1
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Zhang T, Feng C, Li A, Zhu Y, Jin C, Na H, Liu F, Zhu J. Fabrication of microfibrillated cellulose from biomass by use of carbon nitride with high nitrogen/carbon ratio. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:133729. [PMID: 39019699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) as an attractive green bio-based material has attracted widespread attention in recent years due to its non-toxicity, degradability, excellent performance, and high aspect ratio. In this study, the g-C3N5 with a high nitrogen/carbon ratio was prepared as a catalyst through the self-polymerization of a nitrogen-rich precursor. The triazole groups at the edges of g-C3N5 were proven to exhibit strong adsorption to biomass and strong alkalinity. In a low-acidic aqueous system with g-C3N5, MFC with diameters of 100-200 nm and lengths up to 100 μm was fabricated from various biomasses within 5 min under microwave radiation. The ultimate yield of the MFC produced from viscose reached 90 %. Young's modulus of the MFC reaches 3.7 GPa. This work provides a particular method with high efficiency to prepare MFC with excellent properties from biomass by chemical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chengqi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Anran Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Yuxin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenkai Jin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Haining Na
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China.
| | - Jin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
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2
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Arantes V, Las-Casas B, Dias IKR, Yupanqui-Mendoza SL, Nogueira CFO, Marcondes WF. Enzymatic approaches for diversifying bioproducts from cellulosic biomass. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:9704-9732. [PMID: 39132917 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02114b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Cellulosic biomass is the most abundantly available natural carbon-based renewable resource on Earth. Its widespread availability, combined with rising awareness, evolving policies, and changing regulations supporting sustainable practices, has propelled its role as a crucial renewable feedstock to meet the escalating demand for eco-friendly and renewable materials, chemicals, and fuels. Initially, biorefinery models using cellulosic biomass had focused on single-product platform, primarily monomeric sugars for biofuel. However, since the launch of the first pioneering cellulosic plants in 2014, these models have undergone significant revisions to adapt their biomass upgrading strategy. These changes aim to diversify the bioproduct portfolio and improve the revenue streams of cellulosic biomass biorefineries. Within this area of research and development, enzyme-based technologies can play a significant role by contributing to eco-design in producing and creating innovative bioproducts. This Feature Article highlights our strategies and recent progress in utilizing the biological diversity and inherent selectivity of enzymes to develop and continuously optimize sustainable enzyme-based technologies with distinct application approaches. We have advanced technologies for standalone platforms, which produce various forms of cellulose nanomaterials engineered with customized and enhanced properties and high yields. Additionally, we have tailored technologies for integration within a biorefinery concept. This biorefinery approach prioritizes designing tailored processes to establish bionanomaterials, such as cellulose and lignin nanoparticles, and bioactive molecules as part of a new multi-bioproduct platform for cellulosic biomass biorefineries. These innovations expand the range of bioproducts that can be produced from cellulosic biomass, transcending the conventional focus on monomeric sugars for biofuel production to include biomaterials biorefinery. This shift thereby contributes to strengthening the Bioeconomy strategy and supporting the achievement of several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdeir Arantes
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Las-Casas
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil.
| | - Isabella K R Dias
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sergio Luis Yupanqui-Mendoza
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carlaile F O Nogueira
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil.
| | - Wilian F Marcondes
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil.
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3
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Cosgrove DJ, Dupree P, Gomez ED, Haigler CH, Kubicki JD, Zimmer J. How Many Glucan Chains Form Plant Cellulose Microfibrils? A Mini Review. Biomacromolecules 2024. [PMID: 39207939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Assessing the number of glucan chains in cellulose microfibrils (CMFs) is crucial for understanding their structure-property relationships and interactions within plant cell walls. This Review examines the conclusions and limitations of the major experimental techniques that have provided insights into this question. Small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering data predominantly support an 18-chain model, although analysis is complicated by factors such as fibril coalescence and matrix polysaccharide associations. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy allows the estimation of the CMF width from the ratio of interior to surface glucose residues. However, there is uncertainty in the assignment of NMR spectral peaks to surface or interior chains. Freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy images show cellulose synthase complexes to be "rosettes" of six lobes each consistent with a trimer of cellulose synthase enzymes, consistent with the synthesis of 18 parallel glucan chains in the CMF. Nevertheless, the number of chains in CMFs remains to be conclusively demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cosgrove
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Candace H Haigler
- Crop Sciences and Department of Botany, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - James D Kubicki
- Department of Geological Sciences, UTEP University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903-1738, United States
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4
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Delmer D, Dixon RA, Keegstra K, Mohnen D. The plant cell wall-dynamic, strong, and adaptable-is a natural shapeshifter. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1257-1311. [PMID: 38301734 PMCID: PMC11062476 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Mythology is replete with good and evil shapeshifters, who, by definition, display great adaptability and assume many different forms-with several even turning themselves into trees. Cell walls certainly fit this definition as they can undergo subtle or dramatic changes in structure, assume many shapes, and perform many functions. In this review, we cover the evolution of knowledge of the structures, biosynthesis, and functions of the 5 major cell wall polymer types that range from deceptively simple to fiendishly complex. Along the way, we recognize some of the colorful historical figures who shaped cell wall research over the past 100 years. The shapeshifter analogy emerges more clearly as we examine the evolving proposals for how cell walls are constructed to allow growth while remaining strong, the complex signaling involved in maintaining cell wall integrity and defense against disease, and the ways cell walls adapt as they progress from birth, through growth to maturation, and in the end, often function long after cell death. We predict the next century of progress will include deciphering cell type-specific wall polymers; regulation at all levels of polymer production, crosslinks, and architecture; and how walls respond to developmental and environmental signals to drive plant success in diverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Delmer
- Section of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Kenneth Keegstra
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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5
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Kumari P, Ballone P, Paniagua C, Abou-Saleh RH, Benitez-Alfonso Y. Cellulose-Callose Hydrogels: Computational Exploration of Their Nanostructure and Mechanical Properties. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1989-2006. [PMID: 38410888 PMCID: PMC10934845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Polysaccharides play a crucial role in virtually all living systems. They also represent the biocompatible and fully sustainable component of a variety of nanoparticles, which are of increasing interest in biomedicine, food processing, cosmetics, and structural reinforcement of polymeric materials. The computational modeling of complex polysaccharide phases will assist in understanding the properties and behavior of all these systems. In this paper, structural, bonding, and mechanical properties of 10 wt % cellulose-callose hydrogels (β-glucans coexisting in plant cell walls) were investigated by atomistic simulations. Systems of this kind have recently been introduced in experiments revealing unexpected interactions between the polysaccharides. Starting from initial configurations inspired by X-ray diffraction data, atomistic models made of ∼1.6 × 106 atoms provide a qualitatively consistent view of these hydrogels, displaying stability, homogeneity, connectivity, and elastic properties beyond those of a liquid suspension. The simulation shows that the relatively homogeneous distribution of saccharide nanofibers and chains in water is not due to the solubility of cellulose and callose, but to the formation of a number of cross-links among the various sample components. The broad distribution of strength and elasticity among the links implies a degree of anharmonicity and irreversible deformation already evident at low external load. Besides the qualitative agreement with experimental observations, the simulation results display also quantitative disagreements in the estimation of elastic coefficients, such as the Young's modulus, that require further investigation. Complementary simulations of dense cellulose-callose mixtures (no hydrogels) highlight the role of callose in smoothing the contact surface of different nanofibers forming larger bundles. Cellulose-callose structures in these systems displayed an enhanced water uptake and delayed dye release when compared to cellulose alone, highlighting potential new applications as drug delivery scaffolds. The simulation trajectories provide a tuning and testing ground for the development of coarse-grained models that are required for the large scale investigation of mechanical properties of cellulose and callose mixtures in a watery environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Kumari
- The
Astbury Centre and the Centre for Plant Science, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Ballone
- School
of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin 4 D04 C1P1, Ireland
- Conway
Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin
4 D04 C1P1, Ireland
| | - Candelas Paniagua
- The
Astbury Centre and the Centre for Plant Science, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Instituto
de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM-UMA-CSIC).
