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Banasaz S, Ferraro V. Keratin from Animal By-Products: Structure, Characterization, Extraction and Application-A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1999. [PMID: 39065316 PMCID: PMC11280741 DOI: 10.3390/polym16141999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Keratin is a structural fibrous protein and the core constituent of animal by-products from livestock such as wool, feathers, hooves, horns, and pig bristles. This natural polymer is also the main component of human hair and is present at an important percentage in human and animal skin. Significant amounts of keratin-rich animal tissues are discarded worldwide each year, ca. 12 M tons, and the share used for keratin extraction and added-value applications is still very low. An important stream of new potential raw materials, represented by animal by-products and human hair, is thus being lost, while a large-scale valorization could contribute to a circular bioeconomy and to the reduction in the environmental fingerprint of those tissues. Fortunately, scientific research has made much important progress in the last 10-15 years in the better understanding of the complex keratin architecture and its variability among different animal tissues, in the development of tailored extraction processes, and in the screening of new potential applications. Hence, this review aims at a discussion of the recent findings in the characterization of keratin and keratin-rich animal by-product structures, as well as in keratin recovery by conventional and emerging techniques and advances in valorization in several fields.
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2
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Zhang G, Xiao M. Enhancing color saturation in photonic glasses through optimized absorption. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:20432-20448. [PMID: 38859425 DOI: 10.1364/oe.516278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Photonic glasses, isotropically assembled nanoparticles with short-range correlation, can produce angle independent structural colors. They show broader reflectance spectra and lower saturated colors, compared to photonic crystals. Low color saturation creates barriers for photonic glasses to be used for coatings, cosmetics, and colors. Broadband absorbing materials are commonly used to absorb incoherently scattered light to enhance the saturation. However, there is limited understanding on how the absorption quantitatively affects the colors of photonic glasses. To this end, we here use a validated Monte Carlo-based multiple scattering model to investigate how absorption impacts the reflectance spectra in photonic glasses. We show that the color saturation can be maximized with an optimal level of absorption regardless of sample thickness or refractive index contrast between particles and matrix. We quantitatively demonstrate that the multiple scattering is largely reduced with the optimal absorption level and the reflectance is dominantly contributed by the single scattering. The optimal absorption occurs when the sample absorption mean free path is comparable to the transport mean free path, which offers a guidance on how much absorbing material is needed for creating highly saturated photonic glasses. This work will not only pave ways for pushing applications of angle-independent structural colors, but also improve our understanding of light scattering and absorption in short-range correlated disordered systems.
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Roemling LJ, Bleyer G, Goerlitzer ESA, Onishchukov G, Vogel N. Quantitative Optical and Structural Comparison of 3D and (2+1)D Colloidal Photonic Crystals. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:5211-5221. [PMID: 36989210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal crystals are excellent model systems to study self-assembly and structural coloration because their periodicities coincide with the wavelength range of visible light. Different assembly methods inherently introduce characteristic defects and irregularities, even with nearly monodisperse colloidal particles. Here, we investigate how these imperfections influence the structural coloration by comparing two techniques to obtain colloidal crystals. 3D colloidal crystals produced by convective assembly are well-ordered and periodically arranged but show microscopic cracks. (2+1)D colloidal crystals fabricated by stacking individual monolayers show a decreased hexagonal order and limited crystal registration between single monolayers in the z-direction. We investigate the optical properties of both systems by comparing identical numbers of layers using correlative microspectroscopy. These measurements show that the less ordered (2+1)D colloidal crystals exhibit higher reflected light intensities. Macroscopic reflection integrating all angles shows that the reflected light intensity levels out with an increasing number of layers, whereas incoherent scattering increases. Although both types of colloidal crystal show similar angle-dependent color shifts in specular reflection, the less-ordered structure of the (2+1)D colloidal crystal scatters light within a larger angular range under diffusive illumination. Our results suggest that structural coloration is surprisingly robust toward local defects and irregularities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas J Roemling
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gudrun Bleyer
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eric S A Goerlitzer
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georgy Onishchukov
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Vogel
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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4
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Rahman MM, Ahmed L, Anika F, Riya AA, Kali SK, Rauf A, Sharma R. Bioinorganic Nanoparticles for the Remediation of Environmental Pollution: Critical Appraisal and Potential Avenues. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2023; 2023:2409642. [PMID: 37077203 PMCID: PMC10110382 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2409642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, environmental pollution has become a critical issue for both developed and developing countries. Because of excessive industrialization, burning of fossil fuels, mining and exploration, extensive agricultural activities, and plastics, the environment is being contaminated rapidly through soil, air, and water. There are a variety of approaches for treating environmental toxins, but each has its own set of restrictions. As a result, various therapies are accessible, and approaches that are effective, long-lasting, less harmful, and have a superior outcome are extensively demanded. Modern research advances focus more on polymer-based nanoparticles, which are frequently used in drug design, drug delivery systems, environmental remediation, power storage, transformations, and other fields. Bioinorganic nanomaterials could be a better candidate to control contaminants in the environment. In this article, we focused on their synthesis, characterization, photocatalytic process, and contributions to environmental remediation against numerous ecological hazards. In this review article, we also tried to explore their recent advancements and futuristic contributions to control and prevent various pollutants in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Limon Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Fazilatunnesa Anika
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Anha Akter Riya
- Department of Pharmacy, East-West University, Aftabnagar, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Sumaiya Khatun Kali
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Anbar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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5
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Jeon DJ, Ji S, Lee E, Kang J, Kim J, D'Alba L, Manceau M, Shawkey MD, Yeo JS. How keratin cortex thickness affects iridescent feather colours. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:220786. [PMID: 36686555 PMCID: PMC9832292 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The bright, saturated iridescent colours of feathers are commonly produced by single and multi-layers of nanostructured melanin granules (melanosomes), air and keratin matrices, surrounded by an outer keratin cortex of varying thicknesses. The role of the keratin cortex in colour production remains unclear, despite its potential to act as a thin film or absorbing layer. We use electron microscopy, optical simulations and oxygen plasma-mediated experimental cortex removal to show that differences in keratin cortex thickness play a significant role in producing colours. The results indicate that keratin cortex thickness determines the position of the major reflectance peak (hue) from nanostructured melanosomes of common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) feathers. Specifically, the common pheasant has appropriate keratin cortex thickness to produce blue and green structural colours. This finding identifies a general principle of structural colour production and sheds light on the processes that shaped the evolution of brilliant iridescent colours in the common pheasant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Jin Jeon
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmuk Ji
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunok Lee
- Department of Research Planning, National Institute of Ecology, Chungcheongnam-do 33657, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihun Kang
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeong Kim
- Ecological Technology Research Team, Division of Ecological Applications Research, National Institute of Ecology, Chungcheongnam-do 33657, Republic of Korea
| | - Liliana D'Alba
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, Leiden 2333 CR, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Manceau
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris Sciences et Lettres University, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Matthew D. Shawkey
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Jong-Souk Yeo
