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Reis İ, Ateş C, Jawad L. The asymmetry in the sagitta of four mugilid species obtained from Köyceğiz Lagoon, Aegean Sea, Turkey. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 103:666-674. [PMID: 37334728 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Otolith features such as size and weight were analysed in 656 fish specimens of Chelon auratus, Chelon labrosus, Chelon saliens and Mugil cephalus collected from the Köyceğiz Lagoon System, Aegean Sea, southwest Turkey. The aim was to calculate the asymmetry value of the otolith length (OL), otolith width (OW) and otolith weight (OWe). The asymmetry value of OL was greater than that of OW and OWe. The asymmetry value of the three otolith parameters increased with an increase in the fish's length. The probable cause of asymmetry in the otolith parameters investigated has been determined relative to the variability in growth prompted by ecological impact linked with the disparity in water temperature, salinity, depth and contaminants existing in the Köyceğiz Lagoon System.
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Affiliation(s)
- İsmail Reis
- Department of Fishing Technology, Fisheries Faculty, Muğla Sitki Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Celal Ateş
- Department of Fishing Technology, Fisheries Faculty, Muğla Sitki Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Laith Jawad
- School of Environmental and Animal Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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2
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Quindazzi MJ, Gaffney LP, Polard E, Bohlender N, Duguid W, Juanes F. Otolith mineralogy affects otolith shape asymmetry: a comparison of hatchery and natural origin Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 102:870-882. [PMID: 36651303 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Many aspects of natural and hatchery origin salmonid genetics, physiology, behaviour, anatomy and life histories have been compared due to the concerns about what effects domestication and hatchery rearing conditions have on fitness. Genetic and environmental stressors associated with hatchery rearing could cause greater developmental instability (DI), and therefore a higher degree of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in various bilaterally paired characters, such as otoliths. Nonetheless, to appropriately infer the effects of DI on otolith asymmetry, otolith mineralogy must be accounted for. Vateritic otoliths differ substantially from aragonitic otoliths in terms of mass and shape and can artificially inflate any measurement of FA if not properly accounted for. In this study, measurements of otolith asymmetry between hatchery and natural origin Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch from three different river systems were compared to assess the overall differences in asymmetry when the calcium carbonate polymorph accounted for 59.3% of otoliths from hatchery origin O. kisutch was vateritic compared to 11.7% of otoliths from natural origin O. kisutch. Otolith mineralogy, rather than origin, was the most significant factor influencing the differences in asymmetry for each shape metric. When only aragonitic otoliths were compared, there was no difference in absolute asymmetry between hatchery and natural origin O. kisutch. The authors recommend other researchers to assess otolith mineralogy when conducting studies regarding otolith morphometrics and otolith FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J Quindazzi
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Pacific Salmon Foundation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Leigh P Gaffney
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emma Polard
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nick Bohlender
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Will Duguid
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Pacific Salmon Foundation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Francis Juanes
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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3
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Visual, spectral, and microchemical quantification of crystalline anomalies in otoliths of wild and cultured delta smelt. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20751. [PMID: 36456583 PMCID: PMC9715569 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22813-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental abnormalities in otoliths can impact growth and survival in teleost fishes. Here, we quantified the frequency and severity of developmental anomalies in otoliths of delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus), a critically endangered estuarine fish that is endemic to the San Francisco Estuary. Left-right asymmetry and anomalous crystalline polymorphs (i.e., vaterite) were quantified and compared between wild and cultured populations using digital image analysis. Visual estimates of vaterite were validated using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, laser ablation ICPMS, and electron probe microanalysis. Results indicated that cultured delta smelt were 80 times more likely to contain a vateritic otolith and 18 times more likely to contain relatively large (≥ 15%) amounts of vaterite. Similarly, cultured fish exhibited 30% greater asymmetry than wild fish. These results indicate that cultured delta smelt exhibit a significantly higher frequency of vestibular abnormalities which are known to reduce fitness and survival. Such hatchery effects on otolith development could have important implications for captive culture practices and the supplementation of wild fish populations with cultured individuals.
