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Ramos Ferrer P, Sakiyama-Elbert S. Affinity-based drug delivery systems for the central nervous system: exploiting molecular interactions for local, precise targeting. J Neural Eng 2024; 21:041004. [PMID: 39059438 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad680a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Objective: The effective treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders remains a significant challenge, primarily due to its molecular and structural complexity. Clinical translation of promising therapeutic agents is limited by the lack of optimal drug delivery systems capable of targeted, localized release of drugs to the brain and spinal cord.Approach: This review provides an overview of the potential of affinity-based drug delivery systems, which leverage molecular interactions to enhance the delivery and efficacy of therapeutic agents within the CNS.Main results: Various approaches, including hydrogels, micro- and nanoparticles, and functionalized biomaterials, are examined for their ability to provide local, sustained release of proteins, growth factors and other drugs.Significance: Furthermore, we present a detailed analysis of design considerations for developing effective affinity-based systems, incorporating insights from both existing literature and our group's research. These considerations include the biochemical modification of delivery vehicles and the optimization of physical and chemical properties to improve therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ramos Ferrer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Shelly Sakiyama-Elbert
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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2
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Zheng Y, Liu WH, Yang B, Milman Krentsis I. Primer on fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF 7). Differentiation 2024:100801. [PMID: 39048474 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2024.100801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7), also known as keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), is an important member of the FGF family that is mainly expressed by cells of mesenchymal origin while affecting specifically epithelial cells. Thus, FGF7 is widely expressed in diverse tissues, especially in urinary system, gastrointestinal tract (GI-tract), respiratory system, skin, and reproductive system. By interacting specifically with FGFR2-IIIb, FGF7 activates several downstream signal pathways, including Ras, PI3K-Akt, and PLCs. Previous studies of FGF7 mutants also have implicated its roles in various biological processes including development of essential organs and tissue homeostasis in adults. Moreover, more publications have reported that FGF7 and/or FGF7/FGFR2-IIIb-associated signaling pathway are involved in the progression of various heritable or acquired human diseases: heritable conditions like autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and non-syndromic cleft lip and palate (NS CLP), where it promotes cyst formation and affects craniofacial development, respectively; acquired non-malignant diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), mucositis, osteoarticular disorders, and metabolic diseases, where it influences inflammation, repair, and metabolic control; and tumorigenesis and malignant diseases, including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer, gastric cancer, and ovarian cancer, where it enhances cell proliferation, invasion, and chemotherapy resistance. Targeting FGF7 pathways holds therapeutic potential for managing these conditions, underscoring the need for further research to explore its clinical applications. Having more insights into the function and underlying molecular mechanisms of FGF7 is warranted to facilitate the development of effective treatments in the future. Here, we discuss FGF7 genomic structure, signal pathway, expression pattern during embryonic development and in adult organs and mutants along with phenotypes, as well as associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxi Zheng
- UT Health Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei-Hsin Liu
- UT Health Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Boxuan Yang
- UT Health Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Irit Milman Krentsis
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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3
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Guardiola-Diaz HM, DiBenedictis BT, Prendaj E, Bansal R. Diverse Responses of Oligodendrocytes to Different FGF-Family Members: Uncoupling Structure-Function Relationship Within FGF Subfamilies. ASN Neuro 2024; 16:2371163. [PMID: 39024549 DOI: 10.1080/17590914.2024.2371163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The fifteen canonical paracrine fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are organized in five subfamilies that interact with four FGF-receptors (FGFRs) and heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) co-receptors. Many of these FGFs are expressed in CNS regions where oligodendrocyte (OL) progenitors originate, migrate or differentiate. FGF2 (basic FGF) is considered a prototype FGF and the information about the effects of FGF signaling on OL-lineage cells has evolved largely from the study of FGF2. However, other FGFs from four subfamilies ((FGF1 (FGF1,-2), FGF4 (FGF4,-5,-6), FGF8 (FGF8,-17,-18) and FGF9 (FGF9,-16,-20)) that can interact with the isoforms of FGFRs expressed in OL-lineage cells may also play important roles. We previously reported OL-responses to FGF8 family members. Here, we investigate the effects of members of the FGF1,-4, and -9 subfamilies on proliferation and differentiation of OL progenitors (OPCs), and on cell cycle re-entry and down-regulation of myelin proteins by mature OLs. We found that while FGF2 induced all these responses strongly, FGF4,-6,-9 could do so only transiently and in the presence of exogenous HSPGs, and that FGF5,-16,-20 could not do so even in the presence of heparin or at higher concentrations. Furthermore, we noted that structurally similar FGFs within subfamilies did not always show similarities in their biological effects on OL-lineage cells. Taken together, these studies reveal that FGFs differ in the way they regulate the OL-lineage cells, emphasizes the selectivity and importance of HSPGs as FGF co-receptors in OL-lineage cells and suggests that structural similarity among FGF-subfamily members may not always predict their overlapping biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebe M Guardiola-Diaz
- Department of Biology and Neuroscience Program, Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brett T DiBenedictis
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Medical School, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Erealda Prendaj
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Medical School, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rashmi Bansal
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Medical School, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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4
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Shen L, Li Y, Zhao H. Fibroblast growth factor signaling in macrophage polarization: impact on health and diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1390453. [PMID: 38962005 PMCID: PMC11219802 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1390453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a versatile family of peptide growth factors that are involved in various biological functions, including cell growth and differentiation, embryonic development, angiogenesis, and metabolism. Abnormal FGF/FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases such as cancer, metabolic diseases, and inflammatory diseases. It is worth noting that macrophage polarization, which involves distinct functional phenotypes, plays a crucial role in tissue repair, homeostasis maintenance, and immune responses. Recent evidence suggests that FGF/FGFR signaling closely participates in the polarization of macrophages, indicating that they could be potential targets for therapeutic manipulation of diseases associated with dysfunctional macrophages. In this article, we provide an overview of the structure, function, and downstream regulatory pathways of FGFs, as well as crosstalk between FGF signaling and macrophage polarization. Additionally, we summarize the potential application of harnessing FGF signaling to modulate macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Shen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children’s Hospital/The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children’s Hospital/The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Huakan Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
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Alotaibi FS, Alsadun MMR, Alsaiari SA, Ramakrishnan K, Yates EA, Fernig DG. Interactions of proteins with heparan sulfate. Essays Biochem 2024:EBC20230093. [PMID: 38646914 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20230093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a glycosaminoglycan, polysaccharides that are considered to have arisen in the last common unicellular ancestor of multicellular animals. In this light, the large interactome of HS and its myriad functions in relation to the regulation of cell communication are not surprising. The binding of proteins to HS determines their localisation and diffusion, essential for embryonic development and homeostasis. Following the biosynthesis of the initial heparosan polymer, the subsequent modifications comprise an established canonical pathway and a minor pathway. The more frequent former starts with N-deacetylation and N-sulfation of GlcNAc residues, the latter with C-5 epimerisation of a GlcA residue adjacent to a GlcNAc. The binding of proteins to HS is driven by ionic interactions. The multivalent effect arising from the many individual ionic bonds between a single protein and a polysaccharide chain results in a far stronger interaction than would be expected from an ion-exchange process. In many instances, upon binding, both parties undergo substantial conformational change, the resulting hydrogen and van der Waal bonds contributing significant free energy to the binding reaction. Nevertheless, ionic bonds dominate the protein-polysaccharide interaction kinetically. Together with the multivalent effect, this provides an explanation for the observed trapping of HS-binding proteins in extracellular matrix. Importantly, individual ionic bonds have been observed to be dynamic; breaking and reforming, while the protein remains bound to the polysaccharide. These considerations lead to a model for 1D diffusion of proteins in extracellular matrix on HS, involving mechanisms such as sliding, chain switching and rolling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizah S Alotaibi
- Department of Biochemistry, Systems and Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular, Integrative and Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Marim M R Alsadun
- Department of Biochemistry, Systems and Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular, Integrative and Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
- Department of Biology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah A Alsaiari
