1
|
Cross RL, Eckert CG. Is adaptation associated with long-term persistence beyond a geographic range limit? Evolution 2024; 78:1527-1538. [PMID: 38869498 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Adaptation to new habitats might facilitate species' range shifts in response to climate change. In 2005, we transplanted experimental populations of coastal dune plant Camissoniopsis cheiranthifolia into 4 sites within and 1 site beyond its poleward range limit. Beyond-range transplants had high fitness but often delayed reproduction. To test for adaptation associated with experimental range expansion, we transplanted descendants from beyond- and within-range populations after 10 generations in situ into 2 sites within the range, 1 at the range edge, and 2 sites beyond the range. We expected to detect adaptation to beyond-range conditions due to substantial genetic variation within experimental populations and environmental variation among sites. However, individuals from beyond-range experimental populations were not fitter than those from within the range when planted at either beyond-range site, indicating no adaptation to the beyond-range site or beyond-range environments in general. Beyond-range descendants also did not suffer lower fitness within the range. Although reproduction was again delayed beyond the range, late reproduction was not favored more strongly beyond than within the range, and beyond-range descendants did not delay reproduction more than within-range descendants. Persistence in beyond-range environments may not require adaptation, which could allow a rapid response to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regan L Cross
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Breitbart ST, Agrawal AA, Wagner HH, Johnson MTJ. Urbanization and a green corridor do not impact genetic divergence in common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.). Sci Rep 2023; 13:20437. [PMID: 37993590 PMCID: PMC10665382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47524-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Urbanization is altering landscapes globally at an unprecedented rate. While ecological differences between urban and rural environments often promote phenotypic divergence among populations, it is unclear to what degree these trait differences arise from genetic divergence as opposed to phenotypic plasticity. Furthermore, little is known about how specific landscape elements, such as green corridors, impact genetic divergence in urban environments. We tested the hypotheses that: (1) urbanization, and (2) proximity to an urban green corridor influence genetic divergence in common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) populations for phenotypic traits. Using seeds from 52 populations along three urban-to-rural subtransects in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada, one of which followed a green corridor, we grew ~ 1000 plants in a common garden setup and measured > 20 ecologically-important traits associated with plant defense/damage, reproduction, and growth over four years. We found significant heritable variation for nine traits within common milkweed populations and weak phenotypic divergence among populations. However, neither urbanization nor an urban green corridor influenced genetic divergence in individual traits or multivariate phenotype. These findings contrast with the expanding literature demonstrating that urbanization promotes rapid evolutionary change and offer preliminary insights into the eco-evolutionary role of green corridors in urban environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie T Breitbart
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada.
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada.
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada.
| | - Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, E145 Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 2126 Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Helene H Wagner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Marc T J Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Brendel MR, Schurr FM, Sheppard CS. Alien plant fitness is limited by functional trade-offs rather than a long-term increase in competitive effects of native communities. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10468. [PMID: 37664495 PMCID: PMC10472529 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alien plants experience novel abiotic conditions and interactions with native communities in the introduced area. Intra- and interspecific selection on functional traits in the new environment may lead to increased population growth with time since introduction (residence time). However, selection regimes might differ depending on the invaded habitat. Additionally, in high-competition habitats, a build-up of biotic resistance of native species due to accumulation of eco-evolutionary experience to aliens over time may limit invasion success. We tested if the effect of functional traits and the population dynamics of aliens depends on interspecific competition with native plant communities. We conducted a multi-species experiment with 40 annual Asteraceae that differ in residence time in Germany. We followed their population growth in monocultures and in interspecific competition with an experienced native community (varying co-existence times between focals and community). To more robustly test our findings, we used a naïve community that never co-existed with the focals. We found that high seed mass decreased population growth in monocultures but tended to increase population growth under high interspecific competition. We found no evidence for a build-up of competition-mediated biotic resistance by the experienced community over time. Instead, population growth of the focal species was similarly inhibited by the experienced and naïve community. By comparing the effect of experienced and naïve communities on population dynamics over 2 years across a large set of species with a high variation in functional traits and residence time, this study advances the understanding of the long-term dynamics of plant invasions. In our study system, population growth of alien species was not limited by an increase of competitive effects by native communities (one aspect of biotic resistance) over time. Instead, invasion success of alien plants may be limited because initial spread in low-competition habitats requires different traits than establishment in high-competition habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco R. Brendel
- Institute of Landscape and Plant EcologyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
- Division of Conservation in AgricultureGerman Federal Agency for Nature ConservationBonnGermany
| | - Frank M. Schurr
- Institute of Landscape and Plant EcologyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Archambeau J, Benito Garzón M, de Miguel M, Brachi B, Barraquand F, González-Martínez SC. Reduced within-population quantitative genetic variation is associated with climate harshness in maritime pine. Heredity (Edinb) 2023; 131:68-78. [PMID: 37221230 PMCID: PMC10313832 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-023-00622-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
How evolutionary forces interact to maintain genetic variation within populations has been a matter of extensive theoretical debates. While mutation and exogenous gene flow increase genetic variation, stabilizing selection and genetic drift are expected to deplete it. To date, levels of genetic variation observed in natural populations are hard to predict without accounting for other processes, such as balancing selection in heterogeneous environments. We aimed to empirically test three hypotheses: (i) admixed populations have higher quantitative genetic variation due to introgression from other gene pools, (ii) quantitative genetic variation is lower in populations from harsher environments (i.e., experiencing stronger selection), and (iii) quantitative genetic variation is higher in populations from heterogeneous environments. Using growth, phenological and functional trait data from three clonal common gardens and 33 populations (522 clones) of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton), we estimated the association between the population-specific total genetic variances (i.e., among-clone variances) for these traits and ten population-specific indices related to admixture levels (estimated based on 5165 SNPs), environmental temporal and spatial heterogeneity and climate harshness. Populations experiencing colder winters showed consistently lower genetic variation for early height growth (a fitness-related trait in forest trees) in the three common gardens. Within-population quantitative genetic variation was not associated with environmental heterogeneity or population admixture for any trait. Our results provide empirical support for the potential role of natural selection in reducing genetic variation for early height growth within populations, which indirectly gives insight into the adaptive potential of populations to changing environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Archambeau
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, BIOGECO, F-33610, Cestas, France.
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK.