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4
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Radford CA, Collins SP, Munday PL, Parsons D. Ocean acidification effects on fish hearing. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202754. [PMID: 33653144 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are rapidly changing the marine environment through a multitude of effects, including increased greenhouse gas emissions resulting in warmer and acidified oceans. Elevated CO2 conditions can cause sensory deficits and altered behaviours in marine organisms, either directly by affecting end organ sensitivity or due to likely alterations in brain chemistry. Previous studies show that auditory-associated behaviours of larval and juvenile fishes can be affected by elevated CO2 (1000 µatm). Here, using auditory evoked potentials (AEP) and micro-computer tomography (microCT) we show that raising juvenile snapper, Chrysophyrs auratus, under predicted future CO2 conditions resulted in significant changes to their hearing ability. Specifically, snapper raised under elevated CO2 conditions had a significant decrease in low frequency (less than 200 Hz) hearing sensitivity. MicroCT demonstrated that these elevated CO2 snapper had sacculus otolith's that were significantly larger and had fluctuating asymmetry, which likely explains the difference in hearing sensitivity. We suggest that elevated CO2 conditions have a dual effect on hearing, directly effecting the sensitivity of the hearing end organs and altering previously described hearing induced behaviours. This is the first time that predicted future CO2 conditions have been empirically linked through modification of auditory anatomy to changes in fish hearing ability. Given the widespread and well-documented impact of elevated CO2 on fish auditory anatomy, predictions of how fish life-history functions dependent on hearing may respond to climate change may need to be reassessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Radford
- Institute of Marine Science, Leigh Marine Laboratory, University of Auckland, PO Box 349, Warkworth 0941, New Zealand
| | - S P Collins
- Institute of Marine Science, Leigh Marine Laboratory, University of Auckland, PO Box 349, Warkworth 0941, New Zealand
| | - P L Munday
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - D Parsons
- Institute of Marine Science, Leigh Marine Laboratory, University of Auckland, PO Box 349, Warkworth 0941, New Zealand.,National Institute of Water and Atmosphere, Private Bag 99940, Newmarket, Auckland 1149, New Zealand
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5
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Abdulsamad SMS, Jawad LA, Al-Nusear ANB, Waryani B, Rutkayová J. Asymmetry in the otolith length and width of three sparid fish species collected from Iraqi waters. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 156:111177. [PMID: 32365001 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bilateral asymmetry is presumed to reveal the developmental variability of the fish in polluted aquatic environments. In these habitats, high-level asymmetry develops, and these fish expend more energy to balance their growth than fish that are not under an impact. A total of 210 specimens of Acanthopagrus bifasciatus, A. latus and Sparidentex hasta were collected from the marine waters of Iraq in the northwest part of the Arabian Gulf. The asymmetry was calculated for the sagittal otolith characters of length and width. Otolith width has lower asymmetry than otolith length for the three sparid fish species investigated. An increase in the value of fluctuating asymmetry with fish length was observed. This could be a pertinent indicator of pollution in the habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad M S Abdulsamad
- University of Basrah, College of Education for Pure Sciences, Department of Biology, Basrah, Iraq
| | | | - Azal N B Al-Nusear
- University of Basrah, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Histology, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Baradi Waryani
- Department of Fresh Water Biology and Fisheries, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Jitka Rutkayová
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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6
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Fey DP, Greszkiewicz M, Jakubowska M, Lejk AM, Otremba Z, Andrulewicz E, Urban-Malinga B. Otolith fluctuating asymmetry in larval trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, as an indication of organism bilateral instability affected by static and alternating magnetic fields. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:135489. [PMID: 31771843 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The possible effects of disruptions in the geomagnetic field caused by different man-made constructions have been increasing considerably in recent years. These include, among others, the development of wind farms located in the sea and increased numbers of underwater cables. The objective of this study was to determine whether a magnetic field (MF) of 10 mT or a 50 Hz electromagnetic field (EMF) of 1 mT affected the developmental instability of the inner ear organ, which is responsible in fish for hearing and balance, in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared in a laboratory for 37 days (13 days in egg stage and 24 days in larval stage). This was done by analyzing the fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of otolith size. The MF and EMF values applied in this study are those recorded in the vicinities of underwater alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) cables, respectively. The influence of MF on otolith FA was found to be statistically significant, with the highest significance occurring in the group of youngest larvae of 5 dph (compared to larvae 15 and 23 dph). Otolith FA was also higher in larvae exposed to the EMF compared to control conditions, but the differences were not statistically significant. Thus, we can conclude that underwater constructions and cables which emit a MF of 10 mT or higher can affect living organisms that are within a distance of a few meters, especially those (as in the case of trout) in settled life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Fey
- Department of Fisheries Oceanography and Marine Ecology, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, ul. Kołłątaja 1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland.