- Department of Biochemistry, Systems and Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular, Integrative and Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Krithika Ramakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Systems and Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular, Integrative and Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Department of Biochemistry, Systems and Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular, Integrative and Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - David G Fernig
- Department of Biochemistry, Systems and Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular, Integrative and Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
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Fowler EW, Witt RL, Jia X. Basement Membrane Mimetic Hydrogel Cooperates with Rho-Associated Protein Kinase Inhibitor to Promote the Development of Acini-Like Salivary Gland Spheroids. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2023; 3:2300088. [PMID: 38645834 PMCID: PMC11031203 DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202300088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Successful engineering of functional salivary glands necessitates the creation of cell-instructive environments for ex vivo expansion and lineage specification of primary human salivary gland stem cells (hS/PCs). Herein, basement membrane mimetic hydrogels were prepared using hyaluronic acid, cell adhesive peptides, and hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG), with or without sulfate groups, to produce "hyperGel+" or "hyperGel", respectively. Differential scanning fluorescence experiments confirmed the ability of the sulphated HPG precursor to stabilize fibroblast growth factor 10. The hydrogels were nanoporous, cytocompatibile and cell-permissive, enabling the development of multicellular hS/PC spheroids in 14 days. Incorporation of sulfated HPG species in the hydrogel enhanced cell proliferation. Culture of hS/PCs in hyperGel+ in the presence of a Rho kinase inhibitor, Y-27632 (Y-27), led to the development of spheroids with a central lumen, increased the expression of acinar marker aquaporin-3 at the transcript level (AQP3), and decreased the expression of ductal marker keratin 7 at both the transcript (KRT7) and the protein levels (K7). Reduced expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) targets SMAD2/3 was also observed in Y27-treated cultures, suggesting attenuation of TGF-β signaling. Thus, hyperGel+ cooperates with the ROCK inhibitor to promote the development of lumened spheroids with enhanced expression of acinar markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W. Fowler
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, USA
| | - Robert L. Witt
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Christiana Care, Newark, Delaware, 19713, USA
| | - Xinqiao Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE 19713, USA
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7
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Waseem T, Ahmed M, Rajput TA, Babar MM. Molecular implications of glycosaminoglycans in diabetes pharmacotherapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125821. [PMID: 37467830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus causes a wide range of metabolic derangements with multiple organ damage. The microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes result partly from the damage to the glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in the basement membrane. GAGs are negatively charged polysaccharides with repeating disaccharide units. They play a significant role in cellular proliferation and signal transduction. Destruction of extracellular matrix results in diseases in various organs including myocardial fibrosis, retinal damage and nephropathy. To substitute the natural GAGs pharmacotherapeutically, they have been synthesized by using basic disaccharide units. Among the four classes of GAGs, heparin is the most widely studied. Recent studies have revealed multiple significant GAG-protein interactions suggesting their use for the management of diabetic complications. Moreover, they can act as biomarkers for assessing the disease progression. A number of GAG-based therapeutic agents are being evaluated for managing diabetic complications. The current review provides an outline of the role of GAGs in diabetes while covering their interaction with different molecular players that can serve as targets for the diagnosis, management and prevention of diabetes and its complications. The medicinal chemistry and clinical pharmacotherapeutics aspects have are covered to aid in the establishment of GAG-based therapies as a possible avenue for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Waseem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Madiha Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Tausif Ahmed Rajput
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Mustafeez Mujtaba Babar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
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8
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Thomas SM, Li Q, Faul C. Fibroblast growth factor 23, klotho and heparin. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2023; 32:313-323. [PMID: 37195242 PMCID: PMC10241433 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 is a bone-derived hormone that regulates phosphate and vitamin D metabolism by targeting the kidney. When highly elevated, such as in chronic kidney disease (CKD), FGF23 can also target the heart and induce pathologic remodeling. Here we discuss the mechanisms that underlie the physiologic and pathologic actions of FGF23, with focus on its FGF receptors (FGFR) and co-receptors. RECENT FINDINGS Klotho is a transmembrane protein that acts as an FGFR co-receptor for FGF23 on physiologic target cells. Klotho also exists as a circulating variant, and recent studies suggested that soluble klotho (sKL) can mediate FGF23 effects in cells that do not express klotho. Furthermore, it has been assumed that the actions of FGF23 do not require heparan sulfate (HS), a proteoglycan that acts as a co-receptor for other FGF isoforms. However, recent studies revealed that HS can be part of the FGF23:FGFR signaling complex and modulate FGF23-induced effects. SUMMARY sKL and HS have appeared as circulating FGFR co-receptors that modulate the actions of FGF23. Experimental studies suggest that sKL protects from and HS accelerates CKD-associated heart injury. However, the in vivo relevance of these findings is still speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Madison Thomas
- Division of Nephrology and Section of Mineral Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Hogwood J, Mulloy B, Lever R, Gray E, Page CP. Pharmacology of Heparin and Related Drugs: An Update. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:328-379. [PMID: 36792365 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been used extensively as an antithrombotic and anticoagulant for close to 100 years. This anticoagulant activity is attributed mainly to the pentasaccharide sequence, which potentiates the inhibitory action of antithrombin, a major inhibitor of the coagulation cascade. More recently it has been elucidated that heparin exhibits anti-inflammatory effect via interference of the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps and this may also contribute to heparin's antithrombotic activity. This illustrates that heparin interacts with a broad range of biomolecules, exerting both anticoagulant and nonanticoagulant actions. Since our previous review, there has been an increased interest in these nonanticoagulant effects of heparin, with the beneficial role in patients infected with SARS2-coronavirus a highly topical example. This article provides an update on our previous review with more recent developments and observations made for these novel uses of heparin and an overview of the development status of heparin-based drugs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This state-of-the-art review covers recent developments in the use of heparin and heparin-like materials as anticoagulant, now including immunothrombosis observations, and as nonanticoagulant including a role in the treatment of SARS-coronavirus and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hogwood
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Rebeca Lever
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Elaine Gray
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
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10
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Parafioriti M, Ni M, Petitou M, Mycroft-West CJ, Rudd TR, Gandhi NS, Ferro V, Turnbull JE, Lima MA, Skidmore MA, Fernig DG, Yates EA, Bisio A, Guerrini M, Elli S. Evidence for Multiple Binding Modes in the Initial Contact Between SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 Protein and Cell Surface Glycans. Chemistry 2022; 29:e202202599. [PMID: 36134621 PMCID: PMC9537976 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Infection of host cells by SARS-CoV-2 begins with recognition by the virus S (spike) protein of cell surface heparan sulfate (HS), tethering the virus to the extracellular matrix environment, and causing the subunit S1-RBD to undergo a conformational change into the 'open' conformation. These two events promote the binding of S1-RBD to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, a preliminary step toward viral-cell membrane fusion. Combining ligand-based NMR spectroscopy with molecular dynamics, oligosaccharide analogues were used to explore the interactions between S1-RBD of SARS CoV-2 and HS, revealing several low-specificity binding modes and previously unidentified potential sites for the binding of extended HS polysaccharide chains. The evidence for multiple binding modes also suggest that highly specific inhibitors will not be optimal against protein S but, rather, diverse HS-based structures, characterized by high affinity and including multi-valent compounds, may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Parafioriti
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche 'G. Ronzoni'NMR and carbohydratesvia Giuseppe Colombo 8120133MilanoITALY
| | - Minghong Ni
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche 'G. Ronzoni'Organic Chemistryvia Giuseppe Colombo 8120133MilanoITALY
| | - Maurice Petitou
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche 'G Ronzoni'Organic chemistryvia Giuseppe Colombo 8120133MilanoITALY
| | | | - Timothy R. Rudd
- National Institute for Biological Standards and ControlAnalytical and Biological Sciences DivisionPotters Bar, Hertfordshire, United KingdomPotters Bar, HertfordshireUNITED KINGDOM
| | - Neha S. Gandhi
- Queensland University of Technology Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationSchool of Chemistry and Physics2 George StBrisbaneAUSTRALIA
| | - Vito Ferro
- The University of Queensland School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesBrisbaneAUSTRALIA
| | - Jeremy E. Turnbull
- University of Liverpool Institute of Integrative BiologyInstitute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative BiologyCrown StreetL69 7ZBLiverpoolUNITED KINGDOM
| | - Marcelo A. Lima
- Keele University School of Life SciencesCentre for GlycoscienceHuxley Building 203ST5 5BGNewcastle-Under-LymeUNITED KINGDOM
| | - Mark A. Skidmore
- Keele University School of Life SciencesCentre for GlycoscienceHuxley Building 174ST5 5BGNewcastle-Under-LymeUNITED KINGDOM
| | - David G. Fernig
- University of Liverpool Institute of Integrative BiologyInstitute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative BiologyCrown StreetL69 7BELiverpoolUNITED KINGDOM
| | - Edwin A. Yates
- University of Liverpool Institute of Integrative BiologyDepartment of Biochemistry and Systems BiologyCrown StreetL69 7ZBLiverpoolUNITED KINGDOM
| | - Antonella Bisio
