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Clark CE, Gold J, Rigby BR. Sleep duration in middle-aged years of life predicts the age of diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Sleep Med X 2024; 8:100123. [PMID: 39263596 PMCID: PMC11388711 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleepx.2024.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic short sleep duration (i.e., <7 h sleep daily) could reduce the brain's ability to attenuate toxin and protein accumulation, which may contribute to Parkinson's disease (PD). The purpose of this study was to characterize the relationship between self-reported sleep duration from adolescence to adulthood and the age of diagnosis in people with PD. A secondary purpose was to characterize the interaction between sleep duration and physical activity through the lifespan on the age of PD diagnosis. Methods A secondary data analysis was performed using the Fox Insight data set. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the age range that sleep duration best predicted the age of diagnosis of PD. Hierarchical linear multiple regression was performed to assess if self-reported sleep duration, physical activity, and their interaction predicted the age of diagnosis for PD, after accounting for sociodemographic factors. Results Both sleep (p < 0.001) and physical activity time (p = 0.013) significantly predicted the of age of onset of PD. In contrast, there was no evidence to support an interaction of sleep by physical activity on the age of diagnosis of PD. Sleep duration at 46-55 years maintained significance after controlling for education, income, race, ethnicity, and sex (p < 0.001). Weekly duration of time spent performing moderate-intensity physical activity was added as an input variable. Conclusion Sleep duration significantly predicts the age of diagnosis of PD, with shorter sleep duration associated with a younger age of diagnosis of PD.
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2
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Şen B, Kurtaran NE, Öztürk L. The effect of 24-hour sleep deprivation on subjective time perception. Int J Psychophysiol 2023; 192:91-97. [PMID: 37634768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of 24-h total sleep deprivation on subjective time perception. Twenty-five participants aged 18-35 years (13 female and 12 male) were recruited. Time perception and cognitive assessments were performed twice: after a regular night's sleep and following a 24-h sleep deprivation. The retrospective and prospective tasks were used to measure time perception. In order to prevent order effect, the test orders were randomized. The Stroop test and the Wechsler Memory Scale-III were used to evaluate attention, processing speed, and memory. The repeated measures ANOVA was used to examine gender-by-sleep deprivation interactions on time perception. We found that retrospective time perception was significantly prolonged after sleep deprivation (p < 0.05). Women had a shorter prospective time estimation rate after adequate sleep than men, but this difference disappeared after sleep deprivation. The Stroop test showed improvement in cognitive flexibility after sleep deprivation (p < 0.05), and short-term or working memory appeared unaffected by one night of sleep deprivation. There was a negative correlation between sleepiness rate and working memory function in female subgroup. The results suggest that even short-term sleep deprivation can significantly affect time perception, which may have important implications in critical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buket Şen
- Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey.
| | | | - Levent Öztürk
- Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey; Trakya University Physiology Department, Edirne, Turkey.
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3
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Kavaliotis E, Boardman JM, Clark JW, Ogeil RP, Verdejo-García A, Drummond SPA. The relationship between sleep and appetitive conditioning: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 144:105001. [PMID: 36529310 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.105001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO registration animal/human studies: CRD42021234793/CRD42021234790) examined the relationship between sleep and appetitive conditioning. Inclusion criteria included: a) appetitive conditioning paradigm; b) measure of conditioning; c) sleep measurement and/or sleep loss; d) human and/etor non-human animal samples; and e) written in English. Searches of seven databases returned 3777 publications. The final sample consisted of 42 studies using primarily animal samples and involving food- and drug-related conditioning tasks. We found sleep loss disrupted appetitive conditioning of food rewards (p < 0.001) but potentiated appetitive conditioning of drug rewards (p < 0.001). Furthermore, sleep loss negatively impacted extinction learning irrespective of the reward type. Post-learning sleep was associated with increases in REM sleep (p = 0.02). Findings suggest sleep loss potentiates the impact of psychoactive substances in a manner likely to produce an increased risk of problematic substance use. In obese/overweight populations, sleep loss may be associated with deficits in the conditioning and extinction of reward-related behaviours. Further research should assess the relationship between sleep and appetitive conditioning in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Kavaliotis
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Johanna M Boardman
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jacob W Clark
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Rowan P Ogeil
- Eastern Health Clinical School and Monash Addiction Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; Turning Point, Eastern Health, Victoria 3121, Australia
| | - Antonio Verdejo-García
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sean P A Drummond
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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4
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Xu J. Dopamine D3 Receptor in Parkinson Disease: A Prognosis Biomarker and an Intervention Target. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023; 60:89-107. [PMID: 35711029 PMCID: PMC10034716 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) dementia, pathologically featured as nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) neuronal loss with motor and non-motor manifestations, leads to substantial disability and economic burden. DA therapy targets the DA D3 receptor (D3R) with high affinity and selectivity. The pathological involvement of D3R is evidenced as an effective biomarker for disease progression and DA agnostic interventions, with compensations of increased DA, decreased aggregates of α-synuclein (α-Syn), enhanced secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF), attenuation of neuroinflammation and oxidative damage, and promoting neurogenesis in the brain. D3R also interacts with D1R to reduce PD-associated motor symptoms and alleviate the side effects of levodopa (L-DOPA) treatment. We recently found that DA D2 receptor (D2R) density decreases in the late-stage PDs, while high D3R or DA D1 receptor (D1R) + D3R densities in the postmortem PD brains correlate with survival advantages. These new essential findings warrant renewed investigations into the understanding of D3R neuron populations and their cross-sectional and longitudinal regulations in PD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbin Xu
- Division of Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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5
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López-Muciño LA, García-García F, Cueto-Escobedo J, Acosta-Hernández M, Venebra-Muñoz A, Rodríguez-Alba JC. Sleep loss and addiction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104832. [PMID: 35988803 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Reducing sleep hours is a risk factor for developing cardiovascular, metabolic, and psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, previous studies have shown that reduction in sleep time is a factor that favors relapse in addicted patients. Additionally, animal models have demonstrated that both sleep restriction and sleep deprivation increase the preference for alcohol, methylphenidate, and the self-administration of cocaine. Therefore, the present review discusses current knowledge about the influence of sleep hours reduction on addictivebehaviors; likewise, we discuss the neuronal basis underlying the sleep reduction-addiction relationship, like the role of the orexin and dopaminergic system and neuronal plasticity (i.e., delta FosB expression). Potentially, chronic sleep restriction could increase brain vulnerability and promote addictive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Angel López-Muciño
- Health Sciences Ph.D. Program, Health Sciences Institute, Veracruzana University, Xalapa, VER 91190, Mexico.
