1
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Rowling A, Doulcet J, Dawson R, Tapia-Ruiz N, Trewin A. Facile Synthesis of Organically Synthesized Porous Carbon Using a Commercially Available Route with Exceptional Electrochemical Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:47631-47638. [PMID: 39187440 PMCID: PMC11403544 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c09710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Organically synthesized porous carbon (OSPC) is a subclass of conjugated microporous polymer materials that have shown potential applications as anodes in ion batteries. However, a challenging, low-yielding, multistep synthetic route (the A method) has hindered further exploration of this exciting family. Here, OSPC-1 has been synthesized via an alternative, efficient one-pot method from commercially available reagents (the B method), hereafter referred to as OSPC-1b in contrast to OSPC-1a, where it is synthesized via the A method. Characterization revealed the same polymer structure and the highest surface area to date of an OSPC (or OSPC analogue) family member for OSPC-1b with 909 m2 g-1. OSPC-1b was tested as an anode for Li-ion batteries, demonstrating the same high capacity, fast charging, resistance to degradation, and inhibition of the formation of dangerous lithium dendrites as OSPC-1a. Furthermore, the electrochemical properties of OSPC-0 were evaluated for the first time, agreeing with previously predicted values, giving scope for the design and targeting of specific properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Rowling
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K
| | - Julien Doulcet
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K
| | - Robert Dawson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, 13 Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Nuria Tapia-Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Abbie Trewin
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K
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2
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Rossi V, Unitt R, McNamara M. A new non-destructive method to decipher the origin of organic matter in fossils using Raman spectroscopy. RSC Adv 2024; 14:26747-26759. [PMID: 39183999 PMCID: PMC11342070 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04364b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Ancient biomolecules provide a unique perspective on the past but are underutilized in paleontology because of challenges in interpreting the chemistry of fossils. Most organically preserved soft tissues in fossils have been altered by thermal maturation during the fossilization process, obscuring original chemistry. Here, we use a comprehensive program of thermal maturation experiments on soft tissues from diverse extant organisms to systematically test whether thermally altered biosignatures can be discriminated using Raman spectroscopy. All experimentally matured samples show chemical signatures that are superficially similar. Comparative analysis of Raman spectra following peak deconvolution, however, reveals strong tissue-specific signals. Application of this approach to fossils from the Bolca (49 Ma) and Libros (10 Ma) Konservat-Lagerstätten successfully discriminates fossil vertebrate soft tissue from that of fossil plants. Critically, our data confirm that a robust interrogation of Raman spectra coupled with multivariate analysis is a powerful tool to shed light on the taxonomic origins of thermally matured fossil soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Rossi
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork Cork T23 TK30 Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork Lee Road Cork T23 XE10 Ireland
| | - Richard Unitt
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork Cork T23 TK30 Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork Lee Road Cork T23 XE10 Ireland
| | - Maria McNamara
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork Cork T23 TK30 Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork Lee Road Cork T23 XE10 Ireland
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3
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Grote F, Weintrub BI, Kreßler M, Cao Q, Halbig CE, Kusch P, Bolotin KI, Eigler S. Evidence for Trans-Oligoene Chain Formation in Graphene Induced by Iodine. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311987. [PMID: 38506566 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Functionalization of pristine graphene by hydrogen and fluorine is well studied, resulting in graphane and fluorographene structures. In contrast, functionalization of pristine graphene with iodine has not been reported. Here, the functionalization of graphene with iodine using photochemical activation is presented, which is thermally reversible at 400 °C. Additional dispersive dominant Raman modes that are probed by resonance Raman spectroscopy are observed. Additionally, iodinated graphene is probed by Kelvin probe force microscopy and by transport measurements showing p-doping surpassing non-covalent iodine doping by charge transfer-complex formation. The emergent Raman modes combined with strong p-doping indicate that iodine functionalization is distinct from simple iodine doping. A reaction mechanism based on these findings is proposed, identifying the large size of iodine atoms as the probable cause governing regiochemically controlled addition due to steric hinderance of reactive sites. The modification of the electronic structure is explained by the confinement of 1D trans-oligoene chains between sp3-defects. These results demonstrate the uniqueness of iodine reactivity toward graphene and the modification of the electronic structure of iodinated graphene, highlighting its dependence on the spatial arrangement of substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Grote
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstraße 23a, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin I Weintrub
- Institut für Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mira Kreßler
- Institut für Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qing Cao
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstraße 23a, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian E Halbig
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstraße 23a, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patryk Kusch
- Institut für Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirill I Bolotin
- Institut für Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Siegfried Eigler
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstraße 23a, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Arrigoni A, Brambilla L, Bertarelli C, Saporiti C, Castiglioni C. Conducting Electrospun Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) Nanofibers: New Strategies for Effective Chemical Doping and its Assessment Using Infrared Spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2024:37028241265140. [PMID: 39056296 DOI: 10.1177/00037028241265140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopy allows the investigation of structural properties of pristine and doped poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) in highly anisotropic materials, such as electrospun micro- and nanofibers. Here, we compare several approaches for doping P3HT fibers. We have selected two different electron acceptor molecules as dopants, namely iodine and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ). In the case of iodine, we have explored the doping of the fibers according to several different procedures, i.e., by sequential doping both in vapors and in solution, and with a novel promising one-step method, which exploits the mixing of the dopant to the electrospinning feed solution. Polarized infrared (IR) spectroscopy experiments prove the orientation of P3HT chains, with the polymer backbone mainly running parallel to the fiber axis. After doping, P3HT fibers show very strong and polarized doping-induced IR active vibrations (IRAVs), which are the spectroscopic signature of the structure relaxation induced by the charged defects (polarons), thus providing an unambiguous proof of the effective doping. Raman spectroscopy complements the IR evidence: The Raman spectrum shows a clearly recognizable shift of the main band, the so-called effective conjugation coordinate band, in the doped samples. A simple protocol, which quantifies the evolution of the IRAV bands with time, allows monitoring of the doping stability over time and confirms that F4TCNQ is by far superior to iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Arrigoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Brambilla
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Bertarelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Saporiti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Castiglioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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5
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Duan S, Tian G, Luo Y. Theoretical and computational methods for tip- and surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5083-5117. [PMID: 38596836 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs01070h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a versatile tool for acquiring molecular structure information. The incorporation of plasmonic fields has significantly enhanced the sensitivity and resolution of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). The strong spatial confinement effect of plasmonic fields has challenged the conventional Raman theory, in which a plane wave approximation for the light has been adopted. In this review, we comprehensively survey the progress of a generalized theory for SERS and TERS in the framework of effective field Hamiltonian (EFH). With this approach, all characteristics of localized plasmonic fields can be well taken into account. By employing EFH, quantitative simulations at the first-principles level for state-of-the-art experimental observations have been achieved, revealing the underlying intrinsic physics in the measurements. The predictive power of EFH is demonstrated by several new phenomena generated from the intrinsic spatial, momentum, time, and energy structures of the localized plasmonic field. The corresponding experimental verifications are also carried out briefly. A comprehensive computational package for modeling of SERS and TERS at the first-principles level is introduced. Finally, we provide an outlook on the future developments of theory and experiments for SERS and TERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Duan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Guangjun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science & Technology and Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Science at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
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6
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Gonev H, Jones E, Chang CY, Ie Y, Chatterjee S, Clarke TM. Invariant Charge Carrier Dynamics Using a Non-Planar Non-Fullerene Acceptor across Multiple Processing Solvents. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:6758-6766. [PMID: 38690536 PMCID: PMC11056975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Conventional non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) typically have planar structures that can enable improved electron mobility and produce more efficient organic photovoltaic devices. A relatively simple A-D-A'-D-A type NFA specifically designed to match with poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) for green-absorbing agrivoltaic applications has been examined using a variety of techniques: microsecond transient absorption spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and photoluminescence. Relatively invariant charge carrier decay dynamics are observed in the blend films across a variety of processing solvents. Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with computational studies reveals that this NFA is non-planar and that multiple conformations are present in films, while preserving the crystalline nature of P3HT. The non-planarity of the NFA therefore creates a dispersive acceptor environment, irrespective of processing solvent, and this leads to the observed relative invariance in charge carrier decay dynamics and high tolerance to morphological variation. The findings presented in this work highlight the potential of non-planar materials as acceptors in organic photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hristo
Ivov Gonev
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Building, London, WC1H 0AJ, United
Kingdom
| | - Elena Jones
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Building, London, WC1H 0AJ, United
Kingdom
| | - Chia-Yu Chang
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Building, London, WC1H 0AJ, United
Kingdom
| | - Yutaka Ie
- The
Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shreyam Chatterjee
- The
Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Tracey M. Clarke
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Building, London, WC1H 0AJ, United
Kingdom
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7