Dpto. Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Radwa H. Abou-Saleh
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Science, Galala University, Galala Plateau, Attaka, Suez 43511, Egypt
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mansoura
University, El Gomhouria
St, El Mansoura 1, Dakahlia Governorate 35516, Egypt
| | - Yoselin Benitez-Alfonso
- The
Astbury Centre and the Centre for Plant Science, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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6
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Sun Y, Wang J, Li D, Cheng F. The Recent Progress of the Cellulose-Based Antibacterial Hydrogel. Gels 2024; 10:109. [PMID: 38391439 PMCID: PMC10887981 DOI: 10.3390/gels10020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellulose-based antibacterial hydrogel has good biocompatibility, antibacterial performance, biodegradability, and other characteristics. It can be very compatible with human tissues and degradation, while its good water absorption and moisturizing properties can effectively absorb wound exudates, keep the wound moist, and promote wound healing. In this paper, the structural properties, and physical and chemical cross-linking preparation methods of cellulose-based antibacterial hydrogels were discussed in detail, and the application of cellulose-based hydrogels in the antibacterial field was deeply studied. In general, cellulose-based antibacterial hydrogels, as a new type of biomaterial, have shown good potential in antimicrobial properties and have been widely used. However, there are still some challenges, such as optimizing the preparation process and performance parameters, improving the antibacterial and physical properties, broadening the application range, and evaluating safety. However, with the deepening of research and technological progress, it is believed that cellulose-based antibacterial hydrogels will be applied and developed in more fields in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- College of Light Industry and Textile, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
- Cold Area Hemp and Products Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- College of Light Industry and Textile, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Duanxin Li
- College of Light Industry and Textile, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
- Cold Area Hemp and Products Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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7
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Frka-Petesic B, Parton TG, Honorato-Rios C, Narkevicius A, Ballu K, Shen Q, Lu Z, Ogawa Y, Haataja JS, Droguet BE, Parker RM, Vignolini S. Structural Color from Cellulose Nanocrystals or Chitin Nanocrystals: Self-Assembly, Optics, and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12595-12756. [PMID: 38011110 PMCID: PMC10729353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Widespread concerns over the impact of human activity on the environment have resulted in a desire to replace artificial functional materials with naturally derived alternatives. As such, polysaccharides are drawing increasing attention due to offering a renewable, biodegradable, and biocompatible feedstock for functional nanomaterials. In particular, nanocrystals of cellulose and chitin have emerged as versatile and sustainable building blocks for diverse applications, ranging from mechanical reinforcement to structural coloration. Much of this interest arises from the tendency of these colloidally stable nanoparticles to self-organize in water into a lyotropic cholesteric liquid crystal, which can be readily manipulated in terms of its periodicity, structure, and geometry. Importantly, this helicoidal ordering can be retained into the solid-state, offering an accessible route to complex nanostructured films, coatings, and particles. In this review, the process of forming iridescent, structurally colored films from suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is summarized and the mechanisms underlying the chemical and physical phenomena at each stage in the process explored. Analogy is then drawn with chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs), allowing for key differences to be critically assessed and strategies toward structural coloration to be presented. Importantly, the progress toward translating this technology from academia to industry is summarized, with unresolved scientific and technical questions put forward as challenges to the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Frka-Petesic
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- International
Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM), Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Thomas G. Parton
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Camila Honorato-Rios
- Department
of Sustainable and Bio-inspired Materials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Aurimas Narkevicius
- B
CUBE − Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kevin Ballu
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Qingchen Shen
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Zihao Lu
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Ogawa
- CERMAV-CNRS,
CS40700, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Johannes S. Haataja
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University School
of Science, P.O. Box
15100, Aalto, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
| | - Benjamin E. Droguet
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. Parker
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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8
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Liu X, Zhu W, Deng P, Li T. Redesigning Natural Materials for Energy, Water, Environment, and Devices. ACS NANO 2023; 17:18657-18668. [PMID: 37725794 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) acknowledges that global cooperation is paramount to mitigate climate change and further warming. The global community is committed to renewable energy and natural materials to tackle this challenge for all humankind. The widespread use of natural materials is embraced as one such action to reach net-zero carbon emissions. Given the hierarchical framework and earth abundance, cellulose-based materials extend their negative carbon benefits to our daily products and accelerate our pace toward carbon neutrality. Here, we present an overview of recent developments of cellulose-based materials in upsurging applications in radiative cooling, thermal insulation, nanofluidics, and wearable devices. We also highlight various modifications and functionalized processes that transform massive amounts of cellulose into green products. The prosperous development of functionalized cellulose materials aligns with a circular economy. Expedited interdisciplinary fundamental investigations are expected to make fibrillated cellulose penetrate more into carbon downdraw at speed and scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Wenkai Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Pengfei Deng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tian Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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9
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Virkkala T, Kosourov S, Rissanen V, Siitonen V, Arola S, Allahverdiyeva Y, Tammelin T. Bioinspired mechanically stable all-polysaccharide based scaffold for photosynthetic production. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:8788-8803. [PMID: 37668222 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00919j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the construction of water-stable, biocompatible and self-standing hydrogels as scaffolds for the photosynthetic production of ethylene using a bioinspired all-polysaccharidic design combining TEMPO-oxidised cellulose nanofibers (TCNF) and a cereal plant hemicellulose called mixed-linkage glucan (MLG). We compared three different molecular weight MLGs from barley to increase the wet strength of TCNF hydrogels, and to reveal the mechanisms defining the favourable interactions between the scaffold components. The interactions between MLGs and TCNF were revealed via adsorption studies and interfacial rheology investigations using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). Our results show that both the MLG solution stability and adsorption behaviour did not exactly follow the well-known polymer adsorption and solubility theories especially in the presence of co-solute ions, in this case nitrates. We prepared hydrogel scaffolds for microalgal immobilisation, and high wet strength hydrogels were achieved with very low dosages of MLG (0.05 wt%) to the TCNF matrix. The all-polysaccharic biocatalytic architectures remained stable and produced ethylene for 120 h with yields comparable to the state-of-the-art scaffolds. Due to its natural origin and biodegradability, MLG offers a clear advantage in comparison to synthetic scaffold components, allowing the mechanical properties and water interactions to be tailored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuuli Virkkala
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, VTT, PO Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Sergey Kosourov
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Ville Rissanen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, VTT, PO Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Vilja Siitonen
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Suvi Arola
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, VTT, PO Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Yagut Allahverdiyeva
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Tekla Tammelin
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, VTT, PO Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland.