| | - M Greszkiewicz
- Department of Fisheries Oceanography and Marine Ecology, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, ul. Kołłątaja 1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland
| | - M Jakubowska
- Department of Fisheries Oceanography and Marine Ecology, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, ul. Kołłątaja 1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland
| | - A M Lejk
- Department of Logistics and Monitoring, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, ul. Kołłątaja 1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Z Otremba
- Department of Physics, Gdynia Maritime University, ul. Morska 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland
| | - E Andrulewicz
- Department of Fisheries Oceanography and Marine Ecology, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, ul. Kołłątaja 1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland
| | - B Urban-Malinga
- Department of Fisheries Oceanography and Marine Ecology, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, ul. Kołłątaja 1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland
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7
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Dziergwa J, Singh S, Bridges CR, Kerwath SE, Enax J, Auerswald L. Acid-base adjustments and first evidence of denticle corrosion caused by ocean acidification conditions in a demersal shark species. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18668. [PMID: 31857600 PMCID: PMC6923475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Global ocean acidification is expected to chronically lower the pH to 7.3 (>2200 µatm seawater pCO2) by the year 2300. Acute hypercapnia already occurs along the South African west and south coasts due to upwelling- and low-oxygen events, with increasing frequency. In the present project we investigated the impact of hypercapnia on the endemic demersal shark species Haploblepharus edwardsii. Specifically, we experimentally analysed acid-base regulation during acute and chronic hypercapnia, the effects of chronic hypercapnia on growth rates and on denticle structure- and composition. While H. edwardsii are physiologically well adapted to acute and chronic hypercapnia, we observed, for the first time, denticle corrosion as a result of chronic exposure. We conclude that denticle corrosion could increase denticle turnover and compromise hydrodynamics and skin protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Dziergwa
- Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Institute of Metabolic Physiology/Ecophysiology, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sarika Singh
- Ocean and Coastal Research, Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christopher R Bridges
- Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Institute of Metabolic Physiology/Ecophysiology, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven E Kerwath
- Branch: Fisheries Management, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF), Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Joachim Enax
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lutz Auerswald
- Branch: Fisheries Management, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF), Cape Town, South Africa.
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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8
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Long-term acclimation to near-future ocean acidification has negligible effects on energetic attributes in a juvenile coral reef fish. Oecologia 2019; 190:689-702. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Holmberg RJ, Wilcox-Freeburg E, Rhyne AL, Tlusty MF, Stebbins A, Nye Jr. SW, Honig A, Johnston AE, San Antonio CM, Bourque B, Hannigan RE. Ocean acidification alters morphology of all otolith types in Clark's anemonefish ( Amphiprion clarkii). PeerJ 2019; 7:e6152. [PMID: 30643693 PMCID: PMC6327886 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification, the ongoing decline of surface ocean pH and [CO3 2 - ] due to absorption of surplus atmospheric CO2, has far-reaching consequences for marine biota, especially calcifiers. Among these are teleost fishes, which internally calcify otoliths, critical elements of the inner ear and vestibular system. There is evidence in the literature that ocean acidification increases otolith size and alters shape, perhaps impacting otic mechanics and thus sensory perception. Here, larval Clark's anemonefish, Amphiprion clarkii (Bennett, 1830), were reared in various seawater pCO2/pH treatments analogous to future ocean scenarios. At the onset of metamorphosis, all otoliths were removed from each individual fish and analyzed for treatment effects on morphometrics including area, perimeter, and circularity; scanning electron microscopy was used to screen for evidence of treatment effects on lateral development, surface roughness, and vaterite replacement. The results corroborate those of other experiments with other taxa that observed otolith growth with elevated pCO2, and provide evidence that lateral development and surface roughness increased as well. Both sagittae exhibited increasing area, perimeter, lateral development, and roughness; left lapilli exhibited increasing area and perimeter while right lapilli exhibited increasing lateral development and roughness; and left asterisci exhibited increasing perimeter, roughness, and ellipticity with increasing pCO2. Right lapilli and left asterisci were only impacted by the most extreme pCO2 treatment, suggesting they are resilient to any conditions short of aragonite undersaturation, while all other impacted otoliths responded to lower concentrations. Finally, fish settlement competency at 10 dph was dramatically reduced, and fish standard length marginally reduced with increasing pCO2. Increasing abnormality and asymmetry of otoliths may impact inner ear function by altering otolith-maculae interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Holmberg
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Eric Wilcox-Freeburg
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Andrew L. Rhyne
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology and Environmental Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, United States of America
- Center for Economic and Environmental Development, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Tlusty
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Alan Stebbins
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Steven W. Nye Jr.