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
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6
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Djeghdi K, Steiner U, Wilts BD. 3D Tomographic Analysis of the Order-Disorder Interplay in the Pachyrhynchus congestus mirabilis Weevil. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202145. [PMID: 35852001 PMCID: PMC9475527 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The bright colors of Pachyrhynchus weevils originate from complex dielectric nanostructures within their elytral scales. In contrast to previous work exhibiting highly ordered single-network diamond-type photonic crystals, here, it is shown by combining optical microscopy and spectroscopy measurements with 3D focused ion beam (FIB) tomography that the blue scales of P. congestus mirabilis differ from that of an ordered diamond structure. Through the use of FIB tomography on elytral scales filled with platinum (Pt) by electron beam-assisted deposition, it is revealed that the red scales of this weevil possess a periodic diamond structure, while the network morphology of the blue scales exhibit diamond morphology only on the single scattering unit level with disorder on longer length scales. Full wave simulations performed on the reconstructed volumes indicate that this local order is sufficient to open a partial photonic bandgap even at low dielectric constant contrast between chitin and air in the absence of long-range or translational order. The observation of disordered and ordered photonic crystals within a single organism opens up interesting questions on the cellular origin of coloration and studies on bio-inspired replication of angle-independent colors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenza Djeghdi
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversity of FribourgChemin des Verdiers 4Fribourg1700Switzerland
| | - Ullrich Steiner
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversity of FribourgChemin des Verdiers 4Fribourg1700Switzerland
| | - Bodo D. Wilts
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversity of FribourgChemin des Verdiers 4Fribourg1700Switzerland
- Chemistry and Physics of MaterialsUniversity of SalzburgJakob‐Haringer‐Straße 2aSalzburg5020Austria
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7
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Loke JJ, Hoon S, Miserez A. Cephalopod-Mimetic Tunable Photonic Coatings Assembled from Quasi-Monodispersed Reflectin Protein Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:21436-21452. [PMID: 35476418 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable dynamic camouflage ability of cephalopods arises from precisely orchestrated structural changes within their chromatophores and iridophores photonic cells. This mesmerizing color display remains unmatched in synthetic coatings and is regulated by swelling/deswelling of reflectin protein nanoparticles, which alters platelet dimensions in iridophores to control photonic patterns according to Bragg's law. Toward mimicking the photonic response of squid's skin, reflectin proteins from Sepioteuthis lessioniana were sequenced, recombinantly expressed, and self-assembled into spherical nanoparticles by conjugating reflectin B1 with a click chemistry ligand. These quasi-monodisperse nanoparticles can be tuned to any desired size in the 170-1000 nm range. Using Langmuir-Schaefer and drop-cast deposition methods, ligand-conjugated reflectin B1 nanoparticles were immobilized onto azide-functionalized substrates via click chemistry to produce monolayer amorphous photonic structures with tunable structural colors based on average particle size, paving the way for the fabrication of eco-friendly, bioinspired color-changing coatings that mimic cephalopods' dynamic camouflage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jie Loke
- Centre for Sustainable Materials (SusMat), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Shawn Hoon
- Molecular Engineering Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Ali Miserez
- Centre for Sustainable Materials (SusMat), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 639798, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 637551, Singapore
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8
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Dong Z, Jin L, Rezaei SD, Wang H, Chen Y, Tjiptoharsono F, Ho J, Gorelik S, Ng RJH, Ruan Q, Qiu CW, Yang JKW. Schrödinger's red pixel by quasi-bound-states-in-the-continuum. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm4512. [PMID: 35196088 PMCID: PMC8865777 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm4512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
While structural colors are ubiquitous in nature, saturated reds are mysteriously absent. This long-standing problem of achieving Schrödinger's red demands sharp transitions from "stopband" to a high-reflectance "passband" with total suppression of higher-order resonances at blue/green wavelengths. Current approaches based on nanoantennas are insufficient to satisfy all conditions simultaneously. Here, we designed Si nanoantennas to support two partially overlapping quasi-bound-states-in-the-continuum modes with a gradient descent algorithm to achieve sharp spectral edges at red wavelengths. Meanwhile, high-order modes at blue/green wavelengths are suppressed via engineering the substrate-induced diffraction channels and the absorption of amorphous Si. This design produces possibly the most saturated and brightest reds with ~80% reflectance, exceeding the red vertex in sRGB and even the cadmium red pigment. Its nature of being sensitive to polarization and illumination angle could be potentially used for information encryption, and this proposed paradigm could be generalized to other Schrödinger's color pixels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaogang Dong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Corresponding author. (J.K.W.Y); (C.-W.Q.); (Z.D.)
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Soroosh Daqiqeh Rezaei
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Hao Wang
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Febiana Tjiptoharsono
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Jinfa Ho
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Sergey Gorelik
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, A*STAR, 31 Biopolis Way, #01-02 Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Ray Jia Hong Ng
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Qifeng Ruan
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Corresponding author. (J.K.W.Y); (C.-W.Q.); (Z.D.)
| | - Joel K. W. Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
- Corresponding author. (J.K.W.Y); (C.-W.Q.); (Z.D.)
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9
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Fernández-Rico C, Sai T, Sicher A, Style RW, Dufresne ER. Putting the Squeeze on Phase Separation. JACS AU 2022; 2:66-73. [PMID: 35098222 PMCID: PMC8790737 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Phase separation is a ubiquitous process and finds applications in a variety of biological, organic, and inorganic systems. Nature has evolved the ability to control phase separation to both regulate cellular processes and make composite materials with outstanding mechanical and optical properties. Striking examples of the latter are the vibrant blue and green feathers of many bird species, which are thought to result from an exquisite control of the size and spatial correlations of their phase-separated microstructures. By contrast, it is much harder for material scientists to arrest and control phase separation in synthetic materials with such a high level of precision at these length scales. In this Perspective, we briefly review some established methods to control liquid-liquid phase separation processes and then highlight the emergence of a promising arrest method based on phase separation in an elastic polymer network. Finally, we discuss upcoming challenges and opportunities for fabricating microstructured materials via mechanically controlled phase separation.
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10
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Barhoum A, García-Betancourt ML, Jeevanandam J, Hussien EA, Mekkawy SA, Mostafa M, Omran MM, S. Abdalla M, Bechelany M. Review on Natural, Incidental, Bioinspired, and Engineered Nanomaterials: History, Definitions, Classifications, Synthesis, Properties, Market, Toxicities, Risks, and Regulations. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:177. [PMID: 35055196 PMCID: PMC8780156 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are becoming important materials in several fields and industries thanks to their very reduced size and shape-related features. Scientists think that nanoparticles and nanostructured materials originated during the Big Bang process from meteorites leading to the formation of the universe and Earth. Since 1990, the term nanotechnology became very popular due to advances in imaging technologies that paved the way to specific industrial applications. Currently, nanoparticles and nanostructured materials are synthesized on a large scale and are indispensable for many industries. This fact fosters and supports research in biochemistry, biophysics, and biochemical engineering applications. Recently, nanotechnology has been combined with other sciences to fabricate new forms of nanomaterials that could be used, for instance, for diagnostic tools, drug delivery systems, energy generation/storage, environmental remediation as well as agriculture and food processing. In contrast with traditional materials, specific features can be integrated into nanoparticles, nanostructures, and nanosystems by simply modifying their scale, shape, and composition. This article first summarizes the history of nanomaterials and nanotechnology. Followed by the progress that led to improved synthesis processes to produce different nanoparticles and nanostructures characterized by specific features. The content finally presents various origins and sources of nanomaterials, synthesis strategies, their toxicity, risks, regulations, and self-aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Barhoum
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (E.A.H.); (M.M.)