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10
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Tai HC, Chang CH, Cai W, Lin JH, Huang SJ, Lin QY, Yuan ECY, Li SL, Lin YCJ, Chan JCC, Tsao CS. Wood cellulose microfibrils have a 24-chain core-shell nanostructure in seed plants. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1154-1168. [PMID: 37349550 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Wood cellulose microfibril (CMF) is the most abundant organic substance on Earth but its nanostructure remains poorly understood. There are controversies regarding the glucan chain number (N) of CMFs during initial synthesis and whether they become fused afterward. Here, we combined small-angle X-ray scattering, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray diffraction analyses to resolve CMF nanostructures in native wood. We developed small-angle X-ray scattering measurement methods for the cross-section aspect ratio and area of the crystalline-ordered CMF core, which has a higher scattering length density than the semidisordered shell zone. The 1:1 aspect ratio suggested that CMFs remain mostly segregated, not fused. The area measurement reflected the chain number in the core zone (Ncore). To measure the ratio of ordered cellulose over total cellulose (Roc) by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, we developed a method termed global iterative fitting of T1ρ-edited decay (GIFTED), in addition to the conventional proton spin relaxation editing method. Using the formula N = Ncore/Roc, most wood CMFs were found to contain 24 glucan chains, conserved between gymnosperm and angiosperm trees. The average CMF has a crystalline-ordered core of ~2.2 nm diameter and a semidisordered shell of ~0.5 nm thickness. In naturally and artificially aged wood, we observed only CMF aggregation (contact without crystalline continuity) but not fusion (forming a conjoined crystalline unit). This further argued against the existence of partially fused CMFs in new wood, overturning the recently proposed 18-chain fusion hypothesis. Our findings are important for advancing wood structural knowledge and more efficient use of wood resources in sustainable bio-economies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan-Ching Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chih-Hui Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Cai
- School of Cultural Industry and Tourism and Cultural Industry Research Center, Fujian Social Science Research Base, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Jer-Horng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Shing-Jong Huang
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Qian-Yan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Republic of China
| | | | - Shu-Li Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Ying-Chung Jimmy Lin
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Republic of China
| | | | - Cheng-Si Tsao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Republic of China.
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11
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Wu SZ, Chaves AM, Li R, Roberts AW, Bezanilla M. Cellulose synthase-like D movement in the plasma membrane requires enzymatic activity. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202212117. [PMID: 37071416 PMCID: PMC10120407 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202212117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose Synthase-Like D (CSLD) proteins, important for tip growth and cell division, are known to generate β-1,4-glucan. However, whether they are propelled in the membrane as the glucan chains they produce assemble into microfibrils is unknown. To address this, we endogenously tagged all eight CSLDs in Physcomitrium patens and discovered that they all localize to the apex of tip-growing cells and to the cell plate during cytokinesis. Actin is required to target CSLD to cell tips concomitant with cell expansion, but not to cell plates, which depend on actin and CSLD for structural support. Like Cellulose Synthase (CESA), CSLD requires catalytic activity to move in the plasma membrane. We discovered that CSLD moves significantly faster, with shorter duration and less linear trajectories than CESA. In contrast to CESA, CSLD movement was insensitive to the cellulose synthesis inhibitor isoxaben, suggesting that CSLD and CESA function within different complexes possibly producing structurally distinct cellulose microfibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Zon Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Arielle M. Chaves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Rongrong Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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12
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Solhi L, Guccini V, Heise K, Solala I, Niinivaara E, Xu W, Mihhels K, Kröger M, Meng Z, Wohlert J, Tao H, Cranston ED, Kontturi E. Understanding Nanocellulose-Water Interactions: Turning a Detriment into an Asset. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1925-2015. [PMID: 36724185 PMCID: PMC9999435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Modern technology has enabled the isolation of nanocellulose from plant-based fibers, and the current trend focuses on utilizing nanocellulose in a broad range of sustainable materials applications. Water is generally seen as a detrimental component when in contact with nanocellulose-based materials, just like it is harmful for traditional cellulosic materials such as paper or cardboard. However, water is an integral component in plants, and many applications of nanocellulose already accept the presence of water or make use of it. This review gives a comprehensive account of nanocellulose-water interactions and their repercussions in all key areas of contemporary research: fundamental physical chemistry, chemical modification of nanocellulose, materials applications, and analytical methods to map the water interactions and the effect of water on a nanocellulose matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Solhi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Valentina Guccini
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Iina Solala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Elina Niinivaara
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wenyang Xu
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, TurkuFI-20500, Finland
| | - Karl Mihhels
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Marcel Kröger
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Zhuojun Meng
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou325001, China
| | - Jakob Wohlert
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Han Tao
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
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13
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Kotov N, Larsson PA, Jain K, Abitbol T, Cernescu A, Wågberg L, Johnson CM. Elucidating the fine-scale structural morphology of nanocellulose by nano infrared spectroscopy. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 302:120320. [PMID: 36604038 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale infrared (IR) spectroscopy and microscopy, enabling the acquisition of IR spectra and images with a lateral resolution of 20 nm, is employed to chemically characterize individual cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) to elucidate if the CNCs and CNFs consist of alternating crystalline and amorphous domains along the CNF/CNC. The high lateral resolution enables studies of the nanoscale morphology at different domains of the CNFs/CNCs: flat segments, kinks, twisted areas, and end points. The types of nanocellulose investigated are CNFs from tunicate, CNCs from cotton, and anionic and cationic wood-derived CNFs. All nano-FTIR spectra acquired from the different samples and different domains of the individual nanocellulose particles resemble a spectrum of crystalline cellulose, suggesting that the non-crystalline cellulose signal observed in macroscopic measurements of nanocellulose most likely originate from cellulose chains present at the surface of the nanocellulose particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Kotov
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 29, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Per A Larsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Karishma Jain
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Tiffany Abitbol
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Drottning Kristinas väg 55, SE-114 28 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Adrian Cernescu
- Neaspec, Attocube systems AG, Eglfinger Weg 2, 85540 Haar, Germany.