| | | | - Marina de Miguel
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, BIOGECO, F-33610, Cestas, France
- EGFV, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mattingly KZ, Braasch BN, Hovick SM. Greater flowering and response to flooding in Lythrum virgatum than L. salicaria (purple loosestrife). AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plad009. [PMID: 36994381 PMCID: PMC10041361 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Newly introduced trait diversity can spur rapid evolution and facilitate local adaptation in the introduced plant Lythrum salicaria. The horticultural plant L. virgatum might further introduce meaningful trait variation by escaping into established L. salicaria populations or by hybridizing with L. salicaria. Although many experiments have focused on L. salicaria genotypes, relatively little is known about L. virgatum ecology. We used a greenhouse common garden to compare traits and flood response of L. salicaria and L. virgatum collected from two sources each in their native range. We tested the hypotheses that these two wetland taxa have comparable responses to flooding (inundation), and that flood tolerance correlated to higher fitness. Flooding produced stronger stress responses in L. virgatum. Compared to L. salicaria, L. virgatum shifted more aboveground allocation away from reproduction, decreased inflorescence biomass by 40% more, and produced 7% more stem aerenchymatous phellum, a specialized tissue that maintains aeration. Despite these more pronounced responses to flooding stress, L. virgatum had higher fitness (inflorescence biomass and reproductive allocation) than L. salicaria. Overall, L. virgatum differed from L. salicaria in functionally important ways. Lythrum virgatum persisted under flooding and produced more reproductive biomass than L. salicaria under both flooded and non-flooded conditions. However, inundation stressed L. virgatum more than L. salicaria. Lythrum virgatum is likely able to establish into the wetland habitats in which L. salicaria prevails but may possess broader habitat tolerances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brenna N Braasch
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stephen M Hovick
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu YY, Yang QF, Li Z, Zhou ZX, Shi XP, Wang YJ. Parallel genetic and phenotypic differentiation of Erigeron annuus invasion in China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:994367. [PMID: 36684796 PMCID: PMC9845934 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.994367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The factors that determine the growth and spread advantages of an alien plant during the invasion process remain open to debate. The genetic diversity and differentiation of an invasive plant population might be closely related to its growth adaptation and spread in the introduced range. However, little is known about whether phenotypic and genetic variation in invasive plant populations covary during the invasion process along invaded geographic distances. METHODS In a wild experiment, we examined the genetic variation in populations of the aggressively invasive species Erigeron annuus at different geographical distances from the first recorded point of introduction (FRPI) in China. We also measured growth traits in the wild and common garden experiments, and the coefficient of variation (CV) of populations in the common garden experiments. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We found that E. annuus populations had better growth performance (i.e., height and biomass) and genetic diversity, and less trait variation, in the long-term introduced region (east) than in the short-term introduced region (west). Furthermore, population growth performance was significantly positively or negatively correlated with genetic diversity or genetic variation. Our results indicate that there was parallel genetic and phenotypic differentiation along the invaded geographic distance in response to adaptation and spread, and populations that entered introduced regions earlier had consistently high genetic diversity and high growth dominance. Growth and reproduction traits can be used as reliable predictors of the adaptation and genetic variation of invasive plants.
Collapse
|
7
|
Khatri K, Negi B, Bargali K, Bargali SS. Phenotypic variation in morphology and associated functional traits in Ageratina adenophora along an altitudinal gradient in Kumaun Himalaya, India. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01254-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
8
|
Woods EC, Sultan SE. Post-introduction evolution of a rapid life-history strategy in a newly invasive plant. Ecology 2022; 103:e3803. [PMID: 35796712 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A central question in invasion biology is whether adaptive trait evolution following species introduction promotes invasiveness. A growing number of common-garden experiments document phenotypic differences between native- and introduced-range plants, suggesting that adaptive evolution in the new range may indeed contribute to the success of invasive plants. Yet these studies are often subject to methodological pitfalls, resulting in weak evidence for post-introduction adaptive trait evolution and leaving uncertain its role in the invasion process. In a common-garden glasshouse study, we compared the growth, life-history, and reproductive traits of 35 native- and introduced-range Polygonum cespitosum populations. We used complementary approaches including climate-matching, standardizing parental conditions, selection analysis, and testing for trait-environment relationships to determine whether traits that increase invasiveness adaptively evolved in the species' new range. We found that the majority of introduced-range populations exhibited a novel trait syndrome consisting of a fast-paced life history and concomitant sparse, reduced growth form. Selection analysis confirmed that this trait syndrome led to markedly higher fitness (propagule production) over a limited growing season characteristic of regions within the introduced range. Additionally, several growth and reproductive traits showed temperature-based clines consistent with adaptive evolution in the new range. Combined, these results indicate that, subsequent to its introduction to North America over 100 generations ago, P. cespitosum has evolved key traits that maximize propagule production. These changes may in part explain the species' recent transition to invasiveness, illustrating how post-introduction evolution may contribute to the invasion process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen C Woods
- Biology Dept., Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sonia E Sultan
- Biology Dept., Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Evidence for continent-wide convergent evolution and stasis throughout 150 y of a biological invasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2107584119. [PMID: 35476511 PMCID: PMC9170017 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107584119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive evolution can help species to persist and spread in new environments, but it is unclear how the rate and duration of adaptive evolution vary throughout species ranges and on the decadal timescales most relevant to managing biodiversity for the 21st century. Using herbarium records, we reconstruct 150 y of evolution in an invasive plant as it spread across North America. Flowering phenology evolves to adapt to local growing seasons throughout the range but stalls after about a century. This punctuated, convergent evolution recapitulates long-term dynamics in the fossil record, implicating limits to evolutionary rates that are not evident for the first century of spread. The extent to which evolution can rescue a species from extinction, or facilitate range expansion, depends critically on the rate, duration, and geographical extent of the evolutionary response to natural selection. Adaptive evolution can occur quickly, but the duration and geographical extent of contemporary evolution in natural systems remain poorly studied. This is particularly true for species with large geographical ranges and for timescales that lie between “long-term” field experiments and the fossil record. Here, we introduce the Virtual Common Garden (VCG) to investigate phenotypic evolution in natural history collections while controlling for phenotypic plasticity in response to local growing conditions. Reconstructing 150 y of evolution in Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) as it invaded North America, we analyze phenology measurements of 3,429 herbarium records, reconstruct growing conditions from more than 12 million local temperature records, and validate predictions across three common gardens spanning 10° of latitude. We find that phenological clines have evolved repeatedly throughout the range, during the first century of evolution. Thereafter, the rate of microevolution stalls, recapitulating macroevolutionary stasis observed in the fossil record. Our study demonstrates that preserved specimens are a critical resource for investigating limits to evolution in natural populations. Our results show how natural selection and trade-offs measured in field studies predict adaptive divergence observable in herbarium specimens over 15 decades at a continental scale.