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Aaron Honig
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Amy E. Johnston
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Christine M. San Antonio
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Bradford Bourque
- Center for Economic and Environmental Development, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, United States of America
| | - Robyn E. Hannigan
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States of America
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10
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Kelley JL, Chapuis L, Davies WIL, Collin SP. Sensory System Responses to Human-Induced Environmental Change. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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11
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Cattano C, Claudet J, Domenici P, Milazzo M. Living in a high CO2
world: a global meta-analysis shows multiple trait-mediated fish responses to ocean acidification. ECOL MONOGR 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cattano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM); Università di Palermo; Via Archirafi 20 Palermo I-90123 Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa); Piazzale Flaminio 9 Roma I-00196 Italy
| | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific Research; PSL Université Paris; CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD; Maison des Océans; 195 rue Saint-Jacques Paris 75005 France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL; Perpignan 66860 France
| | - Paolo Domenici
- IAMC-CNR Istituto Ambiente Marino Costiero Sezione di Oristano; Località Sa Mardini Torregrande (Oristano) 09072 Italy
| | - Marco Milazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM); Università di Palermo; Via Archirafi 20 Palermo I-90123 Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa); Piazzale Flaminio 9 Roma I-00196 Italy
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12
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Goatley CHR, Bellwood DR. Body size and mortality rates in coral reef fishes: a three-phase relationship. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1858. [PMID: 27798308 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Body size is closely linked to mortality rates in many animals, although the overarching patterns in this relationship have rarely been considered for multiple species. A meta-analysis of published size-specific mortality rates for coral reef fishes revealed an exponential decline in mortality rate with increasing body size, however, within this broad relationship there are three distinct phases. Phase one is characterized by naive fishes recruiting to reefs, which suffer extremely high mortality rates. In this well-studied phase, fishes must learn quickly to survive the many predation risks. After just a few days, the surviving fishes enter phase two, in which small increases in body size result in pronounced increases in lifespan (estimated 11 d mm-1). Remarkably, approximately 50% of reef fish individuals remain in phase two throughout their lives. Once fishes reach a size threshold of about 43 mm total length (TL) they enter phase three, where mortality rates are relatively low and the pressure to grow is presumably, significantly reduced. These phases provide a clearer understanding of the impact of body size on mortality rates in coral reef fishes and begin to reveal critical insights into the energetic and trophic dynamics of coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Harry Robert Goatley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - David Roy Bellwood
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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13
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Ashur MM, Johnston NK, Dixson DL. Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Sensory Function in Marine Organisms. Integr Comp Biol 2017; 57:63-80. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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14
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Reimer T, Dempster T, Wargelius A, Fjelldal PG, Hansen T, Glover KA, Solberg MF, Swearer SE. Rapid growth causes abnormal vaterite formation in farmed fish otoliths. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:2965-2969. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.148056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sagittal otoliths are essential components of the sensory organs that enable all teleost fish to hear and maintain balance, and are primarily composed of calcium carbonate. A deformity, where aragonite (the normal crystal form) is replaced with vaterite, was first noted over 50 years ago but its underlying cause is unresolved. We evaluated the prevalence of vateritic otoliths from two captive rearing studies which suggested that fast growth, due to environmental rather than genetic control, led to vaterite development. We then tested this by varying light and temperature to create phenotypes with different growth rates, which resulted in fast growers (5x larger) having 3 times more vaterite than slow growers. A decrease in either the ratio of otolith matrix proteins (otolin-1/OMM-64) or [Ca2+]/[CO32–] may explain why fast growth causes vaterite deposition. As vaterite decreases hearing sensitivity, reducing growth rates in hatcheries may improve the welfare of farmed fish and increase the success of conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Reimer