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche 'G. Ronzoni'Biochemistry and molecular biologyvia Giuseppe Colombo 8120133MilanoITALY
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche 'G. Ronzoni'NMR and Carbohydratevia Giuseppe Colombo 8120133MilanoITALY
| | - Stefano Elli
- Istituto di ricerche chimiche e biochimiche G Ronzoni (Milano)NMR and Carbohydratesvia Giuseppe Colombo 8120133MilanoITALY
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11
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Heparin Protects Human Neural Progenitor Cells from Zika Virus-Induced Cell Death While Preserving Their Differentiation into Mature Neuroglial Cells. J Virol 2022; 96:e0112222. [PMID: 36121298 PMCID: PMC9555206 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01122-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus member of the Flaviviridae family that causes severe congenital brain anomalies in infected fetuses. The key target cells of ZIKV infection, human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs), are highly permissive to infection that causes the inhibition of cell proliferation and induces cell death. We have previously shown that pharmaceutical-grade heparin inhibits virus-induced cell death with negligible effects on in vitro virus replication in ZIKV-infected hNPCs at the “high” multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1. Here, we show that heparin inhibits formation of ZIKV-induced intracellular vacuoles, a signature of paraptosis, and inhibits necrosis and apoptosis of hNPCs grown as neurospheres (NS). To test whether heparin preserved the differentiation of ZIKV-infected hNPCs into neuroglial cells, hNPCs were infected at the MOI of 0.001. In this experimental condition, heparin inhibited ZIKV replication by ca. 2 log10, mostly interfering with virion attachment, while maintaining its protective effect against ZIKV-induced cytopathicity. Heparin preserved differentiation into neuroglial cells of hNPCs that were obtained from either human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) or by fetal tissue. Quite surprisingly, multiple additions of heparin to hNPCs enabled prolonged virus replication while preventing virus-induced cytopathicity. Collectively, these results highlight the potential neuroprotective effect of heparin that could serve as a lead compound to develop novel agents for preventing the damage of ZIKV infection on the developing brain. IMPORTANCE ZIKV is a neurotropic virus that invades neural progenitor cells (NPCs), causing inhibition of their proliferation and maturation into neurons and glial cells. We have shown previously that heparin, an anticoagulant also used widely during pregnancy, prevents ZIKV-induced cell death with negligible inhibition of virus replication. Here, we demonstrate that heparin also exerts antiviral activity against ZIKV replication using a much lower infectious inoculum. Moreover, heparin interferes with different modalities of virus-induced cell death. Finally, heparin-induced prevention of virus-induced NPC death allows their differentiation into neuroglial cells despite the intracellular accumulation of virions. These results highlight the potential use of heparin, or pharmacological agents derived from it, in pregnant women to prevent the devastating effects of ZIKV infection on the developing brain of their fetuses.
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12
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Sun C, Tian X, Jia Y, Yang M, Li Y, Fernig DG. Functions of exogenous FGF signals in regulation of fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix protein expression. Open Biol 2022; 12:210356. [PMID: 36102060 PMCID: PMC9471990 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are widely distributed cells found in most tissues and upon tissue injury, they are able to differentiate into myofibroblasts, which express abundant extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Overexpression and unordered organization of ECM proteins cause tissue fibrosis in damaged tissue. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family proteins are well known to promote angiogenesis and tissue repair, but their activities in fibroblast differentiation and fibrosis have not been systematically reviewed. Here we summarize the effects of FGFs in fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation and ECM protein expression and discuss the underlying potential regulatory mechanisms, to provide a basis for the clinical application of recombinant FGF protein drugs in treatment of tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changye Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangqin Tian
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Jia
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingming Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - David G Fernig
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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13
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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14
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Danielsson A, Kogut MM, Maszota-Zieleniak M, Chopra P, Boons GJ, Samsonov SA. Molecular Dynamics-based descriptors of 3-O-Sulfated Heparan Sulfate as Contributors of Protein Binding Specificity. Comput Biol Chem 2022; 99:107716. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2022.107716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Su D, Li Y, Yates EA, Skidmore MA, Lima MA, Fernig DG. Analysis of protein-heparin interactions using a portable SPR instrument. PEERJ ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.7717/peerj-achem.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical biosensors such as those based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) are a key analytical tool for understanding biomolecular interactions and function as well as the quantitative analysis of analytes in a wide variety of settings. The advent of portable SPR instruments enables analyses in the field. A critical step in method development is the passivation and functionalisation of the sensor surface. We describe the assembly of a surface of thiolated oleyl ethylene glycol/biotin oleyl ethylene glycol and its functionalisation with streptavidin and reducing end biotinylated heparin for a portable SPR instrument. Such surfaces can be batch prepared and stored. Two examples of the analysis of heparin-binding proteins are presented. The binding of fibroblast growth factor 2 and competition for the binding of a heparan sulfate sulfotransferase by a library of selectively modified heparins and suramin, which identify the selectivity of the enzyme for sulfated structures in the polysaccharide and demonstrate suramin as a competitor for the enzyme’s sugar acceptor site. Heparin functionalised surfaces should have a wide applicability, since this polysaccharide is a close structural analogue of the host cell surface polysaccharide, heparan sulfate, a receptor for many endogenous proteins and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunhao Su
- Biochemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Yong Li
- Biochemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin A. Yates
- Biochemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Skidmore
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Keele, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, United Kingdom
| | - Marcelo A. Lima
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Keele, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, United Kingdom
| | - David G. Fernig
- Biochemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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16
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Sadeghi S, Kalhor H, Panahi M, Abolhasani H, Rahimi B, Kalhor R, Mehrabi A, Vahdatinia M, Rahimi H. Keratinocyte growth factor in focus: A comprehensive review from structural and functional aspects to therapeutic applications of palifermin. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:1175-1190. [PMID: 34606789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Palifermin (Kepivance™) is the first therapeutic approved by the Food and Drug Administration for preventing and managing the oral mucositis provoked by myelotoxic and mucotoxic therapies. Palifermin is a recombinant protein generated from human keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and imitates the function of endogenous KGF. KGF is an epithelial mitogen involved in various biological processes which belongs to the FGF family. KGF possesses a high level of receptor specificity and plays an important role in tissue repair and maintaining of the mucosal barrier integrity. Based on these unique features, palifermin was developed to enhance the growth of damaged epithelial tissues. Administration of palifermin has shown success in the reduction of toxicities of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and improvement of the patient's quality of life. Notwithstanding all merits, the clinical application of palifermin is limited owing to its instability and production challenges. Hence, a growing number of ongoing researches are designed to deal with these problems and enhance the physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties of palifermin. In the current review, we discuss KGF structure and function, potential therapeutic applications of palifermin, as well as the latest progress in the production of recombinant human KGF and its challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Sadeghi
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hourieh Kalhor
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Mohammad Panahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hoda Abolhasani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Bahareh Rahimi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Kalhor
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; Department of Genetics, Colleague of Sciences, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran
| | - Amirmehdi Mehrabi
- Department of Pharmacoeconomy & Administrative Pharmacy, School Of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahsa Vahdatinia
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Rahimi
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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Chemical Modification of Glycosaminoglycan Polysaccharides. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175211. [PMID: 34500644 PMCID: PMC8434129 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The linear anionic class of polysaccharides, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), are critical throughout the animal kingdom for developmental processes and the maintenance of healthy tissues. They are also of interest as a means of influencing biochemical processes. One member of the GAG family, heparin, is exploited globally as a major anticoagulant pharmaceutical and there is a growing interest in the potential of other GAGs for diverse applications ranging from skin care to the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions, and from the treatment and prevention of microbial infection to biotechnology. To realize the potential of GAGs, however, it is necessary to develop effective tools that are able to exploit the chemical manipulations to which GAGs are susceptible. Here, the current knowledge concerning the chemical modification of GAGs, one of the principal approaches for the study of the structure-function relationships in these molecules, is reviewed. Some additional methods that were applied successfully to the analysis and/or processing of other carbohydrates, but which could be suitable in GAG chemistry, are also discussed.