Collapse
|
10
|
Willi Y, Van Buskirk J. A review on trade-offs at the warm and cold ends of geographical distributions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210022. [PMID: 35184594 PMCID: PMC8859520 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Species' range limits are ubiquitous. This suggests that the evolution of the ecological niche is constrained in general and at the edges of distributions in particular. While there may be many ecological and genetic reasons for this phenomenon, here we focus on the potential role of trade-offs. We performed a literature search on evidence for trade-offs associated with geographical or elevational range limits. The majority of trade-offs were reported as relevant at either the cold end of species' distribution (n = 19), the warm or dry end (n = 19) or both together (n = 14). One common type of trade-off involved accelerating growth or development (27%), often at the cost of small size. Another common type involved resistance to or tolerance of climatic extremes that occur at certain periods of the year (64%), often at the cost of small size or reduced growth. Trade-offs overlapped with some of the classic trade-offs reported in life-history evolution or thermal adaptation. The results highlight several general insights about species' niches and ranges, and we outline how future research should better integrate the ecological context and test for the presence of microevolutionary trade-offs. This article is part of the theme issue 'Species' ranges in the face of changing environments (Part II)'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Willi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Josh Van Buskirk
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
de Pedro M, Mayol M, González-Martínez SC, Regalado I, Riba M. Environmental patterns of adaptation after range expansion in Leontodon longirostris: The effect of phenological events on fitness-related traits. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:602-615. [PMID: 35067917 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Because of expected range shifts associated with climate change, there is a renewed interest in the evolutionary factors constraining adaptation, among which are genetic bottlenecks, drift, and increased mutational load after range expansion. Here we study adaptation in the short-lived species Leontodon longirostris showing reduced genetic diversity and increased genetic load along an expansion route. METHODS We assessed the phenological patterns of variation, and their effect on fitness-related traits, on 42 L. longirostris populations and six populations of the sister taxa L. saxatilis in a common garden located within the current range of both species. The comparison among L. longirostris populations allowed us to test for genetic clines consistent with local adaptation, whereas the comparison between taxa provided evidence for common adaptive features at the species level. RESULTS We found significant within-species variability for most traits, as well as differences with its close relative L. saxatilis. In general, seeds from drier, warmer, and unpredictable habitats showed overall lower and more restricted conditions for germination, seedlings emerged later and plants flowered earlier. Consequently, genotypes from arid and unpredictable environments attained smaller reproductive sizes and allocated more biomass to reproduction. Flowering time had the strongest direct effect on total plant size, but seedling emergence also showed an important indirect effect. CONCLUSIONS Our results show the crucial role of phenological patterns in shaping adaptive clines for major life-history stage transitions. Furthermore, the genetic load observed in L. longirostris does not seem to preclude adaptation to the climatic variability encountered along the expansion route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Mayol
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
- Univ. Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | | | | | - Miquel Riba
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
- Univ. Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sofi IA, Rashid I, Lone JY, Tyagi S, Reshi ZA, Mir RR. Genetic diversity may help evolutionary rescue in a clonal endemic plant species of Western Himalaya. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19595. [PMID: 34599214 PMCID: PMC8486807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Habitat loss due to climate change may cause the extinction of the clonal species with a limited distribution range. Thus, determining the genetic diversity required for adaptability by these species in sensitive ecosystems can help infer the chances of their survival and spread in changing climate. We studied the genetic diversity and population structure of Sambucus wightiana-a clonal endemic plant species of the Himalayan region for understanding its possible survival chances in anticipated climate change. Eight polymorphic microsatellite markers were used to study the allelic/genetic diversity and population structure. In addition, ITS1-ITS4 Sanger sequencing was used for phylogeny and SNP detection. A total number of 73 alleles were scored for 37 genotypes at 17 loci for 8 SSRs markers. The population structural analysis using the SSR marker data led to identifying two sub-populations in our collection of 37 S. wightiana genotypes, with 11 genotypes having mixed ancestry. The ITS sequence data show a specific allele in higher frequency in a particular sub-population, indicating variation in different S. wightiana accessions at the sequence level. The genotypic data of SSR markers and trait data of 11 traits of S. wightiana, when analyzed together, revealed five significant Marker-Trait Associations (MTAs) through Single Marker Analysis (SMA) or regression analysis. Most of the SSR markers were found to be associated with more than one trait, indicating the usefulness of these markers for working out marker-trait associations. Moderate to high genetic diversity observed in the present study may provide insurance against climate change to S. wightiana and help its further spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Ahmad Sofi
- grid.412997.00000 0001 2294 5433Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190006 India
| | - Irfan Rashid
- grid.412997.00000 0001 2294 5433Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190006 India
| | - Javaid Yousuf Lone
- grid.412997.00000 0001 2294 5433Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190006 India
| | - Sandhya Tyagi
- grid.418196.30000 0001 2172 0814Department of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi 110012 India
| | - Zafar A. Reshi
- grid.412997.00000 0001 2294 5433Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190006 India
| | - Reyazul Rouf Mir
- grid.444725.40000 0004 0500 6225Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST-Kashmir, Wadura Campus, Sopore, Jammu and Kashmir 193201 India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Weston LM, Mattingly KZ, Day CTC, Hovick SM. Potential local adaptation in populations of invasive reed canary grass ( Phalaris arundinacea) across an urbanization gradient. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:11457-11476. [PMID: 34429933 PMCID: PMC8366893 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban stressors represent strong selective gradients that can elicit evolutionary change, especially in non-native species that may harbor substantial within-population variability. To test whether urban stressors drive phenotypic differentiation and influence local adaptation, we compared stress responses of populations of a ubiquitous invader, reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea). Specifically, we quantified responses to salt, copper, and zinc additions by reed canary grass collected from four populations spanning an urbanization gradient (natural, rural, moderate urban, and intense urban). We measured ten phenotypic traits and trait plasticities, because reed canary grass is known to be highly plastic and because plasticity may enhance invasion success. We tested the following hypotheses: (a) Source populations vary systematically in their stress response, with the intense urban population least sensitive and the natural population most sensitive, and (b) plastic responses are adaptive under stressful conditions. We found clear trait variation among populations, with the greatest divergence in traits and trait plasticities between the natural and intense urban populations. The intense urban population showed stress tolerator characteristics for resource acquisition traits including leaf dry matter content and specific root length. Trait plasticity varied among populations for over half the traits measured, highlighting that plasticity differences were as common as trait differences. Plasticity in root mass ratio and specific root length were adaptive in some contexts, suggesting that natural selection by anthropogenic stressors may have contributed to root trait differences. Reed canary grass populations in highly urbanized wetlands may therefore be evolving enhanced tolerance to urban stressors, suggesting a mechanism by which invasive species may proliferate across urban wetland systems generally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah M. Weston
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal BiologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Kali Z. Mattingly
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal BiologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Charles T. C. Day
- Plant Pathology and Plant‐Microbe SectionSchool of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityGenevaNYUSA
| | - Stephen M. Hovick
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal BiologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zettlemoyer MA, Peterson ML. Does Phenological Plasticity Help or Hinder Range Shifts Under Climate Change? Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.689192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate warming is predicted to shift species’ ranges as previously uninhabitable environments just beyond the leading range edges become suitable habitat and trailing range edges become increasingly unsuitable. Understanding which aspects of the environment and species traits mediate these range shifts is critical for understanding species’ possible redistributions under global change, yet we have a limited understanding of the ecological and evolutionary responses underlying population spread or extinction at species’ range edges. Within plant populations, shifts in flowering phenology have been one of the strongest and most consistent responses to climate change, and are likely to play an important role in mediating population dynamics within and beyond species’ ranges. However, the role of phenological shifts, and particularly phenological plasticity, in species’ range shifts remains relatively unstudied. Here, we synthesize literature on phenology, plasticity, and adaptation to suggest ways in which phenological responses to climate may vary across species’ ranges and review the empirical evidence for and against these hypotheses. We then outline how phenological plasticity could facilitate or hinder persistence and potential consequences of phenological plasticity in range expansions, including phenological cues, shifts in correlated traits, altered species interactions, and effects on gene flow. Finally, we suggest future avenues for research, such as characterizing reaction norms for phenology across a species’ range and in beyond-the-range transplant experiments. Given the prevalence and magnitude of phenological shifts, future work should carefully dissect its costs and benefits for population persistence, and incorporate phenological plasticity into models predicting species’ persistence and geographic range shifts under climate change.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ensing DJ, Sora DMDH, Eckert CG. Chronic selection for early reproductive phenology in an annual plant across a steep, elevational gradient of growing season length. Evolution 2021; 75:1681-1698. [PMID: 34048598 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Colonization along ubiquitous gradients of growing season length should require adaptation of phenological traits, driven by natural selection. Although phenology often varies with season length and genetic differentiation in phenological traits sometimes seems adaptive, few studies test whether natural selection is responsible for these patterns. The annual plant Rhinanthus minor is genetically differentiated for phenology across a 1000-m elevational gradient of growing season length in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. We estimated phenotypic selection on five phenological traits for three generations of naturally occurring individuals at 12 sites (n = 10,112), and two generations of genetically and phenotypically more variable transplanted populations at nine of these sites (n = 24,611). Selection was weak for most traits, but consistently favored early flowering across the gradient rather than only under short seasons. There was no evidence that apparent selection favoring early reproduction arose from failure to consider all components of fitness, or variation in other correlated phenological traits. Instead, selection for earlier flowering may be balanced by selection for strong cogradient phenological plasticity that indirectly favors later flowering. However, this probably does not explain the consistency of selection on flowering time across this steep, elevational gradient of growing season length.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Ensing