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Nagahara T, Camargo FVA, Xu F, Ganzer L, Russo M, Zhang P, Perri A, de la Cruz Valbuena G, Heisler IA, D’Andrea C, Polli D, Müllen K, Feng X, Mai Y, Cerullo G. Electronic Structure of Isolated Graphene Nanoribbons in Solution Revealed by Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:797-804. [PMID: 38189787 PMCID: PMC10811683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Structurally well-defined graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are nanostructures with unique optoelectronic properties. In the liquid phase, strong aggregation typically hampers the assessment of their intrinsic properties. Recently we reported a novel type of GNRs, decorated with aliphatic side chains, yielding dispersions consisting mostly of isolated GNRs. Here we employ two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy to unravel the optical properties of isolated GNRs and disentangle the transitions underlying their broad and rather featureless absorption band. We observe that vibronic coupling, typically neglected in modeling, plays a dominant role in the optical properties of GNRs. Moreover, a strong environmental effect is revealed by a large inhomogeneous broadening of the electronic transitions. Finally, we also show that the photoexcited bright state decays, on the 150 fs time scale, to a dark state which is in thermal equilibrium with the bright state, that remains responsible for the emission on nanosecond time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhiko Nagahara
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Kyoto
Institute of Technology, 606-8585 Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Fugui Xu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for
Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lucia Ganzer
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mattia Russo
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for
Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Antonio Perri
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Ismael A. Heisler
- Departamento
de Física, Universidade Federal do
Paraná, Caixa
Postal 19044, 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cosimo D’Andrea
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Dario Polli
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck
Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Department
of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische
Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yiyong Mai
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for
Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- IFN-CNR, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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8
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Wang Y, Wang Z, Qiu Z, Zhang X, Chen J, Li J, Narita A, Müllen K, Palma CA. Hydrogenation of Hexa- peri-hexabenzocoronene: An Entry to Nanographanes and Nanodiamonds. ACS NANO 2023; 17:18832-18842. [PMID: 37729013 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of atomically precise nanographanes is a largely unexplored frontier in carbon-sp3 nanomaterials, enabling potential applications in phononics, photonics and electronics. One strategy is the hydrogenation of prototypical nanographene monolayers and multilayers under vacuum conditions. Here, we study the interaction of atomic hydrogen, generated by a hydrogen source and hydrogen plasma, with hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene on gold using integrated time-of-flight mass spectrometry, scanning tunneling microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Density functional tight-binding molecular dynamics is employed to rationalize the conversion to sp3 carbon atoms. The resulting hydrogenation of hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene molecules is demonstrated computationally and experimentally, and the potential for atomically precise hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene-derived nanodiamond fabrication is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zishu Wang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijie Qiu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaoxi Zhang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Chen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Carlos-Andres Palma
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Physics & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Zhou Y, Zhang X, Sheng G, Wang S, Chen M, Zhuang G, Zhu Y, Du P. A metal-free photoactive nitrogen-doped carbon nanosolenoid with broad absorption in visible region for efficient photocatalysis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5831. [PMID: 37730724 PMCID: PMC10511729 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41467-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Riemann surfaces inspired chemists to design and synthesize such multidimensional curved carbon architectures. It has been predicted that carbon nanosolenoid materials with Riemann surfaces have unique structures and novel physical properties. Here we report the first synthesis of a nitrogen-doped carbon nanosolenoid (N-CNS) using bottom-up approach with a well-defined structure. N-CNS was obtained by a rational Suzuki polymerization, followed by oxidative cyclodehydrogenation. The successful synthesis of N-CNS was fully characterized by GPC, FTIR, solid-state 13C NMR and Raman techniques. The intrinsic single-strand molecular structures of N-CNS helices can be clearly resolved using low-dose integrated differential phase contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (iDPC-STEM) technique. Possessing unique structural and physical properties, this long π-extended polymer N-CNS can provide new insight towards bottom-up syntheses of curved nanoribbons and potential applications as a metal-free photocatalyst for visible-light-driven H2 evolution and highly efficient photocatalyst for photoredox organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, 523808, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, 230026, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, 230026, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Guan Sheng
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shengda Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, 230026, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Muqing Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, 523808, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Guilin Zhuang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yihan Zhu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Pingwu Du
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, 230026, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.
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10
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Bengalli RD, Zerbi G, Lucotti A, Catelani T, Mantecca P. Carbon nanotubes: Structural defects as stressors inducing lung cell toxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110613. [PMID: 37353135 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Lung toxicity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is matter of concern since very long time. However, their mechanism of toxicity is still not yet well defined. In this work, the role of structural defects as organic stressors of CNTs able to trigger their potential toxicity is investigated. Four commercial CNTs, with different carbon purity grade, are morphologically characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the relative amount of structural defects are estimated through Raman spectroscopy, by measuring the intensity ratio D/G (ID/IG). The oxidative potential of CNTs is evaluated with cytochrome-C assay and reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection. Data show that CNTs with larger amounts of structural defects (higher ID/IG ratio) induce an increased ROS generation and consequent cytotoxicity and cellular damage, shown by TEM images of CNTs-cells interaction. Raman analyses of cells exposed to CNTs point out that the spectra of the CNTs inside the cells show no differences with respect of the signal recorded for cell-free CNTs, evidencing their biopersistence in lung cells. Raman spectra cannot provide direct indication of the existence of metals as impurity. It follows that the intensity ratio ID/IG can be taken as a predictive marker of the toxicity of a given CNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Daniela Bengalli
- POLARIS Research Centre, Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milano, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Zerbi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Lucotti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Tiziano Catelani
- Microscopy Facility, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Paride Mantecca
- POLARIS Research Centre, Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
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11
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Davies DW, Seo B, Park SK, Shiring SB, Chung H, Kafle P, Yuan D, Strzalka JW, Weber R, Zhu X, Savoie BM, Diao Y. Unraveling two distinct polymorph transition mechanisms in one n-type single crystal for dynamic electronics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1304. [PMID: 36944642 PMCID: PMC10030468 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36871-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cooperativity is used by living systems to circumvent energetic and entropic barriers to yield highly efficient molecular processes. Cooperative structural transitions involve the concerted displacement of molecules in a crystalline material, as opposed to typical molecule-by-molecule nucleation and growth mechanisms which often break single crystallinity. Cooperative transitions have acquired much attention for low transition barriers, ultrafast kinetics, and structural reversibility. However, cooperative transitions are rare in molecular crystals and their origin is poorly understood. Crystals of 2-dimensional quinoidal terthiophene (2DQTT-o-B), a high-performance n-type organic semiconductor, demonstrate two distinct thermally activated phase transitions following these mechanisms. Here we show reorientation of the alkyl side chains triggers cooperative behavior, tilting the molecules like dominos. Whereas, nucleation and growth transition is coincident with increasing alkyl chain disorder and driven by forming a biradical state. We establish alkyl chain engineering as integral to rationally controlling these polymorphic behaviors for novel electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel William Davies
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Bumjoon Seo
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 W Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Joellabuk-do, 55324, South Korea
| | - Stephen B Shiring
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 W Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Hyunjoong Chung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Prapti Kafle
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Dafei Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Joseph W Strzalka
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Ralph Weber
- Bruker BioSpin Corp., 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, MA, 01821, USA
| | - Xiaozhang Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Brett M Savoie
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 W Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Mathews Ave. M/C 251, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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12
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Moseenkov SI, Kuznetsov VL, Zolotarev NA, Kolesov BA, Prosvirin IP, Ishchenko AV, Zavorin AV. Investigation of Amorphous Carbon in Nanostructured Carbon Materials (A Comparative Study by TEM, XPS, Raman Spectroscopy and XRD). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1112. [PMID: 36770119 PMCID: PMC9919804 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous carbon (AC) is present in the bulk and on the surface of nanostructured carbon materials (NCMs) and exerts a significant effect on the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of NCMs. Thus, the determination of AC in NCMs is extremely important for controlling the properties of a wide range of materials. In this work, a comparative study of the effect of heat treatment on the structure and content of amorphous carbon in deposited AC film, nanodiamonds, carbon black and multiwalled carbon nanotube samples was carried out by TEM, XPS, XRD and Raman spectroscopy. It has been established that the use of the 7-peak model for fitting the Raman spectra makes it possible not only to isolate the contribution of the modes of amorphous carbon but also to improve the accuracy of fitting the fundamental G and D2 (D) modes and obtain a satisfactory convergence between XPS and Raman spectroscopy. The use of this model for fitting the Raman spectra of deposited AC film, ND, CB and MWCNT films demonstrated its validity and effectiveness for investigating the amorphous carbon in various carbon systems and its applicability in comparative studies of other NCMs.