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18
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Fang R, Jiang Q, Guan Y, Gao P, Zhang R, Zhao Z, Jiang Z. Golgi apparatus-synthesized sulfated glycosaminoglycans mediate polymerization and activation of the cGAMP sensor STING. Immunity 2021; 54:962-975.e8. [PMID: 33857420 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING requires its translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and subsequent polymerization. Using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen to define factors critical for STING activation in cells, we identified proteins critical for biosynthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) in the Golgi apparatus. Binding of sGAGs promoted STING polymerization through luminal, positively charged, polar residues. These residues are evolutionarily conserved, and selective mutation of specific residues inhibited STING activation. Purified or chemically synthesized sGAGs induced STING polymerization and activation of the kinase TBK1. The chain length and O-linked sulfation of sGAGs directly affected the level of STING polymerization and, therefore, its activation. Reducing the expression of Slc35b2 to inhibit GAG sulfation in mice impaired responses to vaccinia virus infection. Thus, sGAGs in the Golgi apparatus are necessary and sufficient to drive STING polymerization, providing a mechanistic understanding of the requirement for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi apparatus translocation for STING activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Fang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qifei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yukun Guan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pengfei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhengfan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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19
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Holstein E, Dittmann A, Kääriäinen A, Pesola V, Koivunen J, Pihlajaniemi T, Naba A, Izzi V. The Burden of Post-Translational Modification (PTM)-Disrupting Mutations in the Tumor Matrisome. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1081. [PMID: 33802493 PMCID: PMC7959462 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the occurrence of mutations affecting post-translational modification (PTM) sites in matrisome genes across different tumor types, in light of their genomic and functional contexts and in comparison with the rest of the genome. METHODS This study spans 9075 tumor samples and 32 tumor types from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Pan-Cancer cohort and identifies 151,088 non-silent mutations in the coding regions of the matrisome, of which 1811 affecting known sites of hydroxylation, phosphorylation, N- and O-glycosylation, acetylation, ubiquitylation, sumoylation and methylation PTM. RESULTS PTM-disruptive mutations (PTMmut) in the matrisome are less frequent than in the rest of the genome, seem independent of cell-of-origin patterns but show dependence on the nature of the matrisome protein affected and the background PTM types it generally harbors. Also, matrisome PTMmut are often found among structural and functional protein regions and in proteins involved in homo- and heterotypic interactions, suggesting potential disruption of matrisome functions. CONCLUSIONS Though quantitatively minoritarian in the spectrum of matrisome mutations, PTMmut show distinctive features and damaging potential which might concur to deregulated structural, functional, and signaling networks in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Holstein
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; (E.H.); (A.D.); (A.K.); (V.P.); (J.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Annalena Dittmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; (E.H.); (A.D.); (A.K.); (V.P.); (J.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Anni Kääriäinen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; (E.H.); (A.D.); (A.K.); (V.P.); (J.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Vilma Pesola
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; (E.H.); (A.D.); (A.K.); (V.P.); (J.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Jarkko Koivunen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; (E.H.); (A.D.); (A.K.); (V.P.); (J.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Taina Pihlajaniemi
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; (E.H.); (A.D.); (A.K.); (V.P.); (J.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Alexandra Naba
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Valerio Izzi
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; (E.H.); (A.D.); (A.K.); (V.P.); (J.K.); (T.P.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Finnish Cancer Institute, 00130 Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Barkovskaya A, Buffone A, Žídek M, Weaver VM. Proteoglycans as Mediators of Cancer Tissue Mechanics. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:569377. [PMID: 33330449 PMCID: PMC7734320 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.569377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans are a diverse group of molecules which are characterized by a central protein backbone that is decorated with a variety of linear sulfated glycosaminoglycan side chains. Proteoglycans contribute significantly to the biochemical and mechanical properties of the interstitial extracellular matrix where they modulate cellular behavior by engaging transmembrane receptors. Proteoglycans also comprise a major component of the cellular glycocalyx to influence transmembrane receptor structure/function and mechanosignaling. Through their ability to initiate biochemical and mechanosignaling in cells, proteoglycans elicit profound effects on proliferation, adhesion and migration. Pathologies including cancer and cardiovascular disease are characterized by perturbed expression of proteoglycans where they compromise cell and tissue behavior by stiffening the extracellular matrix and increasing the bulkiness of the glycocalyx. Increasing evidence indicates that a bulky glycocalyx and proteoglycan-enriched extracellular matrix promote malignant transformation, increase cancer aggression and alter anti-tumor therapy response. In this review, we focus on the contribution of proteoglycans to mechanobiology in the context of normal and transformed tissues. We discuss the significance of proteoglycans for therapy response, and the current experimental strategies that target proteoglycans to sensitize cancer cells to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Barkovskaya
- Center for Bioengineering & Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Alexander Buffone
- Center for Bioengineering & Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Martin Žídek
- Center for Bioengineering & Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Valerie M. Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering & Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Therapeutic Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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21
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Sasaki N, Gomi F, Yoshimura H, Yamamoto M, Matsuda Y, Michishita M, Hatakeyama H, Kawano Y, Toyoda M, Korc M, Ishiwata T. FGFR4 Inhibitor BLU9931 Attenuates Pancreatic Cancer Cell Proliferation and Invasion While Inducing Senescence: Evidence for Senolytic Therapy Potential in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102976. [PMID: 33066597 PMCID: PMC7602396 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a deadly malignancy that is projected to become the leading cause of cancer death by 2050. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) is a transmembrane receptor that is overexpressed in half of PDACs. We determined that its expression in PDAC positively correlated with larger tumor size and more advanced tumor stage, and that BLU9931, a selective FGFR4 inhibitor, reduced PDAC cell proliferation and invasion while promoting their senescence. Quercetin, a senolytic drug, induced cell death in BLU9931-treated cells. We propose that targeting FGFR4 in combination with senolysis could provide a novel therapeutic strategy in patients whose PDAC expresses high FGFR4 levels. Abstract Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4), one of four tyrosine kinase receptors for FGFs, is involved in diverse cellular processes. Activation of FGF19/FGFR4 signaling is closely associated with cancer development and progression. In this study, we examined the expression and roles of FGF19/FGFR4 signaling in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In human PDAC cases, FGFR4 expression positively correlated with larger primary tumors and more advanced stages. Among eight PDAC cell lines, FGFR4 was expressed at the highest levels in PK-1 cells, in which single-nucleotide polymorphism G388R in FGFR4 was detected. For inhibition of autocrine/paracrine FGF19/FGFR4 signaling, we used BLU9931, a highly selective FGFR4 inhibitor. Inhibition of signal transduction through ERK, AKT, and STAT3 pathways by BLU9931 reduced proliferation in FGF19/FGFR4 signaling-activated PDAC cells. By contrast, BLU9931 did not alter stemness features, including stemness marker expression, anticancer drug resistance, and sphere-forming ability. However, BLU9931 inhibited cell invasion, in part, by downregulating membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 in FGF19/FGFR4 signaling-activated PDAC cells. Furthermore, downregulation of SIRT1 and SIRT6 by BLU9931 contributed to senescence induction, priming these cells for quercetin-induced death, a process termed senolysis. Thus, we propose that BLU9931 is a promising therapeutic agent in FGFR4-positive PDAC, especially when combined with senolysis (195/200).
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Sasaki
- Research team for Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Sakae-cho 35-2, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan; (N.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Fujiya Gomi
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan;
| | - Hisashi Yoshimura
- Division of Physiological Pathology, Department of Applied Science, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan; (H.Y.); (M.Y.)
| | - Masami Yamamoto
- Division of Physiological Pathology, Department of Applied Science, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan; (H.Y.); (M.Y.)
