1
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Gilman RT, Muldoon MR, Megremis S, Robertson DL, Chanishvili N, Papadopoulos NG. Lysogeny destabilizes computationally simulated microbiomes. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14464. [PMID: 38923281 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Microbiomes are ecosystems, and their stability can impact the health of their hosts. Theory predicts that predators influence ecosystem stability. Phages are key predators of bacteria in microbiomes, but phages are unusual predators because many have lysogenic life cycles. It has been hypothesized that lysogeny can destabilize microbiomes, but lysogeny has no direct analog in classical ecological theory, and no formal theory exists. We studied the stability of computationally simulated microbiomes with different numbers of temperate (lysogenic) and virulent (obligate lytic) phage species. Bacterial populations were more likely to fluctuate over time when there were more temperate phages species. After disturbances, bacterial populations returned to their pre-disturbance densities more slowly when there were more temperate phage species, but cycles engendered by disturbances dampened more slowly when there were more virulent phage species. Our work offers the first formal theory linking lysogeny to microbiome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tucker Gilman
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mark R Muldoon
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Spyridon Megremis
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, Centre for Phage Research, Institute for Precision Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Nina Chanishvili
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
- NewVision University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nikolaos G Papadopoulos
- Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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2
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Ravikanthachari N, Steward RA, Boggs CL. Patterns of genetic variation and local adaptation of a native herbivore to a lethal invasive plant. Mol Ecol 2024:e17326. [PMID: 38515231 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the evolutionary processes that influence fitness is critical to predicting species' responses to selection. Interactions among evolutionary processes including gene flow, drift and the strength of selection can lead to either local adaptation or maladaptation, especially in heterogenous landscapes. Populations experiencing novel environments or resources are ideal for understanding the mechanisms underlying adaptation or maladaptation, specifically in locally co-evolved interactions. We used the interaction between a native herbivore that oviposits on a patchily distributed introduced plant that in turn causes significant mortality to the larvae to test for signatures of local adaptation in areas where the two co-occurred. We used whole-genome sequencing to explore population structure, patterns of gene flow and signatures of local adaptation. We found signatures of local adaptation in response to the introduced plant in the absence of strong population structure with no genetic differentiation and low genetic variation. Additionally, we found localized allele frequency differences within a single population between habitats with and without the lethal plant, highlighting the effects of strong selection. Finally, we identified that selection was acting on larval ability to feed on the plant rather than on females' ability to avoid oviposition, thus uncovering the specific ontogenetic target of selection. Our work highlights the potential for adaptation to occur in a fine-grained landscape in the presence of gene flow and low genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Ravikanthachari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado, USA
| | - Rachel A Steward
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado, USA
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carol L Boggs
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado, USA
- School of Earth, Ocean & Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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3
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Li WJ, Guo Y, Sun SC. Population genetics of Artemia urmiana species complex (Crustacea, Anostraca): A group with asymmetrical dispersal and gene flow mediated by migratory waterfowl. Gene 2024; 894:147957. [PMID: 37923096 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Bird-mediated dispersal of resting eggs is the main mechanism for Artemia dispersal among catchments. The bisexual populations of Artemia urmiana species complex, which is here considered to be a collection of Artemia genetically close to the so-called "Western Asian Lineage", are mostly distributed in central and western Asia (i.e., in regions falling into the Central Asian Flyway of migratory birds) and live in diversified habitats. Little is known about the genetic relationships among these populations. Aiming to understand the population genetic characteristics and the roles of migratory birds on the dispersal and gene flow of this Artemia group, we evaluated the genetic diversity, genetic differentiation, and gene flow among 14 populations, with their altitudes ranging from 540 to 4870 m above sea level, using 13 microsatellite markers. Almost all populations exhibited high genetic diversity and heterozygote excess, which may be a consequence of combined effects of dispersal and hybridization. The global genetic differentiation (FST) value was 0.092, the pairwise FST values were 0.003-0.246. Discriminant analysis of principal components identified three genetic clusters, consisting of Urmia Lake (Iran), Zhundong (Xinjiang, China), and 12 Qinghai-Tibet Plateau populations, respectively. The among-population genetic differentiation seems to be a consequence of isolation by distance and adaptation to diversified habitats induced by altitudinal gradient. Historical gene flows are asymmetrical, and show an evolutionary source-sink dynamics, with Jingyu Lake (Xinjiang, China) population being the major source. These results support our hypothesis that in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and surrounding areas the bird-mediated dispersal of Artemia may be biased towards from north to south and/or from higher altitude to lower altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), and Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Fisheries Research Institute, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Shi-Chun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), and Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China.
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4
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Ravigné V, Rodrigues LR, Charlery de la Masselière M, Facon B, Kuczyński L, Radwan J, Skoracka A, Magalhães S. Understanding the joint evolution of dispersal and host specialisation using phytophagous arthropods as a model group. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:219-237. [PMID: 37724465 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Theory generally predicts that host specialisation and dispersal should evolve jointly. Indeed, many models predict that specialists should be poor dispersers to avoid landing on unsuitable hosts while generalists will have high dispersal abilities. Phytophagous arthropods are an excellent group to test this prediction, given extensive variation in their host range and dispersal abilities. Here, we explore the degree to which the empirical literature on this group is in accordance with theoretical predictions. We first briefly outline the theoretical reasons to expect such a correlation. We then report empirical studies that measured both dispersal and the degree of specialisation in phytophagous arthropods. We find a correlation between dispersal and levels of specialisation in some studies, but with wide variation in this result. We then review theoretical attributes of species and environment that may blur this correlation, namely environmental grain, temporal heterogeneity, habitat selection, genetic architecture, and coevolution between plants and herbivores. We argue that theoretical models fail to account for important aspects, such as phenotypic plasticity and the impact of selective forces stemming from other biotic interactions, on both dispersal and specialisation. Next, we review empirical caveats in the study of this interplay. We find that studies use different measures of both dispersal and specialisation, hampering comparisons. Moreover, several studies do not provide independent measures of these two traits. Finally, variation in these traits may occur at scales that are not being considered. We conclude that this correlation is likely not to be expected from large-scale comparative analyses as it is highly context dependent and should not be considered in isolation from the factors that modulate it, such as environmental scale and heterogeneity, intrinsic traits or biotic interactions. A stronger crosstalk between theoretical and empirical studies is needed to understand better the prevalence and basis of the correlation between dispersal and specialisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Ravigné
- CIRAD, UMR PHIM, - PHIM, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, TA A-120/K, Campus international de Baillarguet, avenue du Campus d'Agropolis, Montpellier Cedex 5, 34398, France
| | - Leonor R Rodrigues
- cE3c: Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, edifício C2, Lisboa, 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Maud Charlery de la Masselière
- cE3c: Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, edifício C2, Lisboa, 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Benoît Facon
- CBGP, INRAE, IRD, CIRAD, Institut Agro, University of Montpellier, 755 avenue du Campus Agropolis, CS 34988, Montferrier sur Lez cedex, 30016, France
| | - Lechosław Kuczyński
- Population Ecology Lab, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Jacek Radwan
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Anna Skoracka
- Population Ecology Lab, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Sara Magalhães
- cE3c: Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, edifício C2, Lisboa, 1749-016, Portugal
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5
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Week B, Bradburd G. Host-Parasite Coevolution in Continuous Space Leads to Variation in Local Adaptation across Spatial Scales. Am Nat 2024; 203:43-54. [PMID: 38207142 PMCID: PMC11016188 DOI: 10.1086/727470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
AbstractPrevious host-parasite coevolutionary theory has focused on understanding the determinants of local adaptation using spatially discrete models. However, these studies fall short of describing patterns of host-parasite local adaptation across spatial scales. In contrast, empirical work demonstrates that patterns of adaptation depend on the scale at which they are measured. Here, we propose a mathematical model of host-parasite coevolution in continuous space that naturally leads to a scale-dependent definition of local adaptation. In agreement with empirical research, we find that patterns of adaptation vary across spatial scales. In some cases, not only the magnitude of local adaptation but also the identity of the locally adapted species will depend on the spatial scale at which measurements are taken. Building on our results, we suggest a way to consistently measure parasite local adaptation when continuous space is the driver of cross-scale variation. We also describe a way to test whether continuous space is driving cross-scale variation. Taken together, our results provide a new perspective that can be used to understand empirical observations previously unexplained by theoretical expectations and deepens our understanding of the mechanics of host-parasite local adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Week
- University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
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6
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Peters MAE, Mideo N, MacPherson A. The maintenance of genetic diversity under host-parasite coevolution in finite, structured populations. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:1328-1341. [PMID: 37610056 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
As a corollary to the Red Queen hypothesis, host-parasite coevolution has been hypothesized to maintain genetic variation in both species. Recent theoretical work, however, suggests that reciprocal natural selection alone is insufficient to maintain variation at individual loci. As highlighted by our brief review of the theoretical literature, models of host-parasite coevolution often vary along multiple axes (e.g. inclusion of ecological feedbacks or abiotic selection mosaics), complicating a comprehensive understanding of the effects of interacting evolutionary processes on diversity. Here we develop a series of comparable models to explore the effect of interactions between spatial structures and antagonistic coevolution on genetic diversity. Using a matching alleles model in finite populations connected by migration, we find that, in contrast to panmictic populations, coevolution in a spatially structured environment can maintain genetic variation relative to neutral expectations with migration alone. These results demonstrate that geographic structure is essential for understanding the effect of coevolution on biological diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline A E Peters
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole Mideo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ailene MacPherson