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13
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Yang B, Gu Y, Paternò GM, Teyssandier J, Maghsoumi A, Barker AJ, Mali KS, Scotognella F, De Feyter S, Tommasini M, Feng X, Narita A, Müllen K. Zigzag-Edged Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Benzo[m]tetraphene Precursors. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203981. [PMID: 36695295 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A series of zigzag-edged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (Z1-Z3) were synthesized from 2,12-dibromo-7,14-diphenyl-benzo[m]tetraphene (9) as a versatile building block. Their structures were unambiguously confirmed by laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, 1 H NMR, Raman, and Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies as well as scanning tunneling microscopy. The fingerprint vibrational modes were elucidated with theoretical support. The edge- and size-dependent optical properties were characterized by UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy and DFT calculations. Moreover, ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy revealed distinct modulation of the photophysical properties upon π-extension from Z1 to Z2, the latter having a gulf edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yanwei Gu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Giuseppe M Paternò
- Physics Department, Politecnico di Milano Piazza L. da Vinci 32, Milano, 20133, Italy.,Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Nano Science and Technology, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Joan Teyssandier
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ali Maghsoumi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica - Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Alex J Barker
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Nano Science and Technology, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francesco Scotognella
- Physics Department, Politecnico di Milano Piazza L. da Vinci 32, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica - Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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14
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Xie Z, Cao XR, Wang L, Yu HZ, Wang CK, Tian G, Luo Y, Duan S. Exploiting the Momentum Distribution in Atomically Confined Plasmonic Fields by Inelastic Scatterings. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:363-369. [PMID: 36606739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of atomically confined plasmonic fields has revolutionized the imaging technique. According to the fundamental position-momentum uncertainty principle, such a narrow spatial distribution certainly leads to a broad momentum distribution in the fields, which has however been overlooked. Here we propose a novel exploitation for the momentum distribution by adaptively satisfying the conservation law of momentum in inelastic Raman scatterings in periodic systems, providing a unique optical means of directly measuring the whole phonon dispersions. The proposed technique is particularly useful for measuring phonon dispersions of low-dimensional hydrogen-rich materials, which are completely inaccessible via other techniques. The numerical results for a single all-trans polyacetylene chain demonstrate that all phonon dispersion branches can be conclusively measured from their Raman images for the first time. Our findings highlight a unique advantage of the emerging momentum-based nanophotonics and open the door for exploiting highly confined plasmonic fields in another dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xie
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan250014, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Rui Cao
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan250014, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Zhen Yu
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan250014, P. R. China
| | - Chuan-Kui Wang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan250014, P. R. China
| | - Guangjun Tian
- Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao066004, P. R. China
| | - Yi Luo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, P. R. China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230088, P. R. China
| | - Sai Duan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, P. R. China
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15
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Development of Tailored Graphene Nanoparticles: Preparation, Sorting and Structure Assessment by Complementary Techniques. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020565. [PMID: 36677624 PMCID: PMC9865347 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a thorough structural characterization of Graphene Nano Particles (GNPs) prepared by means of physical procedures, i.e., ball milling and ultra-sonication of high-purity synthetic graphite. UV-vis absorption/extinction spectroscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering, Transmission Electron Microscopy, IR and Raman spectroscopies were performed. Particles with small size were obtained, with an average lateral size <L> = 70−120 nm, formed by few <N> = 1−10 stacked layers, and with a small number of carboxylic groups on the edges. GNPs relatively more functionalized were separated by centrifugation, which formed stable water dispersions without the need for any surfactant. A critical reading and unified interpretation of a wide set of spectroscopic data was provided, which demonstrated the potential of Specular Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy for the diagnosis and quantification of chemical functionalization of GNPs. Raman parameters commonly adopted for the characterization of graphitic materials do not always follow a monotonic trend, e.g., with the particle size and shape, thus unveiling some limitations of the available spectroscopic metrics. This issue was overcome thanks to a comparative spectra analysis, including spectra deconvolution by means of curve fitting procedures, experiments on reference materials and the exploitation of complementary characterization techniques.
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16
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Bonafé Allende JC, Schmarsow RN, Matxinandiarena E, García Schejtman SD, Coronado EA, AlvarezIgarzabal CI, Picchio ML, Müller AJ. Crystallization-Driven Supramolecular Gelation of Poly(vinyl alcohol) by a Small Catechol Derivative. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cruz Bonafé Allende
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), IPQA−CONICET, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, CórdobaX5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Ruth N. Schmarsow
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry, and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal, 3, 20018Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Eider Matxinandiarena
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry, and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal, 3, 20018Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Sergio D. García Schejtman
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), INFIQC−CONICET, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, CórdobaX5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Eduardo A. Coronado
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), INFIQC−CONICET, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, CórdobaX5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Cecilia I. AlvarezIgarzabal
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), IPQA−CONICET, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, CórdobaX5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Matías L. Picchio
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry, and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal, 3, 20018Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), CONICET, Güemes 3450, Santa Fe3000, Argentina
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry, and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal, 3, 20018Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009Bilbao, Spain
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17
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Arrigoni A, Brambilla L, Castiglioni C, Bertarelli C. Conducting Electrospun Nanofibres: Monitoring of Iodine Doping of P3HT through Infrared (IRAV) and Raman (RaAV) Polaron Spectroscopic Features. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4308. [PMID: 36500931 PMCID: PMC9739408 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aligned polymer nanofibres are prepared by means of the electrospinning of a chlorobenzene solution containing regioregular poly(3-hexyltiophene-2,5-diyl), P3HT, and poly(ethylene oxide), PEO. The PEO scaffold is easily dissolved with acetonitrile, leaving pure P3HT fibres, which do not show structural modification. Polymer fibres, either with or without the PEO supporting polymer, are effectively doped by exposure to iodine vapours. Doping is monitored following the changes in the doping-induced vibrational bands (IRAVs) observed in the infrared spectra and by means of Raman spectroscopy. Molecular orientation inside the fibres has been assessed by means of IR experiments in polarised light, clearly demonstrating that electrospinning induces the orientation of the polymer chains along the fibre axis as well as of the defects introduced by doping. This work illustrates a case study that contributes to the fundamental knowledge of the vibrational properties of the doping-induced defects-charged polarons-of P3HT. Moreover, it provides experimental protocols for a thorough spectroscopic characterisation of the P3HT nanofibres, and of doped conjugated polymers in general, opening the way for the control of the material structure when the doped polymer is confined in a one-dimensional architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Arrigoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Brambilla
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Castiglioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Bertarelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milan, Italy
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18
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Bovoloni M, Filo J, Sigmundová I, Magdolen P, Budzák Š, Procházková E, Tommasini M, Cigáň M, Bianco A. Unsymmetrical benzothiazole-based dithienylethene photoswitches. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:23758-23768. [PMID: 36155601 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02325c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we investigate the structure-property relationships in a new series of benzothiazole based unsymmetrical hexafluorocyclopentene dithienylethenes (DTEs) and compare the results with the known facts for symmetric diarylethenes (DAEs). We reveal high photocyclization efficiency resulting from a significant shift of ground state equilibrium to the antiparallel conformation and a barrierless excited state pathway to conical intersection, which remains unperturbed even in polar solvents for most of the prepared DTEs. Furthermore, we uncover that the rate of back thermal cycloreversion correlates clearly more with the central C-C bond-length in the transition state than with the central C-C bond-length in the ground state of the cyclic form. Finally, our detailed vibrational spectral analysis of studied DTEs points out significant changes in Raman and infrared spectra during photoswitching cycles which pave the way for a non-destructive readout of stored information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juraj Filo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Ivica Sigmundová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Peter Magdolen
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Šimon Budzák
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, 974 01 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Eliška Procházková
- NMR Spectroscopy Department, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marek Cigáň
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Andrea Bianco
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Bianchi 46, 23807, Merate, Italy.