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Jaison Jeevanandam
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal;
| | - Eman A. Hussien
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (E.A.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Sara A. Mekkawy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (S.A.M.); (M.M.O.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Menna Mostafa
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (E.A.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Mohamed M. Omran
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (S.A.M.); (M.M.O.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Mohga S. Abdalla
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (S.A.M.); (M.M.O.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, France
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11
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Justyn NM, Nallapaneni A, Parnell AJ, Karim A, Shawkey MD. A synergistic combination of structural and pigmentary colour produces non-spectral colour in the purple-breasted cotinga, Cotinga cotinga (Passeriformes: Cotingidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Most studies of animal coloration focus on spectral colours, which are colours evoked by single peaks within the wavelengths of visible light. It is poorly understood how non-spectral colours (those produced by a combination of reflectance peaks) are produced, despite their potential significance to both animal communication and biomimicry. Moreover, although both pigmentary and structural colour production mechanisms have been well characterized in feathers independently, their interactions have received considerably less attention, despite their potential to broaden the available colour spectrum. Here, we investigate the colour production mechanisms of the purple feathers of the purple-breasted cotinga (Cotinga cotinga). The purple feather colour results from both the coherent scattering of light by a sphere-type nanomatrix of β-keratin and air (spongy layer) in the barbs, which produces a blue–green colour, and the selective absorption of light in the centre of the bird-visible spectrum by the methoxy-carotenoid, cotingin. This unusual combination of carotenoid and nanostructure with a central air vacuole, in the absence of melanin, is a blueprint of a synergistic way to produce a non-spectral colour that would be difficult to achieve with only a single colour production mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Justyn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Parnell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alamgir Karim
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew D Shawkey
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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12
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McCoy DE, Shneidman AV, Davis AL, Aizenberg J. Finite-difference Time-domain (FDTD) Optical Simulations: A Primer for the Life Sciences and Bio-Inspired Engineering. Micron 2021; 151:103160. [PMID: 34678583 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Light influences most ecosystems on earth, from sun-dappled forests to bioluminescent creatures in the ocean deep. Biologists have long studied nano- and micro-scale organismal adaptations to manipulate light using ever-more sophisticated microscopy, spectroscopy, and other analytical equipment. In combination with experimental tools, simulations of light interacting with objects can help researchers determine the impact of observed structures and explore how variations affect optical function. In particular, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is widely used throughout the nanophotonics community to efficiently simulate light interacting with a variety of materials and optical devices. More recently, FDTD has been used to characterize optical adaptations in nature, such as camouflage in fish and other organisms, colors in sexually-selected birds and spiders, and photosynthetic efficiency in plants. FDTD is also common in bioengineering, as the design of biologically-inspired engineered structures can be guided and optimized through FDTD simulations. Parameter sweeps are a particularly useful application of FDTD, which allows researchers to explore a range of variables and modifications in natural and synthetic systems (e.g., to investigate the optical effects of changing the sizes, shape, or refractive indices of a structure). Here, we review the use of FDTD simulations in biology and present a brief methods primer tailored for life scientists, with a focus on the commercially available software Lumerical FDTD. We give special attention to whether FDTD is the right tool to use, how experimental techniques are used to acquire and import the structures of interest, and how their optical properties such as refractive index and absorption are obtained. This primer is intended to help researchers understand FDTD, implement the method to model optical effects, and learn about the benefits and limitations of this tool. Altogether, FDTD is well-suited to (i) characterize optical adaptations and (ii) provide mechanistic explanations; by doing so, it helps (iii) make conclusions about evolutionary theory and (iv) inspire new technologies based on natural structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota E McCoy
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Anna V Shneidman
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 9 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Alexander L Davis
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Campus Box 90338, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 9 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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13
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Price-Waldman R, Stoddard MC. Avian Coloration Genetics: Recent Advances and Emerging Questions. J Hered 2021; 112:395-416. [PMID: 34002228 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The colorful phenotypes of birds have long provided rich source material for evolutionary biologists. Avian plumage, beaks, skin, and eggs-which exhibit a stunning range of cryptic and conspicuous forms-inspired early work on adaptive coloration. More recently, avian color has fueled discoveries on the physiological, developmental, and-increasingly-genetic mechanisms responsible for phenotypic variation. The relative ease with which avian color traits can be quantified has made birds an attractive system for uncovering links between phenotype and genotype. Accordingly, the field of avian coloration genetics is burgeoning. In this review, we highlight recent advances and emerging questions associated with the genetic underpinnings of bird color. We start by describing breakthroughs related to 2 pigment classes: carotenoids that produce red, yellow, and orange in most birds and psittacofulvins that produce similar colors in parrots. We then discuss structural colors, which are produced by the interaction of light with nanoscale materials and greatly extend the plumage palette. Structural color genetics remain understudied-but this paradigm is changing. We next explore how colors that arise from interactions among pigmentary and structural mechanisms may be controlled by genes that are co-expressed or co-regulated. We also identify opportunities to investigate genes mediating within-feather micropatterning and the coloration of bare parts and eggs. We conclude by spotlighting 2 research areas-mechanistic links between color vision and color production, and speciation-that have been invigorated by genetic insights, a trend likely to continue as new genomic approaches are applied to non-model species.
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14
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Sicher A, Ganz R, Menzel A, Messmer D, Panzarasa G, Feofilova M, Prum RO, Style RW, Saranathan V, Rossi RM, Dufresne ER. Structural color from solid-state polymerization-induced phase separation. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:5772-5779. [PMID: 34027537 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00210d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Structural colors are produced by wavelength-dependent scattering of light from nanostructures. While living organisms often exploit phase separation to directly assemble structurally colored materials from macromolecules, synthetic structural colors are typically produced in a two-step process involving the sequential synthesis and assembly of building blocks. Phase separation is attractive for its simplicity, but applications are limited due to a lack of robust methods for its control. A central challenge is to arrest phase separation at the desired length scale. Here, we show that solid-state polymerization-induced phase separation can produce stable structures at optical length scales. In this process, a polymeric solid is swollen and softened with a second monomer. During its polymerization, the two polymers become immiscible and phase separate. As free monomer is depleted, the host matrix resolidifies and arrests coarsening. The resulting polymeric composites have a blue or white appearance. We compare these biomimetic nanostructures to those in structurally-colored feather barbs, and demonstrate the flexibility of this approach by producing structural color in filaments and large sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Sicher
- Laboratory for Soft and Living Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
- Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Rabea Ganz
- Laboratory for Soft and Living Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Andreas Menzel
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Messmer
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Guido Panzarasa
- Laboratory for Soft and Living Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Maria Feofilova
- Laboratory for Soft and Living Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Richard O Prum
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and the Peabody Museum, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Robert W Style
- Laboratory for Soft and Living Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | | - René M Rossi
- Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Eric R Dufresne
- Laboratory for Soft and Living Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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15
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Abstract
Vivid, saturated structural colors are conspicuous and important features of many animals. A rich diversity of three-dimensional periodic photonic nanostructures is found in the chitinaceous exoskeletons of invertebrates. Three-dimensional photonic nanostructures have been described in bird feathers, but they are typically quasi-ordered. Here, we report bicontinuous single gyroid β-keratin and air photonic crystal networks in the feather barbs of blue-winged leafbirds (Chloropsis cochinchinensis sensu lato), which have evolved from ancestral quasi-ordered channel-type nanostructures. Self-assembled avian photonic crystals may serve as inspiration for multifunctional applications, as they suggest efficient, alternative routes to single gyroid synthesis at optical length scales, which has been experimentally elusive.