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Best A, Ashby B. How do fluctuating ecological dynamics impact the evolution of hosts and parasites? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220006. [PMID: 36744565 PMCID: PMC9900711 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Theoretical models of the evolution of parasites and their hosts have shaped our understanding of infectious disease dynamics for over 40 years. Many theoretical models assume that the underlying ecological dynamics are at equilibrium or constant, yet we know that in a great many systems there are fluctuations in the ecological dynamics owing to a variety of intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Here, we discuss the challenges presented when modelling evolution in systems with fluctuating ecological dynamics and summarize the main approaches that have been developed to study host-parasite evolution in such systems. We provide an in-depth guide to one of the methods by applying it to two worked examples of host evolution that have not previously been studied in the literature: when cycles occur owing to seasonal forcing in competition, and when the presence of a free-living parasite causes cycles, with accompanying interactive Python code provided. We review the findings of studies that have explored host-parasite evolution when ecological dynamics fluctuate, and point to areas of future research. Throughout we stress the importance of feedbacks between the ecological and evolutionary dynamics in driving the outcomes of infectious disease systems. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease ecology and evolution in a changing world'.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Best
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK,Integrative Biology, University of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-5800, USA
| | - B. Ashby
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6,Department of Mathematics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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8
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Warson J, Baguette M, Stevens VM, Honnay O, De Kort H. The impact of habitat loss on molecular signatures of coevolution between an iconic butterfly (Alcon blue) and its host plant (Marsh gentian). J Hered 2023; 114:22-34. [PMID: 36749638 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esac059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat loss is threatening natural communities worldwide. Small and isolated populations suffer from inbreeding and genetic drift, which jeopardize their long-term survival and adaptive capacities. However, the consequences of habitat loss for reciprocal coevolutionary interactions remain poorly studied. In this study, we investigated the effects of decreasing habitat patch size and connectivity associated with habitat loss on molecular signatures of coevolution in the Alcon blue butterfly (Phengaris alcon) and its most limited host, the marsh gentian (Gentiana pneumonanthe). Because reciprocal coevolution is characterized by negative frequency-dependent selection as a particular type of balancing selection, we investigated how signatures of balancing selection vary along a gradient of patch size and connectivity, using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We found that signatures of coevolution were unaffected by patch characteristics in the host plants. On the other hand, more pronounced signatures of coevolution were observed in both spatially isolated and in large Alcon populations, together with pronounced spatial variation in SNPs that are putatively involved in coevolution. These findings suggest that habitat loss can facilitate coevolution in large butterfly populations through limiting swamping of locally beneficial alleles by maladaptive ones. We also found that allelic richness (Ar) of the coevolutionary SNPs is decoupled from neutral Ar in the butterfly, indicating that habitat loss has different effects on coevolutionary as compared with neutral processes. We conclude that this specialized coevolutionary system requires particular conservation interventions aiming at generating a spatial mosaic of both connected and of isolated habitat to maintain coevolutionary dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Warson
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Michel Baguette
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, SETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, Moulis, France
- Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), UMR 7205 Museum National d'HistoireNaturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Virginie M Stevens
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, SETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, Moulis, France
| | - Olivier Honnay
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Hanne De Kort
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute, Heverlee, Belgium
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9
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Gawecka KA, Pedraza F, Bascompte J. Effects of habitat destruction on coevolving metacommunities. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:2597-2610. [PMID: 36223432 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Habitat destruction is a growing threat to biodiversity and ecosystem services. The ecological consequences of habitat loss and fragmentation involve reductions in species abundance and even the extinction of species and their interactions. However, we do not yet understand how habitat loss alters the coevolutionary trajectories of the remaining species or how coevolution, in turn, affects their response to habitat loss. To investigate this, we develop a spatially explicit model which couples metacommunity and coevolutionary dynamics. We show that, by changing the size, composition and structure of local networks, habitat destruction increases the diversity of coevolutionary trajectories of mutualists across the landscape. Conversely, in antagonistic communities, some species increase while others reduce their spatial trait heterogeneity. Furthermore, we show that while coevolution dampens the negative effects of habitat destruction in mutualistic networks, its effects on the persistence of antagonistic communities tend to be smaller and less predictable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klementyna A Gawecka
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fernando Pedraza
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Bascompte
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Maes T, De Corte Z, Vangestel C, Virgilio M, Smitz N, Djuikwo-Teukeng FF, Papadaki MI, Huyse T. Large-scale and small-scale population genetic structure of the medically important gastropod species Bulinus truncatus (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia). Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:328. [PMID: 36123605 PMCID: PMC9484234 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05445-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastropod snails remain strongly understudied, despite their important role in transmitting parasitic diseases. Knowledge of their distribution and population dynamics increases our understanding of the processes driving disease transmission. We report the first study to use high-throughput sequencing (HTS) to elucidate the population genetic structure of the hermaphroditic snail Bulinus truncatus (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) on a regional (17–150 km) and inter-regional (1000–5400 km) scale. This snail species acts as an intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma bovis, which cause human and animal schistosomiasis respectively. Methods Bulinus truncatus snails were collected in Senegal, Cameroon, Egypt and France and identified through DNA barcoding. A single-end genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) library, comprising 87 snail specimens from the respective countries, was built and sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. Reads were mapped against S. bovis and S. haematobium reference genomes to identify schistosome infections, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were scored using the Stacks pipeline. These SNPs were used to estimate genetic diversity, assess population structure and construct phylogenetic trees of B. truncatus. Results A total of 10,750 SNPs were scored and used in downstream analyses. The phylogenetic analysis identified five clades, each consisting of snails from a single country but with two distinct clades within Senegal. Genetic diversity was low in all populations, reflecting high selfing rates, but varied between locations due to habitat variability. Significant genetic differentiation and isolation by distance patterns were observed at both spatial scales, indicating that gene flow is not strong enough to counteract the effects of population bottlenecks, high selfing rates and genetic drift. Remarkably, the population genetic differentiation on a regional scale (i.e. within Senegal) was as large as that between populations on an inter-regional scale. The blind GBS technique was able to pick up parasite DNA in snail tissue, demonstrating the potential of HTS techniques to further elucidate the role of snail species in parasite transmission. Conclusions HTS techniques offer a valuable toolbox to further investigate the population genetic patterns of intermediate schistosome host snails and the role of snail species in parasite transmission. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05445-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Maes
- Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium.
| | - Zoë De Corte
- Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium.,Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carl Vangestel
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, 1000, Brussels, Belgium.,Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Nathalie Smitz
- Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium
| | | | - Maria Ioanna Papadaki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tine Huyse
- Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium
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11
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Feijen F, Zajac N, Vorburger C, Blasco-Costa I, Jokela J. Phylogeography and Cryptic Species Structure of a Locally Adapted Parasite in New Zealand. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:4112-4126. [PMID: 35726517 PMCID: PMC9541338 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phylogeographic patterns of many taxa on New Zealand's South Island are characterised by disjunct distributions that have been attributed to Pleistocene climatic cycles and the formation of the Southern Alps. Pleistocene glaciation has also been implicated in shaping the contemporary genetic differentiation between populations of the aquatic snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum. We investigated whether similar phylogeographic patterns exist for the snail's locally adapted trematode parasite, Atriophallophorus winterbourni. We found evidence for a barrier to gene-flow in sympatry between cryptic, but ecologically divergent species. When focusing on the most common of these species, disjunct geographic distributions are found for mitochondrial lineages that diverged during the Pleistocene. The boundary between these distributions is found in the central part of the South Island and reinforced by low cross-alpine migration. Further support for a vicariant origin of the phylogeographic pattern was found when assessing nuclear multilocus SNP data. Nuclear and mitochondrial population differentiation was concordant in pattern, except for populations in a potential secondary contact zone. Additionally, we found larger than expected differentiation between nuclear- and mitochondrial-based empirical Bayes FST estimates (global FST : 0.02 versus 0.39 for nuclear and mitochondrial data, respectively). Population subdivision is theoretically expected to be stronger for mitochondrial genomes due to a smaller effective population size, but the strong difference here, together with mito-nuclear discordance in a putative contact zone, is potentially indicative of divergent gene flow of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Feijen
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,ETH-Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, Institute of Integrative Biology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Zajac
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,ETH-Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, Institute of Integrative Biology, Zürich, Switzerland.,Functional Genomics Center Zürich, ETH Zürich/University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Vorburger
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,ETH-Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, Institute of Integrative Biology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Blasco-Costa
- Natural History Museum of Geneva, PO, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, PO, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jukka Jokela
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,ETH-Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, Institute of Integrative Biology, Zürich, Switzerland
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12
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Lewis JA, Penley MJ, Sylla H, Ahumada SD, Morran LT. Antagonistic Coevolution Limits the Range of Host Defense in C. elegans Populations. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.758745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Host populations often evolve defenses against parasites due to the significant fitness costs imposed by infection. However, adaptation to a specific parasite may alter the effectiveness of the host’s defenses in general. Consequently, the specificity of host defense may be influenced by a host population’s evolutionary history with parasites. Further, the degree of reciprocal change within an interaction may profoundly alter the range of host defense, given that antagonistic coevolutionary interactions are predicted to favor defense against specific parasite genotypes. Here, we examined the effect of host evolutionary history on host defense range by assessing the mortality rates of Caenorhabditis elegans host populations exposed to an array of Serratia marcescens bacterial parasite strains. Importantly, each of the host populations were derived from the same genetic background but have different experimental evolution histories with parasites. Each of these histories (exposure to either heat-killed, fixed genotype, or coevolving parasites) carries a different level of evolutionary reciprocity. Overall, we observed an effect of host evolutionary history in that previously coevolved host populations were generally the most susceptible to novel parasite strains. This data demonstrates that host evolutionary history can have a significant impact on host defense, and that host-parasite coevolution can increase host susceptibility to novel parasites.