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19
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Palomo L, Favereau L, Senthilkumar K, Stępień M, Casado J, Ramírez FJ. Simultaneous Detection of Circularly Polarized Luminescence and Raman Optical Activity in an Organic Molecular Lemniscate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206976. [PMID: 35785514 PMCID: PMC9544083 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) and Raman optical activity (ROA) were observed in a single spectroscopic experiment for a purely organic molecule, an event that had so far been limited to lanthanide‐based complexes. The present observation was achieved for [16]cycloparaphenylene lemniscate, a double macrocycle constrained by a rigid 9,9′‐bicarbazole subunit, which introduces a chirality source and allows the molecule to be resolved into two configurationally stable enantiomers. Distortion of oligophenylene loops in this lemniscular structure produces a large magnetic transition dipole moment while maintaining the π‐conjugation‐induced enhancement of the Raman signal, causing the appearance of the CPL/ROA couple. A two‐photon mechanism is proposed to explain the population of the lowest‐energy excited electronic state prior to the simultaneous emission‐scattering event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Palomo
- Department of Physical Chemistry Faculty of Sciences University of Málaga Campus de Teatinos 29071 Málaga Spain
| | | | - Kabali Senthilkumar
- Wydział Chemii Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry Faculty of Sciences University of Málaga Campus de Teatinos 29071 Málaga Spain
| | - Francisco J. Ramírez
- Department of Physical Chemistry Faculty of Sciences University of Málaga Campus de Teatinos 29071 Málaga Spain
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20
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Sun B, Oakley MS, Yoshida K, Yang Y, Tommasini M, Zanchi C, Lucotti A, Ferguson MJ, Hampel F, Klobukowski M, Tykwinski RR. The Effects of Ring Strain on Cyclic Tetraaryl[5]cumulenes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200616. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bozheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Meagan S. Oakley
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Kota Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Yanwen Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Chiara Zanchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Andrea Lucotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | | | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | | | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
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21
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Palomo L, Favereau L, Senthilkumar K, Stępień M, Casado J, Ramirez FJ. Simultaneous Detection of Circularly Polarized Luminescence and Raman Optical Activity in an Organic Molecular Lemniscate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Palomo
- Universidad de Malaga Physical Chemistry SPAIN
| | - Ludovic Favereau
- Universite de Rennes 1 Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes FRANCE
| | | | - Marcin Stępień
- Uniwersytet Wroclawski Wydzial Chemii Wydzial Chemii POLAND
| | - Juan Casado
- Universidad de Malaga Physical Chemistry SPAIN
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22
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Mosca S, Milani A, Castiglioni C, Hernández Jolín V, Meseguer C, López Navarrete JT, Zhao C, Sugiyasu K, Ruiz Delgado MC. Raman Fingerprints of π-Electron Delocalization in Polythiophene-Based Insulated Molecular Wires. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mosca
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK Research and Innovation, Harwell Campus, OX11 0QX Didcot, U.K
| | - Alberto Milani
- Dipartimento di Energia, Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Castiglioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Víctor Hernández Jolín
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 229071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Cristóbal Meseguer
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 229071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan T. López Navarrete
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 229071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Chunhui Zhao
- Molecular Design & Function Group, National Institute for Material Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sugiyasu
- Molecular Design & Function Group, National Institute for Material Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - M. Carmen Ruiz Delgado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 229071 Málaga, Spain
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23
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Raman Activities of Cyano-Ester Quinoidal Oligothiophenes Reveal Their Diradical Character and the Proximity of the Low-Lying Double Exciton State. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoidal oligothiophenes have received considerable attention as interesting platforms with remarkable amphoteric redox behavior associated with their diradical character increasing with the conjugation lengths. In this work, we considered a family of quinoidal oligothiophenes bearing cyano-ester terminal groups and characterized them by UV-Vis-NIR absorption and Raman spectroscopy measurements at different excitation wavelengths. The experimental investigation is complemented by quantum-chemical studies to assess the quality of computed density functional theory (DFT) ground state structures and their influence on predicted Raman intensities. In addition, resonance conditions with the optically active HOMO→LUMO transition as well as with the more elusive state dominated by the doubly excited HOMO,HOMO→LUMO,LUMO configuration, are determined with DFT-MRCI calculations and their contributions to Raman activity enhancement are discussed in terms of computed vibrational Huang–Rhys (HR) factors.
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Rubino L, Torrisi G, Brambilla L, Rubino L, Ortenzi MA, Galimberti M, Barbera V. Polyhydroxylated Nanosized Graphite as Multifunctional Building Block for Polyurethanes. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061159. [PMID: 35335490 PMCID: PMC8953097 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane nanocomposites were prepared with a nanosized high surface area graphite (HSAG) functionalized on its edges with hydroxyl groups as a building block. Edge functionalization of HSAG was obtained through reaction with KOH. The addition of OH groups was demonstrated by means of infrared (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the Boehm titration allowed estimation of a level of about 5.0 mmolOH/gHSAG. Results from wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and Raman spectroscopy suggested that functionalization of the graphene layers occurred on the edges. The evaluation of the Hansen solubility parameters of G-OH revealed a substantial increase of δP and δH parameters with respect to HSAG. In line with these findings, homogeneous and stable dispersions of G-OH in a polyol were obtained. PU were prepared by mixing a dispersion of G-OH in cis-1,4-butenediol with hexamethylene diisocyanate. A model reaction between catechol, 1,4-butanediol, and hexamethylene diisocyanate demonstrated the reactivity of hydroxylated aromatic rings with isocyanate groups. PU-based G-OH, characterized with WAXD and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), revealed lower Tg, higher Tc, Tm, and crystallinity than PU without G-OH. These results could be due to the higher flexibility of the polymer chains, likely a consequence of the dilution of the urethane bonds by the carbon substrate. Hence, G-OH allowed the preparation of PU with a larger temperature range between Tg and Tm, with potential positive impact on material applications. The model reaction between butylisocyanate and 1-butanol revealed that HSAG and G-OH promote efficient formation of the urethane bond, even in the absence of a catalyst. The effect of high surface area carbon on the nucleophilic oxygen attack to the isocyanate group can be hypothesized. The results here reported lead us to comment that a reactive nanosized sp2 carbon allotrope, such as G-OH, can be used as a multifunctional building block of PU. Indeed, G-OH is a comonomer of PU, a promoter of the polymerization reaction, and can definitely act as reinforcing filler by tuning its amount in the final nanocomposite leading to highly versatile materials. The larger temperature range between Tg and Tm, together with the presence of G-OH acting as a reinforcing agent, could allow the production of piezoresistive sensing, shape-memory PU with good mechanical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Rubino
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (G.T.); (L.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Giulio Torrisi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (G.T.); (L.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Luigi Brambilla
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (G.T.); (L.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Luca Rubino
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (G.T.); (L.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Marco Aldo Ortenzi
- Laboratory of Materials and Polymers (LaMPo), Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Galimberti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (G.T.); (L.B.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (V.B.)
| | - Vincenzina Barbera
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (G.T.); (L.B.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (V.B.)
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Synthesis of a magnetic π-extended carbon nanosolenoid with Riemann surfaces. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1239. [PMID: 35264586 PMCID: PMC8907333 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28870-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Riemann surfaces are deformed versions of the complex plane in mathematics. Locally they look like patches of the complex plane, but globally, the topology may deviate from a plane. Nanostructured graphitic carbon materials resembling a Riemann surface with helicoid topology are predicted to have interesting electronic and photonic properties. However, fabrication of such processable and large π-extended nanographene systems has remained a major challenge. Here, we report a bottom-up synthesis of a metal-free carbon nanosolenoid (CNS) material with a low optical bandgap of 1.97 eV. The synthesis procedure is rapid and possible on the gram scale. The helical molecular structure of CNS can be observed by direct low-dose high-resolution imaging, using integrated differential phase contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy. Magnetic susceptibility measurements show paramagnetism with a high spin density for CNS. Such a π-conjugated CNS allows for the detailed study of its physical properties and may form the base of the development of electronic and spintronic devices containing CNS species. Fabrication of large π-conjugated carbon nanosolenoid materials with helicoid topology remains a challenge. Here the authors demonstrate synthesis of a metal-free π-extended carbon nanosolenoid material with a helical structure, exhibiting unique photophysical and magnetic properties.