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - C Magnus Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 29, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Abstract
Understanding the mechanism by which patterned gene activity leads to mechanical deformation of cells and tissues to create complex forms is a major challenge for developmental biology. Plants offer advantages for addressing this problem because their cells do not migrate or rearrange during morphogenesis, which simplifies analysis. We synthesize results from experimental analysis and computational modeling to show how mechanical interactions between cellulose fibers translate through wall, cell, and tissue levels to generate complex plant tissue shapes. Genes can modify mechanical properties and stresses at each level, though the values and pattern of stresses differ from one level to the next. The dynamic cellulose network provides elastic resistance to deformation while allowing growth through fiber sliding, which enables morphogenesis while maintaining mechanical strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Coen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16870, USA
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15
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The influence of temperature on cellulose swelling at constant water density. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20736. [PMID: 36456579 PMCID: PMC9715729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We have in this paper investigated how water sorbs to cellulose. We found that both cellulose nanofibril (CNF) and cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) films swell similarly, as they are both mainly composed of cellulose. CNF/CNC films subjected to water at 0.018 kg/m3 at 25 °C and 39 °C, showed a decrease in swelling from ~ 8 to 2%. This deswelling increased the tensile index of CNF-films by ~ 13%. By molecular modeling of fibril swelling, we found that water sorbed to cellulose exhibits a decreased diffusion constant compared to bulk water. We quantified this change and showed that diffusion of sorbed water displays less dependency on swelling temperature compared to bulk water diffusion. To our knowledge, this has not previously been demonstrated by molecular modeling. The difference between bulk water diffusion (DWW) and diffusion of water sorbed to cellulose (DCC) increased from DWW - DCC ~ 3 × 10-5 cm/s2 at 25 °C to DWW - DCC ~ 8.3 × 10-5 cm/s2 at 100 °C. Moreover, water molecules spent less successive time sorbed to a fibril at higher temperatures.
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16
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Heise K, Koso T, King AWT, Nypelö T, Penttilä P, Tardy BL, Beaumont M. Spatioselective surface chemistry for the production of functional and chemically anisotropic nanocellulose colloids. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2022; 10:23413-23432. [PMID: 36438677 PMCID: PMC9664451 DOI: 10.1039/d2ta05277f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Maximizing the benefits of nanomaterials from biomass requires unique considerations associated with their native chemical and physical structure. Both cellulose nanofibrils and nanocrystals are extracted from cellulose fibers via a top-down approach and have significantly advanced materials chemistry and set new benchmarks in the last decade. One major challenge has been to prepare defined and selectively modified nanocelluloses, which would, e.g., allow optimal particle interactions and thereby further improve the properties of processed materials. At the molecular and crystallite level, the surface of nanocelluloses offers an alternating chemical structure and functional groups of different reactivity, enabling straightforward avenues towards chemically anisotropic and molecularly patterned nanoparticles via spatioselective chemical modification. In this review, we will explain the influence and role of the multiscale hierarchy of cellulose fibers in chemical modifications, and critically discuss recent advances in selective surface chemistry of nanocelluloses. Finally, we will demonstrate the potential of those chemically anisotropic nanocelluloses in materials science and discuss challenges and opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Espoo Finland
| | - Tetyana Koso
- Materials Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, University of Helsinki FI-00560 Helsinki Finland
| | - Alistair W T King
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Biomaterial Processing and Products 02044 Espoo Finland
| | - Tiina Nypelö
- Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Paavo Penttilä
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Espoo Finland
| | - Blaise L Tardy
- Khalifa University, Department of Chemical Engineering Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
- Center for Membrane and Advanced Water Technology, Khalifa University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
- Research and Innovation Center on CO2 and Hydrogen, Khalifa University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Marco Beaumont
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24 A-3430 Tulln Austria
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17
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Review: Tertiary cell wall of plant fibers as a source of inspiration in material design. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 295:119849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Paajanen A, Zitting A, Rautkari L, Ketoja JA, Penttilä PA. Nanoscale Mechanism of Moisture-Induced Swelling in Wood Microfibril Bundles. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:5143-5150. [PMID: 35767745 PMCID: PMC9284609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding nanoscale moisture interactions is fundamental to most applications of wood, including cellulosic nanomaterials with tailored properties. By combining X-ray scattering experiments with molecular simulations and taking advantage of computed scattering, we studied the moisture-induced changes in cellulose microfibril bundles of softwood secondary cell walls. Our models reproduced the most important experimentally observed changes in diffraction peak locations and widths and gave new insights into their interpretation. We found that changes in the packing of microfibrils dominate at moisture contents above 10-15%, whereas deformations in cellulose crystallites take place closer to the dry state. Fibrillar aggregation is a significant source of drying-related changes in the interior of the microfibrils. Our results corroborate the fundamental role of nanoscale phenomena in the swelling behavior and properties of wood-based materials and promote their utilization in nanomaterials development. Simulation-assisted scattering analysis proved an efficient tool for advancing the nanoscale characterization of cellulosic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Paajanen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Aleksi Zitting
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Lauri Rautkari
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jukka A. Ketoja
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Paavo A. Penttilä
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
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19
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Chen P, Wohlert J, Berglund L, Furó I. Water as an Intrinsic Structural Element in Cellulose Fibril Aggregates. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:5424-5430. [PMID: 35679323 PMCID: PMC9234975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
While strong water association with cellulose in plant cell walls and man-made materials is well-established, its molecular scale aspects are not fully understood. The thermodynamic consequences of having water molecules located at the microfibril-microfibril interfaces in cellulose fibril aggregates are therefore analyzed by molecular dynamics simulations. We find that a thin layer of water molecules at those interfaces can be in a state of thermal equilibrium with water surrounding the fibril aggregates because such an arrangement lowers the free energy of the total system. The main reason is enthalpic: water at the microfibril-microfibril interfaces enables the cellulose surface hydroxyls to experience a more favorable electrostatic environment. This enthalpic gain overcomes the entropic penalty from strong immobilization of water molecules. Hence, those particular water molecules stabilize the cellulose fibril aggregates, akin to the role of water in some proteins. Structural and functional hypotheses related to this finding are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Chen
- Beijing
Engineering Research Centre of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing
Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, P.R. China
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science
Center, and Department of
Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jakob Wohlert
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science
Center, and Department of
Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Berglund
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science
Center, and Department of
Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - István Furó
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science
Center, and Department of
Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Das R, Lindström T, Sharma PR, Chi K, Hsiao BS. Nanocellulose for Sustainable Water Purification. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8936-9031. [PMID: 35330990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses (NC) are nature-based sustainable biomaterials, which not only possess cellulosic properties but also have the important hallmarks of nanomaterials, such as large surface area, versatile reactive sites or functionalities, and scaffolding stability to host inorganic nanoparticles. This class of nanomaterials offers new opportunities for a broad spectrum of applications for clean water production that were once thought impractical. This Review covers substantial discussions based on evaluative judgments of the recent literature and technical advancements in the fields of coagulation/flocculation, adsorption, photocatalysis, and membrane filtration for water decontamination through proper understanding of fundamental knowledge of NC, such as purity, crystallinity, surface chemistry and charge, suspension rheology, morphology, mechanical properties, and film stability. To supplement these, discussions on low-cost and scalable NC extraction, new characterizations including solution small-angle X-ray scattering evaluation, and structure-property relationships of NC are also reviewed. Identifying knowledge gaps and drawing perspectives could generate guidance to overcome uncertainties associated with the adaptation of NC-enabled water purification technologies. Furthermore, the topics of simultaneous removal of multipollutants disposal and proper handling of post/spent NC are discussed. We believe NC-enabled remediation nanomaterials can be integrated into a broad range of water treatments, greatly improving the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasel Das
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Tom Lindström
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States.,KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
| | - Priyanka R Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Kai Chi
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Benjamin S Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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21
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Cell wall composition determines handedness reversal in helicoidal cellulose architectures of Pollia condensata fruits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2111723118. [PMID: 34911759 PMCID: PMC8713805 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111723118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicoidal architectures are widespread in nature; several species adopt this structure to produce brilliant colorations. Such chiral architectures are usually left-handed in plants, with the only exception found in the cell walls of epicarp cells of Pollia condensata, where both handednesses are observed. Here, we aim to understand the origin of handednesses by analyzing optical and mechanical responses of single cells. Surprisingly, we discover that left-handed and right-handed cells show different distributions of spectra and elasticity. We verified by using finite element analysis simulation that the elasticity of helicoids is sensitive to the ratio of cellulose/cell wall matrix. Our findings reveal that cell wall composition affects the helicoidal architectures, suggesting that chemical composition plays a role in morphogenesis of the chirality reversal. Chiral asymmetry is important in a wide variety of disciplines and occurs across length scales. While several natural chiral biomolecules exist only with single handedness, they can produce complex hierarchical structures with opposite chiralities. Understanding how the handedness is transferred from molecular to the macroscopic scales is far from trivial. An intriguing example is the transfer of the handedness of helicoidal organizations of cellulose microfibrils in plant cell walls. These cellulose helicoids produce structural colors if their dimension is comparable to the wavelength of visible light. All previously reported examples of a helicoidal structure in plants are left-handed except, remarkably, in the Pollia condensata fruit; both left- and right-handed helicoidal cell walls are found in neighboring cells of the same tissue. By simultaneously studying optical and mechanical responses of cells with different handednesses, we propose that the chirality of helicoids results from differences in cell wall composition. In detail, here we showed statistical substantiation of three different observations: 1) light reflected from right-handed cells is red shifted compared to light reflected from left-handed cells, 2) right-handed cells occur more rarely than left-handed ones, and 3) right-handed cells are located mainly in regions corresponding to interlocular divisions. Finally, 4) right-handed cells have an average lower elastic modulus compared to left-handed cells of the same color. Our findings, combined with mechanical simulation, suggest that the different chiralities of helicoids in the cell wall may result from different chemical composition, which strengthens previous hypotheses that hemicellulose might mediate the rotations of cellulose microfibrils.