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Buckingham LJ, Ashby B. Coevolutionary theory of hosts and parasites. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:205-224. [PMID: 35030276 PMCID: PMC9305583 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Host and parasite evolution are closely intertwined, with selection for adaptations and counter‐adaptations forming a coevolutionary feedback loop. Coevolutionary dynamics are often difficult to intuit due to these feedbacks and are hard to demonstrate empirically in most systems. Theoretical models have therefore played a crucial role in shaping our understanding of host–parasite coevolution. Theoretical models vary widely in their assumptions, approaches and aims, and such variety makes it difficult, especially for non‐theoreticians and those new to the field, to: (1) understand how model approaches relate to one another; (2) identify key modelling assumptions; (3) determine how model assumptions relate to biological systems; and (4) reconcile the results of different models with contrasting assumptions. In this review, we identify important model features, highlight key results and predictions and describe how these pertain to model assumptions. We carry out a literature survey of theoretical studies published since the 1950s (n = 219 papers) to support our analysis. We identify two particularly important features of models that tend to have a significant qualitative impact on the outcome of host–parasite coevolution: population dynamics and the genetic basis of infection. We also highlight the importance of other modelling features, such as stochasticity and whether time proceeds continuously or in discrete steps, that have received less attention but can drastically alter coevolutionary dynamics. We finish by summarizing recent developments in the field, specifically the trend towards greater model complexity, and discuss likely future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia J Buckingham
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK, BA2 7AY.,Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, UK, BA2 7AY
| | - Ben Ashby
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK, BA2 7AY.,Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, UK, BA2 7AY
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Solórzano-García B, Vázquez-Domínguez E, Pérez-Ponce de León G, Piñero D. Co-structure analysis and genetic associations reveal insights into pinworms (Trypanoxyuris) and primates (Alouatta palliata) microevolutionary dynamics. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:190. [PMID: 34670486 PMCID: PMC8527708 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01924-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In parasitism arm race processes and red queen dynamics between host and parasites reciprocally mold many aspects of their genetics and evolution. We performed a parallel assessment of population genetics and demography of two species of pinworms with different degrees of host specificity (Trypanoxyuris multilabiatus, species-specific; and T. minutus, genus-specific) and their host, the mantled howler monkey (Alouatta palliata), based on mitochondrial DNA sequences and microsatellite loci (these only for the host). Given that pinworms and primates have a close co-evolutionary history, covariation in several genetic aspects of their populations is expected. RESULTS Mitochondrial DNA revealed two genetic clusters (West and East) in both pinworm species and howler monkeys, although population structure and genetic differentiation were stronger in the host, while genetic diversity was higher in pinworms than howler populations. Co-divergence tests showed no congruence between host and parasite phylogenies; nonetheless, a significant correlation was found between both pinworms and A. palliata genetic pairwise distances suggesting that the parasites' gene flow is mediated by the host dispersal. Moreover, the parasite most infective and the host most susceptible haplotypes were also the most frequent, whereas the less divergent haplotypes tended to be either more infective (for pinworms) or more susceptible (for howlers). Finally, a positive correlation was found between pairwise p-distance of host haplotypes and that of their associated pinworm haplotypes. CONCLUSION The genetic configuration of pinworm populations appears to be molded by their own demography and life history traits in conjunction with the biology and evolutionary history of their hosts, including host genetic variation, social interactions, dispersal and biogeography. Similarity in patterns of genetic structure, differentiation and diversity is higher between howler monkeys and T. multilabiatus in comparison with T. minutus, highlighting the role of host-specificity in coevolving processes. Trypanoxyuris minutus exhibits genetic specificity towards the most frequent host haplotype as well as geographic specificity. Results suggest signals of potential local adaptation in pinworms and further support the notion of correlated evolution between pinworms and their primate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Solórzano-García
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Sistemas y Procesos Naturales, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores - Merida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ella Vázquez-Domínguez
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Gerardo Pérez-Ponce de León
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Sistemas y Procesos Naturales, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores - Merida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Daniel Piñero
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
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15
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Janecka MJ, Rovenolt F, Stephenson JF. How does host social behavior drive parasite non-selective evolution from the within-host to the landscape-scale? Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-021-03089-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Ranke PS, Araya-Ajoy YG, Ringsby TH, Pärn H, Rønning B, Jensen H, Wright J, Saether BE. Spatial structure and dispersal dynamics in a house sparrow metapopulation. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:2767-2781. [PMID: 34455579 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of spatial structure on metapopulation dynamics depend upon the interaction between local population dynamics and dispersal, and how this relationship is affected by the geographical isolation and spatial heterogeneity in habitat characteristics. Our aim is to examine how emigration and immigration of house sparrows Passer domesticus in a Norwegian archipelagic metapopulation are affected by key factors predicted by classic metapopulation models to affect dispersal-spatial and temporal variation in population size, inter-island distance, local demography and habitat characteristics. This metapopulation can be divided into two major habitat types: (a) islands closer to the mainland where sparrows breed in colonies on farms, and (b) islands without farms, situated farther away from the mainland where sparrows are exposed to harsher environmental conditions. Dispersal was spatially structured within the metapopulation; there was proportionally and numerically less emigration and immigration involving farm islands, as compared to non-farm islands. Furthermore, emigration and immigration occurred mostly between nearby islands. Moreover, emigration in response to spatial differences in mean population size differed between the habitat types, but populations with large mean received more immigrants in both habitat types. The number of emigrants and immigrants was negatively related to long-term recruit production, which was not the case in non-farm islands. The proportion and number of emigrants was positively related to temporal increases in recruit production on farm islands, however not on non-farm islands. Our results demonstrate that spatial heterogeneity in environmental conditions influences how spatial variation in long-term mean population size, and temporal and spatial variation in recruit production, affects dispersal dynamics. The spatial structure of this metapopulation is therefore best described by a spatially explicit model in which the exchange of individuals within each habitat type is strongly affected by the degree of geographical isolation, population size and recruit production. However, these relationships differed between the two habitat types; non-farm islands showing similarities to a mainland-island model type of structure, whereas farm islands showed features more associated with source-sink or balanced dispersal models. Such differential dispersal dynamics between habitat types are expected to have important consequences for the ecological and evolutionary dynamics within this metapopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Ranke
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Yimen G Araya-Ajoy
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thor Harald Ringsby
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Henrik Pärn
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bernt Rønning
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jonathan Wright
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bernt-Erik Saether
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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17
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Papaïx J, Burdon JJ, Walker E, Barrett LG, Thrall PH. Metapopulation Structure Predicts Population Dynamics in the Cakile maritima- Alternaria brassicicola Host-Pathogen Interaction. Am Nat 2021; 197:E55-E71. [PMID: 33523787 DOI: 10.1086/712248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn symbiotic interactions, spatiotemporal variation in the distribution or population dynamics of one species represents spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the landscape for the other. Such interdependent demographic dynamics result in situations where the relative importance of biotic and abiotic factors in determining ecological processes is complicated to decipher. Using a detailed survey of three metapopulations of the succulent plant Cakile maritima and the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola located along the southeastern Australian coast, we developed a series of statistical analyses-namely, synchrony analysis, patch occupancy dynamics, and a spatially explicit metapopulation model-to understand how habitat quality, weather conditions, dispersal, and spatial structure determine metapopulation dynamics. Climatic conditions are important drivers, likely explaining the high synchrony among populations. Host availability, landscape features facilitating dispersal, and habitat conditions also impact the occurrence and spread of disease. Overall, we show that the collection of extensive data on host and pathogen population dynamics, in combination with spatially explicit epidemiological modeling, makes it possible to accurately predict disease dynamics-even when there is extreme variability in host population dynamics. Finally, we discuss the importance of genetic information for predicting demographic dynamics in this pathosystem.