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Dylan M D H Sora
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Morris P, Lutscher F. A seasonal hybrid model for the evolution of flowering onset. J Theor Biol 2021; 523:110668. [PMID: 33823180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In strongly seasonal environments, many plants tend to divide the favorable season into an earlier part, where they allocate resources to vegetative growth, and a later part, where they allocate resources to reproduction. The onset of flowering typically indicates the shift from one to the other. We derive and analyze a model for the evolution of flowering onset on the phenotypic level. Our model tracks a continuous phenotype distribution through the various seasons from year to year. We analyze a special case of a monomorphic population with the tools of adaptive dynamics. We analyze the general case by a moment approximation. We find that (the mean of) flowering onset converges to some intermediate time within the favorable season. In the monomorphic case, we prove that this is an ESS. The moment approach reveals that there are different time scales involved on which the plant density, the mean flowering onset, and its variance converge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Morris
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Frithjof Lutscher
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics and Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Keivani M, Mehregan I, Albach DC. Evaluating morphological diversity among Plantago major L. populations and influence of ecological variables. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00711-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
18
|
Vtipil EE, Sheth SN. A resurrection study reveals limited evolution of phenology in response to recent climate change across the geographic range of the scarlet monkeyflower. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:14165-14177. [PMID: 33391707 PMCID: PMC7771151 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY As global climate change alters drought regimes, rapid evolution of traits that facilitate adaptation to drought can rescue populations in decline. The evolution of phenological advancement can allow plant populations to escape drought, but evolutionary responses in phenology can vary across a species' range due to differences in drought intensity and standing genetic variation. METHODS Mimulus cardinalis, a perennial herb spanning a broad climatic gradient, recently experienced a period of record drought. Here, we used a resurrection study comparing flowering time and stem height at first flower of pre-drought ancestors and post-drought descendants from northern-edge, central, and southern-edge populations in a common environment to examine the evolution of drought escape across the latitudinal range. KEY RESULTS Contrary to the hypothesis of the evolution of advanced phenology in response to recent drought, flowering time did not advance between ancestors and descendants in any population, though storage condition and maternal effects could have impacted these results. Stem height was positively correlated with flowering time, such that plants that flowered earlier were shorter at first flower. This correlation could constrain the evolution of earlier flowering time if selection favors flowering early at a large size. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that rapid evolution of phenology will not rescue these populations from recent climate change. Future work is needed to examine the potential for the evolution of alternative drought strategies and phenotypic plasticity to buffer M. cardinalis populations from changing climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma E. Vtipil
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Seema Nayan Sheth
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Helsen K, Acharya KP, Graae BJ, De Kort H, Brunet J, Chabrerie O, Cousins SAO, De Frenne P, Hermy M, Verheyen K, Pélabon C. Earlier onset of flowering and increased reproductive allocation of an annual invasive plant in the north of its novel range. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:1005-1016. [PMID: 32582950 PMCID: PMC7596373 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS It remains unclear whether invasive species can maintain both high biomass and reproductive output across their invaded range. Along latitudinal gradients, allocation theory predicts that faster flowering onset at high latitudes results in maturation at smaller size and thus reduced reproductive output. For annual invasive plants, more favourable environmental conditions at low latitudes probably result in stronger competition of co-occurring species, potentially driving selection for higher investment in vegetative biomass, while harsher climatic conditions and associated reproductive uncertainty at higher latitudes could reduce selection for vegetative biomass and increased selection for high reproductive investment (stress-gradient hypothesis). Combined, these drivers could result in increased or constant reproductive allocation with increasing latitude. METHODS We quantified life-history traits in the invasive annual plant Impatiens glandulifera along a latitudinal gradient in Europe. By growing two successive glasshouse generations, we assessed genetic differentiation in vegetative growth and reproductive output across six populations, and tested whether onset of flowering drives this divergence. KEY RESULTS Trait variation was mainly caused by genetic differentiation. As expected, flowering onset was progressively earlier in populations from higher latitudes. Plant height and vegetative biomass also decreased in populations from higher latitudes, as predicted by allocation theory, but their variation was independent of the variation in flowering onset. Reproductive output remained constant across latitudes, resulting in increased reproductive allocation towards higher latitudes, supporting the stress-gradient hypothesis. We also observed trait genetic differentiation among populations that was independent of latitude. CONCLUSIONS We show that an annual invasive plant evolved several life-history traits across its invaded range in ~150 years. The evolution of vegetative and reproductive traits seems unconstrained by evolution of flowering onset. This genetic decoupling between vegetative and reproductive traits possibly contributes to the invasion success of this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Helsen
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, University of Leuven, Arenbergpark 31, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kamal Prasad Acharya
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Sports, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bente Jessen Graae
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hanne De Kort
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, University of Leuven, Arenbergpark 31, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jörg Brunet
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Olivier Chabrerie
- Research Unit ‘Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés’, EDYSAN, UMR 7058 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1 rue des Louvels, Amiens cedex, France
| | - Sara A O Cousins
- Biogeography and Geomatics, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pieter De Frenne
- Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Martin Hermy
- Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kris Verheyen
- Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pélabon
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
García M, Benítez-Vieyra S, Sérsic AN, Pauw A, Cocucci AA, Traveset A, Sazatornil F, Paiaro V. Is variation in flower shape and length among native and non-native populations of Nicotiana glauca a product of pollinator-mediated selection? Evol Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-020-10082-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
21
|
Magnoli SM, Lau JA. Evolution in novel environments: Do restored prairie populations experience strong selection? Ecology 2020; 101:e03120. [PMID: 32535882 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
When populations colonize new habitats, they are likely to experience novel environmental conditions, and as a consequence may experience strong selection. While selection and the resulting evolutionary responses may have important implications for establishment success in colonizing populations, few studies have estimated selection in such scenarios. Here we examined evidence of selection in recently established plant populations in two prairie restorations in close proximity (<15 km apart) using two approaches: (1) we tested for evidence of past selection on a suite of traits in two Chamaecrista fasciculata populations by comparing the restored populations to each other and their shared source population in common gardens to quantify evolutionary responses and (2) we measured selection in the field. We found evidence of past selection on flowering time, specific leaf area, and root nodule production in one of the populations, but detected contemporary selection on only one trait (plant height). Our findings demonstrate that while selection can occur in colonizing populations, resulting in significant trait differences between restored populations in fewer than six generations, evolutionary responses differ across even nearby populations sown with the same source population. Because contemporary measures of selection differed from evolutionary responses to past selection, our findings also suggest that selection likely differs over the early stages of succession that characterize young prairies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Magnoli
- W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, Michigan, 49060.,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48823
| | - Jennifer A Lau
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ollivier M, Kazakou E, Corbin M, Sartori K, Gooden B, Lesieur V, Thomann T, Martin JF, Tixier MS. Trait differentiation between native and introduced populations of the invasive plant Sonchus oleraceus L. (Asteraceae). NEOBIOTA 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.55.49158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that rapid adaptation to novel environments drives successful establishment and spread of invasive plant species. However, the mechanisms driving trait adaptation, such as selection pressure from novel climate niche envelopes, remain poorly tested at global scales. In this study, we investigated differences in 20 traits (relating to growth, resource acquisition, reproduction, phenology and defence) amongst 14 populations of the herbaceous plant Sonchus oleraceus L. (Asteraceae) across its native (Europe and North Africa) and introduced (Australia and New Zealand) ranges. We compared traits amongst populations grown under standard glasshouse conditions. Introduced S. oleraceus plants seemed to outperform native plants, i.e. possessing higher leaf and stem dry matter content, greater number of leaves and were taller at first flowering stage. Although introduced plants produced fewer seeds, they had a higher germination rate than native plants. We found strong evidence for adaptation along temperature and precipitation gradients for several traits (e.g. shoot height, biomass, leaf and stem dry matter contents increased with minimum temperatures, while germination rate decreased with annual precipitations and temperatures), which suggests that similar selective forces shape populations in both the native and invaded ranges. We detected significant shifts in the relationships (i.e. trade-offs) (i) between plant height and flowering time and (ii) between leaf-stem biomass and grain yield between native and introduced plants, indicating that invasion was associated with changes to life-history dynamics that may confer competitive advantages over native vegetation. Specifically, we found that, at first flowering, introduced plants tended to be taller than native ones and that investment in leaf and stem biomass was greater in introduced than in native plants for equivalent levels of grain yield. Our study has demonstrated that climatic conditions may drive rapid adaption to novel environments in invasive plant species.