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16
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Bazzano LT, Mendicino LR, Inchaussandague ME, Skigin DC, García NC, Tubaro PL, Barreira AS. Mechanisms involved in the production of differently colored feathers in the structurally colored swallow tanager (Tersina viridis; Aves: Thraupidae). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2021; 336:404-416. [PMID: 33988912 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Non-iridescent, structural coloration in birds originates from the feather's internal nanostructure (the spongy matrix) but melanin pigments and the barb's cortex can affect the resulting color. Here, we explore how this nanostructure is combined with other elements in differently colored plumage patches within a bird. We investigated the association between light reflectance and the morphology of feathers from the back and belly plumage patches of male swallow tanagers (Tersina viridis), which look greenish-blue and white, respectively. Both plumage patches have a reflectance peak around 550 nm but the reflectance spectrum is much less saturated in the belly. The barbs of both types of feathers have similar spongy matrices at their tips, rendering their reflectance spectra alike. However, the color of the belly feather barbs changes from light green at their tips to white closer to the rachis. These barbs lack pigments and their morphology changes considerably throughout. Toward the rachis, the barb is almost hollow, with a reduced area occupied by spongy matrix, and has a flattened shape. By contrast, the blue back feathers' barbs have melanin underneath the spongy matrix resulting in a much more saturated coloration. The color of these barbs is also even along the barbs' length. Our results suggest that the color differences between the white and greenish-blue plumage are mostly due to the differential deposition of melanin and a reduction of the spongy matrix near the rachis of the belly feather barbs and not a result of changes in the characteristics of the spongy matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisandro T Bazzano
- Grupo de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas R Mendicino
- Grupo de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina E Inchaussandague
- Grupo de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA)-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diana C Skigin
- Grupo de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA)-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia C García
- División Ornitología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Fuller Evolutionary Program, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Pablo L Tubaro
- División Ornitología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana S Barreira
- División Ornitología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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17
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Schaedler LM, Taylor LU, Prum RO, Anciães M. CONSTRAINT AND FUNCTION IN THE PREDEFINITIVE PLUMAGES OF MANAKINS (AVES: PIPRIDAE). Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1363-1377. [PMID: 33956153 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Birds with delayed plumage maturation exhibit a drab predefinitive plumage, often despite gonad maturation, before developing the definitive plumage associated with increased reproductive success. Manakins are a diverse clade of neotropical lekking birds with extreme sexual dichromatism, radical sexual displays, and a unique diversity in the predefinitive plumages of males across species. Here, we provide the first full review of the natural history of manakin predefinitive plumages as the basis for qualitatively addressing the six major hypotheses about the production and function of predefinitive plumages. We find little evidence to support the possibilities that manakin predefinitive plumages are directly constrained by inflexible molt schedules, resource limitations to definitive coloration, or hormonal ties to reproductive behaviors. There is little evidence that could support a crypsis function, although direct experimentation is needed, and mimicry is refuted except for one unusual species in which predefinitive males sire young. Instead, evidence from a handful of well-studied species suggests that predefinitive plumages help young males explicitly signal their social status, and thereby gain entry to the social hierarchies which dictate future reproductive success. Our conclusions are especially influenced by the unique fact that males of at least 11 species throughout the family exhibit multiple predefinitive plumage stages with distinctively male patches. For each hypothesis, we highlight ways in which a better knowledge of female and young male birds offers critical opportunities for the use of manakins as a model clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Schaedler
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Liam U Taylor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Richard O Prum
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Marina Anciães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM 69067-375, Brazil
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18
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Hagan MF, Grason GM. Equilibrium mechanisms of self-limiting assembly. REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS 2021; 93:025008. [PMID: 35221384 PMCID: PMC8880259 DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.93.025008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly is a ubiquitous process in synthetic and biological systems, broadly defined as the spontaneous organization of multiple subunits (e.g. macromolecules, particles) into ordered multi-unit structures. The vast majority of equilibrium assembly processes give rise to two states: one consisting of dispersed disassociated subunits, and the other, a bulk-condensed state of unlimited size. This review focuses on the more specialized class of self-limiting assembly, which describes equilibrium assembly processes resulting in finite-size structures. These systems pose a generic and basic question, how do thermodynamic processes involving non-covalent interactions between identical subunits "measure" and select the size of assembled structures? In this review, we begin with an introduction to the basic statistical mechanical framework for assembly thermodynamics, and use this to highlight the key physical ingredients that ensure equilibrium assembly will terminate at finite dimensions. Then, we introduce examples of self-limiting assembly systems, and classify them within this framework based on two broad categories: self-closing assemblies and open-boundary assemblies. These include well-known cases in biology and synthetic soft matter - micellization of amphiphiles and shell/tubule formation of tapered subunits - as well as less widely known classes of assemblies, such as short-range attractive/long-range repulsive systems and geometrically-frustrated assemblies. For each of these self-limiting mechanisms, we describe the physical mechanisms that select equilibrium assembly size, as well as potential limitations of finite-size selection. Finally, we discuss alternative mechanisms for finite-size assemblies, and draw contrasts with the size-control that these can achieve relative to self-limitation in equilibrium, single-species assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Hagan
- Martin Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Gregory M Grason
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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19
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Saranathan V, Finet C. Cellular and developmental basis of avian structural coloration. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 69:56-64. [PMID: 33684846 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Vivid structural colors in birds are a conspicuous and vital part of their phenotype. They are produced by a rich diversity of integumentary photonic nanostructures in skin and feathers. Unlike pigmentary coloration, whose genetic basis is being elucidated, little is known regarding the pathways underpinning organismal structural coloration. Here, we review available data on the development of avian structural colors. In particular, feather photonic nanostructures are understood to be intracellularly self-assembled by physicochemical forces typically seen in soft colloidal systems. We identify promising avenues for future research that can address current knowledge gaps, which are also highly relevant for the sustainable engineering of advanced bioinspired and biomimetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinodkumar Saranathan
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, 10 College Avenue West, 138609, Singapore; NUS Nanotechnology and Nanoscience Initiative, National University of Singapore, 117581, Singapore.
| | - Cédric Finet
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, 10 College Avenue West, 138609, Singapore
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20
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Mouchet SR, Luke S, McDonald LT, Vukusic P. Optical costs and benefits of disorder in biological photonic crystals. Faraday Discuss 2020; 223:9-48. [PMID: 33000817 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00101e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photonic structures in ordered, quasi-ordered or disordered forms have evolved across many different animal and plant systems. They can produce complex and often functional optical responses through coherent and incoherent scattering processes, often too, in combination with broadband or narrowband absorbing pigmentation. Interestingly, these systems appear highly tolerant of faults in their photonic structures, with imperfections in their structural order appearing not to impact, discernibly, the systems' optical signatures. The extent to which any such biological system deviates from presenting perfect structural order can dictate the optical properties of that system and, thereby, the optical properties that system delivers. However, the nature and extent of the optical costs and benefits of imperfect order in biological systems demands further elucidation. Here, we identify the extent to which biological photonic systems are tolerant of defects and imperfections. Certainly, it is clear that often significant inherent variations in the photonic structures of these systems, for instance a relatively broad distribution of lattice constants, can consistently produce what appear to be effective visual appearances and optical performances. In this article, we review previously investigated biological photonic systems that present ordered, quasi-ordered or disordered structures. We discuss the form and nature of the optical behaviour of these structures, focusing particularly on the associated optical costs and benefits surrounding the extent to which their structures deviate from what might be considered ideal systems. Then, through detailed analyses of some well-known 1D and 2D structurally coloured systems, we analyse one of the common manifestations of imperfect order, namely, the extent and nature of positional disorder in the systems' spatial distribution of layers and scattering centres. We use these findings to inform optical modelling that presents a quantitative and qualitative description of the optical costs and benefits of such positional disorder among ordered and quasi-ordered 1D and 2D photonic systems. As deviation from perfectly ordered structures invariably limits the performance of technology-oriented synthetic photonic processes, we suggest that the use of bio-inspired fault tolerance principles would add value to applied photonic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien R Mouchet
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Physics Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK. and Department of Physics, Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Stephen Luke
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Physics Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK.
| | - Luke T McDonald
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Physics Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK.
| | - Pete Vukusic
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Physics Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK.