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - T. Dempster
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - A. Wargelius
- Section of Molecular Biology, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
| | - P. G. Fjelldal
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Matre Research Station, 5984 Matredal, Norway
| | - T. Hansen
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Matre Research Station, 5984 Matredal, Norway
| | - K. A. Glover
- Population Genetics Research Group, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - M. F. Solberg
- Population Genetics Research Group, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
| | - S. E. Swearer
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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15
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McCormick MI. Protogyny in a tropical damselfish: females queue for future benefit. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2198. [PMID: 27413641 PMCID: PMC4933090 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Membership of the group is a balance between the benefits associated with group living and the cost of socially constrained growth and breeding opportunities, but the costs and benefits are seldom examined. The goal of the present study was to explore the trade-offs associated with group living for a sex-changing, potentially protogynous coral reef fish, the Ambon damselfish, Pomacentrus amboinensis. Extensive sampling showed that the species exhibits resource defence polygyny, where dominant males guard a nest site that is visited by females. P. amboinensis have a longevity of about 6.5 years on the northern Great Barrier Reef. While the species can change sex consistent with being a protogynous hermaphrodite, it is unclear the extent to which the species uses this capability. Social groups are comprised of one reproductive male, 1-7 females and a number of juveniles. Females live in a linear dominance hierarchy, with the male being more aggressive to the beta-female than the alpha-female, who exhibits lower levels of ovarian cortisol. Surveys and a tagging study indicated that groups were stable for at least three months. A passive integrated transponder tag study showed that males spawn with females from their own group, but also females from neighbouring groups. In situ behavioural observations found that alpha-females have priority of access to the nest site that the male guarded, and access to higher quality foraging areas. Male removal studies suggest that the alpha-females can change sex to take over from the male when the position becomes available. Examination of otolith microstructure showed that those individuals which change sex to males have different embryonic characteristics at hatching, suggesting that success may involve a component that is parentally endowed. The relative importance of parental effects and social organisation in affecting the importance of female queuing is yet to be studied, but will likely depend on the strength of social control by the dominant members of the group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark I McCormick
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, and Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, James Cook University , Townsville , Queensland , Australia
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16
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Reimer T, Dempster T, Warren-Myers F, Jensen AJ, Swearer SE. High prevalence of vaterite in sagittal otoliths causes hearing impairment in farmed fish. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25249. [PMID: 27121086 PMCID: PMC4848507 DOI: 10.1038/srep25249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid growth of aquaculture raises questions about the welfare status of mass-produced species. Sagittal otoliths are primary hearing structures in the inner ear of all teleost (bony) fishes and are normally composed of aragonite, though abnormal vaterite replacement is sometimes seen in the wild. We provide the first widespread evaluation of the prevalence of vaterite in otoliths, showing that farmed fish have levels of vaterite replacement over 10 times higher than wild fish, regardless of species. We confirm this observation with extensive sampling of wild and farmed Atlantic salmon in Norway, the world's largest producer, and verify that vateritic otoliths are common in farmed salmon worldwide. Using a mechanistic model of otolith oscillation in response to sound, we demonstrate that average levels of vaterite replacement result in a 28-50% loss of otolith functionality across most of a salmonid's known hearing range and throughout its life cycle. The underlying cause(s) of vaterite formation remain unknown, but the prevalence of hearing impairment in farmed fish has important implications for animal welfare, the survival of escapees and their effects on wild populations, and the efficacy of restocking programs based on captive-bred fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Reimer
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Research on the Ecology and Evolution of Fishes (REEF) laboratory, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - T Dempster
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - F Warren-Myers
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Research on the Ecology and Evolution of Fishes (REEF) laboratory, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - A J Jensen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), PO Box 5685 Sluppen, 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - S E Swearer