Collapse
|
23
|
Hock M, Plos C, Sporbert M, Erfmeier A. Combined Effects of UV-B and Drought on Native and Exotic Populations of Verbascum thapsus L. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E269. [PMID: 32085564 PMCID: PMC7076424 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During plant invasions, exotic species have to face new environmental challenges and are affected by interacting components of global change, which may include more stressful environmental conditions. We investigated an invasive species of New Zealand grasslands, commonly exposed to two concomitant and limiting abiotic factors-high levels of ultraviolet-B radiation and drought. The extent to which Verbascum thapsus may respond to these interacting stress factors via adaptive responses was assessed in a greenhouse experiment comprising native German plants and plants of exotic New Zealand origins. Plants from both origins were grown within four treatments resulting from the crossed combinations of two levels of UV-B and drought. Over twelve weeks, we recorded growth, morphological characteristics, physiological responses and productivity. The results showed that drought stress had the strongest effect on biomass, morphology and physiology. Significant effects of UV-B radiation were restricted to variables of leaf morphology and physiology. We found neither evidence for additive effects of UV-B and drought nor origin-dependent stress responses that would indicate local adaptation of native or exotic populations. We conclude that drought-resistant plant species might be predisposed to handle high UV-B levels, but emphasize the importance of setting comparable magnitudes in stress levels when testing experimentally for antagonistic interaction effects between two manipulated factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hock
- Kiel University, Institute for Ecosystem Research/Geobotany, Olshausenstr. 75, 24118 Kiel, Germany;
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle, Germany; (C.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Carolin Plos
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle, Germany; (C.P.); (M.S.)
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5E, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Sporbert
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle, Germany; (C.P.); (M.S.)
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5E, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Ecology and Evolution/Plant Biodiversity, Philosophenweg 16, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexandra Erfmeier
- Kiel University, Institute for Ecosystem Research/Geobotany, Olshausenstr. 75, 24118 Kiel, Germany;
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5E, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ensing DJ, Eckert CG. Interannual variation in season length is linked to strong co-gradient plasticity of phenology in a montane annual plant. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1184-1200. [PMID: 31225910 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Species are commonly distributed along latitudinal and elevational gradients of growing season length to which they might respond via phenotypic plasticity and/or adaptive genetic differentiation. However, the relative contribution of these processes and whether plasticity, if it occurs, facilitates expansion along season-length gradients remain unclear, but are important for predicting species fates during anthropogenic change. We quantified phenological trait variation in the montane annual Rhinanthus minor for three generations at 12 sites across 900 m of elevation in the Canadian Rocky Mountains and conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment for two generations among nine sites. We compared clines and interannual variation of phenological traits between natural and transplanted individuals. Season length declined by c. 37% along our elevational gradient and, as expected, plants emerged, reached first flower and made their first seed in c. 41% fewer growing degree days under shorter growing seasons. Although reciprocal transplants revealed modest genetic differentiation across elevation, trait clines primarily were due to striking co-gradient plasticity that paralleled genetic differentiation. Co-gradient plasticity likely evolved in response to considerable interannual variation in season length across our elevational transect, and should prepare R. minor to make adaptive changes to phenology in response to ongoing climate change predicted for montane environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Ensing
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Manoharan B, Qi SS, Dhandapani V, Chen Q, Rutherford S, Wan JS, Jegadeesan S, Yang HY, Li Q, Li J, Dai ZC, Du DL. Gene Expression Profiling Reveals Enhanced Defense Responses in an Invasive Weed Compared to Its Native Congener During Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4916. [PMID: 31623404 PMCID: PMC6801458 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive plants are a huge burden on the environment, and modify local ecosystems by affecting the indigenous biodiversity. Invasive plants are generally less affected by pathogens, although the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for their enhanced resistance are unknown. We investigated expression profiles of three defense hormones (salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene) and their associated genes in the invasive weed, Alternanthera philoxeroides, and its native congener, A. sessilis, after inoculation with Rhizoctonia solani. Pathogenicity tests showed significantly slower disease progression in A. philoxeroides compared to A. sessilis. Expression analyses revealed jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) expressions were differentially regulated between A. philoxeroides and A. sessilis, with the former having prominent antagonistic cross-talk between salicylic acid (SA) and JA, and the latter showing weak or no cross-talk during disease development. We also found that JA levels decreased and SA levels increased during disease development in A. philoxeroides. Variations in hormonal gene expression between the invasive and native species (including interspecific differences in the strength of antagonistic cross-talk) were identified during R. solani pathogenesis. Thus, plant hormones and their cross-talk signaling may improve the resistance of invasive A. philoxeroides to pathogens, which has implications for other invasive species during the invasion process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharani Manoharan
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Shan-Shan Qi
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Vignesh Dhandapani
- Environmental Genomics Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Qi Chen
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Susan Rutherford
- The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia.
| | - Justin Sh Wan
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
- The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia.
| | - Sridharan Jegadeesan
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 761001, Israel.
| | - Hong-Yu Yang
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Qin Li
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Zhi-Cong Dai
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road 301, Zhenjiang 212013, China..