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22
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Cresswell R, Dupree R, Brown SP, Pereira CS, Skaf MS, Sorieul M, Dupree P, Hill S. Importance of Water in Maintaining Softwood Secondary Cell Wall Nanostructure. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4669-4680. [PMID: 34669375 PMCID: PMC8579401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Water is one of the
principal constituents by mass of living plant
cell walls. However, its role and interactions with secondary cell
wall polysaccharides and the impact of dehydration and subsequent
rehydration on the molecular architecture are still to be elucidated.
This work combines multidimensional solid-state 13C magic-angle-spinning
(MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with molecular dynamics modeling
to decipher the role of water in the molecular architecture of softwood
secondary cell walls. The proximities between all main polymers, their
molecular conformations, and interaction energies are compared in
never-dried, oven-dried, and rehydrated states. Water is shown to
play a critical role at the hemicellulose–cellulose interface.
After significant molecular shrinkage caused by dehydration, the original
molecular conformation is not fully recovered after rehydration. The
changes include xylan becoming more closely and irreversibly associated
with cellulose and some mannan becoming more mobile and changing conformation.
These irreversible nanostructural changes provide a basis for explaining
and improving the properties of wood-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ray Dupree
- Physics Department, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Steven P Brown
- Physics Department, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Caroline S Pereira
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Computing in Engineering and Sciences, University of Campinas─UNICAMP, Campinas 13084-862, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Munir S Skaf
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Computing in Engineering and Sciences, University of Campinas─UNICAMP, Campinas 13084-862, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 1QW, U.K
| | - Stefan Hill
- Scion, 49 Sala Street, Rotorua 3010, New Zealand
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23
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Miyagi K, Teramoto Y. Construction of Functional Materials in Various Material Forms from Cellulosic Cholesteric Liquid Crystals. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2969. [PMID: 34835733 PMCID: PMC8621230 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Wide use of bio-based polymers could play a key role in facilitating a more sustainable society because such polymers are renewable and ecofriendly. Cellulose is a representative bio-based polymer and has been used in various materials. To further expand the application of cellulose, it is crucial to develop functional materials utilizing cellulosic physicochemical properties that are acknowledged but insufficiently applied. Cellulose derivatives and cellulose nanocrystals exhibit a cholesteric liquid crystal (ChLC) property based on rigidity and chirality, and this property is promising for constructing next-generation functional materials. The form of such materials is an important factor because material form is closely related with function. To date, researchers have reported cellulosic ChLC materials with a wide range of material forms-such as films, gels, mesoporous materials, and emulsions-for diverse functions. We first briefly review the fundamental aspects of cellulosic ChLCs. Then we comprehensively review research on cellulosic ChLC functional materials in terms of their material forms. Thus, this review provides insights into the creation of novel cellulosic ChLC functional materials based on material form designed toward the expanded application of cellulosics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Miyagi
- Department of Forest Resource Chemistry, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba 3058687, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshikuni Teramoto
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan
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24
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Lyczakowski JJ, Yu L, Terrett OM, Fleischmann C, Temple H, Thorlby G, Sorieul M, Dupree P. Two conifer GUX clades are responsible for distinct glucuronic acid patterns on xylan. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1720-1733. [PMID: 34086997 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wood of coniferous trees (softwood), is a globally significant carbon sink and an important source of biomass. Despite that, little is known about the genetic basis of softwood cell wall biosynthesis. Branching of xylan, one of the main hemicelluloses in softwood secondary cell walls, with glucuronic acid (GlcA) is critical for biomass recalcitrance. Here, we investigate the decoration patterns of xylan by conifer GlucUronic acid substitution of Xylan (GUX) enzymes. Through molecular phylogenetics we identify two distinct conifer GUX clades. Using transcriptional profiling we show that the genes are preferentially expressed in secondary cell wall forming tissues. With in vitro and in planta assays we demonstrate that conifer GUX enzymes from both clades are active glucuronyltransferases. Conifer GUX enzymes from each clade have different specific activities. While members of clade one add evenly spaced GlcA branches, the members of clade two are also capable of glucuronidating two consecutive xyloses. Importantly, these types of xylan patterning are present in softwood. As xylan patterning might modulate xylan-cellulose and xylan-lignin interactions, our results further the understanding of softwood cell wall biosynthesis and provide breeding or genetic engineering targets that can be used to modify softwood properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan J Lyczakowski
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Oliver M Terrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | | | - Henry Temple
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | | | | | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
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25
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Szustak M, Gendaszewska-Darmach E. Nanocellulose-Based Scaffolds for Chondrogenic Differentiation and Expansion. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:736213. [PMID: 34485266 PMCID: PMC8415884 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.736213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocellulose deserves special attention among the large group of biocompatible biomaterials. It exhibits good mechanical properties, which qualifies it for potential use as a scaffold imitating cartilage. However, the reconstruction of cartilage is a big challenge due to this tissue's limited regenerative capacity resulting from its lack of vascularization, innervations, and sparsely distributed chondrocytes. This feature restricts the infiltration of progenitor cells into damaged sites. Unfortunately, differentiated chondrocytes are challenging to obtain, and mesenchymal stem cells have become an alternative approach to promote chondrogenesis. Importantly, nanocellulose scaffolds induce the differentiation of stem cells into chondrocyte phenotypes. In this review, we present the recent progress of nanocellulose-based scaffolds promoting the development of cartilage tissue, especially within the emphasis on chondrogenic differentiation and expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edyta Gendaszewska-Darmach
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
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26
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Toumpanaki E, Shah DU, Eichhorn SJ. Beyond What Meets the Eye: Imaging and Imagining Wood Mechanical-Structural Properties. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2001613. [PMID: 32830395 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wood presents a hierarchical structure, containing features at all length scales: from the tracheids or vessels that make up its cellular structure, through to the microfibrils within the cell walls, down to the molecular architecture of the cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses that comprise its chemical makeup. This structure renders it with high mechanical (e.g., modulus and strength) and interesting physical (e.g., optical) properties. A better understanding of this structure, and how it plays a role in governing mechanical and other physical parameters, will help to better exploit this sustainable resource. Here, recent developments on the use of advanced imaging techniques for studying the structural properties of wood in relation to its mechanical properties are explored. The focus is on synchrotron nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray tomographical imaging, Raman and infrared spectroscopies, confocal microscopy, electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Critical discussion on the role of imaging techniques and how fields are developing rapidly to incorporate both spatial and temporal ranges of analysis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Toumpanaki
- Bristol Composites Institute, CAME School of Engineering, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - Darshil U Shah