| | - Yoko Matsuda
- Oncology Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan;
| | - Masaki Michishita
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan;
| | - Hitoshi Hatakeyama
- Department of Comprehensive Education in Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan;
| | - Yoichi Kawano
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan;
| | - Masashi Toyoda
- Research team for Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Sakae-cho 35-2, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan; (N.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Murray Korc
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Toshiyuki Ishiwata
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3964-1141 (ext. 4414)
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22
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Dong C, Choi YK, Lee J, Zhang XF, Honerkamp-Smith A, Widmalm G, Lowe-Krentz LJ, Im W. Structure, Dynamics, and Interactions of GPI-Anchored Human Glypican-1 with Heparan Sulfates in a Membrane. Glycobiology 2020; 31:593-602. [PMID: 33021626 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glypican-1 and its heparan sulfate (HS) chains play important roles in modulating many biological processes including growth factor signaling. Glypican-1 is bound to a membrane surface via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor. In this study, we used all-atom molecular modeling and simulation to explore the structure, dynamics, and interactions of GPI-anchored glypican-1, three HS chains, membranes, and ions. The folded glypican-1 core structure is stable, but has substantial degrees of freedom in terms of movement and orientation with respect to the membrane due to the long unstructured C-terminal region linking the core to the GPI-anchor. With unique structural features depending on the extent of sulfation, high flexibility of HS chains can promote multi-site interactions with surrounding molecules near and above the membrane. This study is a first step toward all-atom molecular modeling and simulation of the glycocalyx, as well as its modulation of interactions between growth factors and their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuqiao Dong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanicss, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, United States
| | - Yeol Kyo Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, United States
| | - Jumin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, United States
| | - X Frank Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanicss, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, United States
| | | | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda J Lowe-Krentz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, United States
| | - Wonpil Im
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, United States
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23
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Wu J, Tian Y, Han L, Liu C, Sun T, Li L, Yu Y, Lamichhane B, D'Souza RN, Millar SE, Krumlauf R, Ornitz DM, Feng JQ, Klein O, Zhao H, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Wang X. FAM20B-catalyzed glycosaminoglycans control murine tooth number by restricting FGFR2b signaling. BMC Biol 2020; 18:87. [PMID: 32664967 PMCID: PMC7359594 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00813-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation of supernumerary teeth is an excellent model for studying the molecular mechanisms that control stem/progenitor cell homeostasis needed to generate a renewable source of replacement cells and tissues. Although multiple growth factors and transcriptional factors have been associated with supernumerary tooth formation, the regulatory inputs of extracellular matrix in this regenerative process remains poorly understood. RESULTS In this study, we present evidence that disrupting glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the dental epithelium of mice by inactivating FAM20B, a xylose kinase essential for GAG assembly, leads to supernumerary tooth formation in a pattern reminiscent of replacement teeth. The dental epithelial GAGs confine murine tooth number by restricting the homeostasis of Sox2(+) dental epithelial stem/progenitor cells in a non-autonomous manner. FAM20B-catalyzed GAGs regulate the cell fate of dental lamina by restricting FGFR2b signaling at the initial stage of tooth development to maintain a subtle balance between the renewal and differentiation of Sox2(+) cells. At the later cap stage, WNT signaling functions as a relay cue to facilitate the supernumerary tooth formation. CONCLUSIONS The novel mechanism we have characterized through which GAGs control the tooth number in mice may also be more broadly relevant for potentiating signaling interactions in other tissues during development and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Wu
- Southern Medical University Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.,West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Han
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.,West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.,Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Tianyu Sun
- Southern Medical University Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Yanlei Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Bikash Lamichhane
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Rena N D'Souza
- School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Sarah E Millar
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Robb Krumlauf
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Ophir Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Hu Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.
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24
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Alizadeh AA, Jafari B, Dastmalchi S. Application of bioinformatics and molecular dynamics simulation approaches for identification of fibroblast growth factor 10 analogues with potentially improved thermostability. Growth Factors 2020; 38:197-209. [PMID: 34121575 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2021.1881501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 10 functions as a paracrine mesenchymal molecule to initiate signalling pathways regarding to cellular development and health. However, the low thermal stability restricts it's functionality in the human body and the shelf-life of FGF10-based formulations. The current study aimed to employ rational design and bioinformatics approaches to identify some point mutations which may improve the thermal stability of FGF10. Bioinformatics analyses resulted in N105D, C106F, K144R, K153M and I156R as the potential stability conferring mutations. The identified mutants were subjected to MD simulation indicating that all mutations are both structurally and energetically favoured. Finally, the effects of the identified mutations on receptor binding of FGF10 were predicted and the results showed that K144R and K153M mutations may increase the binding affinity relative to the wild type. The findings of the current study propose potentially improved FGF10 analogues for further experimental investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Akbar Alizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Jafari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, Turkey
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25
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Comparison of the Interactions of Different Growth Factors and Glycosaminoglycans. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183360. [PMID: 31527407 PMCID: PMC6767211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Most growth factors are naturally occurring proteins, which are signaling molecules implicated in cellular multiple functions such as proliferation, migration and differentiation under patho/physiological conditions by interacting with cell surface receptors and other ligands in the extracellular microenvironment. Many of the growth factors are heparin-binding proteins (HBPs) that have a high affinity for cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). In the present study, we report the binding kinetics and affinity of heparin interacting with different growth factors, including fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2,7,10, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF β-1), using a heparin chip. Surface plasmon resonance studies revealed that all the tested growth factors bind to heparin with high affinity (with KD ranging from ~0.1 to 59 nM) and all the interactions are oligosaccharide size dependent except those involving TGF β-1. These heparin-binding growth factors also interact with other glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), as well as various chemically modified heparins. Other GAGs, including heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfates A, B, C, D, E and keratan sulfate, showed different inhibition activities for the growth factor-heparin interactions. FGF2, FGF7, FGF10 and HGF bind heparin but the 2-O-sulfo and 6-O-sulfo groups on heparin have less impact on these interactions than do the N-sulfo groups. All the three sulfo groups (N-, 2-O and 6-O) on heparin are important for TGFβ-1-heparin interaction.
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26
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Sun C, Li Y, Yates EA, Fernig DG. SimpleDSFviewer: A tool to analyze and view differential scanning fluorimetry data for characterizing protein thermal stability and interactions. Protein Sci 2019; 29:19-27. [PMID: 31394001 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) is a widely used thermal shift assay for measuring protein stability and protein-ligand interactions that are simple, cheap, and amenable to high throughput. However, data analysis remains a challenge, requiring improved methods. Here, the program SimpleDSFviewer, a user-friendly interface, is described to help the researchers who apply DSF technique in their studies. SimpleDSFviewer integrates melting curve (MC) normalization, smoothing, and melting temperature (Tm) analysis and directly previews analyzed data, providing an efficient analysis tool for DSF. SimpleDSFviewer is developed in Matlab, and it is freely available for all users to use in Matlab workspace or with Matlab Runtime. It is easy to use and an efficient tool for researchers to preview and analyze their data in a very short time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changye Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - David G Fernig
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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27
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Sun C, Liu M, Sun P, Yang M, Yates EA, Guo Z, Fernig DG. Sulfated polysaccharides interact with fibroblast growth factors and protect from denaturation. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:1477-1487. [PMID: 31271519 PMCID: PMC6668377 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) regulate embryonic development and homeostasis, including tissue and organ repair and specific aspects of metabolism. The basic FGF and acidic FGF, now known as FGF2 and FGF1, are widely used protein drugs for tissue repair. However, they are susceptible to denaturation at ambient temperatures and during long-time storage, which will reduce their biological activity. The interaction of FGFs with the sulfated domains of heparan sulfate and heparin is essential for their cellular signaling and stability. Therefore, we analyzed the interactions of FGF1 and FGF2 with four sulfated polysaccharides: heparin, dextran sulfate (DXS), λ-carrageenan, and chondroitin sulfate. The results of thermal stability and cell proliferation assays demonstrate that heparin, DXS, and λ-carrageenan bound to both FGFs and protected them from denaturation. Our results suggest heparin, DXS, and λ-carrageenan are potential formulation materials that bind and stabilize FGFs, and which may also potentiate their activity and control their delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changye Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue RegenerationXinxiang Medical UniversityChina
| | - Mengxin Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue RegenerationXinxiang Medical UniversityChina
| | - Panwen Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue RegenerationXinxiang Medical UniversityChina
| | - Mingming Yang
- Department of CardiologySchool of MedicineAffiliated Zhongda HospitalSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Edwin A. Yates
- Department of BiochemistryInstitute of Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolUK
| | - Zhikun Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue RegenerationXinxiang Medical UniversityChina
| | - David G. Fernig
- Department of BiochemistryInstitute of Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolUK
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28
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Ghiselli G. Heparin Binding Proteins as Therapeutic Target: An Historical Account and Current Trends. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 6:E80. [PMID: 31362364 PMCID: PMC6789896 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The polyanionic nature and the ability to interact with proteins with different affinities are properties of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that determine their biological function. In designing drugs affecting the interaction of proteins with GAGs the challenge has been to generate agents with high binding specificity. The example to emulated has been a heparin-derived pentasaccharide that binds to antithrombin-III with high affinity. However, the portability of this model to other biological situations is questioned on several accounts. Because of their structural flexibility, oligosaccharides with different sulfation and uronic acid conformation can display the same binding proficiency to different proteins and produce comparable biological effects. This circumstance represents a formidable obstacle to the design of drugs based on the heparin scaffold. The conceptual framework discussed in this article is that through a direct intervention on the heparin-binding functionality of proteins is possible to achieve a high degree of action specificity. This objective is currently pursued through two strategies. The first makes use of small molecules for which in the text we provide examples from past and present literature concerning angiogenic factors and enzymes. The second approach entails the mutagenesis of the GAG-binding site of proteins as a means to generate a new class of biologics of therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Ghiselli
- Independent Researcher, 1326 Spruce Street Suite 706, Philadephia, PA 19107, USA.