| | - Dao-Lin Du
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Eichhorn G, Enstipp MR, Georges J, Hasselquist D, Nolet BA. Resting metabolic rate in migratory and non‐migratory geese following range expansion: go south, go low. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Götz Eichhorn
- Dept of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Inst. of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) NL‐6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
- Vogeltrekstation‐Dutch Centre for Avian Migration and Demography (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Bart A. Nolet
- Dept of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Inst. of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) NL‐6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
- Theoretical and Computational Ecology, Univ. of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Qiao H, Liu W, Zhang Y, Zhang YY, Li QQ. Genetic admixture accelerates invasion via provisioning rapid adaptive evolution. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4012-4027. [PMID: 31339595 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Genetic admixture, the intraspecific hybridization among divergent introduced sources, can immediately facilitate colonization via hybrid vigor and profoundly enhance invasion via contributing novel genetic variation to adaption. As hybrid vigor is short-lived, provisioning adaptation is anticipated to be the dominant and long-term profit of genetic admixture, but the evidence for this is rare. We employed the 30 years' geographic-scale invasion of the salt marsh grass, Spartina alterniflora, as an evolutionary experiment and evaluated the consequences of genetic admixture by combining the reciprocal transplant experiment with quantitative and population genetic surveys. Consistent with the documentation, we found that the invasive populations in China had multiple origins from the southern Atlantic coast and the Gulf of Mexico in the US. Interbreeding among these multiple sources generated a "hybrid swarm" that spread throughout the coast of China. In the northern and mid-latitude China, natural selection greatly enhanced fecundity, plant height and shoot regeneration compared to the native populations. Furthermore, genetic admixture appeared to have broken the negative correlation between plant height and shoot regeneration, which was genetically-based in the native range, and have facilitated the evolution of super competitive genotypes in the invasive range. In contrast to the evolved northern and mid-latitude populations, the southern invasive populations showed slight increase of plant height and shoot regeneration compared to the native populations, possibly reflecting the heterotic effect of the intraspecific hybridization. Therefore, our study suggests a critical role of genetic admixture in accelerating the geographic invasion via provisioning rapid adaptive evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Qiao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuan-Ye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qingshun Q Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Benning JW, Eckhart VM, Geber MA, Moeller DA. Biotic Interactions Contribute to the Geographic Range Limit of an Annual Plant: Herbivory and Phenology Mediate Fitness beyond a Range Margin. Am Nat 2019; 193:786-797. [DOI: 10.1086/703187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
29
|
van Boheemen LA, Atwater DZ, Hodgins KA. Rapid and repeated local adaptation to climate in an invasive plant. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:614-627. [PMID: 30367474 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biological invasions provide opportunities to study evolutionary processes occurring over contemporary timescales. To explore the speed and repeatability of adaptation, we examined the divergence of life-history traits to climate, using latitude as a proxy, in the native North American and introduced European and Australian ranges of the annual plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia. We explored niche changes following introductions using climate niche dynamic models. In a common garden, we examined trait divergence by growing seeds collected across three ranges with highly distinct demographic histories. Heterozygosity-fitness associations were used to explore the effect of invasion history on potential success. We accounted for nonadaptive population differentiation using 11 598 single nucleotide polymorphisms. We revealed a centroid shift to warmer, wetter climates in the introduced ranges. We identified repeated latitudinal divergence in life-history traits, with European and Australian populations positioned at either end of the native clines. Our data indicate rapid and repeated adaptation to local climates despite the recent introductions and a bottleneck limiting genetic variation in Australia. Centroid shifts in the introduced ranges suggest adaptation to more productive environments, potentially contributing to trait divergence between the ranges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lotte A van Boheemen
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., 3800, Australia
| | - Daniel Z Atwater
- Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, IN, 47374, USA
| | - Kathryn A Hodgins
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Marchini GL, Maraist CA, Cruzan MB. Trait divergence, not plasticity, determines the success of a newly invasive plant. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:667-679. [PMID: 30561506 PMCID: PMC6417477 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Phenotypic plasticity and genetic differentiation both play important roles in the establishment and spread of species after extra-range dispersal; however, the adaptive potential of plasticity and genetic divergence in successful invasions remains unclear. METHODS We measured six anatomical traits associated with drought tolerance in contrasting water environments for individuals from the invasive and native range of the bunchgrass Brachypodium sylvaticum. To represent sources contributing to admixed genotypes in the invasive range accurately, we used unique alleles to determine probabilities of genetic contribution, and utilized these as weights in our analyses. The adaptive values of plasticity and genetic differentiation were assessed using regression. KEY RESULTS No plasticity was found in response to water availability for any of the measured traits. Bulliform cell area and three traits related to xylem morphology displayed genetic differentiation between invasive and native ranges, indicating a shift in the invasive range towards drought-tolerant phenotypes. Genetic divergence was not consistently in the direction indicated by selection, suggesting that responses are limited by trade-offs with other traits or physical constraints. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that invasive adaptation is the consequence of post-introduction selection leading to genetic differentiation. Selection, rather than plasticity, is driving B. sylvaticum success in its invaded range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gina L Marchini
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Morphology and genetics of Lythrum salicaria from latitudinal gradients of the Northern Hemisphere grown in cold and hot common gardens. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208300. [PMID: 30605466 PMCID: PMC6317810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this project was to compare the phenotypic responses of global populations of Lythrum salicaria in cold/dry and hot/humid environments to determine if phenotypic plasticity varied between the native and invasive ranges, and secondarily if this variation was linked to genetic diversity. Common garden studies were conducted in Třeboň, Czech Republic, and Lafayette, Louisiana, USA (cold/dry vs. hot/humid garden, respectively), using populations from latitudinal gradients in Eurasia and North America. Lythrum salicaria seeds collected from the same maternal plants across these latitudinal gradients were germinated and grown in Třeboň and Lafayette. Tissue masses (above-, below-ground, inflorescence and total) of these individuals were assessed at the end of each growing season (2006–2008). Worldwide field measurements of L. salicaria height were made by volunteers from 2004–2016. Biomass and height data were analyzed using the General Linear Model framework and multivariate techniques. Molecular markers (amplified fragment length polymorphisms) of individuals used in the common garden study were analyzed using traditional genetic diversity metrics and Bayesian clustering algorithms in STRUCTURE. Reaction norms were developed from differences in maternal plant responses in Třeboň versus Lafayette. In the common garden studies, stem/leaf, root and total biomass generally were highest for individuals grown from seeds collected in the southern part of the range in the cold garden, particularly by the third year of the study. In contrast, inflorescence biomass in the cold garden was higher by the third year in individuals from mid-latitude populations. As measured by volunteers, plants were taller in Eurasia than in North America moving from north to south with the pattern switching southward of 40°N latitude. Genetic diversity was similar between native and non-native invasive populations regardless of geographical origin of the seed and was not significantly different in the GLM Select model (p > 0.05). Reaction norm slopes showed that Eurasia had larger values than North America for reaction norms for above-ground and total biomass. Plants from the seeds of mother plants from Turkey had wide variation in total biomass when grown in Třeboň versus Lafayette; this variation in response within certain populations may have contributed to the lack of population-level differences in plasticity. These results indicate no loss of genetic diversity for L. salicaria during its North American invasion, nor reduction in plastic tissue allocation responses to a varying environment, which may help explain some of its invasive qualities and which could be of adaptive value under changing future environments.