- Research on the Ecology and Evolution of Fishes (REEF) laboratory, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Pimentel MS, Faleiro F, Dionísio G, Repolho T, Pousão-Ferreira P, Machado J, Rosa R. Defective skeletogenesis and oversized otoliths in fish early stages in a changing ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 217:2062-70. [PMID: 24625652 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.092635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Early life stages of many marine organisms are being challenged by rising seawater temperature and CO₂ concentrations, but their physiological responses to these environmental changes still remain unclear. In the present study, we show that future predictions of ocean warming (+4°C) and acidification (ΔpH=0.5 units) may compromise the development of early life stages of a highly commercial teleost fish, Solea senegalensis. Exposure to future conditions caused a decline in hatching success and larval survival. Growth, metabolic rates and thermal tolerance increased with temperature but decreased under acidified conditions. Hypercapnia and warming amplified the incidence of deformities by 31.5% (including severe deformities such as lordosis, scoliosis and kyphosis), while promoting the occurrence of oversized otoliths (109.3% increase). Smaller larvae with greater skeletal deformities and larger otoliths may face major ecophysiological challenges, which might potentiate substantial declines in adult fish populations, putting in jeopardy the species' fitness under a changing ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta S Pimentel
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa Faleiro
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Gisela Dionísio
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tiago Repolho
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pousão-Ferreira
- Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Av. 5 de Outubro s/n 8700-305, Olhão, Portugal
| | - Jorge Machado
- Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Centro de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
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18
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Alderks PW, Sisneros JA. Development of the acoustically evoked behavioral response in larval plainfin midshipman fish, Porichthys notatus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82182. [PMID: 24340003 PMCID: PMC3858275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ontogeny of hearing in fishes has become a major interest among bioacoustics researchers studying fish behavior and sensory ecology. Most fish begin to detect acoustic stimuli during the larval stage which can be important for navigation, predator avoidance and settlement, however relatively little is known about the hearing capabilities of larval fishes. We characterized the acoustically evoked behavioral response (AEBR) in the plainfin midshipman fish, Porichthys notatus, and used this innate startle-like response to characterize this species' auditory capability during larval development. Age and size of larval midshipman were highly correlated (r2 = 0.92). The AEBR was first observed in larvae at 1.4 cm TL. At a size ≥1.8 cm TL, all larvae responded to a broadband stimulus of 154 dB re1 µPa or −15.2 dB re 1 g (z-axis). Lowest AEBR thresholds were 140–150 dB re 1 µPa or −33 to −23 dB re 1 g for frequencies below 225 Hz. Larval fish with size ranges of 1.9–2.4 cm TL had significantly lower best evoked frequencies than the other tested size groups. We also investigated the development of the lateral line organ and its function in mediating the AEBR. The lateral line organ is likely involved in mediating the AEBR but not necessary to evoke the startle-like response. The midshipman auditory and lateral line systems are functional during early development when the larvae are in the nest and the auditory system appears to have similar tuning characteristics throughout all life history stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. Alderks
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Joseph A. Sisneros
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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20
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Leis JM, Siebeck U, Dixson DL. How Nemo Finds Home: The Neuroecology of Dispersal and of Population Connectivity in Larvae of Marine Fishes. Integr Comp Biol 2011; 51:826-43. [PMID: 21562025 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icr004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Leis
- Ichthyology, Australian Museum, 6 College St, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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21
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Kristoffersen JB, Magoulas A. Fluctuating asymmetry and fitness correlations in two Engraulis encrasicolus populations. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2009; 75:2723-2736. [PMID: 20738519 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Correlations among several measures of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and fitness-related variables were assessed in two populations of the European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus with fast growth (Aegean Sea) and slow growth (Ionian Sea), respectively. FA levels were borderline significantly higher in the Ionian than in the Aegean for some variables. Variation in otolith shape (deviation from population norm) was lower in the Ionian than the Aegean, contrary to expectation. Within the Aegean, there was no relation between any of the FA indexes and fitness estimators, while in the Ionian a composite otolith FA index was significantly negatively correlated to standard length at age only in 2 year-old individuals. This difference between the Aegean and Ionian may have been related to the lower growth rate in the Ionian, as FA-fitness relations may be more apparent in less-beneficial environments. The absence of significant correlations in the Aegean and the low correlation in one age group in the Ionian suggests that FA is not a sensitive indicator of individual fitness in adult E. encrasicolus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Kristoffersen