| | - Fabio García-García
- Department of Biomedicine, Health Sciences Institute, Veracruzana University, Xalapa, VER 91190, Mexico.
| | - Jonathan Cueto-Escobedo
- Department of Clinical and Translational Research, Health Sciences Institute, Veracruzana University, Xalapa, VER 91190, Mexico.
| | - Mario Acosta-Hernández
- Department of Biomedicine, Health Sciences Institute, Veracruzana University, Xalapa, VER 91190, Mexico.
| | - Arturo Venebra-Muñoz
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Addiction and Brain Plasticity, Faculty of Science, Autonomous University of Mexico State, Edomex 50295, Mexico.
| | - Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Alba
- Department of Biomedicine, Health Sciences Institute, Veracruzana University, Xalapa, VER 91190, Mexico.
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Mizrahi-Kliger AD, Feldmann LK, Kühn AA, Bergman H. Etiologies of insomnia in Parkinson's disease - Lessons from human studies and animal models. Exp Neurol 2022; 350:113976. [PMID: 35026228 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.113976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disorders are integral to Parkinson's disease (PD). Insomnia, an inability to maintain stable sleep, affects most patients and is widely rated as one of the most debilitating facets of this disease. PD insomnia is often perceived as a multifactorial entity - a consequence of several of the disease symptoms, comorbidities and therapeutic strategies. Yet, this view evolved against a backdrop of a relative scarcity of works trying to directly dissect the underlying neural correlates and mechanisms in animal models. The last years have seen the emergence of a wealth of new evidence regarding the neural underpinnings of insomnia in PD. Here, we review early and recent reports from patients and animal models evaluating the etiology of PD insomnia. We start by outlining the phenomenology of PD insomnia and continue to analyze the evidence supporting insomnia as emanating from four distinct subdivisions of etiologies - the symptoms and comorbidities of the disease, the medical therapy, the degeneration of non-dopaminergic cell groups and subsequent alterations in circadian rhythms, and the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the brainstem and its resulting effect on the basal ganglia. Finally, we review emerging neuromodulation-based therapeutic avenues for PD insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviv D Mizrahi-Kliger
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| | - Lucia K Feldmann
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Andrea A Kühn
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany; NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hagai Bergman
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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7
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Al-Khudhairy MW, AlOtaibi A, AbdulRahman L, Al-Garni M, Yaslam R, Fatani R. The Association of Self-Reported Iron and Vitamin D Levels on Sleep Quality and Pain Perception in a Subset of Saudi Population. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:4853-4865. [PMID: 34880694 PMCID: PMC8647758 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s318698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims There has been a rising concern regarding the relationship of iron levels, vitamin D, and consumption of multivitamins on pain perception and sleep quality. The purpose of this study is to shed light on these connections in hopes of enhancing quality of sleep. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was used, and data collection was based on close-ended online questionnaire created on Survey Monkey. The survey included an operator designed questionnaire, questions from both the Brief Pain Inventory and Sleep Quality questionnaires. The targeted population was participants who were medically fit, non-pregnant Saudi citizens aged between 25 and 55 years. Results Prior to the COVID-19 crisis, data were collected during the months of February and March 2020, with a grand total of 3127 participants, out of which 2774 responses were included. The outcome of the research revealed that diminished levels of vitamin D, and iron had a negative impact on sleep quality. In turn, poor sleep quality had a significant pain response. Conclusion This study reveals the detrimental role of vitamins on sleep, and their concurrent domino effect on pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Wathiq Al-Khudhairy
- Oral Biology, Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Parmar S, Tadavarty R, Sastry BR. G-protein coupled receptors and synaptic plasticity in sleep deprivation. World J Psychiatry 2021; 11:954-980. [PMID: 34888167 PMCID: PMC8613756 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i11.954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insufficient sleep has been correlated to many physiological and psychoneurological disorders. Over the years, our understanding of the state of sleep has transcended from an inactive period of rest to a more active state involving important cellular and molecular processes. In addition, during sleep, electrophysiological changes also occur in pathways in specific regions of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Activity mediated synaptic plasticity in the CNS can lead to long-term and sometimes permanent strengthening and/or weakening synaptic strength affecting neuronal network behaviour. Memory consolidation and learning that take place during sleep cycles, can be affected by changes in synaptic plasticity during sleep disturbances. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), with their versatile structural and functional attributes, can regulate synaptic plasticity in CNS and hence, may be potentially affected in sleep deprived conditions. In this review, we aim to discuss important functional changes that can take place in the CNS during sleep and sleep deprivation and how changes in GPCRs can lead to potential problems with therapeutics with pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Parmar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ramakrishna Tadavarty
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bhagavatula R Sastry
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, British Columbia, Canada
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9
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Olufunke D, Edidiong A, Oluwatomisin F, Alani A. Therapeutic activities of naringenin on efavirenz-induced sleep-like disorder in the midbrain of white albino mice. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:1462-1470. [PMID: 33235704 PMCID: PMC7671428 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.47043.10852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Efavirenz, has proven to be effective in suppressing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load; however, complaints of sleep disorders including hallucination, and insomnia have greatly contributed to non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy. This study aimed at investigating therapeutic activities of naringenin on efavirenz-induced sleep disorder. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty mice were divided into six groups of control, combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), efavirenz, naringenin, naringenin/efavirenz and naringenin/cART. Efavirenz, cART, and naringenin were administered orally and daily at 15 mg/kg, 24 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, respectively for 28 days. Post neurobehavioral test, oxidative stress, histology and immunohistochemistry for dopamine were carried out after administration process. RESULTS Efavirenz (P<0.0001) and cART (P<0.01) significantly increased immobility during open field (P<0.01), escape time in seconds (sec) in Morris water maze (P<0.001) and numbers of head-twitch response (HTR) (P<0.0001). Similarly, there was a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) (P<0.0001) and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P<0.001) and reduced glutathione (GSH) (P<0.001); however, naringenin-treated groups potentiated anti-oxidant function by reducing oxidative stress (P<0.01). Histological evaluation demonstrated severe neurodegeneration, vacuolization and pyknosis in efavirenz and cART compared to naringenin groups. Dopaminergic neurons using immunohistochemial antibody (tyrosine hydroxylase) staining showed poor immunoreactivity in efavirenz and cART in contrast to naringenin groups. CONCLUSION Efavirenz and cART have the potential of inducing sleep disorder possibly due to their capability to trigger inflammation and deplete dopamine level. However, naringenin has proven to be effective in ameliorating these damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dosumu Olufunke
