pathway in pathological conditions when the endocannabinoid synthetic or metabolic pathways are dysregulated by excessive inflammation and/or oxidative/nitrosative stress, thereby contributing to the development of endothelial dysfunction and pathophysiology of multiple cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanraj Rajesh
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9413, USA
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Mukhopadhyay P, Pan H, Rajesh M, Bátkai S, Patel V, Harvey-White J, Mukhopadhyay B, Haskó G, Gao B, Mackie K, Pacher P. CB1 cannabinoid receptors promote oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammation and cell death in a murine nephropathy model. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:657-68. [PMID: 20590569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00769.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Accumulating recent evidence suggests that cannabinoid-1 (CB(1)) receptor activation may promote inflammation and cell death and its pharmacological inhibition is associated with anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective effects in various preclinical disease models, as well as in humans. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In this study, using molecular biology and biochemistry methods, we have investigated the effects of genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of CB(1) receptors on inflammation, oxidative/nitrosative stress and cell death pathways associated with a clinically relevant model of nephropathy, induced by an important chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin. RESULTS Cisplatin significantly increased endocannabinoid anandamide content, activation of p38 and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), apoptotic and poly (ADP-ribose)polymerase-dependent cell death, enhanced inflammation (leucocyte infiltration, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta) and promoted oxidative/nitrosative stress [increased expressions of superoxide-generating enzymes (NOX2(gp91phox), NOX4), inducible nitric oxide synthase and tissue 4-hydroxynonenal and nitrotyrosine levels] in the kidneys of mice, accompanied by marked histopathological damage and impaired renal function (elevated creatinine and serum blood urea nitrogen) 3 days following its administration. Both genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of CB(1) receptors with AM281 or SR141716 markedly attenuated the cisplatin-induced renal dysfunction and interrelated oxidative/nitrosative stress, p38 and JNK MAPK activation, cell death and inflammatory response in the kidney. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The endocannabinoid system through CB(1) receptors promotes cisplatin-induced tissue injury by amplifying MAPK activation, cell death and interrelated inflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress. These results also suggest that inhibition of CB(1) receptors may exert beneficial effects in renal (and most likely other) diseases associated with enhanced inflammation, oxidative/nitrosative stress and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9413, USA
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22
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Weis F, Beiras-Fernandez A, Hauer D, Hornuss C, Sodian R, Kreth S, Briegel J, Schelling G. Effect of anaesthesia and cardiopulmonary bypass on blood endocannabinoid concentrations during cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 2010; 105:139-44. [PMID: 20525978 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeq117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an endogenous signalling system which includes the endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and specific G-protein-coupled endocannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). Recent studies have described important roles of the peripheral ECS in human atherosclerosis, cardiometabolic disorders, heart failure, and systemic inflammation. We sought to study changes in plasma endocannabinoid concentrations during cardiac surgery (CS) under general anaesthesia with isoflurane/sufentanil, and during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). METHODS We studied 30 patients undergoing CS with CPB. All patients received midazolam and sufentanil for induction and isoflurane and sufentanil for maintenance of general anaesthesia. Blood samples were drawn before and after induction of general anaesthesia, after the beginning of surgery, during and after weaning from CPB, and after admission to intensive care unit (ICU) after surgery. Endocannabinoid measurements were performed by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Induction of general anaesthesia led to a significant decline in plasma AEA concentrations [from mean (sd) 0.39 (0.03) to 0.27 (0.03) ng ml(-1), P<0.01]. CPB induced a pronounced increase in 2-AG concentrations [from 112.5 (163.5) to 321.0 (120.4) ng ml(-1), P<0.01], whereas AEA concentrations remained persistently low until admission to the ICU. 2-AG concentrations returned to preoperative values after surgery. CONCLUSIONS General anaesthesia with isoflurane significantly reduces plasma AEA concentrations. This could be a consequence of stress reduction after loss of consciousness. The significant increase in 2-AG after initiation of CPB may be part of an inflammatory response. These findings suggest that anaesthesia and surgery have differential effects on the ECS which could have substantial clinical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Weis
- Klinikum Grosshadern, Department of Anesthesiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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Buczynski MW, Parsons LH. Quantification of brain endocannabinoid levels: methods, interpretations and pitfalls. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:423-42. [PMID: 20590555 PMCID: PMC2931546 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids play an important role in a diverse range of neurophysiological processes including neural development, neuroimmune function, synaptic plasticity, pain, reward and affective state. This breadth of influence and evidence for altered endocannabinoid signalling in a variety of neuropathologies has fuelled interest in the accurate quantification of these lipids in brain tissue. Established methods for endocannabinoid quantification primarily employ solvent-based lipid extraction with further sample purification by solid phase extraction. In recent years in vivo microdialysis methods have also been developed for endocannabinoid sampling from the brain interstitial space. However, considerable variability in estimates of endocannabinoid content has led to debate regarding the physiological range of concentrations present in various brain regions. This paper provides a critical review of factors that influence the quantification of brain endocannabinoid content as determined by lipid extraction from bulk tissue and by in vivo microdialysis. A variety of methodological issues are discussed including analytical approaches, endocannabinoid extraction and purification, post-mortem changes in brain endocannabinoid content, cellular reactions to microdialysis probe implantation and caveats related to lipid sampling from the extracellular space. The application of these methods for estimating brain endocannabinoid content and the effects of endocannabinoid clearance inhibition are discussed. The benefits, limitations and pitfalls associated with each approach are emphasized, with an eye toward the appropriate interpretation of data gathered by each method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Buczynski
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Romanovsky AA, Garami A. Prostaglandin riddles in energy metabolism: E is for excess, D is for depletion. Focus on "Food deprivation alters thermoregulatory responses to lipopolysaccharide by enhancing cryogenic inflammatory signaling via prostaglandin D2". Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 298:R1509-11. [PMID: 20410482 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00253.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Involvement of central β2-adrenergic, NMDA and thromboxane A2 receptors in the pressor effect of anandamide in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2010; 381:349-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-010-0497-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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