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Palomo L, Gordillo Gámez F, Bedi A, Gidron O, Casado J, Ramírez FJ. Raman and ROA analyses of twisted anthracenes: connecting vibrational and electronic/photonic structures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:13996-14003. [PMID: 34151326 PMCID: PMC8246141 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01505b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this article the Raman and Raman Optical Activity (ROA) spectra of a series of enantiomeric twisted anthracenes are presented. The evolution of their vibrational spectra is understood in the context of the variation of π-electron delocalization as a result of the twisting imparted by the belt structure and in terms of the modulation of the resonance Raman/ROA effects which are photonic properties also tuned by anthracene twisting. The Raman/ROA vibrational spectra are simulated by several theoretical approaches to account for their vibrational and electronic properties including the theoretical evaluation of resonance effects. We furthermore incorporate a vibrational and ROA activity dissection analysis as provided in the Pyvib2 program valid to establish correlations among vibrational modes of different molecules with different electronic structures and equivalent vibrational dynamics. This paper is one of the very first attempts to use ROA spectroscopy in π-conjugated molecules with twisted and helical morphologies that contrast with the well-known cases of ROA studies of chiral helicenes in which the impact of π-electron delocalization in the electronic/photonic/vibrational (Raman/ROA) spectra is negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Palomo
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Fernando Gordillo Gámez
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Anjan Bedi
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel and Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technolog, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ori Gidron
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Juan Casado
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Ramírez
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
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27
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Ajayakumar MR, Ma J, Lucotti A, Schellhammer KS, Serra G, Dmitrieva E, Rosenkranz M, Komber H, Liu J, Ortmann F, Tommasini M, Feng X. Persistent peri-Heptacene: Synthesis and In Situ Characterization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13853-13858. [PMID: 33848044 PMCID: PMC8251907 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
n‐peri‐Acenes (n‐PAs) have gained interest as model systems of zigzag‐edged graphene nanoribbons for potential applications in nanoelectronics and spintronics. However, the synthesis of n‐PAs larger than peri‐tetracene remains challenging because of their intrinsic open‐shell character and high reactivity. Presented here is the synthesis of a hitherto unknown n‐PA, that is, peri‐heptacene (7‐PA), in which the reactive zigzag edges are kinetically protected with eight 4‐tBu‐C6H4 groups. The formation of 7‐PA is validated by high‐resolution mass spectrometry and in situ FT‐Raman spectroscopy. 7‐PA displays a narrow optical energy gap of 1.01 eV and exhibits persistent stability (t1/2≈25 min) under inert conditions. Moreover, electron‐spin resonance measurements and theoretical studies reveal that 7‐PA exhibits an open‐shell feature and a significant tetraradical character. This strategy could be considered a modular approach for the construction of next‐generation (3 N+1)‐PAs (where N≥3).
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Ajayakumar
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ji Ma
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrea Lucotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Karl Sebastian Schellhammer
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 18, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gianluca Serra
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Evgenia Dmitrieva
- Center of Spectroelectrochemistry, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marco Rosenkranz
- Center of Spectroelectrochemistry, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut for Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Frank Ortmann
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 18, 01069, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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28
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Fabrication of a Micron-Scale Three-Dimensional Single Crystal Diamond Channel Using a Micro-Jet Water-Assisted Laser. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14113006. [PMID: 34206091 PMCID: PMC8199514 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two types of a trench with conventional vertical and new reverse-V-shaped cross-sections were fabricated on single crystal diamond (SCD) substrate using a micro-jet water-assisted laser. In addition, a microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition device was used to produce multiple micrometer-sized channels using the epitaxial lateral overgrowth technique. Raman and SEM methods were applied to analyze both types of growth layer characterization. The hollowness of the microchannels was measured using an optical microscope. According to the findings, the epitaxial lateral overgrowth layer of the novel reverse-V-shaped trench produced improved SCD surface morphology and crystal quality.
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29
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A Predictive Model for Maceral Discrimination by Means of Raman Spectra on Dispersed Organic Matter: A Case Study from the Carpathian Fold-and-Thrust Belt (Ukraine). GEOSCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences11050213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we propose a predictive model for maceral discrimination based on Raman spectroscopic analyses of dispersed organic matter. Raman micro-spectroscopy was coupled with optical and Rock-Eval pyrolysis analyses on a set of seven samples collected from Mesozoic and Cenozoic successions of the Outer sector of the Carpathian fold and thrust belt. Organic petrography and Rock-Eval pyrolysis evidence a type II/III kerogen with complex organofacies composed by the coal maceral groups of the vitrinite, inertinite, and liptinite, while thermal maturity lies at the onset of the oil window spanning between 0.42 and 0.61 Ro%. Micro-Raman analyses were performed, on approximately 30–100 spectra per sample but only for relatively few fragments was it possible to perform an optical classification according to their macerals group. A multivariate statistical analysis of the identified vitrinite and inertinite spectra allows to define the variability of the organofacies and develop a predictive PLS-DA model for the identification of vitrinite from Raman spectra. Following the first attempts made in the last years, this work outlines how machine learning techniques have become a useful support for classical petrography analyses in thermal maturity assessment.
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30
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Ajayakumar MR, Ma J, Lucotti A, Schellhammer KS, Serra G, Dmitrieva E, Rosenkranz M, Komber H, Liu J, Ortmann F, Tommasini M, Feng X. Persistent
peri
‐Heptacene: Synthesis and In Situ Characterization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Ajayakumar
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstrasse 4 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Ji Ma
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstrasse 4 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Andrea Lucotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Karl Sebastian Schellhammer
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden Technische Universität Dresden Helmholtzstraße 18 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Gianluca Serra
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Evgenia Dmitrieva
- Center of Spectroelectrochemistry Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Helmholtzstraße 20 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Marco Rosenkranz
- Center of Spectroelectrochemistry Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Helmholtzstraße 20 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut for Polymerforschung Dresden e. V. Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstrasse 4 01062 Dresden Germany
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road 999077 Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Frank Ortmann
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden Technische Universität Dresden Helmholtzstraße 18 01069 Dresden Germany
- Department of Chemistry Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching b. München Germany
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstrasse 4 01062 Dresden Germany
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31
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Okoczuk P, Łapiński M, Miruszewski T, Kupracz P, Wicikowski L. Changes on the Surface of the SiO 2/C Composite, Leading to the Formation of Conductive Carbon Structures with Complex Nature of DC Conductivity. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14092158. [PMID: 33922744 PMCID: PMC8123020 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sol–gel layers have been the subject of many studies in recent decades. However, very little information exists about layers in which carbon structures are developed in situ. Using the spin-coating method, we obtained thin iron-doped SiO2/C composite films. The results of Raman spectroscopy showed that our samples consisted of graphitic forms and polymers. The latter’s contribution decreases with rising temperature. FTIR and EDS studies show changes in carbon distribution on top of the layer, depending on the sintering temperature. The samples sintered at 800 °C showed a significant increase in the contribution of carbon forms to the layer’s surface. Therefore, high conductivity can be observed in this sample. The results of XPS spectroscopy showed that the contribution of sp3 hybridized carbon increases after etching. The total electrical conductivity, studied by a DC four-wire technique, increased with the temperature and showed almost linear characteristics with significant changes below 150 K. The reduced activation energy plot has a positive temperature coefficient, which is a characteristic property of the conductive polymers in a metallic regime of conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Okoczuk
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.Ł.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence: (P.O.); (L.W.); Tel.: +48-500-367745 (P.O.); +48-583-471030 (L.W.)
| | - Marcin Łapiński
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.Ł.); (T.M.)
| | - Tadeusz Miruszewski
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.Ł.); (T.M.)
| | - Piotr Kupracz
- Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Leszek Wicikowski
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.Ł.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence: (P.O.); (L.W.); Tel.: +48-500-367745 (P.O.); +48-583-471030 (L.W.)