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29
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Nunes QM, Su D, Brownridge PJ, Simpson DM, Sun C, Li Y, Bui TP, Zhang X, Huang W, Rigden DJ, Beynon RJ, Sutton R, Fernig DG. The heparin-binding proteome in normal pancreas and murine experimental acute pancreatitis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217633. [PMID: 31211768 PMCID: PMC6581253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is acute inflammation of the pancreas, mainly caused by gallstones and alcohol, driven by changes in communication between cells. Heparin-binding proteins (HBPs) play a central role in health and diseases. Therefore, we used heparin affinity proteomics to identify extracellular HBPs in pancreas and plasma of normal mice and in a caerulein mouse model of AP. Many new extracellular HBPs (360) were discovered in the pancreas, taking the total number of HBPs known to 786. Extracellular pancreas HBPs form highly interconnected protein-protein interaction networks in both normal pancreas (NP) and AP. Thus, HBPs represent an important set of extracellular proteins with significant regulatory potential in the pancreas. HBPs in NP are associated with biological functions such as molecular transport and cellular movement that underlie pancreatic homeostasis. However, in AP HBPs are associated with additional inflammatory processes such as acute phase response signalling, complement activation and mitochondrial dysfunction, which has a central role in the development of AP. Plasma HBPs in AP included known AP biomarkers such as serum amyloid A, as well as emerging targets such as histone H2A. Other HBPs such as alpha 2-HS glycoprotein (AHSG) and histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) need further investigation for potential applications in the management of AP. Pancreas HBPs are extracellular and so easily accessible and are potential drug targets in AP, whereas plasma HBPs represent potential biomarkers for AP. Thus, their identification paves the way to determine which HBPs may have potential applications in the management of AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin M. Nunes
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Dunhao Su
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Brownridge
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah M. Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Changye Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wen Zhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Thao P. Bui
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Huang
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daniel J. Rigden
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Beynon
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Sutton
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David G. Fernig
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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30
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Yates EA, Gallagher JT, Guerrini M. Introduction to the Molecules Special Edition Entitled ' Heparan Sulfate and Heparin: Challenges and Controversies': Some Outstanding Questions in Heparan Sulfate and Heparin Research. Molecules 2019; 24:E1399. [PMID: 30974725 PMCID: PMC6479682 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The scope of this article is to provide a brief general introduction to heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin, and attempt to identify some of the central challenges regarding research into the chemistry and biology of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), some of which are the subject of contributions to the special issue of Molecules (published in volume 23, 2018) entitled 'Heparan Sulfate and Heparin: Challenges and Controversies' [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin A Yates
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - John T Gallagher
- University of Manchester and Iduron Ltd, Biohub, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK.
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Ronzoni Institute for Chemical and Biochemical research, Via G Colombo 81, Milano 20133, Italy.
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31
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A gene-based recessive diplotype exome scan discovers FGF6, a novel hepcidin-regulating iron-metabolism gene. Blood 2019; 133:1888-1898. [PMID: 30814063 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-10-879585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard analyses applied to genome-wide association data are well designed to detect additive effects of moderate strength. However, the power for standard genome-wide association study (GWAS) analyses to identify effects from recessive diplotypes is not typically high. We proposed and conducted a gene-based compound heterozygosity test to reveal additional genes underlying complex diseases. With this approach applied to iron overload, a strong association signal was identified between the fibroblast growth factor-encoding gene, FGF6, and hemochromatosis in the central Wisconsin population. Functional validation showed that fibroblast growth factor 6 protein (FGF-6) regulates iron homeostasis and induces transcriptional regulation of hepcidin. Moreover, specific identified FGF6 variants differentially impact iron metabolism. In addition, FGF6 downregulation correlated with iron-metabolism dysfunction in systemic sclerosis and cancer cells. Using the recessive diplotype approach revealed a novel susceptibility hemochromatosis gene and has extended our understanding of the mechanisms involved in iron metabolism.
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32
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Larose H, Shami AN, Abbott H, Manske G, Lei L, Hammoud SS. Gametogenesis: A journey from inception to conception. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 132:257-310. [PMID: 30797511 PMCID: PMC7133493 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gametogenesis, the process of forming mature germ cells, is an integral part of both an individual's and a species' health and well-being. This chapter focuses on critical male and female genetic and epigenetic processes underlying normal gamete formation through their differentiation to fertilization. Finally, we explore how knowledge gained from this field has contributed to progress in areas with great clinical promise, such as in vitro gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey Larose
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Haley Abbott
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Gabriel Manske
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Saher Sue Hammoud
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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33
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Kumagai Y, Kikuchi T, Nonaka A, Hiraide M, Sato S, Sakuraoka M, Sasaki A, Kobayashi M. Site-directed mutagenesis of cysteine to serine residues affects heparin binding and mitogenicity in fibroblast growth factor 4 produced in Escherichia coli. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2019.1590161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kumagai
- Laboratory for Advanced Animal Cell Technology, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kikuchi
- Laboratory for Advanced Animal Cell Technology, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Asumi Nonaka
- Laboratory for Advanced Animal Cell Technology, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Misuzu Hiraide
- Laboratory for Advanced Animal Cell Technology, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Suguru Sato
- Laboratory for Advanced Animal Cell Technology, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Mizuki Sakuraoka
- Laboratory for Advanced Animal Cell Technology, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Akira Sasaki
- Laboratory for Advanced Animal Cell Technology, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
- Akita Research Institute of Food and Brewing, Akita, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kobayashi
- Laboratory for Advanced Animal Cell Technology, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
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34
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Xu N, Wang BH, Zhou Q, Ouyang Y, Gong W, Tian H, Li X, Jiang C. Expression of Halo-hFGF18 and study of its effect on differentiation of ATDC5 cells. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 155:8-14. [PMID: 30416101 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18) is a member of the fibroblast growth factor family and important in cartilage growth and development. However, the mechanism by which FGF18 mediates its biological functions is still unclear. In our study, we expressed the rhFGF18 protein fused to a HaloTag, (Halo-rhFGF18). MTT assay results indicated that both rhFGF18 and Halo-rhFGF18 have similar biological activities in NIH3T3 cells. However, basic FGF and acidic FGF were more potent than both rhFGF18 and Halo-rhFGF18. Confocal imaging data indicated that the red fluorescence labeled Halo-rhFGF18 strongly bound to ATDC5 cells and stimulated their proliferation and differentiation, which suggests that glycosaminoglycans may be involved in mediating the biological effects of rhFGF18 in ATDC5 cells. Moreover, western blot results demonstrated that, in ATDC5 cells, ERK1/2 signaling is activated upon stimulation with rhFGF18. Our results may open doors for the use of rhFGF18 as a drug to promote cartilage growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bao Hui Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qianyun Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuehong Ouyang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiyue Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haishan Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Chao Jiang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
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35
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Watson J, Francavilla C. Regulation of FGF10 Signaling in Development and Disease. Front Genet 2018; 9:500. [PMID: 30405705 PMCID: PMC6205963 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 (FGF10) is a multifunctional mesenchymal-epithelial signaling growth factor, which is essential for multi-organ development and tissue homeostasis in adults. Furthermore, FGF10 deregulation has been associated with human genetic disorders and certain forms of cancer. Upon binding to FGF receptors with heparan sulfate as co-factor, FGF10 activates several intracellular signaling cascades, resulting in cell proliferation, differentiation, and invasion. FGF10 activity is modulated not only by heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix, but also by hormones and other soluble factors. Despite more than 20 years of research on FGF10 functions, context-dependent regulation of FGF10 signaling specificity remains poorly understood. Emerging modes of FGF10 signaling regulation will be described, focusing on the role of FGF10 trafficking and sub-cellular localization, heparan sulfate proteoglycans, and miRNAs. Systems biology approaches based on quantitative proteomics will be considered for globally investigating FGF10 signaling specificity. Finally, current gaps in our understanding of FGF10 functions, such as the relative contribution of receptor isoforms to signaling activation, will be discussed in the context of genetic disorders and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Watson