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18
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MacPherson A, Keeling MJ, Otto SP. Feedback between coevolution and epidemiology can help or hinder the maintenance of genetic variation in host-parasite models. Evolution 2021; 75:582-599. [PMID: 33459348 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antagonistic coevolution has long been suggested to help maintain host genetic variation. Although ecological and epidemiological feedbacks are known to have important consequences on coevolutionary allele-frequency dynamics, their effects on the maintenance of genetic variation remains poorly understood. Here, we extend previous work on the maintenance of genetic variation in a classic matching alleles coevolutionary model by exploring the effects of ecological and epidemiological feedbacks, where both allele frequencies and population sizes are allowed to vary over time. We find that coevolution rarely maintains more host genetic variation than expected under neutral genetic drift alone. When and if coevolution maintains or depletes genetic variation relative to neutral drift is determined, predominantly, by two factors: the deterministic stability of the Red Queen allele-frequency cycles and the chance of allele fixation in the pathogen, as this results in directional selection and depletion of genetic variation in the host. Compared to purely coevolutionary models with constant host and pathogen population sizes, ecological and epidemiological feedbacks stabilize Red Queen cycles deterministically, but population fluctuations in the pathogen increase the rate of allele fixation in the pathogen, especially in epidemiological models. Our results illustrate the importance of considering the ecological and epidemiological context in which coevolution occurs when examining the impact of Red Queen cycles on genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailene MacPherson
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Matthew J Keeling
- Zeeman Institute of Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah P Otto
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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19
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Holding ML, Sovic MG, Colston TJ, Gibbs HL. The scales of coevolution: comparative phylogeography and genetic demography of a locally adapted venomous predator and its prey. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Coevolutionary theory predicts that differences in the genetic demography of interacting species can influence patterns of local adaptation by affecting the potential of local populations to respond to selection. We conducted a comparative phylogeographical study of venomous rattlesnakes and their venom-resistant ground squirrel prey across California, and assessed how effective population size (Ne) estimates correspond with a previously documented pattern of rattlesnake local adaptation. Using RAD sequencing markers, we detected lineage relationships among both the rattlesnakes (Crotalus oreganus ssp.) and ground squirrels (Otospermophilus sp.) that are incongruent with previous phylogenetic hypotheses. Both rattlesnakes and squirrels share a deep divergence at the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta. At this broad phylogeographical scale, we found that the locally adapted rattlesnakes had higher Ne than squirrels. At the population scale, snakes also had larger Ne accompanied by larger values of several metrics of population genetic diversity. However, the specific magnitude of local adaptation of venom activity to ground squirrel venom resistance was not significantly correlated with local differences in Ne or other diversity statistics between predator and prey populations, suggesting that other factors in the geographic mosaic of coevolution contribute to the specific local-scale outcomes of this interaction. These results suggest an evolutionary mechanism that may explain some (but clearly not all) of rattlesnake local adaptation in this coevolutionary interaction – larger population sizes raise the adaptive potential of rattlesnakes compared to ground squirrels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Holding
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Michael G Sovic
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Timothy J Colston
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - H Lisle Gibbs
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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20
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MacPherson A, Keeling MJ, Otto SP. Coevolution fails to maintain genetic variation in a host-parasite model with constant finite population size. Theor Popul Biol 2020; 137:10-21. [PMID: 33340528 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Coevolutionary negative frequency-dependent selection has been hypothesized to maintain genetic variation in host and parasites. Despite the extensive literature pertaining to host-parasite coevolution, the temporal dynamics of genetic variation have not been examined in a matching-alleles model (MAM) with a finite population size relative to the expectation under neutral genetic drift alone. The dynamics of the MA coevolution in an infinite population, in fact, suggests that genetic variation in these coevolving populations behaves neutrally. By comparing host heterozygosity to the expectation in a single-species model of neutral genetic drift we find that while this is also largely true in finite populations two additional phenomena arise. First, reciprocal natural selection acting on stochastic perturbations in host and pathogen allele frequencies results in a slight increase or decrease in genetic variation depending on the parameter conditions. Second, following the fixation of an allele in the parasite, selection in the MAM becomes directional, which then rapidly erodes genetic variation in the host. Hence, rather than maintain it, we find that, on average, matching-alleles coevolution depletes genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailene MacPherson
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Matthew J Keeling
- Zeeman Institute of Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah P Otto
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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21
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Seppä P, Bonelli M, Dupont S, Hakala SM, Bagnères AG, Lorenzi MC. Strong Gene Flow Undermines Local Adaptations in a Host Parasite System. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11090585. [PMID: 32882832 PMCID: PMC7564341 DOI: 10.3390/insects11090585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The co-evolution of hosts and parasites depends on their ability to adapt to each other’s defense and counter-defense mechanisms. The strength of selection on those mechanisms may vary among populations, resulting in a geographical mosaic of co-evolution. The boreo-montane paper wasp Polistes biglumis and its parasite Polistes atrimandibularis exemplify this type of co-evolutionary system. Here, we used genetic markers to examine the genetic population structures of these wasps in the western Alps. We found that both host and parasite populations displayed similar levels of genetic variation. In the host species, populations located near to each other were genetically similar; in both the host and the parasite species populations farther apart were significantly different. Thus, apparent dispersal barriers (i.e., high mountains) did not seem to restrict gene flow across populations as expected. Furthermore, there were no major differences in gene flow between the two species, perhaps because P. atrimandibularis parasitizes both alpine and lowland host species and annually migrates between alpine and lowland populations. The presence of strong gene flow in a system where local populations experience variable levels of selection pressure challenges the classical hypothesis that restricted gene flow is required for local adaptations to evolve. Abstract The co-evolutionary pathways followed by hosts and parasites strongly depend on the adaptive potential of antagonists and its underlying genetic architecture. Geographically structured populations of interacting species often experience local differences in the strength of reciprocal selection pressures, which can result in a geographic mosaic of co-evolution. One example of such a system is the boreo-montane social wasp Polistes biglumis and its social parasite Polistes atrimandibularis, which have evolved local defense and counter-defense mechanisms to match their antagonist. In this work, we study spatial genetic structure of P. biglumis and P. atrimandibularis populations at local and regional scales in the Alps, by using nuclear markers (DNA microsatellites, AFLP) and mitochondrial sequences. Both the host and the parasite populations harbored similar amounts of genetic variation. Host populations were not genetically structured at the local scale, but geographic regions were significantly differentiated from each other in both the host and the parasite in all markers. The net dispersal inferred from genetic differentiation was similar in the host and the parasite, which may be due to the annual migration pattern of the parasites between alpine and lowland populations. Thus, the apparent dispersal barriers (i.e., high mountains) do not restrict gene flow as expected and there are no important gene flow differences between the species, which contradict the hypothesis that restricted gene flow is required for local adaptations to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perttu Seppä
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Mariaelena Bonelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (M.C.L.)
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS—Université de Tours, Avenue Monge, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France; (S.D.); (A.-G.B.)
| | - Simon Dupont
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS—Université de Tours, Avenue Monge, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France; (S.D.); (A.-G.B.)
| | - Sanja Maria Hakala
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Anne-Geneviève Bagnères
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS—Université de Tours, Avenue Monge, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France; (S.D.); (A.-G.B.)
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS UMR5175, Université Montpellier, Université Paul Valery Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Maria Cristina Lorenzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (M.C.L.)
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Ethology (LEEC), University of Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
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Baines CB, Diab S, McCauley SJ. Parasitism Risk and Infection Alter Host Dispersal. Am Nat 2020; 196:119-131. [DOI: 10.1086/709163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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23
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Quantification of Outcrossing Events in Haploid Fungi Using Microsatellite Markers. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6020048. [PMID: 32295110 PMCID: PMC7345254 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Species in genera of the fungal family Ceratocystidaceae are known to have different mating strategies, including heterothallism and homothallism. Of these, species of Ceratocystis, typified by the pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata all undergo unidirectional mating-type switching. This implies that the pathogens possess the ability to self, but also to undergo sexual outcrossing between isolates of different mating types. In this study, we extended the recently developed microsatellite-based technique to determine the extent to which outcrossing occurs in ascospore masses of haploid fungi to two field collections of Ceratocystis albifundus. In this way, the role of reproductive strategies in shaping population structure and diversity could be better understood. Results showed that a high frequency of outcrossing occurs in isolates of the pathogen from both non-native and native areas. This explains the high level of genetic diversity previously observed in this population despite the fact that this pathogen has the ability to self.
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24
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Hartmann FE, Snirc A, Cornille A, Godé C, Touzet P, Van Rossum F, Fournier E, Le Prieur S, Shykoff J, Giraud T. Congruent population genetic structures and divergence histories in anther‐smut fungi and their host plants
Silene italica
and the
Silene nutans
species complex. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:1154-1172. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny E. Hartmann
- Ecologie Systematique Evolution Batiment 360 AgroParisTech CNRS Universite Paris‐Saclay Orsay France
| | - Alodie Snirc
- Ecologie Systematique Evolution Batiment 360 AgroParisTech CNRS Universite Paris‐Saclay Orsay France
| | - Amandine Cornille
- Genetique Quantitative et Evolution–Le Moulon AgroParisTech CNRS INRAE Universite Paris‐Saclay Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | - Cécile Godé
- UMR 8198 ‐ Evo‐Eco‐Paleo CNRS Univ. Lille Lille France
| | - Pascal Touzet
- UMR 8198 ‐ Evo‐Eco‐Paleo CNRS Univ. Lille Lille France
| | - Fabienne Van Rossum
- Meise Botanic Garden Meise Belgium
- Fédération Wallonie–Bruxelles Brussels Belgium
| | | | - Stéphanie Le Prieur
- Ecologie Systematique Evolution Batiment 360 AgroParisTech CNRS Universite Paris‐Saclay Orsay France
| | - Jacqui Shykoff
- Ecologie Systematique Evolution Batiment 360 AgroParisTech CNRS Universite Paris‐Saclay Orsay France
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie Systematique Evolution Batiment 360 AgroParisTech CNRS Universite Paris‐Saclay Orsay France
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Gao K, Muijderman D, Nichols S, Heckel DG, Wang P, Zalucki MP, Groot AT. Parasite-host specificity: A cross-infection study of the parasite Ophryocystis elektroscirrha. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 170:107328. [PMID: 31952966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many parasites are constrained to only one or a few hosts, showing host specificity. It remains unclear why some parasites are specialists and other parasites are generalists. The parasite Ophryocystis elektroscirrha (OE) is a neogregarine protozoan thought to be restricted to monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus (Nymphaliae) and D. gilippus. Recently, we found OE-like spores in other Lepidoptera, specifically in three noctuid moths: Helicoverpa armigera, H. assulta and H. punctigera, as well as another nymphalid, Parthenos sylvia. To our knowledge, this is the first report of OE-like parasite infections in species other than the genus Danaus. In sequencing 558 bp of 18S rRNA, we found the genetic similarity between OE from D. plexippus and OE-like parasite from the moths H. armigera and H. punctigera to be 95.2%. When we conducted cross-species infection experiments, we could not infect the moths with OE from D. plexippus, but OE-like parasite from H. armigera did infect D. plexippus and a closely related moth species Heliothis virescens. Interestingly, we did not find the OE-like parasite in the H. armigera population from Spain. Inter-population infection experiments with H. armigera demonstrated a higher sensitivity to OE-like infection in the population from Spain compared to the populations from Australia and China. These results suggest geographic variation in OE-like susceptibility and coevolution between parasite and host. Our findings give important new insights into the prevalence and host specificity of OE and OE-like parasites, and provide opportunities to study parasite transmission over spatial and temporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Gao
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Daphne Muijderman
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah Nichols