- Institute of Marine Biology and Genetics, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Gournes Pediados, P.O. Box 2214, GR 710 03 Heraklion, Crete, Greece. jon
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22
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Checkley DM, Dickson AG, Takahashi M, Radich JA, Eisenkolb N, Asch R. Elevated CO2 Enhances Otolith Growth in Young Fish. Science 2009; 324:1683. [PMID: 19556502 DOI: 10.1126/science.1169806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M Checkley
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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24
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Gagliano M, McCormick MI. Hormonally mediated maternal effects shape offspring survival potential in stressful environments. Oecologia 2009; 160:657-65. [PMID: 19352712 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-009-1335-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In most egg-laying vertebrates, maternal responses to stressful conditions are translated into the release of glucocorticoid hormones such as cortisol, which are then transmitted to their developing embryos. Although such maternally transmitted hormonal resources have been shown to influence or even interfere with the optimal developmental trajectories of offspring in many taxa, their influence on the dynamics of wild fish populations remains largely unexplored. Here, we examined the extent to which simulated hormonally mediated maternal effects influence the development and early survival of the coral reef damselfish, Pomacentrus amboinensis. Concentrations of cortisol in the eggs were manipulated within naturally occurring limits by immersion. We found that the proportion of embryos that delayed hatching when exposed to high levels of cortisol was considerably lower than in the other two treatments (low cortisol dose and control). High cortisol levels in P. amboinensis eggs resulted in increased egg mortality and greater asymmetry in hatchlings. For embryos that successfully hatched, individuals from the elevated cortisol treatments (especially low dose) survived longer after hatching. Although individuals that originated from eggs with elevated cortisol levels survived longer after hatching, they may not gain an overall survival advantage. Our results suggest that subtle increases in the allocation of maternally derived hormones, such as cortisol, to offspring are a direct way for stressed mothers to endow their young with an immediate survival advantage. We propose that this immediate benefit outweighs the developmental costs which may be expressed as reduced fitness at later life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gagliano
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
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25
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Lemberget T, McCormick MI. Replenishment success linked to fluctuating asymmetry in larval fish. Oecologia 2008; 159:83-93. [PMID: 18982353 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-1212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fluctuating asymmetry (FA), defined as random deviations from perfect symmetry, has become a popular tool with which to examine the effects of stress during the development of bilaterally symmetrical organisms. Recent studies have suggested that FA in otoliths may serve as an indicator of stress in fish larvae. We examined the relationship between otolith asymmetry and temporal patterns in the occurrence of late-stage larvae to a tropical reef (i.e. replenishment) for the Caribbean lizardfish, Saurida suspicio (family Synodontidae). Late-stage larvae were collected in light traps over a period of 18 consecutive lunar months in the San Blas Archipelago, Panama. Asymmetry within otolith pairs was calculated from 24 variables: area, perimeter, longest and shortest axis of the otolith and 20 shape descriptors (Fourier harmonics). Otolith asymmetry was correlated strongly with fluctuations in lunar light trap catches. Two measured variables, otolith area and one of the 20 shape descriptors, accounted for 60% of the variability in lunar replenishment of S. suspicio. Individuals from small replenishment pulses exhibited higher levels of asymmetry compared to larvae from large pulses. When dry and wet seasons were analysed separately, otolith asymmetry explained a surprising 70 and 97% of the variation, respectively. Although the generality of these results remain to be tested among other populations and species, otolith asymmetry may be an important indicator, and potentially a predictor, of larval quality and replenishment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Lemberget
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
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