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32
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Ohtake N, Hiratsuka M, Kanda K, Akasaka H, Tsujioka M, Hirakuri K, Hirata A, Ohana T, Inaba H, Kano M, Saitoh H. Properties and Classification of Diamond-Like Carbon Films. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14020315. [PMID: 33435425 PMCID: PMC7827220 DOI: 10.3390/ma14020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films have been extensively applied in industries owing to their excellent characteristics such as high hardness. In particular, there is a growing demand for their use as protective films for mechanical parts owing to their excellent wear resistance and low friction coefficient. DLC films have been deposited by various methods and many deviate from the DLC regions present in the ternary diagrams proposed for sp3 covalent carbon, sp2 covalent carbon, and hydrogen. Consequently, redefining the DLC region on ternary diagrams using DLC coatings for mechanical and electrical components is urgently required. Therefore, we investigate the sp3 ratio, hydrogen content, and other properties of 74 types of amorphous carbon films and present the classification of amorphous carbon films, including DLC. We measured the sp3 ratios and hydrogen content using near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure and Rutherford backscattering-elastic recoil detection analysis under unified conditions. Amorphous carbon films were widely found with nonuniform distribution. The number of carbon atoms in the sp3 covalent carbon without bonding with hydrogen and the logarithm of the hydrogen content were inversely proportional. Further, we elucidated the DLC regions on the ternary diagram, classified the amorphous carbon films, and summarized the characteristics and applications of each type of DLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Ohtake
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-45-924-5078
| | - Masanori Hiratsuka
- NANOTEC Corp., Nanotechno-Plaza, 4-6, Kashiwa-Inter-minami, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-0874, Japan;
| | - Kazuhiro Kanda
- Laboratory of Advanced Science and Technology for Industry, University of Hyogo, 3-1-2 Koto, Kamigori, Ako District, Hyogo 678-1205, Japan;
| | - Hiroki Akasaka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan; (H.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Masanori Tsujioka
- Nippon Itf Inc., 575 Kuzetonoshiro-cho, Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8205, Japan;
| | - Kenji Hirakuri
- Department of Electrical and Electric Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, 5 Senju Asahi-cho, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-8551, Japan;
| | - Atsushi Hirata
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan; (H.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Tsuguyori Ohana
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8560, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Inaba
- Hitachi Automotive Systems Ltd., 4-7-1 Onna, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-8510, Japan;
| | - Makoto Kano
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan;
| | - Hidetoshi Saitoh
- Materials Function Engineering Group, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1, Kamitomioka Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan;
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33
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Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2.5-diyl): Evidence of different polymer chain conformations in the solid state from a combined study of regioregularity control and Raman spectroscopy. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Sheka EF, Golubev YA, Popova NA. Graphene Domain Signature of Raman Spectra of sp2 Amorphous Carbons. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10102021. [PMID: 33066381 PMCID: PMC7602257 DOI: 10.3390/nano10102021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The standard D-G-2D pattern of Raman spectra of sp2 amorphous carbons is considered from the viewpoint of graphene domains presenting their basic structure units (BSUs) in terms of molecular spectroscopy. The molecular approximation allows connecting the characteristic D-G doublet spectra image of one-phonon spectra with a considerable dispersion of the C=C bond lengths within graphene domains, governed by size, heteroatom necklace of BSUs as well as BSUs packing. The interpretation of 2D two-phonon spectra reveals a particular role of electrical anharmonicity in the spectra formation and attributes this effect to a high degree of the electron density delocalization in graphene domains. A size-stimulated transition from molecular to quasi-particle phonon consideration of Raman spectra was experimentally traced, which allowed evaluation of a free path of optical phonons in graphene crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena F. Sheka
- Institute of Physical Researches and Technologies, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Yevgeny A. Golubev
- Yushkin’s Institute of Geology, Komi Science Center, Ural Branch of RAS, Pervomayskaya 54, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia;
| | - Nadezhda A. Popova
- Institute of Physical Researches and Technologies, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
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35
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Tschannen CD, Gordeev G, Reich S, Shi L, Pichler T, Frimmer M, Novotny L, Heeg S. Raman Scattering Cross Section of Confined Carbyne. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:6750-6755. [PMID: 32786933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally quantify the Raman scattering from individual carbyne chains confined in double-walled carbon nanotubes. We find that the resonant differential Raman cross section of confined carbyne is on the order of 10-22 cm2 sr-1 per atom, making it the strongest Raman scatterer ever reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgy Gordeev
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Reich
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Thomas Pichler
- Faculty of Physics, Universität Wien, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Martin Frimmer
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Heeg
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Locatelli D, Barbera V, Brambilla L, Castiglioni C, Sironi A, Galimberti M. Tuning the Solubility Parameters of Carbon Nanotubes by Means of Their Adducts with Janus Pyrrole Compounds. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10061176. [PMID: 32560240 PMCID: PMC7353205 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The solubility parameters of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was tuned via their chemical modification with pyrrole compounds (PyCs), by means of a simple and sustainable methodology. PyCs were synthesized with high atom efficiency through the Paal–Knorr reaction of primary amines with 2,5-hexanedione, in the absence of solvents and catalysts. Methylamine, 1-dodecylamine, 2-amino-1,3-propanediol, and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propan-1-amine were selected. PyCs are characterized by two moieties, the pyrrole ring and the substituent of the nitrogen atom, and can be considered as Janus molecules. The functionalization of CNTs occurred with a high yield by simply heating CNTs and PyC. The whole reaction pathway did not produce any waste and was characterized by a carbon efficiency up to almost 100%. Thanks to the variety of PyC chemical structures, the CNT solubility parameter was modified in a pretty broad range of values, in the expected direction. Stable CNT dispersions were prepared in different solvents. From the aqueous dispersion, coating layers were prepared with high electrical conductivity, larger with respect to a top commercial product. The “pyrrole methodology” reported here is based on one reaction and allows almost infinite variations of the CNT solubility parameter, thus promoting their compatibility with target matrices and allowing the preparation of nanocomposite materials with improved properties. This work thus paves the way for a highly efficient exploitation of CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Locatelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy; (D.L.); (L.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Vincenzina Barbera
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy; (D.L.); (L.B.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: (V.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Luigi Brambilla
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy; (D.L.); (L.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Chiara Castiglioni
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy; (D.L.); (L.B.); (C.C.)
| | | | - Maurizio Galimberti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy; (D.L.); (L.B.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: (V.B.); (M.G.)
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37
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Dosimetric utility of structural changes in gamma irradiated graphite-rich pencils. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.108703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Nagyte V, Kelly DJ, Felten A, Picardi G, Shin Y, Alieva A, Worsley RE, Parvez K, Dehm S, Krupke R, Haigh SJ, Oikonomou A, Pollard AJ, Casiraghi C. Raman Fingerprints of Graphene Produced by Anodic Electrochemical Exfoliation. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:3411-3419. [PMID: 32233490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical exfoliation is one of the most promising methods for scalable production of graphene. However, limited understanding of its Raman spectrum as well as lack of measurement standards for graphene strongly limit its industrial applications. In this work, we show a systematic study of the Raman spectrum of electrochemically exfoliated graphene, produced using different electrolytes and types of solvents in varying amounts. We demonstrate that no information on the thickness can be extracted from the shape of the 2D peak as this type of graphene is defective. Furthermore, the number of defects and the uniformity of the samples strongly depend on the experimental conditions, including postprocessing. Under specific conditions, the formation of short conductive trans-polyacetylene chains has been observed. Our Raman analysis provides guidance for the community on how to get information on defects coming from electrolyte, temperature, and other experimental conditions, by making Raman spectroscopy a powerful metrology tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaiva Nagyte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Felten
- Synthesis, Irradiation and Analysis of Materials (SIAM), University of Namur, Namur 5000, Belgium
| | - Gennaro Picardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - YuYoung Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Adriana Alieva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Robyn E Worsley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Khaled Parvez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Dehm
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
| | - Ralph Krupke
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Sarah J Haigh
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Antonios Oikonomou
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Photonic Sciences, Castelldefels 08860, Spain
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Cinzia Casiraghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Torres-Moya I, Vázquez-Guilló R, Fernández-Palacios S, Carrillo JR, Díaz-Ortiz Á, López Navarrete JT, Ponce Ortiz R, Ruiz Delgado MC, Mallavia R, Prieto P. Fluorene-Based Donor-Acceptor Copolymers Containing Functionalized Benzotriazole Units: Tunable Emission and their Electrical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E256. [PMID: 31979007 PMCID: PMC7077272 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monomers 4,7-dibromo-2H-benzo[d]1,2,3-triazole (m1) and 4,7-(bis(4-bromophenyl)ethynyl)-2H-benzo[d]1,2,3-triazole (m2) have been synthesized in good yields using different procedures. Monomers m1 and m2 have been employed for building new copolymers of fluorene derivatives by a Suzuki reaction under microwave irradiation using the same conditions. In each case different chain lengths have been achieved, while m1 gives rise to polymers for m2 oligomers have been obtained (with a number of monomer units lower than 7). Special interest has been paid to their photophysical properties due to excited state properties of these D-A units alternates, which have been investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations using two methods: (i) An oligomer approach and (ii) by periodic boundary conditions (PBC). It is highly remarkable the tunability of the photophysical properties as a function of the different monomer functionalization derived from 2H-benzo[d]1,2,3-triazole units. In fact, a strong modulation of the absorption and emission properties have been found by functionalizing the nitrogen N-2 of the benzotriazole units or by elongation of the π-conjugated core with the introduction of alkynylphenyl groups. Furthermore, the charge transport properties of these newly synthesized macromolecules have been approached by their implementation in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) in order to assess their potential as active materials in organic optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Torres-Moya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies-IRICA, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (I.T.-M.); (J.R.C.); (Á.D.-O.)