- Department of Architecture, Centre for Natural Materials Innovation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PX, UK
| | - Stephen J Eichhorn
- Bristol Composites Institute, CAME School of Engineering, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
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27
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Suriani MJ, Rapi HZ, Ilyas RA, Petrů M, Sapuan SM. Delamination and Manufacturing Defects in Natural Fiber-Reinforced Hybrid Composite: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1323. [PMID: 33919480 PMCID: PMC8073675 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, most boat fabrication companies use 100% synthetic fiber-reinforced composite materials, due to their high performance of mechanical properties. In the new trend of research on the fabrication of boat structure using natural fiber hybrid with kevlar/fiberglass-reinforced composite, the result of tensile, bending, and impact strength showed that glass fiber-reinforced polyester composite gave high strength with increasing glass fiber contents. At some point, realizing the cost of synthetic fiber is getting higher, researchers today have started to use natural fibers that are seen as a more cost-effective option. Natural fibers, however, have some disadvantages, such as high moisture absorption, due to repelling nature; low wettability; low thermal stability; and quality variation, which lead to the degradation of composite properties. In recent times, hybridization is recommended by most researchers as a solution to natural fiber's weaknesses and to reduce the use of synthetic fibers that are not environmentally friendly. In addition, hybrid composite has its own special advantages, i.e., balanced strength and stiffness, reduced weight and cost, improved fatigue resistance and fracture toughness, and improved impact resistance. The synthetic-nature fiber hybrid composites are used in a variety of applications as a modern material that has attracted most manufacturing industries' attention to shift to using the hybrid composite. Some of the previous studies stated that delamination and manufacturing had influenced the performance of the hybrid composites. In order to expand the use of natural fiber as a successful reinforcement in hybrid composite, the factor that affects the manufacturing defects needs to be investigated. In this review paper, a compilation of the reviews on the delamination and a few common manufacturing defect types illustrating the overview of the impact on the mechanical properties encountered by most of the composite manufacturing industries are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Suriani
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia;
- Marine Materials Research Group, Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia
| | - Hannah Zalifah Rapi
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia;
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Skudai, Johor 81310, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Skudai, Johor 81310, Malaysia
| | - Michal Petrů
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic;
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Seri Kembangan, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Seri Kembangan, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
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28
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Abstract
Cellulose is the most common biopolymer and widely used in our daily life. Due to its unique properties and biodegradability, it has been attracting increased attention in the recent years and various new applications of cellulose and its derivatives are constantly being found. The development of new materials with improved properties, however, is not always an easy task, and theoretical models and computer simulations can often help in this process. In this review, we give an overview of different coarse-grained models of cellulose and their applications to various systems. Various coarse-grained models with different mapping schemes are presented, which can efficiently simulate systems from the single cellulose fibril/crystal to the assembly of many fibrils/crystals. We also discuss relevant applications of these models with a focus on the mechanical properties, self-assembly, chiral nematic phases, conversion between cellulose allomorphs, composite materials and interactions with other molecules.
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29
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Agarwal UP, Ralph SA, Baez C, Reiner RS. Contributions of Crystalline and Noncrystalline Cellulose Can Occur in the Same Spectral Regions: Evidence Based on Raman and IR and Its Implication for Crystallinity Measurements. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1357-1373. [PMID: 33769790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aggregated states of celluloses remain poorly understood, and therefore, the topic requires careful investigation. In this study, Raman, IR, and X-ray diffraction (XRDs) were used to study cotton microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and MCC that has been ball-milled to various degrees. Raman and IR spectroscopy methods indicated that when these ball-milled samples were wet with water, most underwent conformational changes at the molecular level. Although formation of cellulose II was observed in longer duration ball-milled samples, the changes primarily gave rise to increased contributions in spectral and diffraction regions typically associated with the contributions of crystalline cellulose I. Moreover, when the wet samples were air-dried at 25 °C, the newly formed cellulose I-like structures partly reverted to the previous form present in the initial dry state. These findings explained for the previously reported XRD and NMR observations, where the addition of water resulted in increased crystallinities of cellulose samples. The implications of these findings to cellulose crystallinity measurements and other situations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh P Agarwal
- Fiber and Chemical Sciences Research, USDA FS, Forest Products Laboratory, 1 Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53726-2398, United States
| | - Sally A Ralph
- Fiber and Chemical Sciences Research, USDA FS, Forest Products Laboratory, 1 Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53726-2398, United States
| | - Carlos Baez
- Fiber and Chemical Sciences Research, USDA FS, Forest Products Laboratory, 1 Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53726-2398, United States
| | - Richard S Reiner
- Fiber and Chemical Sciences Research, USDA FS, Forest Products Laboratory, 1 Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53726-2398, United States
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30
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Thomas LH, Altaner CM, Forsyth VT, Mossou E, Kennedy CJ, Martel A, Jarvis MC. Nanostructural deformation of high-stiffness spruce wood under tension. Sci Rep 2021; 11:453. [PMID: 33432070 PMCID: PMC7801420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79676-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conifer wood is an exceptionally stiff and strong material when its cellulose microfibrils are well aligned. However, it is not well understood how the polymer components cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin co-operate to resist tensile stress in wood. From X-ray scattering, neutron scattering and spectroscopic data, collected under tension and processed by novel methods, the ordered, disordered and hemicellulose-coated cellulose components comprising each microfibril were shown to stretch together and demonstrated concerted, viscous stress relaxation facilitated by water. Different cellulose microfibrils did not all stretch to the same degree. Attempts were made to distinguish between microfibrils showing large and small elongation but these domains were shown to be similar with respect to orientation, crystalline disorder, hydration and the presence of bound xylan. These observations are consistent with a major stress transfer process between microfibrils being shear at interfaces in direct, hydrogen-bonded contact, as demonstrated by small-angle neutron scattering. If stress were transmitted between microfibrils by bridging hemicelluloses these might have been expected to show divergent stretching and relaxation behaviour, which was not observed. However lignin and hemicellulosic glucomannans may contribute to stress transfer on a larger length scale between microfibril bundles (macrofibrils).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne H Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Clemens M Altaner
- New Zealand School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - V Trevor Forsyth
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,Partnership for Structural Biology (PSB), 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Estelle Mossou
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,Partnership for Structural Biology (PSB), 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Craig J Kennedy
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
| | - Anne Martel
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Michael C Jarvis
- School of Chemistry, Glasgow University, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK.