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21
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Janas K, Łatkiewicz A, Parnell A, Lutyk D, Barczyk J, Shawkey MD, Gustafsson L, Cichoń M, Drobniak SM. Differential effects of early growth conditions on colour-producing nanostructures revealed through small angle X-ray scattering and electron microscopy. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb228387. [PMID: 32764026 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.228387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The costs associated with the production and maintenance of colour patches is thought to maintain their honesty. Although considerable research on sexual selection has focused on structurally coloured plumage ornaments, the proximate mechanisms of their potential condition dependence, and thus their honesty, is rarely addressed, particularly in an experimental context. Blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) nestlings have ultraviolet (UV)-blue structurally coloured tail feathers, providing a unique opportunity for investigation of the causes of variation in their colour. Here, we examined the influence of early growing conditions on the reflectance and structural properties of UV-blue-coloured tail feathers of blue tit nestlings. We applied a two-stage brood size manipulation to determine which stage of development more strongly impacts the quality of tail feather colouration and microstructure. We used small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and electron microscopy to characterise the nanoscale and microscale structure of tail feather barbs. Nestlings from the broods enlarged at a later stage of growth showed a sex-specific rectrix development delay, with males being more sensitive to this manipulation. Contrary to predictions, treatment affected neither the quality of the barbs' nanostructures nor the brightness and UV chroma of feathers. However, at the microscale, barbs' keratin characteristics were impaired in late-enlarged broods. Our results suggest that nanostructure quality, which determines the UV-blue colour in tail feathers, is not sensitive to early rearing conditions. Furthermore, availability of resources during feather growth seems to impact the quality of feather microstructure more than body condition, which is likely to be determined at an earlier stage of nestling growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Janas
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Łatkiewicz
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3a, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrew Parnell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, The Hicks Building, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
| | - Dorota Lutyk
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Julia Barczyk
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Matthew D Shawkey
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures, Department of Biology, University of Ghent, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Lars Gustafsson
- Department of Animal Ecology/Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 D, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mariusz Cichoń
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Szymon M Drobniak
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
- School of Biological, Environmental and Earth Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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22
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Jacucci G, Vignolini S, Schertel L. The limitations of extending nature's color palette in correlated, disordered systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:23345-23349. [PMID: 32900921 PMCID: PMC7519302 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010486117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms have developed a wide range of appearances from iridescent to matte textures. Interestingly, angular-independent structural colors, where isotropy in the scattering structure is present, only produce coloration in the blue wavelength region of the visible spectrum. One might, therefore, wonder if such observation is a limitation of the architecture of the palette of materials available in nature. Here, by exploiting numerical modeling, we discuss the origin of isotropic structural colors without restriction to a specific light scattering regime. We show that high color purity and color saturation cannot be reached in isotropic short-range order structures for red hues. This conclusion holds even in the case of advanced scatterer morphologies, such as core-shell particles or inverse photonic glasses-explaining recent experimental findings reporting very poor performances of visual appearance for such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Jacucci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Lukas Schertel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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23
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Krishnan A, Singh A, Tamma K. Visual signal evolution along complementary color axes in four bird lineages. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio052316. [PMID: 32878876 PMCID: PMC7520455 DOI: 10.1242/bio.052316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian color patterns function in varied behavioral contexts, most being produced by only a handful of mechanisms including feather nanostructures and pigments. Within a clade, colors may not occupy the entire available space, and incorporating complementary colors may increase the contrast and efficacy of visual signals. Here, we describe plumage patterns in four ecologically and phylogenetically diverse bird families to test whether they possess complementary colors. We present evidence that plumage colors in each clade cluster along a line in tetrachromatic color space. Additionally, we present evidence that in three of these clades, this line contains colors on opposite sides of a line passing through the achromatic point (putatively complementary colors, presenting higher chromatic contrast). Finally, interspecific color variation over at least some regions of the body is not constrained by phylogenetic relatedness. By describing plumage patterns in four diverse lineages, we add to the growing body of literature suggesting that the diversity of bird visual signals is constrained. Further, we tentatively hypothesize that in at least some clades possessing bright colors, species-specific plumage patterns may evolve by swapping the distributions of a complementary color pair. Further research on other bird clades may help confirm whether these patterns are general across bird families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Krishnan
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pashan Road, Pune 411008, India
| | | | - Krishnapriya Tamma
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
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24
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Bermúdez-Ureña E, Kilchoer C, Lord NP, Steiner U, Wilts BD. Structural Diversity with Varying Disorder Enables the Multicolored Display in the Longhorn Beetle Sulawesiella rafaelae. iScience 2020; 23:101339. [PMID: 32688285 PMCID: PMC7371903 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Light control through layered photonic nanostructures enables the strikingly colored displays of many beetles, birds, and butterflies. To achieve different reflected colors, natural organisms mainly rely on refractive index variations or scaling of a fixed structure design, as opposed to varying the type of structure. Here, we describe the presence of distinct coloration mechanisms in the longhorn beetle Sulawesiella rafaelae, which exhibits turquoise, yellow-green, and orange colors, each with a variable iridescence. By optical and electron microscopy, we show that the colors originate from multilayered architectures in hair-like scales with varying amounts of structural disorder. Structural characterizations and optical modeling show that the disorder strongly influences the optical properties of the scales, allowing an independent adjustment of the optical response. Our results shed light on the interplay of disorder in multilayered photonic structures and their biological significance, and could potentially inspire new ecological research and the development of novel optical components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Bermúdez-Ureña
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Cédric Kilchoer
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nathan P Lord
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 404 Life Sciences Building, LSU, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Ullrich Steiner
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bodo D Wilts
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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25
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Urquia GM, Inchaussandague ME, Skigin DC, Lester M, Barreira A, Tubaro P. Theoretical approaches to study the optical response of the red-legged honeycreeper's plumage (Cyanerpes cyaneus). APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:3901-3909. [PMID: 32400659 DOI: 10.1364/ao.380307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the unusual color effect exhibited by the plumage of the heads of Cyanerpes cyaneus males, whose color turns from green to turquoise as the angle between the illumination and observation directions is increased. This singular color effect is characteristic of species that have quasi-ordered nanostructures of short-range order within the feather barbs. However, among species of the same family and even within feather patches of the same individual, one can find barbs with different characteristics, both macroscopic (curvature, shape, cross-sectional area) and in their internal microstructure. We apply the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method with the averaging technique to model the reflectance spectra for different angles of incidence and explain the dependence of the observed color with the incidence-collection angle. To investigate the influence of the disorder in the optical response of the spongy matrix, we apply the integral method for a two-dimensional cylinder system that simulates the distribution of air cavities within the $ \beta $β-keratin medium. The experimental reflectance was interpreted as the result of multiple reflections in the internal interfaces generated by large air voids present within the spongy matrix. The application of rigorous methods to the study of natural photonic structures is of fundamental relevance for the design of efficient bioinspired artificial materials.
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26
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Codeço CFS, Mello SLA, Magnani BF, Sant'Anna MM. Early stages in the self-organization of Si nanopatterns induced by ion bombardment. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:255302. [PMID: 32182605 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab8082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We reveal early stages of self-organization of nanopatterns created by 2 keV Cs+ ion-beam irradiation of a Si surface coated with Au and a Ti adhesion layer. After ion-beam etching of the metallic layers, at normal incidence, we first observe distinct transient stages: (I) a dewetting-like pattern of grooves in the Si amorphized layer, sparsely populated with holes, followed by (II) the coexistence of rounded mounds and faceted holes distributed on a flat surface, the latter being an indication of the decisive role played by the crystalline/amorphous interface. Subsequently, the system evolves to stage III, a nanopattern of densely packed nanodots convoluted with a long-wavelength surface corrugation. A momentum-space analysis shows that stages (I) and (II) are identified, respectively, with channel-type and sphere-type quasi order.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F S Codeço
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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27
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Hwang V, Stephenson AB, Magkiriadou S, Park JG, Manoharan VN. Effects of multiple scattering on angle-independent structural color in disordered colloidal materials. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:012614. [PMID: 32069652 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.012614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Disordered packings of colloidal spheres show angle-independent structural color when the particles are on the scale of the wavelength of visible light. Previous work has shown that the positions of the peaks in the reflectance spectra can be predicted accurately from a single-scattering model that accounts for the effective refractive index of the material. This agreement shows that the main color peak arises from short-range correlations between particles. However, the single-scattering model does not quantitatively reproduce the observed color: the main peak in the reflectance spectrum is much broader and the reflectance at low wavelengths is much larger than predicted by the model. We use a combination of experiment and theory to understand these features. We find that one significant contribution to the breadth of the main peak is light that is scattered, totally internally reflected from the boundary of the sample, and then scattered again. The high reflectance at low wavelengths also results from multiple scattering but can be traced to the increase in the scattering cross section of individual particles with decreasing wavelength. Both of these effects tend to reduce the saturation of the structural color, which limits the use of these materials in applications. We show that while the single-scattering model cannot reproduce the observed saturations, it can be used as a design tool to reduce the amount of multiple scattering and increase the color saturation of materials, even in the absence of absorbing components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Hwang
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Anna B Stephenson
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Sofia Magkiriadou
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Jin-Gyu Park
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Vinothan N Manoharan
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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28
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Narayanan T, Konovalov O. Synchrotron Scattering Methods for Nanomaterials and Soft Matter Research. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E752. [PMID: 32041363 PMCID: PMC7040635 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This article aims to provide an overview of broad range of applications of synchrotron scattering methods in the investigation of nanoscale materials. These scattering techniques allow the elucidation of the structure and dynamics of nanomaterials from sub-nm to micron size scales and down to sub-millisecond time ranges both in bulk and at interfaces. A major advantage of scattering methods is that they provide the ensemble averaged information under in situ and operando conditions. As a result, they are complementary to various imaging techniques which reveal more local information. Scattering methods are particularly suitable for probing buried structures that are difficult to image. Although, many qualitative features can be directly extracted from scattering data, derivation of detailed structural and dynamical information requires quantitative modeling. The fourth-generation synchrotron sources open new possibilities for investigating these complex systems by exploiting the enhanced brightness and coherence properties of X-rays.