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Akang Edidiong
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Faniyan Oluwatomisin
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Akanmu Alani
- Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
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10
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Yang P, Perlmutter JS, Benzinger TLS, Morris JC, Xu J. Dopamine D3 receptor: A neglected participant in Parkinson Disease pathogenesis and treatment? Ageing Res Rev 2020; 57:100994. [PMID: 31765822 PMCID: PMC6939386 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms which relentlessly and progressively lead to substantial disability and economic burden. Pathologically, these symptoms follow the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) associated with abnormal α-synuclein (α-Syn) deposition as cytoplasmic inclusions called Lewy bodies in pigmented brainstem nuclei, and in dystrophic neurons in striatal and cortical regions (Lewy neurites). Pharmacotherapy for PD focuses on improving quality of life and primarily targets dopaminergic pathways. Dopamine acts through two families of receptors, dopamine D1-like and dopamine D2-like; dopamine D3 receptors (D3R) belong to dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) family. Although D3R's precise role in the pathophysiology and treatment of PD has not been determined, we present evidence suggesting an important role for D3R in the early development and occurrence of PD. Agonist activation of D3R increases dopamine concentration, decreases α-Syn accumulation, enhances secretion of brain derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF), ameliorates neuroinflammation, alleviates oxidative stress, promotes neurogenesis in the nigrostriatal pathway, interacts with D1R to reduce PD associated motor symptoms and ameliorates side effects of levodopa (L-DOPA) treatment. Furthermore, D3R mutations can predict PD age of onset and prognosis of PD treatment. The role of D3R in PD merits further research. This review elucidates the potential role of D3R in PD pathogenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Yang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tammie L S Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jinbin Xu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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11
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Li H, Yang P, Knight W, Guo Y, Perlmutter JS, Benzinger TLS, Morris JC, Xu J. The interactions of dopamine and oxidative damage in the striatum of patients with neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurochem 2020; 152:235-251. [PMID: 31613384 PMCID: PMC6981021 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The striatum with a number of dopamine containing neurons, receiving projections from the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area; plays a critical role in neurodegenerative diseases of motor and memory function. Additionally, oxidative damage to nucleic acid may be vital in the development of age-associated neurodegeneration. The metabolism of dopamine is recognized as one of the sources of reactive oxygen species through the Fenton mechanism. The proposed interactions of oxidative insults and dopamine in the striatum during the progression of diseases are the hypotheses of most interest to our study. This study investigated the possibility of significant interactions between these molecules that are involved in the late-stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), Parkinson disease dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, and controls using ELISA assays, autoradiography, and mRNA in situ hybridization assay. Interestingly, lower DNA/RNA oxidative adducts levels in the caudate and putamen of diseased brains were observed with the exception of an increased DNA oxidative product in the caudate of AD brains. Similar changes were found for dopamine concentration and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 densities. We also found that downstream pre-synaptic dopamine D1 Receptor binding correlated with dopamine loss in Lewy body disease groups, and RNA damage and β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 in the caudate of AD. This is the first demonstration of region-specific alterations of DNA/RNA oxidative damage which cannot be viewed in isolation, but rather in connection with the interrelationship between different neuronal events; chiefly DNA oxidative adducts and density of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 densities in AD and PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifangjie Li
- Department of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Pengfei Yang
- Department of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - William Knight
- Department of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Yingqiu Guo
- Department of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Joel S. Perlmutter
- Department of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of NeurologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of Physical TherapyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of Occupational TherapyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | | | - John C. Morris
- Department of NeurologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Jinbin Xu
- Department of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
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12
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Xu M, Bohlen JK, Moore C, Nipper MA, Finn DA, Jones CE, Lim MM, Meshul CK. Effects of sleep disruption on stress, nigrostriatal markers, and behavior in a chronic/progressive MPTP male mouse model of parkinsonism. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:1706-1719. [PMID: 31535395 PMCID: PMC6801095 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sleep complaints are an early clinical symptom of neurodegenerative disorders. Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) experience sleep disruption (SD). The objective of this study was to determine if preexisting, chronic SD leads to a greater loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) within the striatum and the substantia nigra following chronic/progressive exposure with the neurotoxin, 1-methyl-2-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Male mice underwent chronic SD for 4 weeks, then injected with vehicle (VEH) or increasing doses of MPTP for 4 weeks. There was a significant decrease in the plasma corticosterone levels in the MPTP group, an increase in the SD group, and a return to the VEH levels in the SD+MPTP group. Protein expression levels for TH in the striatum (terminals) and substantia nigra pars compacta (dopamine [DA] cell counts) revealed up to a 78% and 38% decrease, respectively, in the MPTP and SD+MPTP groups compared to their relevant VEH and SD groups. DA transporter protein expression increased in the striatum in the MPTP versus VEH group and in the SN/midbrain between the SD+MPTP and the VEH group. There was a main effect of MPTP on various gait measures (e.g., braking) relative to the SD or VEH groups. In the SD+MPTP group, there were no differences compared to the VEH group. Thus, SD, prior to administration of MPTP, has effects on serum corticosterone and gait but more importantly does not potentiate greater loss of TH within the nigrostriatal pathway compared to the MPTP group, suggesting that in PD patients with SD, there is no exacerbation of the DA cell loss.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