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31
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Crowe JD, Hao P, Pattathil S, Pan H, Ding SY, Hodge DB, Jensen JK. Xylan Is Critical for Proper Bundling and Alignment of Cellulose Microfibrils in Plant Secondary Cell Walls. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:737690. [PMID: 34630488 PMCID: PMC8495263 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.737690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant biomass represents an abundant and increasingly important natural resource and it mainly consists of a number of cell types that have undergone extensive secondary cell wall (SCW) formation. These cell types are abundant in the stems of Arabidopsis, a well-studied model system for hardwood, the wood of eudicot plants. The main constituents of hardwood include cellulose, lignin, and xylan, the latter in the form of glucuronoxylan (GX). The binding of GX to cellulose in the eudicot SCW represents one of the best-understood molecular interactions within plant cell walls. The evenly spaced acetylation and 4-O-methyl glucuronic acid (MeGlcA) substitutions of the xylan polymer backbone facilitates binding in a linear two-fold screw conformation to the hydrophilic side of cellulose and signifies a high level of molecular specificity. However, the wider implications of GX-cellulose interactions for cellulose network formation and SCW architecture have remained less explored. In this study, we seek to expand our knowledge on this by characterizing the cellulose microfibril organization in three well-characterized GX mutants. The selected mutants display a range of GX deficiency from mild to severe, with findings indicating even the weakest mutant having significant perturbations of the cellulose network, as visualized by both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). We show by image analysis that microfibril width is increased by as much as three times in the severe mutants compared to the wild type and that the degree of directional dispersion of the fibrils is approximately doubled in all the three mutants. Further, we find that these changes correlate with both altered nanomechanical properties of the SCW, as observed by AFM, and with increases in enzymatic hydrolysis. Results from this study indicate the critical role that normal GX composition has on cellulose bundle formation and cellulose organization as a whole within the SCWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D. Crowe
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Pengchao Hao
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Henry Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Shi-You Ding
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - David B. Hodge
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Jacob Krüger Jensen
- Section for Plant Glycobiology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Jacob Krüger Jensen
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32
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Rosén T, He H, Wang R, Zhan C, Chodankar S, Fall A, Aulin C, Larsson PT, Lindström T, Hsiao BS. Cross-Sections of Nanocellulose from Wood Analyzed by Quantized Polydispersity of Elementary Microfibrils. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16743-16754. [PMID: 33253525 PMCID: PMC8926302 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Bio-based nanocellulose has been shown to possess impressive mechanical properties and simplicity for chemical modifications. The chemical properties are largely influenced by the surface area and functionality of the nanoscale materials. However, finding the typical cross-sections of nanocellulose, such as cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), has been a long-standing puzzle, where subtle changes in extraction methods seem to yield different shapes and dimensions. Here, we extracted CNFs from wood with two different oxidation methods and variations in degree of oxidation and high-pressure homogenization. The cross-sections of CNFs were characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering and wide-angle X-ray diffraction in dispersed and freeze-dried states, respectively, where the results were analyzed by assuming that the cross-sectional distribution was quantized with an 18-chain elementary microfibril, the building block of the cell wall. We find that the results agree well with a pseudosquare unit having a size of about 2.4 nm regardless of sample, while the aggregate level strongly depends on the extraction conditions. Furthermore, we find that aggregates have a preferred cohesion of phase boundaries parallel to the (110)-plane of the cellulose fibril, leading to a ribbon shape on average.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Rosén
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
- Department
of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - HongRui He
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Ruifu Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Chengbo Zhan
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Shirish Chodankar
- National
Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11793, United States
| | | | | | - Per Tomas Larsson
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- RISE, Box
5604, 114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tom Lindström
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Benjamin S. Hsiao
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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33
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Penttilä PA, Altgen M, Awais M, Österberg M, Rautkari L, Schweins R. Bundling of cellulose microfibrils in native and polyethylene glycol-containing wood cell walls revealed by small-angle neutron scattering. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20844. [PMID: 33257738 PMCID: PMC7705696 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77755-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Wood and other plant-based resources provide abundant, renewable raw materials for a variety of applications. Nevertheless, their utilization would greatly benefit from more efficient and accurate methods to characterize the detailed nanoscale architecture of plant cell walls. Non-invasive techniques such as neutron and X-ray scattering hold a promise for elucidating the hierarchical cell wall structure and any changes in its morphology, but their use is hindered by challenges in interpreting the experimental data. We used small-angle neutron scattering in combination with contrast variation by poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to identify the scattering contribution from cellulose microfibril bundles in native wood cell walls. Using this method, mean diameters for the microfibril bundles from 12 to 19 nm were determined, without the necessity of cutting, drying or freezing the cell wall. The packing distance of the individual microfibrils inside the bundles can be obtained from the same data. This finding opens up possibilities for further utilization of small-angle scattering in characterizing the plant cell wall nanostructure and its response to chemical, physical and biological modifications or even in situ treatments. Moreover, our results give new insights into the interaction between PEG and the wood nanostructure, which may be helpful for preservation of archaeological woods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paavo A Penttilä
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076, Aalto, Finland.
- Large-Scale Structures Group, Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France.