| | - Rebeca Vázquez-Guilló
- Instituto de Investigación Desarrollo e innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), University of Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain;
| | - Sara Fernández-Palacios
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (S.F.-P.); (J.T.L.N.); (R.P.O.)
| | - José Ramón Carrillo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies-IRICA, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (I.T.-M.); (J.R.C.); (Á.D.-O.)
| | - Ángel Díaz-Ortiz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies-IRICA, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (I.T.-M.); (J.R.C.); (Á.D.-O.)
| | - Juan Teodomiro López Navarrete
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (S.F.-P.); (J.T.L.N.); (R.P.O.)
| | - Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (S.F.-P.); (J.T.L.N.); (R.P.O.)
| | - Mari Carmen Ruiz Delgado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (S.F.-P.); (J.T.L.N.); (R.P.O.)
| | - Ricardo Mallavia
- Instituto de Investigación Desarrollo e innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), University of Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain;
| | - Pilar Prieto
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies-IRICA, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (I.T.-M.); (J.R.C.); (Á.D.-O.)
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Edge Functionalized Graphene Layers for (Ultra) High Exfoliation in Carbon Papers and Aerogels in the Presence of Chitosan. MATERIALS 2019; 13:ma13010039. [PMID: 31861780 PMCID: PMC6981762 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Ultra-high exfoliation in water of a nanosized graphite (HSAG) was obtained thanks to the synergy between a graphene layer edge functionalized with hydroxy groups and a polymer such as chitosan (CS). The edge functionalization of graphene layers was performed with a serinol derivative containing a pyrrole ring, serinol pyrrole (SP). The adduct between CS and HSAG functionalized with SP was formed simply with a mortar and pestle, then preparing water dispersions stable for months in the presence of acetic acid. Simple casting of such dispersions on a glass support led to carbon papers. Aerogels were prepared through the freeze-dry procedure. Exfoliation was observed in both these families of composites and ultra-high exfoliation was documented in aerogels swollen in water. Carbon papers and aerogels were stable for months in solvents in a wide range of solubility parameter and in a pretty wide range of pH. By considering that a moderately functionalized nanographite was straightforwardly exfoliated in water in the presence of one of the most abundant biobased polymers, the obtained results pave the way for the simple and sustainable preparation of graphene-based nanocomposites. HSAG–SP/CS adducts were characterized by wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM and HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy. Thermal stability of the composites was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and their direct electrical conductivity with the four-point probe method.
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41
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Walter M, Moseler M. Ab Initio Wavelength-Dependent Raman Spectra: Placzek Approximation and Beyond. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 16:576-586. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Walter
- Fraunhofer IWM, MikroTribologie Centrum μTC, Wöhlerstrasse 11, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT − Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Moseler
- Fraunhofer IWM, MikroTribologie Centrum μTC, Wöhlerstrasse 11, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT − Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, Herrmann-Herder-Straße 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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42
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Barclay MS, Elles CG, Caricato M. Benchmark Study of Ground-State Raman Spectra in Conjugated Molecules. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 16:612-620. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Barclay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Christopher G. Elles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Marco Caricato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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43
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Phase transition induced changes in β-ring rotation and methyl group asymmetric deformation of all-trans-β-carotene. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rabia A, Tumino F, Milani A, Russo V, Li Bassi A, Achilli S, Fratesi G, Onida G, Manini N, Sun Q, Xu W, Casari CS. Scanning tunneling microscopy and Raman spectroscopy of polymeric sp-sp 2 carbon atomic wires synthesized on the Au(111) surface. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:18191-18200. [PMID: 31560011 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr06552k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Long linear carbon nanostructures based on sp-hybridization can be synthesized by exploiting on-surface synthesis of halogenated precursors evaporated on Au(111), thus opening a way to investigations by surface-science techniques. By means of an experimental approach combining scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM and STS) with ex situ Raman spectroscopy we investigate the structural, electronic and vibrational properties of polymeric sp-sp2 carbon atomic wires composed by sp-carbon chains connected through phenyl groups. Density-functional-theory (DFT) calculations of the structure and the electronic density of states allow us to simulate STM images and to compute Raman spectra. The comparison of experimental data with DFT simulations unveil the properties and the formation stages as a function of the annealing temperature. Atomic-scale structural information from STM complement the Raman sensitivity to the single molecular bond to open the way to detailed understanding of these novel carbon nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Rabia
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
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Francioso O, López-Tobar E, Torreggiani A, Iriarte M, Sanchez-Cortes S. Stimulated Adsorption of Humic Acids on Capped Plasmonic Ag Nanoparticles Investigated by Surface-Enhanced Optical Techniques. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:4518-4526. [PMID: 30762359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of humic substances on Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) is of crucial environmental importance and determines the toxicity of these NPs and the structure of adsorbed organic matter. In this work, the adsorption of two standard soil and leonardite International Humic Substances Society humic acids was studied on AgNPs of different sizes, shapes (spherical and star-like), and interfacial chemical compositions. Surface-enhanced optical (Raman and fluorescence) spectroscopies were used to follow the specific chemical groups involved in this adsorption. By means of the latter optical techniques, information regarding the binding mechanism and the macromolecular aggregation can be deduced. The influence of the surface chemical composition induced by the different functionalizations of the interfaces of these NPs is highly important regarding the chemical interactions of these complex organic macromolecules. The surface functionalization with positively charged alkyl diamines led to a large increase in the adsorption as well as a strong structural rearrangement of the macromolecule once adsorbed onto the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Francioso
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari , Università di Bologna , 40127 Bologna , Italy
| | - Eduardo López-Tobar
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia , IEM-CSIC , Serano 121 , 28006 Madrid , Spain
| | - Armida Torreggiani
- ISOF, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Via P. Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy
| | - Mercedes Iriarte
- Instituto de Optica, IO-CSIC, Serrano, 121 , 28006 Madrid , Spain
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Medina Rivero S, Canola S, Zeng W, Ramírez FJ, Zafra JL, Wu J, Negri F, Casado J. Long rylene nanoribbons express polyacetylene-like signatures at their edges. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:7281-7287. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00679f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy shows the transformation of the electronic shapes of oligorylenes from short oligorylenes with overall aromatic structures into long ones bearing cis-polyacetylenic forms at the armchair edges and diradicaloid/multiradical shapes in the zig-zag parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Medina Rivero
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Málaga
- Campus de Teatinos s/n
- Málaga 29071
- Spain
| | - Sofia Canola
- Università di Bologna
- Dipartimento di Chimica ‘G. Ciamician’
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
- INSTM
| | - Wangdong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Francisco J. Ramírez
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Málaga
- Campus de Teatinos s/n
- Málaga 29071
- Spain
| | - José L. Zafra
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Málaga
- Campus de Teatinos s/n
- Málaga 29071
- Spain
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Fabrizia Negri
- Università di Bologna
- Dipartimento di Chimica ‘G. Ciamician’
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
- INSTM
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Málaga
- Campus de Teatinos s/n
- Málaga 29071
- Spain
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Barbera V, Brambilla L, Milani A, Palazzolo A, Castiglioni C, Vitale A, Bongiovanni R, Galimberti M. Domino Reaction for the Sustainable Functionalization of Few-Layer Graphene. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 9:E44. [PMID: 30598041 PMCID: PMC6359401 DOI: 10.3390/nano9010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism for the functionalization of graphene layers with pyrrole compounds was investigated. Liquid 1,2,5-trimethylpyrrole (TMP) was heated in air in the presence of a high surface area nanosized graphite (HSAG), at temperatures between 80 °C and 180 °C. After the thermal treatments solid and liquid samples, separated by centrifugation, were analysed by means of Raman, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-Rays Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and ¹H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹H NMR) spectroscopy and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). FT-IR spectra were interpreted with the support of Density Functional Theory (DFT) quantum chemical modelling. Raman findings suggested that the bulk structure of HSAG remained substantially unaltered, without intercalation products. FT-IR and XPS spectra showed the presence of oxidized TMP derivatives on the solid adducts, in a much larger amount than in the liquid. For thermal treatments at T ≥ 150 °C, IR spectral features revealed not only the presence of oxidized products but also the reaction of intra-annular double bond of TMP with HSAG. XPS spectroscopy showed the increase of the ratio between C(sp²)N bonds involved in the aromatic system and C(sp³)N bonds, resulting from reaction of the pyrrole moiety, observed while increasing the temperature from 130 °C to 180 °C. All these findings, supported by modeling, led to hypothesize a cascade reaction involving a carbocatalyzed oxidation of the pyrrole compound followed by Diels-Alder cycloaddition. Graphene layers play a twofold role: at the early stages of the reaction, they behave as a catalyst for the oxidation of TMP and then they become the substrate for the cycloaddition reaction. Such sustainable functionalization, which does not produce by-products, allows us to use the pyrrole compounds for decorating sp² carbon allotropes without altering their bulk structure and smooths the path for their wider application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzina Barbera
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32-via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy.