Collapse
|
32
|
Tavares D, Loureiro J, Martins A, Castro M, Roiloa S, Castro S. Genetically based phenotypic differentiation between native and introduced tetraploids of Oxalis pes-caprae. Biol Invasions 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-018-1820-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
33
|
|
34
|
Chong VK, Fung HF, Stinchcombe JR. A note on measuring natural selection on principal component scores. Evol Lett 2018; 2:272-280. [PMID: 30283681 PMCID: PMC6121829 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Measuring natural selection through the use of multiple regression has transformed our understanding of selection, although the methods used remain sensitive to the effects of multicollinearity due to highly correlated traits. While measuring selection on principal component (PC) scores is an apparent solution to this challenge, this approach has been heavily criticized due to difficulties in interpretation and relating PC axes back to the original traits. We describe and illustrate how to transform selection gradients for PC scores back into selection gradients for the original traits, addressing issues of multicollinearity and biological interpretation. In addition to reducing multicollinearity, we suggest that this method may have promise for measuring selection on high-dimensional data such as volatiles or gene expression traits. We demonstrate this approach with empirical data and examples from the literature, highlighting how selection estimates for PC scores can be interpreted while reducing the consequences of multicollinearity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica K Chong
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Hannah F Fung
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - John R Stinchcombe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada.,Koffler Scientific Reserve University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Polechová J. Is the sky the limit? On the expansion threshold of a species' range. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005372. [PMID: 29906294 PMCID: PMC6021114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 100 years after Grigg's influential analysis of species' borders, the causes of limits to species' ranges still represent a puzzle that has never been understood with clarity. The topic has become especially important recently as many scientists have become interested in the potential for species' ranges to shift in response to climate change-and yet nearly all of those studies fail to recognise or incorporate evolutionary genetics in a way that relates to theoretical developments. I show that range margins can be understood based on just two measurable parameters: (i) the fitness cost of dispersal-a measure of environmental heterogeneity-and (ii) the strength of genetic drift, which reduces genetic diversity. Together, these two parameters define an 'expansion threshold': adaptation fails when genetic drift reduces genetic diversity below that required for adaptation to a heterogeneous environment. When the key parameters drop below this expansion threshold locally, a sharp range margin forms. When they drop below this threshold throughout the species' range, adaptation collapses everywhere, resulting in either extinction or formation of a fragmented metapopulation. Because the effects of dispersal differ fundamentally with dimension, the second parameter-the strength of genetic drift-is qualitatively different compared to a linear habitat. In two-dimensional habitats, genetic drift becomes effectively independent of selection. It decreases with 'neighbourhood size'-the number of individuals accessible by dispersal within one generation. Moreover, in contrast to earlier predictions, which neglected evolution of genetic variance and/or stochasticity in two dimensions, dispersal into small marginal populations aids adaptation. This is because the reduction of both genetic and demographic stochasticity has a stronger effect than the cost of dispersal through increased maladaptation. The expansion threshold thus provides a novel, theoretically justified, and testable prediction for formation of the range margin and collapse of the species' range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Polechová
- University of Vienna, Department of Mathematics, Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Science and Technology (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Evidence for plasticity, but not local adaptation, in invasive Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica) in North America. Evol Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-018-9942-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
37
|
Shi J, Macel M, Tielbörger K, Verhoeven KJF. Effects of admixture in native and invasive populations of Lythrum salicaria. Biol Invasions 2018; 20:2381-2393. [PMID: 30956538 PMCID: PMC6417435 DOI: 10.1007/s10530-018-1707-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intraspecific hybridization between diverged populations can enhance fitness via various genetic mechanisms. The benefits of such admixture have been proposed to be particularly relevant in biological invasions, when invasive populations originating from different source populations are found sympatrically. However, it remains poorly understood if admixture is an important contributor to plant invasive success and how admixture effects compare between invasive and native ranges. Here, we used experimental crosses in Lythrum salicaria, a species with well-established history of multiple introductions to Eastern North America, to quantify and compare admixture effects in native European and invasive North American populations. We observed heterosis in between-population crosses both in native and invasive ranges. However, invasive-range heterosis was restricted to crosses between two different Eastern and Western invasion fronts, whereas heterosis was absent in geographically distant crosses within a single large invasion front. Our results suggest that multiple introductions have led to already-admixed invasion fronts, such that experimental crosses do not further increase performance, but that contact between different invasion fronts further enhances fitness after admixture. Thus, intra-continental movement of invasive plants in their introduced range has the potential to boost invasiveness even in well-established and successfully spreading invasive species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shi
- 1Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Plant Ecology Group, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,2Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo, 315040 China
| | - Mirka Macel
- 1Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Plant Ecology Group, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,3Department of Plant Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 NL Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Katja Tielbörger
- 1Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Plant Ecology Group, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Koen J F Verhoeven
- 4Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lustenhouwer N, Wilschut RA, Williams JL, van der Putten WH, Levine JM. Rapid evolution of phenology during range expansion with recent climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:e534-e544. [PMID: 29044944 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although climate warming is expected to make habitat beyond species' current cold range edge suitable for future colonization, this new habitat may present an array of biotic or abiotic conditions not experienced within the current range. Species' ability to shift their range with climate change may therefore depend on how populations evolve in response to such novel environmental conditions. However, due to the recent nature of thus far observed range expansions, the role of rapid adaptation during climate change migration is only beginning to be understood. Here, we evaluated evolution during the recent native range expansion of the annual plant Dittrichia graveolens, which is spreading northward in Europe from the Mediterranean region. We examined genetically based differentiation between core and edge populations in their phenology, a trait that is likely under selection with shorter growing seasons and greater seasonality at northern latitudes. In parallel common garden experiments at range edges in Switzerland and the Netherlands, we grew plants from Dutch, Swiss, and central and southern French populations. Population genetic analysis following RAD-sequencing of these populations supported the hypothesized central France origins of the Swiss and Dutch range edge populations. We found that in both common gardens, northern plants flowered up to 4 weeks earlier than southern plants. This differentiation in phenology extended from the core of the range to the Netherlands, a region only reached from central France over approximately the last 50 years. Fitness decreased as plants flowered later, supporting the hypothesized benefits of earlier flowering at the range edge. Our results suggest that native range expanding populations can rapidly adapt to novel environmental conditions in the expanded range, potentially promoting their ability to spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rutger A Wilschut
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, NIOO-KNAW, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer L Williams
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wim H van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, NIOO-KNAW, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Grant JI, Lamp WO. Cold Tolerance of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae): An Invasive Pest of Soybeans. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:1406-1414. [PMID: 29028996 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria Fabricius (Hemiptera: Plataspidae), first discovered in the United States in 2009, is an invasive pest of soybeans. From 2013 to 2016, Maryland has been the northern limit of its distribution in the United States. We sought to determine the physiological cold temperature limits, timing of movement to overwintering locations, and to characterize overwintering microhabitat temperature. We measured supercooling point (SCP) on three populations from distinct USDA plant hardiness zones in Maryland and Virginia between October and December of 2015. The average SCP across all sample months and populations was -12.6°C and no consistent trend of month or population location were observed. Additionally, we assessed the lower lethal temperature to kill 50% of the population (LLT50) at the same population locations in October and November 2015. The average LLT50 over both months and all three population locations was -5.1°C. Again, no consistent trend based on population location was observed but we did find a modest depression in the LLT50 values between October and November. We observed that kudzu bug overwinters in leaf litter and begins to move into the litter in late November to early December. Leaf litter moderates day to night temperature differences and was warmer than ambient temperature by an average of 0.7°C. Evidence suggests that the cold tolerance of the kudzu bug limits its distribution north of Maryland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica I Grant
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - William O Lamp
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Colautti RI, Ågren J, Anderson JT. Phenological shifts of native and invasive species under climate change: insights from the Boechera-Lythrum model. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2016.0032. [PMID: 27920377 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Warmer and drier climates have shifted phenologies of many species. However, the magnitude and direction of phenological shifts vary widely among taxa, and it is often unclear when shifts are adaptive or how they affect long-term viability. Here, we model evolution of flowering phenology based on our long-term research of two species exhibiting opposite shifts in floral phenology: Lythrum salicaria, which is invasive in North America, and the sparse Rocky Mountain native Boechera stricta Genetic constraints are similar in both species, but differences in the timing of environmental conditions that favour growth lead to opposite phenological shifts under climate change. As temperatures increase, selection is predicted to favour earlier flowering in native B. stricta while reducing population viability, even if populations adapt rapidly to changing environmental conditions. By contrast, warming is predicted to favour delayed flowering in both native and introduced L. salicaria populations while increasing long-term viability. Relaxed selection from natural enemies in invasive L. salicaria is predicted to have little effect on flowering time but a large effect on reproductive fitness. Our approach highlights the importance of understanding ecological and genetic constraints to predict the ecological consequences of evolutionary responses to climate change on contemporary timescales.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human influences on evolution, and the ecological and societal consequences'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert I Colautti