- Animals
- Corpus Striatum/enzymology
- Corpus Striatum/pathology
- Corticosterone/blood
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/analysis
- Gait Disorders, Neurologic/etiology
- Gait Disorders, Neurologic/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/analysis
- Oxidopamine/toxicity
- Parkinsonian Disorders/complications
- Parkinsonian Disorders/metabolism
- Single-Blind Method
- Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic/blood
- Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic/etiology
- Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic/physiopathology
- Stress, Physiological
- Substantia Nigra/enzymology
- Substantia Nigra/pathology
- Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/analysis
- Vesicular Monoamine Transport Proteins/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Xu
- Research Services, VA Medical Center/Portland, OR
| | | | | | | | - Deborah A. Finn
- Research Services, VA Medical Center/Portland, OR
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Heath & Science University
| | - Carolyn E. Jones
- Research Services, VA Medical Center/Portland, OR
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Heath & Science University
| | - Miranda M. Lim
- Research Services, VA Medical Center/Portland, OR
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Heath & Science University
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Charles K. Meshul
- Research Services, VA Medical Center/Portland, OR
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Heath & Science University
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University
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13
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Murray LM, Knikou M. Repeated cathodal transspinal pulse and direct current stimulation modulate cortical and corticospinal excitability differently in healthy humans. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:1841-1852. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05559-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Bjorness TE, Greene RW. Sleep deprivation alters the time course but not magnitude of locomotor sensitization to cocaine. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17672. [PMID: 30518935 PMCID: PMC6281608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated exposure to drugs of abuse progressively increases the response to the same stimuli, a process known as sensitization. Behavioral sensitization to cocaine administration is often measured in non-human subjects via locomotor activity which is easily quantifiable. The effects of four hours of sleep deprivation on repeated cocaine (five daily and one challenge) showed attenuated hyperactivity on the first day only, compared to the non-deprived group. Both groups reached the same final level of sensitization, indicating that sleep deprivation altered the time course, but not magnitude of locomotor sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E Bjorness
- Research Service, North Texas VA Health Care System, Dallas, TX, 75216, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Robert W Greene
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Research Service, North Texas VA Health Care System, Dallas, TX, 75216, USA
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Japan
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Dexmedetomidine Ameliorates Sleep Deprivation-Induced Depressive Behaviors in Mice. Int Neurourol J 2018; 22:S139-146. [PMID: 30396263 PMCID: PMC6234724 DOI: 10.5213/inj.1836228.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sleep deprivation induces depressive symptoms. Dexmedetomidine is a α2-adrenoreceptor agonist and this drug possesses sedative, anxiolytic, analgesic, and anesthetic-sparing effect. In this study, the action of dexmedetomidine on sleep deprivation-induced depressive behaviors was investigated using mice. METHODS For the inducing of sleep deprivation, the mice were placed inside a water cage containing 15 platforms and filled with water up to 1 cm below the platform surface for 7 days. One day after sleep deprivation, dexmedetomidine at the respective dosage (0.5, 1, and 2 μg/kg) was intraperitoneally treated into the mice, one time per a day during 6 days. Then, forced swimming test and tail suspension test were conducted. Immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin), tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and western blot for D1 dopamine receptor were also performed. RESULTS Sleep deprivation increased the immobility latency in the forced swimming test and tail suspension test. The expressions of TPH, 5-HT, and D1 dopamine receptor were decreased, whereas, TH expression was increased by sleep deprivation. Dexmedetomidine decreased the immobility latency and increased the expressions of TPH, 5-HT, and D1 dopamine receptor, whereas, HT expression was decreased by dexmedetomidine treatment. CONCLUSION In our results, dexmedetomidine alleviated sleep deprivation-induced depressive behaviors by increasing 5-HT synthesis and by decreasing dopamine production with up-regulation of D1 dopamine receptor.
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Does trans-spinal direct current stimulation modulate the Hoffmann reflexes of healthy individuals? A systematic review and meta-analysisc. Spinal Cord 2018; 56:1022-1031. [PMID: 29895879 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-018-0149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. OBJECTIVES To summarize the available evidence regarding the effects of trans-spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) on spinal monosynaptic circuit excitability in healthy individuals. SETTING Applied Neuroscience Laboratory, Brazil. METHODS Abstract screening was performed independently by two authors for studies found in the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and LILACS. If the authors were unable to agree, a third reviewer was consulted. Randomized clinical trials that reported monosynaptic reflex measures were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane tool for assessing the risk of bias, and information extracted about the spinal neurophysiological and stimulation protocols and their results. RESULTS The initial search identified 538 studies. After applying the inclusion criteria and excluding duplicates, seven crossover studies were included in the risk of bias assessment, and six studies in the meta-analyses. The meta-analysis results did not show any significant differences between anodal (pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.09, 95% CI = -0.72 to 0.55, p = 0.79, I2 = 67%) or cathodal tsDCS (pooled SMD = 0.28, 95% CI = -0.07 to 0.63, p = 0.11, I2 = 0%) and sham tsDCS for Hoffmann reflex modulation. CONCLUSION tsDCS did not affect the Hoffmann reflex, as shown in six studies. However, these findings come from studies with selection, performance and detection bias, and further research is needed to examine the effect of this intervention.