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Francavilla
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Wang J, Yin Y, Lau S, Sankaran J, Rothenberg E, Wohland T, Meier-Schellersheim M, Knaut H. Anosmin1 Shuttles Fgf to Facilitate Its Diffusion, Increase Its Local Concentration, and Induce Sensory Organs. Dev Cell 2018; 46:751-766.e12. [PMID: 30122631 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Growth factors induce and pattern sensory organs, but how their distribution is regulated by the extracellular matrix (ECM) is largely unclear. To address this question, we analyzed the diffusion behavior of Fgf10 molecules during sensory organ formation in the zebrafish posterior lateral line primordium. In this tissue, secreted Fgf10 induces organ formation at a distance from its source. We find that most Fgf10 molecules are highly diffusive and move rapidly through the ECM. We identify Anosmin1, which when mutated in humans causes Kallmann Syndrome, as an ECM protein that binds to Fgf10 and facilitates its diffusivity by increasing the pool of fast-moving Fgf10 molecules. In the absence of Anosmin1, Fgf10 levels are reduced and organ formation is impaired. Global overexpression of Anosmin1 slows the fast-moving Fgf10 molecules and results in Fgf10 dispersal. These results suggest that Anosmin1 liberates ECM-bound Fgf10 and shuttles it to increase its signaling range.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Wang
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yandong Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Stephanie Lau
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jagadish Sankaran
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eli Rothenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Thorsten Wohland
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Martin Meier-Schellersheim
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Holger Knaut
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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New tools for carbohydrate sulfation analysis: heparan sulfate 2- O-sulfotransferase (HS2ST) is a target for small-molecule protein kinase inhibitors. Biochem J 2018; 475:2417-2433. [PMID: 29934491 PMCID: PMC6094399 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sulfation of carbohydrate residues occurs on a variety of glycans destined for secretion, and this modification is essential for efficient matrix-based signal transduction. Heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycans control physiological functions ranging from blood coagulation to cell proliferation. HS biosynthesis involves membrane-bound Golgi sulfotransferases, including HS 2-O-sulfotransferase (HS2ST), which transfers sulfate from the cofactor PAPS (3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate) to the 2-O position of α-l-iduronate in the maturing polysaccharide chain. The current lack of simple non-radioactive enzyme assays that can be used to quantify the levels of carbohydrate sulfation hampers kinetic analysis of this process and the discovery of HS2ST inhibitors. In the present paper, we describe a new procedure for thermal shift analysis of purified HS2ST. Using this approach, we quantify HS2ST-catalysed oligosaccharide sulfation using a novel synthetic fluorescent substrate and screen the Published Kinase Inhibitor Set, to evaluate compounds that inhibit catalysis. We report the susceptibility of HS2ST to a variety of cell-permeable compounds in vitro, including polyanionic polar molecules, the protein kinase inhibitor rottlerin and oxindole-based RAF kinase inhibitors. In a related study, published back-to-back with the present study, we demonstrated that tyrosyl protein sulfotranferases are also inhibited by a variety of protein kinase inhibitors. We propose that appropriately validated small-molecule compounds could become new tools for rapid inhibition of glycan (and protein) sulfation in cells, and that protein kinase inhibitors might be repurposed or redesigned for the specific inhibition of HS2ST.
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New tools for evaluating protein tyrosine sulfation: tyrosylprotein sulfotransferases (TPSTs) are novel targets for RAF protein kinase inhibitors. Biochem J 2018; 475:2435-2455. [PMID: 29934490 PMCID: PMC6094398 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine sulfation is a post-translational modification best known for regulating extracellular protein–protein interactions. Tyrosine sulfation is catalysed by two Golgi-resident enzymes termed tyrosylprotein sulfotransferases (TPSTs) 1 and 2, which transfer sulfate from the cofactor PAPS (3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate) to a context-dependent tyrosine in a protein substrate. A lack of quantitative tyrosine sulfation assays has hampered the development of chemical biology approaches for the identification of small-molecule inhibitors of tyrosine sulfation. In the present paper, we describe the development of a non-radioactive mobility-based enzymatic assay for TPST1 and TPST2, through which the tyrosine sulfation of synthetic fluorescent peptides can be rapidly quantified. We exploit ligand binding and inhibitor screens to uncover a susceptibility of TPST1 and TPST2 to different classes of small molecules, including the anti-angiogenic compound suramin and the kinase inhibitor rottlerin. By screening the Published Kinase Inhibitor Set, we identified oxindole-based inhibitors of the Ser/Thr kinase RAF (rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma) as low-micromolar inhibitors of TPST1 and TPST2. Interestingly, unrelated RAF inhibitors, exemplified by the dual BRAF/VEGFR2 inhibitor RAF265, were also TPST inhibitors in vitro. We propose that target-validated protein kinase inhibitors could be repurposed, or redesigned, as more-specific TPST inhibitors to help evaluate the sulfotyrosyl proteome. Finally, we speculate that mechanistic inhibition of cellular tyrosine sulfation might be relevant to some of the phenotypes observed in cells exposed to anionic TPST ligands and RAF protein kinase inhibitors.
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Zulueta MML, Chyan CL, Hung SC. Structural analysis of synthetic heparan sulfate oligosaccharides with fibroblast growth factors and heparin-binding hemagglutinin. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 50:126-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Kjellén L, Lindahl U. Specificity of glycosaminoglycan–protein interactions. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 50:101-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Rudd TR, Preston MD, Yates EA. The nature of the conserved basic amino acid sequences found among 437 heparin binding proteins determined by network analysis. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2018; 13:852-865. [PMID: 28317949 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00857g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, a large number of proteins interact with the polyanionic polysaccharides heparan sulphate (HS) and heparin. These interactions are usually assumed to be dominated by charge-charge interactions between the anionic carboxylate and/or sulfate groups of the polysaccharide and cationic amino acids of the protein. A major question is whether there exist conserved amino acid sequences for HS/heparin binding among these diverse proteins. Potentially conserved HS/heparin binding sequences were sought amongst 437 HS/heparin binding proteins. Amino acid sequences were extracted and compared using a Levenshtein distance metric. The resultant similarity matrices were visualised as graphs, enabling extraction of strongly conserved sequences from highly variable primary sequences while excluding short, core regions. This approach did not reveal extensive, conserved HS/heparin binding sequences, rather a number of shorter, more widely spaced sequences that may work in unison to form heparin-binding sites on protein surfaces, arguing for convergent evolution. Thus, it is the three-dimensional arrangement of these conserved motifs on the protein surface, rather than the primary sequence per se, which are the evolutionary elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Rudd
- The National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
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42
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Wang S, Li Y, Jiang C, Tian H. Fibroblast growth factor 9 subfamily and the heart. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:605-613. [PMID: 29198068 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8652-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 9 subfamily is a member of the FGF family, including FGF9, 16, and 20, potentially sharing similar biochemical functions due to their high degree of sequence homology. Unlike other secreted proteins which have a cleavable N-terminal secreted signal peptide, FGF9/16/20 have non-cleaved N-terminal signal peptides. As an intercellular signaling molecule, they are involved in a variety of complex responses in animal development. Cardiogenesis is controlled by many members of the transcription factor family. Evidence suggests that FGF signaling, including the FGF9 subfamily, has a pretty close association with these cardiac-specific genes. In addition, recent studies have shown that the FGF9 subfamily maintains functional adaptation and survival after myocardial infarction in adult myocardium. Since FGF9/16/20 are secreted proteins, their function characterization in cardiac regeneration can promote their potential to be developed for the treatment of cardioprotection and revascularization. Here, we conclude that the FGF9 subfamily roles in cardiac development and maintenance of postnatal cardiac homeostasis, especially cardiac function maturation and functional maintenance of the heart after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Chao Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China. .,Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Haishan Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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Motta G, Tersariol ILS. Modulation of the Plasma Kallikrein-Kinin System Proteins Performed by Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans. Front Physiol 2017; 8:481. [PMID: 28744223 PMCID: PMC5504176 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human plasma kallikrein-kinin system proteins are related to inflammation through bradykinin. In the proximity of its target cells, high molecular weight kininogen (H-kininogen) is the substrate of plasma kallikrein, which releases bradykinin from H-kininogen. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) play a critical role in either recruiting kinin precursors from the plasma, or in the assembly of kallikrein-kinin system components on the cell surface. Furthermore, HSPGs mediate the endocytosis and activation of H-kininogen and plasma prekallikrein. In the presence of HSPGs (Chinese hamster ovary cell, CHO-K1, wild type cells) both heparin and heparan sulfate strongly inhibit the H-kininogen interaction with the cell membrane. H-kininogen is internalized in endosomal acidic vesicles in CHO-K1 but not in CHO-745 cells (mutant cells deficient in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis). The endocytosis process is lipid raft-mediated and is dependent on caveolae. Both types of CHO cells do not internalize bradykinin-free H-kininogen. At pH 7.35, bradykinin is released from H-kininogen on the surface of CHO-745 cells only by serine proteases; however, in CHO-K1 cells either serine or cysteine proteases are found to be involved. The CHO-K1 cell lysate contains different kininogenases. Plasma prekallikrein endocytosis in CHO-K1 cells is independent of H-kininogen, and also prekallikrein is not internalized by CHO-745 cells. Plasma prekallikrein cleavage/activation is independent of glycosaminoglycans but plasma kallikrein formation is more specific on H-kininogen assembled on the cell surface through glycosaminoglycans. In this mini-review, the importance of HSPGs in the regulation of plasma kallikrein-kinin system proteins is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guacyara Motta