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David G Heckel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Entomology, Jena, Germany
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Biological Science, The University of Queensland, 4072 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Myron P Zalucki
- School of Biological Science, The University of Queensland, 4072 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Astrid T Groot
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Entomology, Jena, Germany
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26
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Cabalzar AP, Fields PD, Kato Y, Watanabe H, Ebert D. Parasite-mediated selection in a natural metapopulation of Daphnia magna. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4770-4785. [PMID: 31591747 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Parasite-mediated selection varying across time and space in metapopulations is expected to result in host local adaptation and the maintenance of genetic diversity in disease-related traits. However, nonadaptive processes like migration and extinction-(re)colonization dynamics might interfere with adaptive evolution. Understanding how adaptive and nonadaptive processes interact to shape genetic variability in life-history and disease-related traits can provide important insights into their evolution in subdivided populations. Here we investigate signatures of spatially fluctuating, parasite-mediated selection in a natural metapopulation of Daphnia magna. Host genotypes from infected and uninfected populations were genotyped at microsatellite markers, and phenotyped for life-history and disease traits in common garden experiments. Combining phenotypic and genotypic data a QST -FST -like analysis was conducted to test for signatures of parasite mediated selection. We observed high variation within and among populations for phenotypic traits, but neither an indication of host local adaptation nor a cost of resistance. Infected populations have a higher gene diversity (Hs) than uninfected populations and Hs is strongly positively correlated with fitness. These results suggest a strong parasite effect on reducing population level inbreeding. We discuss how stochastic processes related to frequent extinction-(re)colonization dynamics as well as host and parasite migration impede the evolution of resistance in the infected populations. We suggest that the genetic and phenotypic patterns of variation are a product of dynamic changes in the host gene pool caused by the interaction of colonization bottlenecks, inbreeding, immigration, hybrid vigor, rare host genotype advantage and parasitism. Our study highlights the effect of the parasite in ameliorating the negative fitness consequences caused by the high drift load in this metapopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea P Cabalzar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter D Fields
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yasuhiko Kato
- Department of Biotechnology, Division of Advance Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hajime Watanabe
- Department of Biotechnology, Division of Advance Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Tvärminne Zoological Station, Tvärminne, Finland
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27
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Laas M, Adamson K, Drenkhan R. A look into the genetic diversity of Lecanosticta acicola in northern Europe. Fungal Biol 2019; 123:773-782. [PMID: 31542194 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
For northern Europe Lecanosticta acicola is an emerging pine needle pathogen. This study gives a first look into the population genetics of the pathogen in Estonia, the first population documented in that region. The main aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of the pathogen in this new region for the fungus. For this purpose, 104 isolates from 2010 to 2017 were analysed with 11 microsatellite and mating type markers. The stand where the pathogen's jump from an exotic host to the native Scots pine was recorded was also involved in this analysis. The analysis revealed low genetic diversity and a high number of clones that indicated L. acicola is an invasive species in northern Europe. Results suggest that several separate introductions have taken place and anthropogenic activity has apparently affected the spread of the pathogen. Clonal reproduction is dominating and although sexual reproduction is possible, it probably takes place infrequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marili Laas
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Kalev Adamson
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rein Drenkhan
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
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28
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Mishra A, Tung S, Shreenidhi PM, Aamir Sadiq M, Shree Sruti VR, Chakraborty PP, Dey S. Sex differences in dispersal syndrome are modulated by environment and evolution. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0428. [PMID: 30150226 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersal syndromes (i.e. suites of phenotypic correlates of dispersal) are potentially important determinants of local adaptation in populations. Species that exhibit sexual dimorphism in their life history or behaviour may exhibit sex-specific differences in their dispersal syndromes. Unfortunately, there is little empirical evidence of sex differences in dispersal syndromes and how they respond to environmental change or dispersal evolution. We investigated these issues using two same-generation studies and a long-term (greater than 70 generations) selection experiment on laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster There was a marked difference between the dispersal syndromes of males and females, the extent of which was modulated by nutrition availability. Moreover, dispersal evolution via spatial sorting reversed the direction of dispersal×sex interaction in one trait (desiccation resistance), while eliminating the sex difference in another trait (body size). Thus, we show that sex differences obtained through same-generation trait-associations ('ecological dispersal syndromes') are probably environment-dependent. Moreover, even under constant environments, they are not good predictors of the sex differences in 'evolutionary dispersal syndrome' (i.e. trait-associations shaped during dispersal evolution). Our findings have implications for local adaptation in the context of sex-biased dispersal and habitat-matching, as well as for the use of dispersal syndromes as a proxy of dispersal.This article is part of the theme issue 'Linking local adaptation with the evolution of sex differences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Mishra
- Population Biology Laboratory, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411 008, India
| | - Sudipta Tung
- Population Biology Laboratory, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411 008, India
| | - P M Shreenidhi
- Population Biology Laboratory, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411 008, India
| | - Mohammed Aamir Sadiq
- Population Biology Laboratory, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411 008, India
| | - V R Shree Sruti
- Population Biology Laboratory, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411 008, India
| | - Partha Pratim Chakraborty
- Population Biology Laboratory, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411 008, India
| | - Sutirth Dey
- Population Biology Laboratory, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411 008, India
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29
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González R, Butković A, Elena SF. Role of host genetic diversity for susceptibility-to-infection in the evolution of virulence of a plant virus. Virus Evol 2019; 5:vez024. [PMID: 31768264 PMCID: PMC6863064 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vez024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting viral emergence is difficult due to the stochastic nature of the underlying processes and the many factors that govern pathogen evolution. Environmental factors affecting the host, the pathogen and the interaction between both are key in emergence. In particular, infectious disease dynamics are affected by spatiotemporal heterogeneity in their environments. A broad knowledge of these factors will allow better estimating where and when viral emergence is more likely to occur. Here, we investigate how the population structure for susceptibility-to-infection genes of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana shapes the evolution of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). For doing so we have evolved TuMV lineages in two radically different host population structures: (1) a metapopulation subdivided into six demes (subpopulations); each one being composed of individuals from only one of six possible A. thaliana ecotypes and (2) a well-mixed population constituted by equal number of plants from the same six A. thaliana ecotypes. These two populations were evolved for twelve serial passages. At the end of the experimental evolution, we found faster adaptation of TuMV to each ecotype in the metapopulation than in the well-mixed heterogeneous host populations. However, viruses evolved in well-mixed populations were more pathogenic and infectious than viruses evolved in the metapopulation. Furthermore, the viruses evolved in the demes showed stronger signatures of local specialization than viruses evolved in the well-mixed populations. These results illustrate how the genetic diversity of hosts in an experimental ecosystem favors the evolution of virulence of a pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén González
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (ISysBio), CSIC-Universitat de València, Parc Cientific UV, Catedrático Agustín Escardino 9, Paterna, València 46980, Spain
| | - Anamarija Butković
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (ISysBio), CSIC-Universitat de València, Parc Cientific UV, Catedrático Agustín Escardino 9, Paterna, València 46980, Spain
| | - Santiago F Elena
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (ISysBio), CSIC-Universitat de València, Parc Cientific UV, Catedrático Agustín Escardino 9, Paterna, València 46980, Spain.,The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, 1399 Hyde Park Road, NM 87501, USA
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30
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McKnight DT, Lal MM, Bower DS, Schwarzkopf L, Alford RA, Zenger KR. The return of the frogs: The importance of habitat refugia in maintaining diversity during a disease outbreak. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:2731-2745. [PMID: 31013393 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recent decades have seen the emergence and spread of numerous infectious diseases, often with severe negative consequences for wildlife populations. Nevertheless, many populations survive the initial outbreaks, and even undergo recoveries. Unfortunately, the long-term effects of these outbreaks on host population genetics are poorly understood; to increase this understanding, we examined the population genetics of two species of rainforest frogs (Litoria nannotis and Litoria serrata) that have largely recovered from a chytridiomycosis outbreak at two national parks in the Wet Tropics of northern Australia. At the wetter, northern park there was little evidence of decreased genetic diversity in either species, and all of the sampled sites had high minor allele frequencies (mean MAF = 0.230-0.235), high heterozygosity (0.318-0.325), and few monomorphic markers (1.4%-4.0%); however, some recovered L. nannotis populations had low Ne values (59.3-683.8) compared to populations that did not decline during the outbreak (1,537.4-1,756.5). At the drier, southern park, both species exhibited lower diversity (mean MAF = 0.084-0.180; heterozygosity = 0.126-0.257; monomorphic markers = 3.7%-43.5%; Ne = 18.4-676.1). The diversity patterns in this park matched habitat patterns, with both species having higher diversity levels and fewer closely related individuals at sites with higher quality habitat. These patterns were more pronounced for L. nannotis, which has lower dispersal rates than L. serrata. These results suggest that refugia with high quality habitat are important for retaining genetic diversity during disease outbreaks, and that gene flow following disease outbreaks is important for re-establishing diversity in populations where it was reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald T McKnight
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Monal M Lal
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Australian Centre for Pacific Islands Research, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Deborah S Bower
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.,School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lin Schwarzkopf
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ross A Alford
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kyall R Zenger
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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31
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Ashby B, Iritani R, Best A, White A, Boots M. Understanding the role of eco-evolutionary feedbacks in host-parasite coevolution. J Theor Biol 2019; 464:115-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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32
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Moon KL, Aitkenhead IJ, Fraser CI, Chown SL. Can a Terrestrial Ectoparasite Disperse with Its Marine Host? Physiol Biochem Zool 2019; 92:163-176. [PMID: 30694106 DOI: 10.1086/701726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
One of the most extreme examples of parasite adaptation comes from terrestrial ectoparasites exploiting marine hosts. Despite the ubiquity of such ectoparasitism and its ecological and evolutionary importance, investigations of the responses of ectoparasites to conditions encountered on their hosts are rare. In the case of penguins and their ticks, current understanding suggests that ticks freely parasitize their hosts on land but are incapable of surviving extended oceanic journeys. We examined this conjecture by assessing the physiological capacity of little penguin ticks to endure at-sea foraging and dispersal events of their hosts. Survival in penguins ticks was not significantly compromised by exposure to depths commonly associated with host dives (40 and 60 m), repeated seawater exposure relevant to the most common (30 s) and longest (120 s) recorded host dives, or extended (48 h) exposure to seawater. Mean (±SD) closed-phase durations in adult and nymphal ticks exhibiting discontinuous gas exchange ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>339</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>237</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>240</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>295</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math> s, respectively) exceeded that of the maximum recorded host dive duration (120 s). Normoxic-anoxic-normoxic respirometry also confirmed spiracle closure. Mean metabolic rates ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.354</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.220</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4.853</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>4.930</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math> μL/h at 25°C for unfed and fed adult females, respectively) were significantly influenced by temperature; optimal and LT50 temperatures for adult ticks and fed nymphal ticks were typically higher than swimming penguin body temperatures. These findings suggest that marine host dispersal is unlikely to present an insurmountable barrier to long-distance tick dispersal. Such dispersal has important implications for evolutionary theory, conservation, and epidemiology.