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, 116 Barrie Street, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Jon Ågren
- Plant Ecology and Evolution, Department of Ecology and Genetics, EBC, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 D, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jill T Anderson
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 120 Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sinasson Sanni GK, Shackleton CM, Sinsin B. Reproductive phenology of twoMimusopsspecies in relation to climate, tree diameter and canopy position in Benin (West Africa). Afr J Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gisèle K. Sinasson Sanni
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Appliquée; Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques; Université d'Abomey-Calavi; Cotonou Bénin
- Laboratoire de Biomathématiques et d'Estimations Forestières; Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques; Université d'Abomey-Calavi; Cotonou Bénin
| | | | - Brice Sinsin
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Appliquée; Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques; Université d'Abomey-Calavi; Cotonou Bénin
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Espeland EK, Johnson RC, Horning ME. Plasticity in native perennial grass populations: Implications for restoration. Evol Appl 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eva.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard C. Johnson
- Plant Germplasm Introduction and Testing Research Unit; USDA-ARS; Pullman WA USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Massol F, Altermatt F, Gounand I, Gravel D, Leibold MA, Mouquet N. How life-history traits affect ecosystem properties: effects of dispersal in meta-ecosystems. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- François Massol
- CNRS, Univ. de Lille, UMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo, SPICI group; FR-59000 Lille France
| | - Florian Altermatt
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Dübendorf, Switzerland, and: Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Gounand
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Dübendorf, Switzerland, and: Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Dépt de biologie; Univ. de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada, and: Québec Center for Biodiversity Science; Quebec Canada
| | - Mathew A. Leibold
- Dept of Integrative Biology; Univ. of Texas at Austin; Austin TX USA
| | - Nicolas Mouquet
- 7 UMR MARBEC (MARine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation); Univ. de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Colautti RI, Alexander JM, Dlugosch KM, Keller SR, Sultan SE. Invasions and extinctions through the looking glass of evolutionary ecology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160031. [PMID: 27920376 PMCID: PMC5182427 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive and endangered species reflect opposite ends of a spectrum of ecological success, yet they experience many similar eco-evolutionary challenges including demographic bottlenecks, hybridization and novel environments. Despite these similarities, important differences exist. Demographic bottlenecks are more transient in invasive species, which (i) maintains ecologically relevant genetic variation, (ii) reduces mutation load, and (iii) increases the efficiency of natural selection relative to genetic drift. Endangered species are less likely to benefit from admixture, which offsets mutation load but also reduces fitness when populations are locally adapted. Invading species generally experience more benign environments with fewer natural enemies, which increases fitness directly and also indirectly by masking inbreeding depression. Adaptive phenotypic plasticity can maintain fitness in novel environments but is more likely to evolve in invasive species encountering variable habitats and to be compromised by demographic factors in endangered species. Placed in an eco-evolutionary context, these differences affect the breadth of the ecological niche, which arises as an emergent property of antagonistic selection and genetic constraints. Comparative studies of invasions and extinctions that apply an eco-evolutionary perspective could provide new insights into the environmental and genetic basis of ecological success in novel environments and improve efforts to preserve global biodiversity.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human influences on evolution, and the ecological and societal consequences'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert I Colautti
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, 116 Barrie Street, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Jake M Alexander
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katrina M Dlugosch
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, PO Box 210088, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Stephen R Keller
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, 111 Jeffords Hall, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Sonia E Sultan
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, 237 Church Street, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Schrieber K, Wolf S, Wypior C, Höhlig D, Hensen I, Lachmuth S. Adaptive and non-adaptive evolution of trait means and genetic trait correlations for herbivory resistance and performance in an invasive plant. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Schrieber
- Inst. of Biology; Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther Univ. Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Dept. of Chemical Ecology; Univ. Bielefeld; Bielefeld Germany
| | - Sabrina Wolf
- Inst. of Biology; Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther Univ. Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Catherina Wypior
- Inst. of Biology; Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther Univ. Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Diana Höhlig
- Inst. of Biology; Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther Univ. Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Isabell Hensen
- Inst. of Biology; Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther Univ. Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Susanne Lachmuth
- Inst. of Biology; Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther Univ. Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hernández-Lambraño RE, González-Moreno P, Sánchez-Agudo JÁ. Towards the top: niche expansion of Taraxacum officinale
and Ulex europaeus
in mountain regions of South America. AUSTRAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Enrique Hernández-Lambraño
- Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agraria (CIALE) Universidad de Salamanca; Parque Científico, C/ Del Duero 12 37185 Villamayor Salamanca, España Spain
| | - Pablo González-Moreno
- Estación Biológica de Doñana; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD-CSIC); Isla de la Cartuja Sevilla Spain
- CABI; Bakeham Lane; Egham UK
| | - José Ángel Sánchez-Agudo
- Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agraria (CIALE) Universidad de Salamanca; Parque Científico, C/ Del Duero 12 37185 Villamayor Salamanca, España Spain
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Samis KE, López-Villalobos A, Eckert CG. Strong genetic differentiation but not local adaptation toward the range limit of a coastal dune plant. Evolution 2016; 70:2520-2536. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen E. Samis
- Department of Biology; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
- Current Address: Department of Biology; University of Prince Edward Island; Charlottetown Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Puentes A, Granath G, Ågren J. Similarity in G matrix structure among natural populations of Arabidopsis lyrata. Evolution 2016; 70:2370-2386. [PMID: 27501272 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the stability of the G matrix in natural populations is fundamental for predicting evolutionary trajectories; yet, the extent of its spatial variation and how this impacts responses to selection remain open questions. With a nested paternal half-sib crossing design and plants grown in a field experiment, we examined differences in the genetic architecture of flowering time, floral display, and plant size among four Scandinavian populations of Arabidopsis lyrata. Using a multivariate Bayesian framework, we compared the size, shape, and orientation of G matrices and assessed their potential to facilitate or constrain trait evolution. Flowering time, floral display and rosette size varied among populations and significant additive genetic variation within populations indicated potential to evolve in response to selection. Yet, some characters, including flowering start and number of flowers, may not evolve independently because of genetic correlations. Using a multivariate framework, we found few differences in the genetic architecture of traits among populations. G matrices varied mostly in size rather than shape or orientation. Differences in multivariate responses to selection predicted from differences in G were small, suggesting overall matrix similarity and shared constraints to trait evolution among populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Puentes
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden. .,Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Gustaf Granath
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jon Ågren
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Huang Y, Tran I, Agrawal AF. Does Genetic Variation Maintained by Environmental Heterogeneity Facilitate Adaptation to Novel Selection? Am Nat 2016; 188:27-37. [PMID: 27322119 DOI: 10.1086/686889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Environmental heterogeneity helps maintain genetic variation in fitness. Therefore, one might predict that populations living in heterogeneous environments have higher adaptive potential than populations living in homogeneous environments. Such a prediction could be useful in guiding conservation priorities without requiring detailed genetic studies. However, this prediction will be true only if the additional genetic variation maintained by environmental heterogeneity can be used to respond to novel selection. Here we examine the effect of environmental heterogeneity on future adaptability using replicated experimental Drosophila melanogaster populations that had previously evolved for ∼100 generations under one of four selective regimes: constant salt-enriched larvae medium, constant cadmium-enriched larvae medium, and two heterogeneous regimes that vary either temporally or spatially between the two media. Replicates of these experimental populations were subjected to a novel heat stress while being maintained in their original larval diet selection regimes. Adaptation to increased temperature was measured with respect to female productivity and male siring success after ∼20 generations. For female productivity, there was evidence of adaptation overall and heterogeneous populations had a larger adaptive response than homogeneous populations. There was less evidence of adaptation overall for male siring success and no support for faster adaptation in heterogeneous populations.
Collapse
|
50
|
Liao H, D'Antonio CM, Chen B, Huang Q, Peng S. How much do phenotypic plasticity and local genetic variation contribute to phenotypic divergences along environmental gradients in widespread invasive plants? A meta-analysis. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huixuan Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen Univ.; CN-510006 Guangzhou PR China
| | - Carla M. D'Antonio
- Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology; Univ. of California; Santa Barbara CA 93106-4160 USA
| | - Baoming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen Univ.; CN-510006 Guangzhou PR China
| | - Qiaoqiao Huang
- Inst. of Environment and Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences; CN-571737 Danzhou PR China
| | - Shaolin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen Univ.; CN-510006 Guangzhou PR China
| |
Collapse
|