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Fifel K, Meijer JH, Deboer T. Circadian and Homeostatic Modulation of Multi-Unit Activity in Midbrain Dopaminergic Structures. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7765. [PMID: 29773830 PMCID: PMC5958140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25770-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the link between sleep disturbances and dopamine (DA)-related neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders is well established, the impact of sleep alterations on neuronal activity of midbrain DA-ergic structures is currently unknown. Here, using wildtype C57Bl mice, we investigated the circadian- and sleep-related modulation of electrical neuronal activity in midbrain ventral-tegmental-area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN). We found no significant circadian modulation of activity in SN while VTA displayed a low amplitude but significant circadian modulation with increased firing rates during the active phase. Combining neural activity recordings with electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings revealed a strong vigilance state dependent modulation of neuronal activity with increased activity during wakefulness and rapid eye movement sleep relative to non-rapid eye movement sleep in both SN and VTA. Six-hours of sleep deprivation induced a significant depression of neuronal activity in both areas. Surprisingly, these alterations lasted for up to 48 hours and persisted even after the normalization of cortical EEG waves. Our results show that sleep and sleep disturbances significantly affect neuronal activity in midbrain DA structures. We propose that these changes in neuronal activity underlie the well-known relationship between sleep alterations and several disorders involving dysfunction of the DA circuitry such as addiction and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Fifel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Neurophysiology unit, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Johanna H Meijer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Neurophysiology unit, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Deboer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Neurophysiology unit, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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18
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van den Noort M, Yeo S, Lim S, Lee SH, Staudte H, Bosch P. Acupuncture as Add-On Treatment of the Positive, Negative, and Cognitive Symptoms of Patients with Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 5:E29. [PMID: 29601477 PMCID: PMC6023351 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder that has a large impact on patients' lives. In addition to Western medicine, the use of additional treatments, such as acupuncture, in treating the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms is increasing. Methods: We conducted a systematic review on the use of acupuncture as an add-on treatment for patients with schizophrenia that are in regular care, with a special focus on the treatment of the often accompanying sleep disorders. In this study, we searched the Medline, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and ERIC databases with a cut-off date of 31 December 2017, thereby following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) protocol. Results: Our search resulted in 26 eligible studies with 1181 patients with schizophrenia who received acupuncture treatment. Most studies showed limited evidence for the use of acupuncture as add-on therapy in the treatment of the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms, but beneficial effects have been reported in the treatment of the accompanying sleep disorders. Conclusions: Limited evidence was found for the use of acupuncture as add-on therapy in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia; however, positive results were found in the treatment of sleep disorders, but this result needs to be confirmed in large, randomized, controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurits van den Noort
- Research Group of Pain and Neuroscience, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
- Brussels Institute for Applied Linguistics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sujung Yeo
- College of Oriental Medicine, Sang Ji University, Wonju 26339, Korea.
| | - Sabina Lim
- Research Group of Pain and Neuroscience, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Sook-Hyun Lee
- Research Group of Pain and Neuroscience, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Heike Staudte
- Psychiatric Research Group, LVR-Klinik Bedburg-Hau, 47511 Bedburg-Hau, Germany.
| | - Peggy Bosch
- Psychiatric Research Group, LVR-Klinik Bedburg-Hau, 47511 Bedburg-Hau, Germany.
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Noel M, Vinall J, Tomfohr-Madsen L, Holley AL, Wilson AC, Palermo TM. Sleep Mediates the Association Between PTSD Symptoms and Chronic Pain in Youth. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2018; 19:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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20
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Campus P, Canterini S, Orsini C, Fiorenza MT, Puglisi-Allegra S, Cabib S. Stress-Induced Reduction of Dorsal Striatal D2 Dopamine Receptors Prevents Retention of a Newly Acquired Adaptive Coping Strategy. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:621. [PMID: 28955227 PMCID: PMC5601053 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The inability to learn an adaptive coping strategy in a novel stressful condition leads to dysfunctional stress coping, a marker of mental disturbances. This study tested the involvement of dorsal striatal dopamine receptors in the dysfunctional coping with the Forced Swim test fostered by a previous experience of reduced food availability. Adult male mice were submitted to a temporary (12 days) reduction of food availability [food-restricted (FR)] or continuously free-fed (FF). Different groups of FF and FR mice were used to evaluate: (1) dorsal striatal mRNA levels of the two isoforms of the dopamine D2 receptor (D2S, D2L). (2) Forced Swim-induced c-fos expression in the dorsal striatum; (3) acquisition and 24 h retention of passive coping with Forced Swim. Additional groups of FF mice were tested for 24 h retention of passive coping acquired during a first experience with Forced Swim immediately followed by intra-striatal infusion of vehicle or two doses of the dopamine D2/D3 receptors antagonist sulpiride or the D1/D5 receptors antagonist SCH23390. Previous restricted feeding selectively reduced mRNA levels of both D2 isoforms and abolished Forced Swim-induced c-fos expression in the left Dorsolateral Striatum and selectively prevented 24 h retention of the coping strategy acquired in a first experience of Forced Swim. Finally, temporary blockade of left Dorsolateral Striatum D2/D3 receptors immediately following the first Forced Swim experience selectively reproduced the behavioral effect of restricted feeding in FF mice. In conclusion, the present results demonstrate that mice previously exposed to a temporary reduction of food availability show low striatal D2 receptors, a known marker of addiction-associated aberrant neuroplasticity, as well as liability to relapse into maladaptive stress coping strategies. Moreover, they offer strong support to a causal relationship between reduction of D2 receptors in the left Dorsolateral Striatum and impaired consolidation of newly acquired adaptive coping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Campus
- Department of Psychology, Center 'Daniel Bovet', Sapienza Università di RomaRome, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann ArborMI, United States
| | - Sonia Canterini
- Department of Psychology, Center 'Daniel Bovet', Sapienza Università di RomaRome, Italy
| | - Cristina Orsini
- Department of Psychology, Center 'Daniel Bovet', Sapienza Università di RomaRome, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS)Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Fiorenza
- Department of Psychology, Center 'Daniel Bovet', Sapienza Università di RomaRome, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS)Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Puglisi-Allegra