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33
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Whitaker BK, Reynolds HL, Clay K. Foliar fungal endophyte communities are structured by environment but not host ecotype in Panicum virgatum (switchgrass). Ecology 2018; 99:2703-2711. [PMID: 30367461 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Experimental tests of community assembly mechanisms for host-associated microbiomes in nature are lacking. Asymptomatic foliar fungal endophytes are a major component of the plant microbiome and are increasingly recognized for their impacts on plant performance, including pathogen defense, hormonal manipulation, and drought tolerance. However, it remains unclear whether fungal endophytes preferentially colonize certain host ecotypes or genotypes, reflecting some degree of biotic adaptation in the symbioses, or whether colonization is simply a function of spore type and abundance within the local environment. Whether host ecotype, local environment, or some combination of both controls the pattern of microbiome formation across hosts represents a new dimension to the age-old debate of nature versus nurture. Here, we used a reciprocal transplant design to explore the extent of host specificity and biotic adaptation in the plant microbiome, as evidenced by differential colonization of host genetic types by endophytes. Specifically, replicate plants from three locally-adapted ecotypes of the native grass Panicum virgatum (switchgrass) were transplanted at three geographically distinct field sites (one home and two away) in the Midwestern US. At the end of the growing season, plant leaves were harvested and the fungal microbiome characterized using culture-dependent sequencing techniques. Our results demonstrated that fungal endophyte community structure was determined by local environment (i.e., site), but not by host ecotype. Fungal richness and diversity also strongly differed by site, with lower fungal diversity at a riparian field site, whereas host ecotype had no effect. By contrast, there were significant differences in plant phenotypes across all ecotypes and sites, indicating ecotypic differentiation of host phenotype. Overall, our results indicate that environmental factors are the primary drivers of community structure in the switchgrass fungal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana K Whitaker
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East 3rd St., Bloomington, Indiana, 47401, USA.,Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Box 7612, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695-7612, USA
| | - Heather L Reynolds
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East 3rd St., Bloomington, Indiana, 47401, USA
| | - Keith Clay
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East 3rd St., Bloomington, Indiana, 47401, USA.,Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, 6823 St,. Charles Ave., New Orleans, Louisiana, 70118, USA
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34
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Frézal L, Jacqua G, Neema C. Adaptation of a Fungal Pathogen to Host Quantitative Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1554. [PMID: 30429860 PMCID: PMC6220312 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Impact of host quantitative resistance on pathogen evolution is still poorly documented. In our study, we characterized the adaptation of the pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, to the quantitative resistance of its host, the water yam (Dioscorea alata). Genetic and pathogenic diversities of C. gloeosporioides populations were specified at the field scale. We used nuclear markers to describe fungal population structuring within and between six fields of three cultivars differently susceptible to the fungus. Strain aggressiveness was then quantified in the laboratory through cross-inoculation tests. The high level of genetic diversity and significant linkage disequilibrium revealed a significant influence of clonal reproduction in the C. gloeosporioides evolution. The recorded fungal migration between fields was weak (evidence for a dispersion mode via tubers rather than splashing dispersal), which provides the first molecular evidence for limited C. gloeosporioides migration via yam tuber exchanges. C. gloeosporioides's populations are adapted to their host resistance. The aggressiveness of the fungal clones seems to have evolved toward an accumulation of components specific to each host cultivar. Despite the remaining marks of adaptation to the former widely cultivated host, adaptation to current cultivars was clearly depicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Frézal
- INRA-URPV, Guadeloupe, France
- CNRS – ENS – INSERM, Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | | | - Claire Neema
- UMR BGPI, Montpellier SupAgro, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
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35
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Pawluk RJ, Uren Webster TM, Cable J, Garcia de Leaniz C, Consuegra S. Immune-Related Transcriptional Responses to Parasitic Infection in a Naturally Inbred Fish: Roles of Genotype and Individual Variation. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:319-327. [PMID: 29340582 PMCID: PMC5786212 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites are strong drivers of evolutionary change and the genetic variation of both host and parasite populations can co-evolve as a function of parasite virulence and host resistance. The role of transcriptome variation in specific interactions between host and parasite genotypes has been less studied and can be confounded by differences in genetic variation. We employed two naturally inbred lines of a self-fertilizing fish to estimate the role of host genotype in the transcriptome response to parasite infection using RNA-seq. In addition, we targeted several differentially expressed immune-related genes to further investigate the relative role of individual variation in the immune response using RT-qPCR, taking advantage of the genomic uniformity of the self-fertilizing lines. We found significant differences in gene expression between lines in response to infection both in the transcriptome and in individual gene RT-qPCR analyses. Individual RT-qPCR analyses of gene expression identified significant variance differences between lines for six genes but only for three genes between infected and control fish. Our results indicate that although the genetic background plays an important role in the transcriptome response to parasites, it cannot fully explain individual differences within genetically homogeneous lines, which can be important for determining the response to parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Jane Pawluk
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Tamsyn M Uren Webster
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Cable
- Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Garcia de Leaniz
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Consuegra
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Wales, United Kingdom
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36
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Zhou J, Dudash MR, Zimmer EA, Fenster CB. Comparison of population genetic structures of the plant Silene stellata and its obligate pollinating seed predator moth Hadena ectypa. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:593-603. [PMID: 29850821 PMCID: PMC6153480 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Population genetic structures and patterns of gene flow of interacting species provide important insights into the spatial scale of their interactions and the potential for local co-adaptation. We analysed the genetic structures of the plant Silene stellata and the nocturnal moth Hadena ectypa. Hadena ectypa acts as one of the important pollinators of S. stellata as well as being an obligate seed parasite on the plant. Although H. ectypa provides a substantial pollination service to S. stellata, this system is largely considered parasitic due to the severe seed predation by the Hadena larvae. Previous research on this system has found variable interaction outcomes across space, indicating the potential for a geographical selection mosaic. METHODS Using 11 microsatellite markers for S. stellata and nine markers for H. ectypa, we analysed the population genetic structure and the patterns and intensity of gene flow within and among three local populations in the Appalachians. KEY RESULTS We found no spatial genetic structure in the moth populations, while significant differentiation was detected among the local plant populations. Additionally, we observed that gene flow rates among H. ectypa populations were more uniform and that the mean gene flow rate in H. ectypa was twice as large as that in S. stellata. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that although the moths move frequently among populations, long-distance pollen carryover only happens occasionally. The difference in gene flow rates between S. stellata and H. ectypa could prevent strict local co-adaptation. Furthermore, higher gene flow rates in H. ectypa could also increase resistance of the local S. stellata populations to the parasitic effect of H. ectypa and therefore help to stabilize the Silene-Hadena interaction dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juannan Zhou
- Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Michele R Dudash
- Department of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Zimmer
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 166, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Charles B Fenster
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
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37
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Tung S, Mishra A, Gogna N, Aamir Sadiq M, Shreenidhi PM, Shree Sruti VR, Dorai K, Dey S. Evolution of dispersal syndrome and its corresponding metabolomic changes. Evolution 2018; 72:1890-1903. [PMID: 30075053 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dispersal is one of the strategies for organisms to deal with climate change and habitat degradation. Therefore, investigating the effects of dispersal evolution on natural populations is of considerable interest to ecologists and conservation biologists. Although it is known that dispersal itself can evolve due to selection, the behavioral, life-history and metabolic consequences of dispersal evolution are not well understood. Here, we explore these issues by subjecting four outbred laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster to selection for increased dispersal. The dispersal-selected populations had similar values of body size, fecundity, and longevity as the nonselected lines (controls), but evolved significantly greater locomotor activity, exploratory tendency, and aggression. Untargeted metabolomic fingerprinting through NMR spectroscopy suggested that the selected flies evolved elevated cellular respiration characterized by greater amounts of glucose, AMP, and NAD. Concurrent evolution of higher level of Octopamine and other neurotransmitters indicate a possible mechanism for the behavioral changes in the selected lines. We discuss the generalizability of our findings in the context of observations from natural populations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the evolution of metabolome due to selection for dispersal and its connection to dispersal syndrome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Tung
- Population Biology Laboratory, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhishek Mishra
- Population Biology Laboratory, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Navdeep Gogna
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Mohammed Aamir Sadiq
- Population Biology Laboratory, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - P M Shreenidhi
- Population Biology Laboratory, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - V R Shree Sruti
- Population Biology Laboratory, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kavita Dorai
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sutirth Dey
- Population Biology Laboratory, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Awadi A, Ben Slimen H, Smith S, Knauer F, Makni M, Suchentrunk F. Positive selection and climatic effects on MHC class II gene diversity in hares (Lepus capensis) from a steep ecological gradient. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11514. [PMID: 30065344 PMCID: PMC6068193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29657-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In natural populations, allelic diversity of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is commonly interpreted as resulting from positive selection in varying spatiotemporal pathogenic landscapes. Composite pathogenic landscape data are, however, rarely available. We studied the spatial distribution of allelic diversity at two MHC class II loci (DQA, DQB) in hares, Lepus capensis, along a steep ecological gradient in North Africa and tested the role of climatic parameters for the spatial distribution of DQA and DQB proteins. Climatic parameters were considered to reflect to some extent pathogenic landscape variation. We investigated historical and contemporary forces that have shaped the variability at both genes, and tested for differential selective pressure across the ecological gradient by comparing allelic variation at MHC and neutral loci. We found positive selection on both MHC loci and significantly decreasing diversity from North to South Tunisia. Our multinomial linear models revealed significant effects of geographical positions that were correlated with mean annual temperature and precipitation on the occurrence of protein variants, but no effects of co-occurring DQA or DQB proteins, respectively. Diversifying selection, recombination, adaptation to local pathogenic landscapes (supposedly reflected by climate parameters) and neutral demographic processes have shaped the observed MHC diversity and differentiation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Awadi
- Unité de Recherche Génomique des Insectes Ravageurs des Cultures d'Intérêt Agronomique, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Hichem Ben Slimen