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São PauloSao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivarne L S Tersariol
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São PauloSao Paulo, Brazil
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Ayerst BI, Merry CLR, Day AJ. The Good the Bad and the Ugly of Glycosaminoglycans in Tissue Engineering Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:E54. [PMID: 28608822 PMCID: PMC5490411 DOI: 10.3390/ph10020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High sulfation, low cost, and the status of heparin as an already FDA- and EMA- approved product, mean that its inclusion in tissue engineering (TE) strategies is becoming increasingly popular. However, the use of heparin may represent a naïve approach. This is because tissue formation is a highly orchestrated process, involving the temporal expression of numerous growth factors and complex signaling networks. While heparin may enhance the retention and activity of certain growth factors under particular conditions, its binding 'promiscuity' means that it may also inhibit other factors that, for example, play an important role in tissue maintenance and repair. Within this review we focus on articular cartilage, highlighting the complexities and highly regulated processes that are involved in its formation, and the challenges that exist in trying to effectively engineer this tissue. Here we discuss the opportunities that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) may provide in advancing this important area of regenerative medicine, placing emphasis on the need to move away from the common use of heparin, and instead focus research towards the utility of specific GAG preparations that are able to modulate the activity of growth factors in a more controlled and defined manner, with less off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethanie I Ayerst
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Catherine L R Merry
- Stem Cell Glycobiology Group, Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering & Modelling (STEM), Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Anthony J Day
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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Lima M, Rudd T, Yates E. New Applications of Heparin and Other Glycosaminoglycans. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050749. [PMID: 28481236 PMCID: PMC6154012 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin, the widely used pharmaceutical anticoagulant, has been in clinical use for well over half a century. Its introduction reduced clotting risks substantially and subsequent developments, including the introduction of low-molecular-weight heparin, made possible many major surgical interventions that today make heparin an indispensable drug. There has been a recent burgeoning of interest in heparin and related glycosaminoglycan (GAG) polysaccharides, such as chondroitin sulfates, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronate, as potential agents in various applications. This ability arises mainly from the ability of GAGs to interact with, and alter the activity of, a wide range of proteins. Here, we review new developments (since 2010) in the application of heparin and related GAGs across diverse fields ranging from thrombosis and neurodegenerative disorders to microbiology and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Lima
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Vila Clementino, São Paulo, S.P. 04044-020, Brazil.
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Timothy Rudd
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
- National Institute of Biological Standards and Controls (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Edwin Yates
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Vila Clementino, São Paulo, S.P. 04044-020, Brazil.
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
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Ayerst BI, Smith RAA, Nurcombe V, Day AJ, Merry CLR, Cool SM. Growth Differentiation Factor 5-Mediated Enhancement of Chondrocyte Phenotype Is Inhibited by Heparin: Implications for the Use of Heparin in the Clinic and in Tissue Engineering Applications. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23:275-292. [PMID: 27899064 PMCID: PMC5397242 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) heparin is widely used in the clinic as an anticoagulant, and researchers are now using it to enhance stem cell expansion/differentiation protocols, as well as to improve the delivery of growth factors for tissue engineering (TE) strategies. Growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) belongs to the bone morphogenetic protein family of proteins and is vital for skeletal formation; however, its interaction with heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) has not been studied. We identify GDF5 as a novel heparin/HS binding protein and show that HS proteoglycans are vital in localizing GDF5 to the cell surface. Clinically relevant doses of heparin (≥10 nM), but not equivalent concentrations of HS, were found to inhibit GDF5's biological activity in both human mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-derived chondrocyte pellet cultures and the skeletal cell line ATDC5. We also found that heparin inhibited both GDF5 binding to cell surface HS and GDF5-induced induction of Smad 1/5/8 signaling. Furthermore, GDF5 significantly increased aggrecan gene expression in chondrocyte pellet cultures, without affecting collagen type X expression, making it a promising target for the TE of articular cartilage. Importantly, this study may explain the variable (and disappointing) results seen with heparin-loaded biomaterials for skeletal TE and the adverse skeletal effects reported in the clinic following long-term heparin treatment. Our results caution the use of heparin in the clinic and in TE applications, and prompt the transition to using more specific GAGs (e.g., HS derivatives), with better-defined structures and fewer off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethanie I Ayerst
- 1 Institute of Medical Biology , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore .,2 Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester , Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond A A Smith
- 1 Institute of Medical Biology , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- 1 Institute of Medical Biology , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anthony J Day
- 2 Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester , Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine L R Merry
- 3 School of Materials, University of Manchester , Manchester, United Kingdom .,4 Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham , Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon M Cool
- 1 Institute of Medical Biology , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore .,5 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
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The "in and out" of glucosamine 6-O-sulfation: the 6th sense of heparan sulfate. Glycoconj J 2016; 34:285-298. [PMID: 27812771 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The biological properties of Heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides essentially rely on their ability to bind and modulate a multitude of protein ligands. These interactions involve internal oligosaccharide sequences defined by their sulfation patterns. Amongst these, the 6-O-sulfation of HS contributes significantly to the polysaccharide structural diversity and is critically involved in the binding of many proteins. HS 6-O-sulfation is catalyzed by 6-O-sulfotransferases (6OSTs) during biosynthesis, and it is further modified by the post-synthetic action of 6-O-endosulfatases (Sulfs), two enzyme families that remain poorly characterized. The aim of the present review is to summarize the contribution of 6-O-sulfates in HS structure/function relationships and to discuss the present knowledge on the complex mechanisms regulating HS 6-O-sulfation.
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48
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Sun C, Marcello M, Li Y, Mason D, Lévy R, Fernig DG. Selectivity in glycosaminoglycan binding dictates the distribution and diffusion of fibroblast growth factors in the pericellular matrix. Open Biol 2016; 6:150277. [PMID: 27009190 PMCID: PMC4821244 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The range of biological outcomes generated by many signalling proteins in development and homeostasis is increased by their interactions with glycosaminoglycans, particularly heparan sulfate (HS). This interaction controls the localization and movement of these signalling proteins, but whether such control depends on the specificity of the interactions is not known. We used five fibroblast growth factors with an N-terminal HaloTag (Halo-FGFs) for fluorescent labelling, with well-characterized and distinct HS-binding properties, and measured their binding and diffusion in pericellular matrix of fixed rat mammary 27 fibroblasts. Halo-FGF1, Halo-FGF2 and Halo-FGF6 bound to HS, whereas Halo-FGF10 also interacted with chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate, and FGF20 did not bind detectably. The distribution of bound FGFs in the pericellular matrix was not homogeneous, and for FGF10 exhibited striking clusters. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching showed that FGF2 and FGF6 diffused faster, whereas FGF1 diffused more slowly, and FGF10 was immobile. The results demonstrate that the specificity of the interactions of proteins with glycosaminoglycans controls their binding and diffusion. Moreover, cells regulate the spatial distribution of different protein-binding sites in glycosaminoglycans independently of each other, implying that the extracellular matrix has long-range structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changye Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Marco Marcello
- Centre for Cell Imaging, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - David Mason
- Centre for Cell Imaging, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Raphaël Lévy
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - David G Fernig
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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