- Department of Psychology, Center 'Daniel Bovet', Sapienza Università di RomaRome, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS)Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Cabib
- Department of Psychology, Center 'Daniel Bovet', Sapienza Università di RomaRome, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS)Rome, Italy
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Daniele TMDC, de Bruin PFC, Rios ERV, de Bruin VMS. Effects of exercise on depressive behavior and striatal levels of norepinephrine, serotonin and their metabolites in sleep-deprived mice. Behav Brain Res 2017; 332:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Oskamp A, Wedekind F, Kroll T, Elmenhorst D, Bauer A. Neurotransmitter receptor availability in the rat brain is constant in a 24 hour-period. Chronobiol Int 2017; 34:866-875. [PMID: 28548869 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2017.1325370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Wakefulness and sleep are fundamental characteristics of the brain. We, therefore, hypothesized that transmitter systems contribute to their regulation and will exhibit circadian alterations. We assessed the concentration of various neurotransmitter receptors and transporters including adenosinergic (A1AR, A2AAR, and ENT1), dopaminergic (D1R, D2R, and DAT), and serotonergic (5-HT2AR) target proteins. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were used and maintained in a 12 h light: 12 h dark cycle (lights on from 07:00 h to 19:00 h). We measured receptor and transporter concentrations in different brain regions, including caudate putamen, basal forebrain, and cortex in 4 hour-intervals over a 24 hour-period using quantitative in vitro autoradiography. Investigated receptors and transporters showed no fluctuations in any of the analyzed regions using one-way ANOVA. Only in the horizontal diagonal band of Broca, the difference of A1AR concentration between light and dark phases (t-test) as well as the cosinor analysis of the 24 hour-course were significant, suggesting that this region underlies receptor fluctuations. Our findings suggest that the availability of the investigated neurotransmitter receptors and transporters does not undergo changes in a 24 hour-period. While there are reports on changes in adenosine and dopamine receptors during sleep deprivation, we found no changes in the investigated adenosine, dopamine, and serotonin receptors during regular and undisturbed day-night cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oskamp
- a Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) , Forschungszentrum Jülich , Jülich , Germany
| | - F Wedekind
- a Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) , Forschungszentrum Jülich , Jülich , Germany
| | - T Kroll
- a Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) , Forschungszentrum Jülich , Jülich , Germany
| | - D Elmenhorst
- a Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) , Forschungszentrum Jülich , Jülich , Germany.,b Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Psychology , Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - A Bauer
- a Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) , Forschungszentrum Jülich , Jülich , Germany.,c Neurological Department , Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
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23
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Lauretti E, Di Meco A, Merali S, Praticò D. Circadian rhythm dysfunction: a novel environmental risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:280-286. [PMID: 27046648 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Although rare genetically linked cases of PD have been reported, most incidences are sporadic in nature. Late-onset, sporadic PD is thought to result from the combined effects of genetic and environmental risk factors exposure. Sleep and circadian rhythm disorders are recurrent among PD patients and appear early in the disease. Although some evidence supports a relationship between circadian disruption (CD) and PD, whether this is secondary to the motor symptoms or, indeed, is a factor that contributes to the pathogenesis of the disease remains to be investigated. In the present paper, we studied the direct consequence of chronic CD on the development of the phenotype in the MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinen) model of PD. Pre-exposure to CD to mice treated with MPTP resulted in an exacerbation of motor deficit and a significant reduction in the capability of acquiring motor skills. These changes were associated with a greater loss of tyrosine hydroxylase cell content and intense neuroinflammation. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that CD by triggering a robust neuroinflammatory reaction and degeneration of the nigral-dopaminergic neuronal system exacerbates motor deficit. They support the novel hypothesis that circadian rhythm disorder is an environmental risk factor for developing PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lauretti
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A Di Meco
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S Merali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D Praticò
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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24
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Yates NJ. Schizophrenia: the role of sleep and circadian rhythms in regulating dopamine and psychosis. Rev Neurosci 2016; 27:669-687. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSchizophrenia has long been associated with abnormalities in circadian rhythms and sleep. Up until now, there have been no thorough reviews of the potential mechanisms behind the myriad of circadian and sleep abnormalities observed in schizophrenia and psychosis. We present evidence of sleep playing an important role in psychosis predominantly mediated by dopaminergic pathways. A synthesis of both human and animal experimental work suggests that the interplay between sleep and dopamine is important in the generation and maintenance of psychosis. In particular, both animal and human data point to sleep disruption increasing dopamine release and sensitivity. Furthermore, elevated dopamine levels disrupt sleep and circadian rhythms. The synthesis of knowledge suggests that circadian rhythms, dopamine dysregulation, and psychosis are intricately linked. This suggests that treatment of circadian disturbance may be a useful target in improving the lives and symptoms of patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael James Yates
- 1School of Animal Biology, Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, M317, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley 6009, WA, Australia
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25
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Chronic behavioral stress exaggerates motor deficit and neuroinflammation in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e733. [PMID: 26859816 PMCID: PMC4872430 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental stressor exposure is associated with a variety of age-related diseases including neurodegeneration. Although the initial events of sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) are not known, consistent evidence supports the hypothesis that the disease results from the combined effect of genetic and environmental risk factors. Among them, behavioral stress has been shown to cause damage and neuronal loss in different areas of the brain, however, its effect on the dopaminergic system and PD pathogenesis remains to be characterized. The C57BL/6 mice underwent chronic restraint/isolation (RI) stress and were then treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), whereas the control mice were treated only with MPTP and the effect on the PD-like phenotype was evaluated. The mice that underwent RI before the administration of MPTP manifested an exaggerated motor deficit and impairment in the acquisition of motor skills, which were associated with a greater loss of neuronal tyrosine hydroxylase and astrocytes activation. By showing that RI influences the onset and progression of the PD-like phenotype, our study underlines the novel pathogenetic role that chronic behavioral stressor has in the disease process by triggering neuroinflammation and degeneration of the nigral dopaminergic system.