- Unité de Recherche Génomique des Insectes Ravageurs des Cultures d'Intérêt Agronomique, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia.,Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, University of Jendouba, Avenue Habib Bourguiba Béja 9000, BP. 382, Béja, Tunisia
| | - Steve Smith
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Knauer
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohamed Makni
- Unité de Recherche Génomique des Insectes Ravageurs des Cultures d'Intérêt Agronomique, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Franz Suchentrunk
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria
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39
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Appelgren ASC, Saladin V, Richner H, Doligez B, McCoy KD. Gene flow and adaptive potential in a generalist ectoparasite. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:99. [PMID: 29921216 PMCID: PMC6009953 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In host-parasite systems, relative dispersal rates condition genetic novelty within populations and thus their adaptive potential. Knowledge of host and parasite dispersal rates can therefore help us to understand current interaction patterns in wild populations and why these patterns shift over time and space. For generalist parasites however, estimates of dispersal rates depend on both host range and the considered spatial scale. Here, we assess the relative contribution of these factors by studying the population genetic structure of a common avian ectoparasite, the hen flea Ceratophyllus gallinae, exploiting two hosts that are sympatric in our study population, the great tit Parus major and the collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis. Previous experimental studies have indicated that the hen flea is both locally maladapted to great tit populations and composed of subpopulations specialized on the two host species, suggesting limited parasite dispersal in space and among hosts, and a potential interaction between these two structuring factors. Results C. gallinae fleas were sampled from old nests of the two passerine species in three replicate wood patches and were genotyped at microsatellite markers to assess population genetic structure at different scales (among individuals within a nest, among nests and between host species within a patch and among patches). As expected, significant structure was found at all spatial scales and between host species, supporting the hypothesis of limited dispersal in this parasite. Clustering analyses and estimates of relatedness further suggested that inbreeding regularly occurs within nests. Patterns of isolation by distance within wood patches indicated that flea dispersal likely occurs in a stepwise manner among neighboring nests. From these data, we estimated that gene flow in the hen flea is approximately half that previously described for its great tit hosts. Conclusion Our results fall in line with predictions based on observed patterns of adaptation in this host-parasite system, suggesting that parasite dispersal is limited and impacts its adaptive potential with respect to its hosts. More generally, this study sheds light on the complex interaction between parasite gene flow, local adaptation and host specialization within a single host-parasite system. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1205-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs S C Appelgren
- Evolutionary Ecology Laboratory, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, Bern, Switzerland. .,CNRS; Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon; Université Lyon 1; Department of Biometry and Evolutionary Biology, LBBE UMR 5558, Bâtiment Gregor Mendel, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France. .,Department of Biometry and Evolutionary Biology, LBBE UMR 5558, Bâtiment Gregor Mendel, Université Lyon 1, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France. .,Maladies Infectieuses & Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution & Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier - CNRS - IRD, Centre IRD, 911 avenue, Agropolis, BP 64501, F-34000, Montpellier, France.
| | - Verena Saladin
- Evolutionary Ecology Laboratory, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Richner
- Evolutionary Ecology Laboratory, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Blandine Doligez
- CNRS; Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon; Université Lyon 1; Department of Biometry and Evolutionary Biology, LBBE UMR 5558, Bâtiment Gregor Mendel, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.,Department of Biometry and Evolutionary Biology, LBBE UMR 5558, Bâtiment Gregor Mendel, Université Lyon 1, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.,Department of Ecology and Genetics/Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), University of Uppsala, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karen D McCoy
- Maladies Infectieuses & Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution & Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier - CNRS - IRD, Centre IRD, 911 avenue, Agropolis, BP 64501, F-34000, Montpellier, France
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40
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Verin M, Tellier A. Host-parasite coevolution can promote the evolution of seed banking as a bet-hedging strategy. Evolution 2018; 72:1362-1372. [PMID: 29676786 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Seed (egg) banking is a common bet-hedging strategy maximizing the fitness of organisms facing environmental unpredictability by the delayed emergence of offspring. Yet, this condition often requires fast and drastic stochastic shifts between good and bad years. We hypothesize that the host seed banking strategy can evolve in response to coevolution with parasites because the coevolutionary cycles promote a gradually changing environment over longer times than seed persistence. We study the evolution of host germination fraction as a quantitative trait using both pairwise competition and multiple mutant competition methods, while the germination locus can be genetically linked or unlinked with the host locus under coevolution. In a gene-for-gene model of coevolution, hosts evolve a seed bank strategy under unstable coevolutionary cycles promoted by moderate to high costs of resistance or strong disease severity. Moreover, when assuming genetic linkage between coevolving and germination loci, the resistant genotype always evolves seed banking in contrast to susceptible hosts. Under a matching-allele interaction, both hosts' genotypes exhibit the same seed banking strategy irrespective of the genetic linkage between loci. We suggest host-parasite coevolution as an additional hypothesis for the evolution of seed banking as a temporal bet-hedging strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Verin
- Section of Population Genetics, Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Aurélien Tellier
- Section of Population Genetics, Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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41
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Höckerstedt LM, Siren JP, Laine AL. Effect of spatial connectivity on host resistance in a highly fragmented natural pathosystem. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:844-852. [PMID: 29569292 PMCID: PMC6032904 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Both theory and experimental evolution studies predict migration to influence the outcome of antagonistic coevolution between hosts and their parasites, with higher migration rates leading to increased diversity and evolutionary potential. Migration rates are expected to vary in spatially structured natural pathosystems, yet how spatial structure generates variation in coevolutionary trajectories across populations occupying the same landscape has not been tested. Here, we studied the effect of spatial connectivity on host evolutionary potential in a natural pathosystem characterized by a stable Plantago lanceolata host network and a highly dynamic Podosphaera plantaginis parasite metapopulation. We designed a large inoculation experiment to test resistance of five isolated and five well‐connected host populations against sympatric and allopatric pathogen strains, over 4 years. Contrary to our expectations, we did not find consistently higher resistance against sympatric pathogen strains in the well‐connected populations. Instead, host local adaptation varied considerably among populations and through time with greater fluctuations observed in the well‐connected populations. Jointly, our results suggest that in populations where pathogens have successfully established, they have the upper hand in the coevolutionary arms race, but hosts may be better able to respond to pathogen‐imposed selection in the well‐connected than in the isolated populations. Hence, the ongoing and extensive fragmentation of natural habitats may increase vulnerability to diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jukka Pekka Siren
- Department of Computer Science, School of Sciences, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Faculty of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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42
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Mohd-Assaad N, McDonald BA, Croll D. Genome-Wide Detection of Genes Under Positive Selection in Worldwide Populations of the Barley Scald Pathogen. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:1315-1332. [PMID: 29722810 PMCID: PMC5972619 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Coevolution between hosts and pathogens generates strong selection pressures to maintain resistance and infectivity, respectively. Genomes of plant pathogens often encode major effect loci for the ability to successfully infect specific host genotypes. Hence, spatial heterogeneity in host genotypes coupled with abiotic factors could lead to locally adapted pathogen populations. However, the genetic basis of local adaptation is poorly understood. Rhynchosporium commune, the pathogen causing barley scald disease, interacts at least partially in a gene-for-gene manner with its host. We analyzed global field populations of 125 R. commune isolates to identify candidate genes for local adaptation. Whole genome sequencing data showed that the pathogen is subdivided into three genetic clusters associated with distinct geographic and climatic regions. Using haplotype-based selection scans applied independently to each genetic cluster, we found strong evidence for selective sweeps throughout the genome. Comparisons of loci under selection among clusters revealed little overlap, suggesting that ecological differences associated with each cluster led to variable selection regimes. The strongest signals of selection were found predominantly in the two clusters composed of isolates from Central Europe and Ethiopia. The strongest selective sweep regions encoded protein functions related to biotic and abiotic stress responses. Selective sweep regions were enriched in genes encoding functions in cellular localization, protein transport activity, and DNA damage responses. In contrast to the prevailing view that a small number of gene-for-gene interactions govern plant pathogen evolution, our analyses suggest that the evolutionary trajectory is largely determined by spatially heterogeneous biotic and abiotic selection pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norfarhan Mohd-Assaad
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bruce A McDonald
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Croll
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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43
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and associated microbial communities from dry grassland do not improve plant growth on abandoned field soil. Oecologia 2018; 186:677-689. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-4054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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44
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Lee DH, Roux J, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ. Non-Mendelian segregation influences the infection biology and genetic structure of the African tree pathogen Ceratocystis albifundus. Fungal Biol 2017; 122:222-230. [PMID: 29551196 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The African fungal tree pathogen, Ceratocystis albifundus, undergoes uni-directional mating type switching, giving rise to either self-fertile or self-sterile progeny. Self-sterile isolates lack the MAT1-2-1 gene and have reduced fitness such as slower growth and reduced pathogenicity, relative to self-fertile isolates. While it has been hypothesized that there is a 1:1 ratio of self-fertile to self-sterile ascospore progeny in relatives of C. albifundus, some studies have reported a significant bias in this ratio. This could be due to the fact that either fewer self-sterile ascospores are produced or that self-sterile ascospores have low viability. We quantified the percentage of self-sterile and self-fertile ascospores from ascospore masses in C. albifundus using real-time PCR. Primers were designed to distinguish between spores that contained the MAT1-2-1 gene and those where this gene had been deleted. A significant bias towards the self-fertile mating type was observed in all single ascospore masses taken from sexual structures produced in haploid-selfed cultures. The same result was observed from a disease outbreak situation in an intensively managed field of cultivated native trees, and this was coupled with very low population diversity in the pathogen. This was in contrast to the results obtained from ascospore masses taken from the crosses performed under laboratory conditions or ascomata on native trees in a non-disease situation, where either self-fertile or self-sterile ascospores were dominant. The results suggest that reproductive strategies play a significant role in the infection biology and genetic structure of C. albifundus populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyeon Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jolanda Roux
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Brenda D Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Michael J Wingfield