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29
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Palmer BA, Yallapragada VJ, Schiffmann N, Wormser EM, Elad N, Aflalo ED, Sagi A, Weiner S, Addadi L, Oron D. A highly reflective biogenic photonic material from core-shell birefringent nanoparticles. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:138-144. [PMID: 31932761 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0609-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Spectacular natural optical phenomena are produced by highly reflective assemblies of organic crystals. Here we show how the tapetum reflector in a shrimp eye is constructed from arrays of spherical isoxanthopterin nanoparticles and relate the particle properties to their optical function. The nanoparticles are composed of single-crystal isoxanthopterin nanoplates arranged in concentric lamellae around a hollow core. The spherulitic birefringence of the nanoparticles, which originates from the radial alignment of the plates, results in a significant enhancement of the back-scattering. This enables the organism to maximize the reflectivity of the ultrathin tapetum, which functions to increase the eye's sensitivity and preserve visual acuity. The particle size, core/shell ratio and packing are also controlled to optimize the intensity and spectral properties of the tapetum back-scattering. This system offers inspiration for the design of photonic crystals constructed from spherically symmetric birefringent particles for use in ultrathin reflectors and as non-iridescent pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Palmer
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | | | - Nathan Schiffmann
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal Merary Wormser
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nadav Elad
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eliahu D Aflalo
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Department of Life Sciences, Achva Academic College, Arugot, Israel
| | - Amir Sagi
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Steve Weiner
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lia Addadi
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dan Oron
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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30
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Fan M, D’alba L, Shawkey MD, Peters A, Delhey K. Multiple components of feather microstructure contribute to structural plumage colour diversity in fairy-wrens. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractClosely related species often differ in coloration. Understanding the mechanistic bases of such differences can reveal whether evolutionary changes in colour are driven by single key mechanisms or changes in multiple pathways. Non-iridescent structural plumage colours in birds are a good model in which to test these questions. These colours result from light absorption by pigments, light scattering by the medullary spongy layer (a nanostructure found within barbs) and contributions from other structural elements. Fairy-wrens (Malurus spp.) are a small clade of closely related birds that display a large diversity of ornamental structural colours. Using spectrometry, electron microscopy and Fourier analysis, we show that 30 structural colours, varying from ultraviolet to blue and purple, share a similar barb morphology. Despite this similarity, we find that at the microscopic scale, variation across multiple structural elements, including the size and density of the keratin cortex, spongy layer and melanin, explains colour diversity. These independent axes of morphological variation together account for sizeable amounts of structural colour variability (R2 = 0.21–0.65). The coexistence of many independent, evolutionarily labile mechanisms that generate colour variation suggests that the diversity of structural colours in this clade could be mediated by many independent genetic and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Fan
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liliana D’alba
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthew D Shawkey
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne Peters
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kaspar Delhey
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Vogelwarte Radolfzell, Radolfzell, Germany
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31
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Burg SL, Washington A, Coles DM, Bianco A, McLoughlin D, Mykhaylyk OO, Villanova J, Dennison AJC, Hill CJ, Vukusic P, Doak S, Martin SJ, Hutchings M, Parnell SR, Vasilev C, Clarke N, Ryan AJ, Furnass W, Croucher M, Dalgliesh RM, Prevost S, Dattani R, Parker A, Jones RAL, Fairclough JPA, Parnell AJ. Liquid–liquid phase separation morphologies in ultra-white beetle scales and a synthetic equivalent. Commun Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-019-0202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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32
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Babarović F, Puttick MN, Zaher M, Learmonth E, Gallimore EJ, Smithwick FM, Mayr G, Vinther J. Characterization of melanosomes involved in the production of non-iridescent structural feather colours and their detection in the fossil record. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20180921. [PMID: 31238836 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-iridescent structural colour in avian feathers is produced by coherent light scattering through quasi-ordered nanocavities in the keratin cortex of the barbs. To absorb unscattered light, melanosomes form a basal layer underneath the nanocavities. It has been shown that throughout Aves, melanosome morphology reflects broad categories of melanin-based coloration, as well as iridescence, allowing identification of palaeocolours in exceptionally preserved fossils. However, no studies have yet investigated the morphology of melanosomes in non-iridescent structural colour. Here, we analyse a wide sample of melanosomes from feathers that express non-iridescent structural colour from a phylogenetically broad range of extant avians to describe their morphology and compare them with other avian melanosome categories. We find that investigated melanosomes are typically wide (approx. 300 nm) and long (approx. 1400 nm), distinct from melanosomes found in black, brown and iridescent feathers, but overlapping significantly with melanosomes from grey feathers. This may suggest a developmental, and perhaps evolutionary, relationship between grey coloration and non-iridescent structural colours. We show that through analyses of fossil melanosomes, melanosomes indicative of non-iridescent structural colour can be predicted in an Eocene stem group roller ( Eocoracias: Coraciiformes) and with phylogenetic comparative methods the likely hue can be surmised. The overlap between melanosomes from grey and non-iridescent structurally coloured feathers complicates their distinction in fossil samples where keratin does not preserve. However, the abundance of grey coloration relative to non-iridescent structural coloration makes the former a more likely occurrence except in phylogenetically bracketed specimens like the specimen of Eocoracias studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frane Babarović
- 1 Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield , Sheffield S10 2TN , UK.,3 School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ , UK
| | - Mark N Puttick
- 2 Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY , UK
| | - Marta Zaher
- 3 School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ , UK
| | - Elizabeth Learmonth
- 4 School of Biological Sciences , Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TH , UK
| | - Emily-Jane Gallimore
- 4 School of Biological Sciences , Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TH , UK
| | - Fiann M Smithwick
- 3 School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ , UK
| | - Gerald Mayr
- 5 Senckenberg Research Institute, Section of Ornithology , Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Jakob Vinther
- 3 School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ , UK.,4 School of Biological Sciences , Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TH , UK
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33
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Yuan SJ, Meng WH, Du AH, Cao XY, Zhao Y, Wang JX, Jiang L. Direct-writing Structure Color Patterns on the Electrospun Colloidal Fibers toward Wearable Materials. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-019-2286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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34
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Kim SH, Hwang V, Lee SG, Ha JW, Manoharan VN, Yi GR. Solution-Processable Photonic Inks of Mie-Resonant Hollow Carbon-Silica Nanospheres. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900931. [PMID: 31038291 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hollow carbon-silica nanospheres that exhibit angle-independent structural color with high saturation and minimal absorption are made. Through scattering calculations, it is shown that the structural color arises from Mie resonances that are tuned precisely by varying the thickness of the shells. Since the color does not depend on the spatial arrangement of the particles, the coloration is angle independent and vibrant in powders and liquid suspensions. These properties make hollow carbon-silica nanospheres ideal for applications, and their potential in making flexible, angle-independent films and 3D printed films is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Interface Materials and Chemical Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Victoria Hwang
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Sang Goo Lee
- Interface Materials and Chemical Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Wook Ha
- Interface Materials and Chemical Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Vinothan N Manoharan
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Gi-Ra Yi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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35
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Henze MJ, Lind O, Wilts BD, Kelber A. Pterin-pigmented nanospheres create the colours of the polymorphic damselfly Ischnura elegans. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20180785. [PMID: 30991898 PMCID: PMC6505549 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal colours commonly act as signals for mates or predators. In many damselfly species, both sexes go through a developmental colour change as adults, and females often show colour polymorphism, which may have a function in mate choice, avoidance of mating harassment and camouflage. In the blue-tailed damselfly, Ischnura elegans, young males are bright green and turn blue as they reach maturity. Females are red ( rufescens) or violet ( violacea) as immatures and, when mature, either mimic the blue colour of the males ( androchrome), or acquire an inconspicuous olive-green ( infuscans) or olive-brown ( obsoleta). The genetic basis of these differences is still unknown. Here, we quantify the colour development of all morphs of I. elegans and investigate colour formation by combining anatomical data and reflectance spectra with optical finite-difference time-domain simulations. While the coloration primarily arises from a disordered assembly of nanospheres in the epidermis, morph-dependent changes result from adjustments in the composition of pterin pigments within the nanospheres, and from associated shifts in optical density. Other pigments fine-tune hue and brilliance by absorbing stray light. These mechanisms produce an impressive palette of colours and offer guidance for genetic studies on the evolution of colour polymorphism and visual communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam J. Henze
- Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Olle Lind
- Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bodo D. Wilts
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, NL-9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Almut Kelber
- Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362 Lund, Sweden
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36
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Laczi M, Hegyi G, Kötél D, Csizmadia T, Lőw P, Török J. Reflectance in relation to macro- and nanostructure in the crown feathers of the great tit (Parus major). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Laczi
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- The Barn Owl Foundation, Orosztony, Hungary
| | - Gergely Hegyi
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Kötél
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Csizmadia
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Lőw
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Török
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Ecology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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37
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Wilts BD, Saranathan V. A Literal Elytral Rainbow: Tunable Structural Colors Using Single Diamond Biophotonic Crystals in Pachyrrhynchus congestus Weevils. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1802328. [PMID: 30112799 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The brilliant colors of many insects arise from the interference of incident light with complex nanostructured biomaterials that are present in their cuticle. Here, the rainbow-colored spots on the elytra of a snout weevil, Pachyrrhynchus congestus pavonius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), are investigated using synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering, scanning electron microscopy, microspectrophotometry, and photonic bandgap modeling. It is shown that the iridescent scales present in the rainbow-hued spots are due to a 3D photonic crystal network of chitin in air with a single diamond (Fd-3m) symmetry. In many insects, different orientations of photonic crystal domains are used to create various hues. In this weevil, however, both the chitin volume fractions as well as the lattice parameters of the biologically self-assembled single diamond nanostructure are varied to achieve the remarkable tuning of the structural colors across the visible light spectrum on a scale-by-scale basis. Uncovering the precise mechanism of color tuning employed by this weevil has important implications for further structural and developmental research on biophotonic nanostructures and may provide fresh impetus for bioinspired and biomimetic multifunctional applications, as synthesis of photonic crystals at visible length scales is currently challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo D Wilts
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Vinodkumar Saranathan
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, 10 College Avenue West, Singapore, 138609, Singapore
- NUS Nanotechnology and Nanoscience Initiative (NUSNNI-NanoCore), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117377, Singapore
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38
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Burg SL, Parnell AJ. Self-assembling structural colour in nature. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:413001. [PMID: 30137023 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aadc95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The diversity and vividness of structural colour in the natural world have been recognised as far back as William Hooke in the 17th century. Whilst it is only recently that advances in the field have revealed the elegance and finesse of the physics used to create these effects. In this topical review we will highlight some of the structures and effects responsible for colour in butterfly scales, bird feathers, plants, insects and beetle elytra that have been studied to date. We will discuss the structures responsible and look at similarities and differences in these structures between species. This will be alongside our current understanding of how these are created biologically, how they develop structurally and what control mechanisms nature has at its disposal to control structure formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Burg
- The Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Western Bank, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
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39
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Goerlitzer ESA, Klupp Taylor RN, Vogel N. Bioinspired Photonic Pigments from Colloidal Self-Assembly. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706654. [PMID: 29733481 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The natural world is a colorful environment. Stunning displays of coloration have evolved throughout nature to optimize camouflage, warning, and communication. The resulting flamboyant visual effects and remarkable dynamic properties, often caused by an intricate structural design at the nano- and microscale, continue to inspire scientists to unravel the underlying physics and to recreate the observed effects. Here, the methodologies to create bioinspired photonic pigments using colloidal self-assembly approaches are considered. The physics governing the interaction of light with structural features and natural examples of structural coloration are briefly introduced. It is then outlined how the self-assembly of colloidal particles, acting as wavelength-scale building blocks, can be particularly useful to replicate coloration from nature. Different coloration effects that result from the defined structure of the self-assembled colloids are introduced and it is highlighted how these optical properties can be translated into photonic pigments by modifications of the assembly processes. The importance of absorbing elements, as well as the role of surface chemistry and wettability to control structural coloration is discussed. Finally, approaches to integrate dynamic control of coloration into such self-assembled photonic pigments are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S A Goerlitzer
- Institute of Particle Technology and Advanced Materials and Processes Master Programme, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robin N Klupp Taylor
- Institute of Particle Technology and Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Vogel
- Institute of Particle Technology and Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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40
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Abstract
Non-iridescent structural colors based on disordered arrangement of monodisperse spherical particles, also called photonic glass, show low color saturation due to gradual transition in the reflectivity spectrum. No significant improvement is usually expected from particles optimization, as Mie resonances are broad for small dielectric particles with moderate refractive index. Moreover, the short range order of a photonic glass alone is also insufficient to cause sharp spectral features. We show here, that the combination of a well-chosen particle geometry with the short range order of a photonic glass has strong synergetic effects. Using a first-order approximation and an Ewald sphere construction the reflectivity of such structures can be related to the Fourier transform of the permittivity distribution. The Fourier transform required for a highly saturated color can be achieved by tailoring the substructure of the motif. We show that this can be obtained by choosing core-shell particles with a non-monotonous refractive index distribution from the center of the particle through the shell and into the background material. The first-order theoretical predictions are confirmed by numerical simulations.
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41
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Hegyi G, Laczi M, Kötél D, Csizmadia T, Lőw P, Rosivall B, Szöllősi E, Török J. Reflectance variation in the blue tit crown in relation to feather structure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.176727. [PMID: 29615523 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.176727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Structural plumage colour is one of the most enigmatic sexually selected traits. The information content of structural colour variation is debated, and the heterogeneity of the findings is hard to explain because the proximate background of within-species colour differences is very scarcely studied. We combined measurements of feather macrostructure and nanostructure to explain within-population variability in blue tit crown reflectance. We found that sexual dichromatism in aspects of crown reflectance was explained only by feather macrostructure, whereas nanostructural predictors accounted for some of the age-related differences in reflectance. Moreover, we found that both mean reflectance and spectral shape traits reflected a combination of quantity and regularity aspects in macrostructure and nanostructure. This rich proximate background provides ample scope for reflectance to convey various types of information on individual quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Hegyi
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Laczi
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.,The Barn Owl Foundation, Temesvári út 8, H-8744 Orosztony, Hungary
| | - Dóra Kötél
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Csizmadia
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Lőw
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Rosivall
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Szöllősi
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Török
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.,Ecology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
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42
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Maiwald L, Lang S, Jalas D, Renner H, Petrov AY, Eich M. Ewald sphere construction for structural colors. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:11352-11365. [PMID: 29716057 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.011352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Disordered structures producing a non-iridescent color impression have been shown to feature a spherically shaped Fourier transform of their refractive-index distribution. We determine the direction and efficiency of scattering from thin films made from such structures with the help of the Ewald sphere construction which follows from first-order scattering approximation. This way we present a simple geometrical argument why these structures are well suited for creating short wavelength colors like blue but are hindered from producing long wavelength colors like red. We also numerically synthesize a model structure dedicated to produce a sharp spherical shell in reciprocal space. The reflectivity of this structure as predicted by the first-order approximation is compared to direct electromagnetic simulations. The results indicate the Ewald sphere construction to constitute a simple geometrical tool that can be used to describe and to explain important spectral and directional features of the reflectivity. It is shown that total internal reflection in the film in combination with directed scattering can be used to obtain long wavelength structural colors.