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Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) is the most widely documented rapid-onset antidepressant therapy, targeting the broadly defined depressive syndrome. Although SD responses are transient, its effects can be sustained by concomitant medications (e.g., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and lithium) and circadian-related interventions (e.g., bright light and sleep phase advance). Thus, considering its safety, this technique can now be considered among the first-line antidepressant treatment strategies for patients affected by mood disorders. SD is a complex intervention and it should be considered multi-target in nature. Thus, the mechanisms explaining its antidepressant effect can be looked for on many levels, involving not only monoaminergic mechanisms but also sleep homeostatic and circadian mechanisms, glutamatergic mechanisms and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Dallaspezia
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Scientific Institute, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy,
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27
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Azogu I, de la Tremblaye PB, Dunbar M, Lebreton M, LeMarec N, Plamondon H. Acute sleep deprivation enhances avoidance learning and spatial memory and induces delayed alterations in neurochemical expression of GR, TH, DRD1, pCREB and Ki67 in rats. Behav Brain Res 2014; 279:177-90. [PMID: 25433096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigated the effects of acute versus repeated periods of sleep deprivation on avoidance learning and spatial memory and on the expression of discrete biochemical brain signals involved in stress regulation, motivation and brain plasticity. Male Long-Evans rats were sleep deprived using the platform-over-water method for a single 4 h period (ASD) or for daily 4h RSD period on five consecutive days (CSD). The Y maze passive avoidance task (YM-PAT) and the Morris water maze (MWM) were used to determine learning and memory 1h following the last SD period. Region-specific changes in glucocorticoid receptors (GR), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine 1 receptors (DRD1), phospho-CREB (pCREB) and Ki-67 expression were assessed in the hippocampal formation, hypothalamus and mesolimbic regions 72 h following RSD. Behaviorally, our findings revealed increased latency to re-enter the aversive arm in the YM-PAT and reduced distance traveled and latency to reach the platform in the MWM in ASD rats compared to all other groups, indicative of improved avoidance learning and spatial memory, respectively. Acute SD enhanced TH expression in the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens and A11 neurons of the hypothalamus and DRD1 expression in the lateral hypothalamus. Cell proliferation in the subventricular zone and pCREB expression in the dentate gyrus and CA3 regions was also enhanced following acute SD. In contrast, repeated SD significantly elevated GR-ir at the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and CA1 and CA3 layers of the hippocampus compared to all other groups. Our study supports that a brief 4h sleep deprivation period is sufficient to induce delayed neurochemical changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idu Azogu
- School of Psychology, Behavioural Neuroscience Group, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Building, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Patricia Barra de la Tremblaye
- School of Psychology, Behavioural Neuroscience Group, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Building, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Megan Dunbar
- School of Psychology, Behavioural Neuroscience Group, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Building, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Marianne Lebreton
- School of Psychology, Behavioural Neuroscience Group, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Building, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nathalie LeMarec
- School of Psychology, Behavioural Neuroscience Group, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Building, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Hélène Plamondon
- School of Psychology, Behavioural Neuroscience Group, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Building, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
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Zubedat S, Freed Y, Eshed Y, Cymerblit-Sabba A, Ritter A, Nachmani M, Harush R, Aga-Mizrachi S, Avital A. Plant-derived nanoparticle treatment with cocc 30c ameliorates attention and motor abilities in sleep-deprived rats. Neuroscience 2013; 253:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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29
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Sun J, Cairns NJ, Perlmutter JS, Mach RH, Xu J. Regulation of dopamine D₃ receptor in the striatal regions and substantia nigra in diffuse Lewy body disease. Neuroscience 2013; 248:112-26. [PMID: 23732230 PMCID: PMC3796121 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of D₃ receptor has not been well documented in diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD). In this study, a novel D₃-preferring radioligand [(3)H]WC-10 and a D₂-preferring radioligand [(3)H]raclopride were used and the absolute densities of the dopamine D₃ and D₂ receptors were determined in the striatal regions and substantia nigra (SN) from postmortem brains from five cases of DLBD, which included dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB, n=4) and Parkinson disease dementia (PDD, n=1). The densities of the dopamine D₁ receptor, vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), and dopamine transporter (DAT) were also measured by quantitative autoradiography using [(3)H]SCH23390, [(3)H]dihydrotetrabenazine, and [(3)H]WIN35428, respectively. The densities of these dopaminergic markers were also measured in the same brain regions in 10 age-matched control cases. Dopamine D₃ receptor density was significantly increased in the striatal regions including caudate, putamen and nucleus accumbens (NAc). There were no significant changes in the dopamine D₁ and D₂ receptor densities in any brain regions measured. VMAT2 and DAT densities were reduced in all the brain regions measured in DLB/PDD, however, the significant reduction was found in the putamen for DAT and in the NAc and SN for VMAT2. The decrease of dopamine pre-synaptic markers implies neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in these DLB/PDD cases, while the increase of D₃ receptors in striatal regions could be attributed to dopaminergic medication history and psychiatric states such as hallucinations. Whether it also reflects compensatory regulation upon dopaminergic denervation warrants further confirmations on larger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sun
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Neurosurgery Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, PR China
| | - N J Cairns
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - J S Perlmutter
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - R H Mach