| | - Luigi Brambilla
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32-via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy.
| | - Alberto Milani
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32-via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy.
| | - Alberto Palazzolo
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32-via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy.
| | - Chiara Castiglioni
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32-via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Vitale
- Politecnico di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Roberta Bongiovanni
- Politecnico di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Galimberti
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32-via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy.
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Shen C, Srebro-Hooper M, Weymuth T, Krausbeck F, Navarrete JTL, Ramírez FJ, Nieto-Ortega B, Casado J, Reiher M, Autschbach J, Crassous J. Redox-Active Chiroptical Switching in Mono- and Bis-Iron Ethynylcarbo[6]helicenes Studied by Electronic and Vibrational Circular Dichroism and Resonance Raman Optical Activity. Chemistry 2018; 24:15067-15079. [PMID: 30044521 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Introducing one or two alkynyl-iron moieties onto a carbo[6]helicene results in organometallic helicenes (2 a,b) that display strong chiroptical activity combined with efficient redox-triggered switching. The neutral and oxidized forms have been studied in detail by electronic and vibrational circular dichroism, as well as by Raman optical activity (ROA) spectroscopy. The experimental results were analyzed and spectra were assigned with the help of first-principles calculations. In particular, a recently developed method for ROA calculations under resonance conditions has been used to study the intricate resonance effects on the ROA spectrum of mono-iron ethynylhelicene 2 a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengshuo Shen
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes UMR 6226, CNRS Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Monika Srebro-Hooper
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Thomas Weymuth
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Krausbeck
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Juan T López Navarrete
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Malaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Francisco J Ramírez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Malaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Belén Nieto-Ortega
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Malaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Malaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Markus Reiher
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jochen Autschbach
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Jeanne Crassous
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes UMR 6226, CNRS Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
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49
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Huang Y, Xu F, Ganzer L, Camargo FVA, Nagahara T, Teyssandier J, Van Gorp H, Basse K, Straasø LA, Nagyte V, Casiraghi C, Hansen MR, De Feyter S, Yan D, Müllen K, Feng X, Cerullo G, Mai Y. Intrinsic Properties of Single Graphene Nanoribbons in Solution: Synthetic and Spectroscopic Studies. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:10416-10420. [PMID: 30084630 PMCID: PMC6643163 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
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We
report a novel type of structurally defined graphene nanoribbons
(GNRs) with uniform width of 1.7 nm and average length up to 58 nm.
These GNRs are decorated with pending Diels–Alder cycloadducts
of anthracenyl units and N-n-hexadecyl
maleimide. The resultant bulky side groups on GNRs afford excellent
dispersibility with concentrations of up to 5 mg mL–1 in many organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), two orders
of magnitude higher than the previously reported GNRs. Multiple spectroscopic
studies confirm that dilute dispersions in THF (<0.1 mg mL–1) consist mainly of nonaggregated ribbons, exhibiting
near-infrared emission with high quantum yield (9.1%) and long lifetime
(8.7 ns). This unprecedented dispersibility allows resolving in real-time
ultrafast excited-state dynamics of the GNRs, which displays features
of small isolated molecules in solution. This study achieves a breakthrough
in the dispersion of GNRs, which opens the door for unveiling obstructed
GNR-based physical properties and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjuan Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan RD , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Fugui Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan RD , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Lucia Ganzer
- IFN-CNR , Dipartimento di Fisica , Piazza L. da Vinci 32 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Franco V A Camargo
- IFN-CNR , Dipartimento di Fisica , Piazza L. da Vinci 32 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Tetsuhiko Nagahara
- IFN-CNR , Dipartimento di Fisica , Piazza L. da Vinci 32 , 20133 Milano , Italy.,Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology , Kyoto Institute of Technology , 606-8585 Kyoto , Japan
| | - Joan Teyssandier
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan, 200 F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Hans Van Gorp
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan, 200 F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Kristoffer Basse
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Lasse Arnt Straasø
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Vaiva Nagyte
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M139PL , United Kingdom
| | - Cinzia Casiraghi
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M139PL , United Kingdom
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstr. 28/30 , D-48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan, 200 F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Deyue Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan RD , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry , Technische Universität Dresden , Mommsenstrasse 4 , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- IFN-CNR , Dipartimento di Fisica , Piazza L. da Vinci 32 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Yiyong Mai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan RD , Shanghai 200240 , China
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50
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Medina Rivero S, Mayorga Burrezo P, Sandoval-Salinas ME, Li T, Ramírez FJ, Casanova D, Wang X, Casado J. Isomerism, Diradical Signature, and Raman Spectroscopy: Underlying Connections in Diamino Oligophenyl Dications. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1465-1470. [PMID: 29570949 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A diradical dication of a 4,4'-di(bis(1,4-methylphenyl)amino)-p-terphenyl oligomer has been characterized in solid-state by Raman spectroscopy and thermo-spectroscopy together with quantum chemical calculations. The diradical character has been evaluated on the basis of the Raman spectra and as a function of temperature. A complete understanding of the nature of the changes in solid state has been provided based on a pseudo-Jahn-Teller effect, which is feasible owing to the fine balance between quinoidal/aromatic extension among consecutive rings and steric crowding. This study contributes to the further comprehension of the molecular and electronic structures of these particular diradical molecules with strong implications on the understanding of the nature of chemical bonds in the limits of high electronic correlation or π-conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Medina Rivero
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Paula Mayorga Burrezo
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga, 29071, Spain
| | - María Eugenia Sandoval-Salinas
- 2IKERBASQUE - Basque Foundation for Science (DC) & Donostia, International Physics Center & Kimika Fakultatea Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 4, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Euskadi, Spain.,Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Francisco J Ramírez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga, 29071, Spain
| | - David Casanova
- 2IKERBASQUE - Basque Foundation for Science (DC) & Donostia, International Physics Center & Kimika Fakultatea Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 4, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga, 29071, Spain
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