- Department of Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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45
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Blanquart F, Valero M, Alves-de-Souza C, Dia A, Lepelletier F, Bigeard E, Jeanthon C, Destombe C, Guillou L. Evidence for parasite-mediated selection during short-lasting toxic algal blooms. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1870. [PMID: 27798309 PMCID: PMC5095388 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites play a role in the control of transient algal blooms, but it is not known whether parasite-mediated selection results in coevolution of the host and the parasites over this short time span. We investigated the presence of coevolution between the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum and two naturally occurring endoparasites during blooms lasting a month in two river estuaries, using cross-inoculation experiments across time and space. Higher parasite abundance was associated with a large daily reduction in relative A. minutum abundances, demonstrating strong parasite-mediated selection. There was genetic variability in infectivity in both parasite species, and in resistance in the host. We found no evidence for coevolution in one estuary; however, in the other estuary, we found high genetic diversity in the two parasite species, fluctuations in infectivity and suggestion that the two parasites are well adapted to their host, as in ‘Red Queen’ dynamics. Thus, coevolution is possible over the short time span of a bloom, but geographically variable, and may feedback on community dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Blanquart
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Myriam Valero
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI), Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff, France.,CNRS, UMI 3614, Pontifica Universidad Catolica de Chile, Universidad Austral de Chile, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Catharina Alves-de-Souza
- Departamento de Botânica, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, s/n, São Cristovão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aliou Dia
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI), Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff, France.,Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS, UMR 7144, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Frédéric Lepelletier
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI), Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff, France.,Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS, UMR 7144, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Estelle Bigeard
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI), Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff, France.,Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS, UMR 7144, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Christian Jeanthon
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI), Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff, France.,Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS, UMR 7144, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Christophe Destombe
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI), Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff, France.,CNRS, UMI 3614, Pontifica Universidad Catolica de Chile, Universidad Austral de Chile, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Laure Guillou
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI), Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff, France .,Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS, UMR 7144, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff, France
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46
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Lively CM. Habitat Heterogeneity, Host Population Structure, and Parasite Local Adaptation. J Hered 2017; 109:29-37. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esx100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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47
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White LA, Forester JD, Craft ME. Dynamic, spatial models of parasite transmission in wildlife: Their structure, applications and remaining challenges. J Anim Ecol 2017; 87:559-580. [PMID: 28944450 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Individual differences in contact rate can arise from host, group and landscape heterogeneity and can result in different patterns of spatial spread for diseases in wildlife populations with concomitant implications for disease control in wildlife of conservation concern, livestock and humans. While dynamic disease models can provide a better understanding of the drivers of spatial spread, the effects of landscape heterogeneity have only been modelled in a few well-studied wildlife systems such as rabies and bovine tuberculosis. Such spatial models tend to be either purely theoretical with intrinsic limiting assumptions or individual-based models that are often highly species- and system-specific, limiting the breadth of their utility. Our goal was to review studies that have utilized dynamic, spatial models to answer questions about pathogen transmission in wildlife and identify key gaps in the literature. We begin by providing an overview of the main types of dynamic, spatial models (e.g., metapopulation, network, lattice, cellular automata, individual-based and continuous-space) and their relation to each other. We investigate different types of ecological questions that these models have been used to explore: pathogen invasion dynamics and range expansion, spatial heterogeneity and pathogen persistence, the implications of management and intervention strategies and the role of evolution in host-pathogen dynamics. We reviewed 168 studies that consider pathogen transmission in free-ranging wildlife and classify them by the model type employed, the focal host-pathogen system, and their overall research themes and motivation. We observed a significant focus on mammalian hosts, a few well-studied or purely theoretical pathogen systems, and a lack of studies occurring at the wildlife-public health or wildlife-livestock interfaces. Finally, we discuss challenges and future directions in the context of unprecedented human-mediated environmental change. Spatial models may provide new insights into understanding, for example, how global warming and habitat disturbance contribute to disease maintenance and emergence. Moving forward, better integration of dynamic, spatial disease models with approaches from movement ecology, landscape genetics/genomics and ecoimmunology may provide new avenues for investigation and aid in the control of zoonotic and emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A White
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - James D Forester
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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48
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Correa AC, De Meeûs T, Dreyfuss G, Rondelaud D, Hurtrez-Boussès S. Galba truncatula and Fasciola hepatica: Genetic costructures and interactions with intermediate host dispersal. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 55:186-194. [PMID: 28917540 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Antagonistic interactions between hosts and parasites are key structuring forces in natural populations. Demographic factors like extinction, migration and the effective population size shape host-parasite metapopulational dynamics. Therefore, to understand the evolution of host-parasite systems it is necessary to study the distribution of the genetic variation of both entities simultaneously. In this paper, we investigate the population genetics co-structure of parasites and hosts within a metapopulation of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, and two of its intermediate hosts, the main intermediate host in Europe, Galba truncatula, and a new intermediate host, Omphiscola glabra, in Central France. Our results reveal an absence of specificity of flukes as regard to the two alternative hosts though O. glabra shows higher prevalence of F. hepatica. Host and parasites displayed contrasting population genetics structure with very small, highly inbred (selfing) and strongly isolated G. truncatula populations and much bigger, panmictic and more dispersive F. hepatica. This could indicate a local adaptation of the parasite and a local maladaptation of the host. We also unveil a parasite-mediated biased population genetics structure suggesting that infected G. truncatula disperse more; have higher dispersal survival than uninfected snails or, more likely, that immigrant snails are infected more often than local snails (local parasites are less adapted to local hosts). Finally, an absence, or at least an ambiguous signature of isolation by distance was observed in both host and parasite population. A very weak migration rate for G. truncatula provides a reasonable explanation for this ambiguous result. Alternatively, smaller sample sizes combined with modest migration rates might explain the difficulties to unveil the signal in F. hepatica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Correa
- Mivegec UMR UM, CNRS 5290 - IRD 224 Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Centre IRD, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Thierry De Meeûs
- IRD, UMR Interactions hôtes - vecteurs - parasites dans les infections par des trypanosomatidae - (Intertryp) UMR IRD 177, CIRAD 17, TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Gilles Dreyfuss
- Inserm 1094, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Limoges, 2 Rue du Docteur Raymond Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Daniel Rondelaud
- Inserm 1094, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Limoges, 2 Rue du Docteur Raymond Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Sylvie Hurtrez-Boussès
- Mivegec UMR UM, CNRS 5290 - IRD 224 Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Centre IRD, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Département de Biologie-Ecologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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49
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Nuismer SL. Rethinking Conventional Wisdom: Are Locally Adapted Parasites Ahead in the Coevolutionary Race? Am Nat 2017; 190:584-593. [PMID: 28937821 DOI: 10.1086/693455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The metaphors of the Red Queen and the arms race have inspired a large amount of research aimed at understanding the process of antagonistic coevolution between hosts and parasites. One approach that has been heavily used is to estimate the strength of parasite local adaptation using a reciprocal cross infection or transplant study. These studies frequently conclude that the locally adapted species is ahead in the coevolutionary race. Here, I use mathematical models to decompose parasite infectivity into components attributable to local versus global adaptation and to develop a robust index of which species is ahead in the coevolutionary race, which I term coevolutionary advantage. Computer simulations of coevolving host-parasite interactions demonstrate that because the magnitudes of local and global adaptation are largely independent, the link between the sign of local adaptation and coevolutionary advantage is tenuous. A consequence of the weak coupling between local adaptation and coevolutionary advantage is that the bulk of existing empirical studies do not sample enough populations for any reliable conclusions to be drawn. Together, these results suggest that the long-standing conventional wisdom holding that locally adapted parasites are ahead in the coevolutionary race should be reconsidered.
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Kada S, McCoy KD, Boulinier T. Impact of life stage-dependent dispersal on the colonization dynamics of host patches by ticks and tick-borne infectious agents. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:375. [PMID: 28778181 PMCID: PMC5544987 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2261-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When colonization and gene flow depend on host-mediated dispersal, a key factor affecting vector dispersal potential is the time spent on the host for the blood meal, a characteristic that can vary strongly among life history stages. Using a 2-patch vector-pathogen population model and seabird ticks as biological examples, we explore how vector colonization rates and the spread of infectious agents may be shaped by life stage-dependent dispersal. We contrast hard (Ixodidae) and soft (Argasidae) tick systems, which differ strongly in blood- feeding traits. RESULTS We find that vector life history characteristics (i.e. length of blood meal) and demographic constraints (Allee effects) condition the colonization potential of ticks; hard ticks, which take a single, long blood meal per life stage, should have much higher colonization rates than soft ticks, which take repeated short meals. Moreover, this dispersal potential has direct consequences for the spread of vector-borne infectious agents, in particular when transmission is transovarial. CONCLUSIONS These results have clear implications for predicting the dynamics of vector and disease spread in the context of large-scale environmental change. The findings highlight the need to include life-stage dispersal in models that aim to predict species and disease distributions, and provide testable predictions related to the population genetic structure of vectors and pathogens along expansion fronts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kada
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE) - CNRS Université Montpellier UMR 5175, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Karen D. McCoy
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, UMR CNRS 5290 - UR IRD 224 - Université Montpellier, Centre IRD, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Boulinier
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE) - CNRS Université Montpellier UMR 5175, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
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