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43
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Zyla G, Kovalev A, Grafen M, Gurevich EL, Esen C, Ostendorf A, Gorb S. Generation of bioinspired structural colors via two-photon polymerization. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17622. [PMID: 29247180 PMCID: PMC5732289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17914-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Colors of crystals, pigments, metals, salt solutions and bioluminescence occur in nature due to the optical properties of electrons in atoms and molecules. However, colors can also result from interference effects on nanostructures. In contrast to artificial coloration, which are caused by well-defined regular structures, the structural colors of living organisms are often more intense and almost angle-independent. In this paper, we report the successful manufacturing of a lamellar nanostructure that mimics the ridge shape of the Morpho butterfly using a 3d-direct laser writing technique. The viewing angle dependency of the color was analyzed via a spectrometer and the structure was visualized using a scanning electron microscope. The generated nano- and micro-structures and their optical properties were comparable to those observed in the Morpho butterfly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Zyla
- Applied Laser Technologies, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Alexander Kovalev
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Grafen
- Applied Laser Technologies, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Evgeny L Gurevich
- Applied Laser Technologies, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Cemal Esen
- Applied Laser Technologies, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Ostendorf
- Applied Laser Technologies, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stanislav Gorb
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24098, Kiel, Germany
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44
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Sellers SR, Man W, Sahba S, Florescu M. Local self-uniformity in photonic networks. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14439. [PMID: 28211466 PMCID: PMC5321726 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of a material with light is intimately related to its wavelength-scale structure. Simple connections between structure and optical response empower us with essential intuition to engineer complex optical functionalities. Here we develop local self-uniformity (LSU) as a measure of a random network's internal structural similarity, ranking networks on a continuous scale from crystalline, through glassy intermediate states, to chaotic configurations. We demonstrate that complete photonic bandgap structures possess substantial LSU and validate LSU's importance in gap formation through design of amorphous gyroid structures. Amorphous gyroid samples are fabricated via three-dimensional ceramic printing and the bandgaps experimentally verified. We explore also the wing-scale structuring in the butterfly Pseudolycaena marsyas and show that it possesses substantial amorphous gyroid character, demonstrating the subtle order achieved by evolutionary optimization and the possibility of an amorphous gyroid's self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R. Sellers
- Advanced Technology Institute and Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Weining Man
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, California 94132, USA
| | - Shervin Sahba
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, California 94132, USA
| | - Marian Florescu
- Advanced Technology Institute and Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
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45
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Narayanan T, Wacklin H, Konovalov O, Lund R. Recent applications of synchrotron radiation and neutrons in the study of soft matter. CRYSTALLOGR REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/0889311x.2016.1277212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanna Wacklin
- European Spallation Source ERIC, Lund, Sweden
- Physical Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Reidar Lund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
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46
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Motokawa R, Taniguchi T, Kumada T, Iida Y, Aoyagi S, Sasaki Y, Kohri M, Kishikawa K. Photonic Crystals Fabricated by Block Copolymerization-Induced Microphase Separation. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Motokawa
- Materials
Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Taniguchi
- Division
of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33
Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kumada
- Materials
Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - You Iida
- Department
of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shota Aoyagi
- Division
of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33
Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sasaki
- Division
of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33
Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Michinari Kohri
- Division
of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33
Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Keiki Kishikawa
- Division
of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33
Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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47
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Igic B, D'Alba L, Shawkey MD. Manakins can produce iridescent and bright feather colours without melanosomes. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:1851-9. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.137182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Males of many species often use colourful and conspicuous ornaments to attract females. Among these, male manakins (family: Pipridae) provide classic examples of sexual selection favouring the evolution of bright and colourful plumage coloration. The highly iridescent feather colours of birds are most commonly produced by the periodic arrangement of melanin-containing organelles (melanosomes) within barbules. Melanin increases the saturation of iridescent colours seen from optimal viewing angles by absorbing back-scattered light; however, this may reduce the wide-angle brightness of these signals, contributing to a dark background appearance. We examined the nanostructure of four manakin species (Lepidothrix isidorei, L. iris, L. nattereri and L. coeruleocapilla) to identify how they produce their bright plumage colours. Feather barbs of all four species were characterized by dense and fibrous internal spongy matrices that likely increase scattering of light within the barb. The iridescent, yet pale or whitish colours of L. iris and L. nattereri feathers were produced not by periodically arranged melanosomes within barbules, but by periodic matrices of air and β-keratin within barbs. Lepidothrix iris crown feathers were able to produce a dazzling display of colours with small shifts in viewing geometry, likely because of a periodic nanostructure, a flattened barb morphology and disorder at a microstructural level. We hypothesize that iridescent plumage ornaments of male L. iris and L. nattereri are under selection to increase brightness or luminance across wide viewing angles, which may potentially increase their detectability by females during dynamic and fast-paced courtship displays in dim light environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Igic
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Liliana D'Alba
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
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48
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Braet Y, Downes S, Simonis P. Preservation of iridescent colours in Phorinia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Diptera: Tachinidae). Biodivers Data J 2016; 4:e5407. [PMID: 26929707 PMCID: PMC4759442 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.4.e5407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iridescent blue-green colours are exhibited by various organisms including several taxa in the Tachinidae (Diptera) with notable examples within the Afrotropical members of the genus Phorinia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830. The vivid colouration observed in life quickly fades to a dull golden-yellow when a specimen is dried. Although well known, no published explanation has been given for this phenomenon. NEW INFORMATION We illustrate the mechanism associated with this colour change. We also test and propose technical alternatives to retain the living colours in dried specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Braet
- Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Rue Vautier 29, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stephen Downes
- Eades Farmhouse, Church Road, Theberton, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Priscilla Simonis
- Photonic of living Organisms group, Research Center in Physics of Matter and Radiation (PMR), University of Namur (UNamur), 61 rue de Bruxelles, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
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49
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Spatially modulated structural colour in bird feathers. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18317. [PMID: 26686280 PMCID: PMC4685390 DOI: 10.1038/srep18317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Eurasian Jay (Garrulus glandarius) feathers display periodic variations in the reflected colour from white through light blue, dark blue and black. We find the structures responsible for the colour are continuous in their size and spatially controlled by the degree of spinodal phase separation in the corresponding region of the feather barb. Blue structures have a well-defined broadband ultra-violet (UV) to blue wavelength distribution; the corresponding nanostructure has characteristic spinodal morphology with a lengthscale of order 150 nm. White regions have a larger 200 nm nanostructure, consistent with a spinodal process that has coarsened further, yielding broader wavelength white reflectance. Our analysis shows that nanostructure in single bird feather barbs can be varied continuously by controlling the time the keratin network is allowed to phase separate before mobility in the system is arrested. Dynamic scaling analysis of the single barb scattering data implies that the phase separation arrest mechanism is rapid and also distinct from the spinodal phase separation mechanism i.e. it is not gelation or intermolecular re-association. Any growing lengthscale using this spinodal phase separation approach must first traverse the UV and blue wavelength regions, growing the structure by coarsening, resulting in a broad distribution of domain sizes.
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50
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Yuan W, Zhou N, Shi L, Zhang KQ. Structural Coloration of Colloidal Fiber by Photonic Band Gap and Resonant Mie Scattering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:14064-14071. [PMID: 26066732 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b03289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Because structural color is fadeless and dye-free, structurally colored materials have attracted great attention in a wide variety of research fields. In this work, we report the use of a novel structural coloration strategy applied to the fabrication of colorful colloidal fibers. The nanostructured fibers with tunable structural colors were massively produced by colloidal electrospinning. Experimental results and theoretical modeling reveal that the homogeneous and noniridescent structural colors of the electrospun fibers are caused by two phenomena: reflection due to the band gap of photonic structure and Mie scattering of the colloidal spheres. Our unprecedented findings show promise in paving way for the development of revolutionary dye-free technology for the coloration of various fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- †National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College for Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Ning Zhou
- †National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College for Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Lei Shi
- §Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- †National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College for Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
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