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - J Xu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Xu J, Vangveravong S, Li S, Fan J, Jones LA, Cui J, Wang R, Tu Z, Chu W, Perlmutter JS, Mach RH. Positron emission tomography imaging of dopamine D2 receptors using a highly selective radiolabeled D2 receptor partial agonist. Neuroimage 2013; 71:168-74. [PMID: 23333701 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of microPET imaging studies were conducted in anesthetized rhesus monkeys using the dopamine D2-selective partial agonist, [(11)C]SV-III-130. There was a high uptake in regions of brain known to express a high density of D2 receptors under baseline conditions. Rapid displacement in the caudate and putamen, but not in the cerebellum, was observed after injection of the dopamine D2/3 receptor nonselective ligand S(-)-eticlopride at a low dosage (0.025mg/kg/i.v.); no obvious displacement in the caudate, putamen and cerebellum was observed after the treatment with a dopamine D3 receptor selective ligand WC-34 (0.1mg/kg/i.v.). Pretreatment with lorazepam (1mg/kg, i.v. 30min) to reduce endogenous dopamine prior to tracer injection resulted in unchanged binding potential (BP) values, a measure of D2 receptor binding in vivo, in the caudate and putamen. d-Amphetamine challenge studies indicate that there is a significant displacement of [(11)C]SV-III-130 by d-Amphetamine-induced increases in synaptic dopamine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbin Xu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Sun J, Xu J, Cairns NJ, Perlmutter JS, Mach RH. Dopamine D1, D2, D3 receptors, vesicular monoamine transporter type-2 (VMAT2) and dopamine transporter (DAT) densities in aged human brain. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49483. [PMID: 23185343 PMCID: PMC3504049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopamine D(1), D(2), D(3) receptors, vesicular monoamine transporter type-2 (VMAT2), and dopamine transporter (DAT) densities were measured in 11 aged human brains (aged 77-107.8, mean: 91 years) by quantitative autoradiography. The density of D(1) receptors, VMAT2, and DAT was measured using [(3)H]SCH23390, [(3)H]dihydrotetrabenazine, and [(3)H]WIN35428, respectively. The density of D(2) and D(3) receptors was calculated using the D(3)-preferring radioligand, [(3)H]WC-10 and the D(2)-preferring radioligand [(3)H]raclopride using a mathematical model developed previously by our group. Dopamine D(1), D(2), and D(3) receptors are extensively distributed throughout striatum; the highest density of D(3) receptors occurred in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The density of the DAT is 10-20-fold lower than that of VMAT2 in striatal regions. Dopamine D(3) receptor density exceeded D(2) receptor densities in extrastriatal regions, and thalamus contained a high level of D(3) receptors with negligible D(2) receptors. The density of dopamine D(1) linearly correlated with D(3) receptor density in the thalamus. The density of the DAT was negligible in the extrastriatal regions whereas the VMAT2 was expressed in moderate density. D(3) receptor and VMAT2 densities were in similar level between the aged human and aged rhesus brain samples, whereas aged human brain samples had lower range of densities of D(1) and D(2) receptors and DAT compared with the aged rhesus monkey brain. The differential density of D(3) and D(2) receptors in human brain will be useful in the interpretation of PET imaging studies in human subjects with existing radiotracers, and assist in the validation of newer PET radiotracers having a higher selectivity for dopamine D(2) or D(3) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Sun
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jinbin Xu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nigel J. Cairns
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joel S. Perlmutter
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Mach
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology amd Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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Evidence that sleep deprivation downregulates dopamine D2R in ventral striatum in the human brain. J Neurosci 2012; 32:6711-7. [PMID: 22573693 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0045-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine D2 receptors are involved with wakefulness, but their role in the decreased alertness associated with sleep deprivation is unclear. We had shown that sleep deprivation reduced dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability (measured with PET and [(11)C]raclopride in controls) in striatum, but could not determine whether this reflected dopamine increases ([(11)C]raclopride competes with dopamine for D2/D3 receptor binding) or receptor downregulation. To clarify this, we compared the dopamine increases induced by methylphenidate (a drug that increases dopamine by blocking dopamine transporters) during sleep deprivation versus rested sleep, with the assumption that methylphenidate's effects would be greater if, indeed, dopamine release was increased during sleep deprivation. We scanned 20 controls with [(11)C]raclopride after rested sleep and after 1 night of sleep deprivation; both after placebo and after methylphenidate. We corroborated a decrease in D2/D3 receptor availability in the ventral striatum with sleep deprivation (compared with rested sleep) that was associated with reduced alertness and increased sleepiness. However, the dopamine increases induced by methylphenidate (measured as decreases in D2/D3 receptor availability compared with placebo) did not differ between rested sleep and sleep deprivation, and were associated with the increased alertness and reduced sleepiness when methylphenidate was administered after sleep deprivation. Similar findings were obtained by microdialysis in rodents subjected to 1 night of paradoxical sleep deprivation. These findings are consistent with a downregulation of D2/D3 receptors in ventral striatum with sleep deprivation that may contribute to the associated decreased wakefulness and also corroborate an enhancement of D2 receptor signaling in the arousing effects of methylphenidate in humans.
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The comorbidity of insomnia, chronic pain, and depression: dopamine as a putative mechanism. Sleep Med Rev 2012; 17:173-83. [PMID: 22748562 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological, cross-sectional, and prospective studies suggest that insomnia, chronic pain, and depression frequently co-occur and are mutually interacting conditions. However, the mechanisms underlying these comorbid disorders have yet to be elucidated. Overlapping mechanisms in the central nervous system suggest a common neurobiological substrate(s) may underlie the development and interplay of these disorders. We propose that the mesolimbic dopamine system is an underappreciated and attractive venue for the examination of neurobiological processes involved in the interactions, development, exacerbation, and maintenance of this symptom complex. In the present article, studies from multiple disciplines are reviewed to highlight the role of altered dopaminergic function in the promotion of arousal, pain sensitivity, and mood disturbance. We argue that studies aiming to elucidate common factors accounting for the comorbidity of insomnia, chronic pain, and depression should evaluate functioning within the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and its effect on common processes known to be dysregulated in all three disorders.
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