| | - Michael Altgen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Muhammad Awais
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Monika Österberg
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Lauri Rautkari
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Large-Scale Structures Group, Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France
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34
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Garg M, Linares M, Zozoulenko I. Theoretical Rationalization of Self-Assembly of Cellulose Nanocrystals: Effect of Surface Modifications and Counterions. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3069-3080. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Garg
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Mathieu Linares
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden
- Scientific Visualization Group, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden
- Swedish e-Science Research Centre (SeRC), Linköping University, Linköping SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden
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35
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Adobes-Vidal M, Frey M, Keplinger T. Atomic force microscopy imaging of delignified secondary cell walls in liquid conditions facilitates interpretation of wood ultrastructure. J Struct Biol 2020; 211:107532. [PMID: 32442716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Deep understanding of the physicochemical and structural characteristics of wood at the nanoscale is essential for improving wood usage in biorefining and advancing new high performance materials design. Herein, we use in situ atomic force microscopy and a simple delignification treatment to elucidate the nanoscale architecture of individual secondary cell wall layers. Advantages of this approach are: (i) minimal sample preparation that reduces the introduction of potential artifacts; (ii) prevention of structural rearrangements due to dehydration; (iii) increased accessibility to structural details masked by the lignin matrix; and (iv) possibility to complement results with other analytical techniques without sample manipulation. The methodology permits the visualization of parallel and helicoidally arranged microfibril aggregates in the S1 layer and the determination of lignin contribution to microfibril aggregates forming S2 layers. Cellulose and hemicelluloses constitute the core of the aggregates with a mean diameter of approximately 19 nm, and lignin encloses the core forming single structural entities of about 30 nm diameter. Furthermore, we highlight the implications of sample preparation and imaging parameters on the characterization of microfibril aggregates by AFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Adobes-Vidal
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Marion Frey
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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36
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Ganguly K, Patel DK, Dutta SD, Shin WC, Lim KT. Stimuli-responsive self-assembly of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs): Structures, functions, and biomedical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 155:456-469. [PMID: 32222290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have received a significant amount of attention from the researchers. It is used as a nanomaterial for various applications due to its excellent physiochemical properties for the last few decades. Self-assembly is a phenomenon where autonomous reorganization of randomly oriented species occurs elegantly. Self-assembly is responsible for the formation of the hierarchical cholesteric structure of CNCs. This process is highly influenced by several factors, such as the surface chemistry of the nanoparticles, intermolecular forces, and the fundamental laws of thermodynamics. Various conventional experimental designs and molecular dynamics (MD) studies have been applied to determine the possible mechanism of self-assembly in CNCs. Different external factors, like pH, temperature, magnetic/electric fields, vacuum, also influence the self-assembly process in CNCs. Notably, better responses have been observed in CNCs-grafted polymer nanocomposites. These functionalized CNCs with stimuli-responsive self-assembly have immense practical applications in modern biotechnology and medicine. Herein, we have concisely discussed the mechanism of the self-assembled CNCs in the presence of different external factors such as pH, temperature, electric/magnetic fields, and their biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keya Ganguly
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinesh K Patel
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sayan Deb Dutta
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Chul Shin
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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37
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Cragg SM, Friess DA, Gillis LG, Trevathan-Tackett SM, Terrett OM, Watts JEM, Distel DL, Dupree P. Vascular Plants Are Globally Significant Contributors to Marine Carbon Fluxes and Sinks. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2020; 12:469-497. [PMID: 31505131 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
More than two-thirds of global biomass consists of vascular plants. A portion of the detritus they generate is carried into the oceans from land and highly productive blue carbon ecosystems-salt marshes, mangrove forests, and seagrass meadows. This large detrital input receives scant attention in current models of the global carbon cycle, though for blue carbon ecosystems, increasingly well-constrained estimates of biomass, productivity, and carbon fluxes, reviewed in this article, are now available. We show that the fate of this detritus differs markedly from that of strictly marine origin, because the former contains lignocellulose-an energy-rich polymer complex of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin that is resistant to enzymatic breakdown. This complex can be depolymerized for nutritional purposes by specialized marine prokaryotes, fungi, protists, and invertebrates using enzymes such as glycoside hydrolases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases to release sugar monomers. The lignin component, however, is less readily depolymerized, and detritus therefore becomes lignin enriched, particularly in anoxic sediments, and forms a major carbon sink in blue carbon ecosystems. Eventual lignin breakdown releases a wide variety of small molecules that may contribute significantly to the oceanic pool of recalcitrant dissolved organic carbon. Marine carbon fluxes and sinks dependent on lignocellulosic detritus are important ecosystem services that are vulnerable to human interventions. These services must be considered when protecting blue carbon ecosystems and planning initiatives aimed at mitigating anthropogenic carbon emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Cragg
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO4 9LY, United Kingdom;
| | - Daniel A Friess
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570;
| | - Lucy G Gillis
- Leibniz-Zentrum für Marine Tropenforschung (ZMT), 28359 Bremen, Germany;
| | - Stacey M Trevathan-Tackett
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia;
| | - Oliver M Terrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Joy E M Watts
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, United Kingdom;
| | - Daniel L Distel
- Ocean Genome Legacy Center of New England Biolabs, Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, Massachusetts 01908, USA;
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom; ,
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Cellulose Nanocrystals from Fibers of Macauba ( Acrocomia Aculeata) and Gravata ( Bromelia Balansae) from Brazilian Pantanal. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11111785. [PMID: 31683786 PMCID: PMC6918367 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were obtained from macauba and gravata fibers. Macauba (or Bocaiuva) is a palm tree found throughout most of Brazil and Gravata is an abundant kind of bromelia with 1–2m long leaves, found in Brazilian Pantanal and Cerrado. The raw fibers of both fibers were mercerized with NaOH solutions and bleached; they were then submitted to acid hydrolysis using H2SO4 at 45 °C, varying the hydrolysis time from 15 up to 75 min. The fibers were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR Spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermal stability by thermogravimetric analysis (TG). XRD patterns did not present changes in the crystal structure of cellulose after mercerization, but it was observed a decrease of hemicellulose and lignin contents, and consequently an increase of cellulose content with the increase of NaOH solution concentration in the mercerization. After acid hydrolysis, the cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were also analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) which showed an acicular or rod-like aspect and nanometric dimensions of CNC from both fibers, but the higher values of aspect ratio (L/D) were found on CNC obtained from gravata after 45 min of acid hydrolysis. The mercerization and subsequent bleaching of fibers influenced the crystallinity index and thermal stability of the resulting CNC, but their properties are mainly influenced by the hydrolysis time, i. e., there is an increase in crystallinity and thermal stability up to 45 min of hydrolysis, after this time, both properties decrease, probably due to the cellulose degradation by the sulfuric acid.
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Terrett OM, Lyczakowski JJ, Yu L, Iuga D, Franks WT, Brown SP, Dupree R, Dupree P. Molecular architecture of softwood revealed by solid-state NMR. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4978. [PMID: 31673042 PMCID: PMC6823442 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12979-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Economically important softwood from conifers is mainly composed of the polysaccharides cellulose, galactoglucomannan and xylan, and the phenolic polymer, lignin. The interactions between these polymers lead to wood mechanical strength and must be overcome in biorefining. Here, we use 13C multidimensional solid-state NMR to analyse the polymer interactions in never-dried cell walls of the softwood, spruce. In contrast to some earlier softwood cell wall models, most of the xylan binds to cellulose in the two-fold screw conformation. Moreover, galactoglucomannan alters its conformation by intimately binding to the surface of cellulose microfibrils in a semi-crystalline fashion. Some galactoglucomannan and xylan bind to the same cellulose microfibrils, and lignin is associated with both of these cellulose-bound polysaccharides. We propose a model of softwood molecular architecture which explains the origin of the different cellulose environments observed in the NMR experiments. Our model will assist strategies for improving wood usage in a sustainable bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver M Terrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Jan J Lyczakowski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
- Natural Material Innovation Centre, University of Cambridge, 1 Scroope Terrace, Cambridge, CB2 1PX, UK
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
- Natural Material Innovation Centre, University of Cambridge, 1 Scroope Terrace, Cambridge, CB2 1PX, UK
| | - Dinu Iuga
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - W Trent Franks
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Steven P Brown
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ray Dupree
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.
- Natural Material Innovation Centre, University of Cambridge, 1 Scroope Terrace, Cambridge, CB2 1PX, UK.
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40
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Li X, Speicher TL, Dees D, Mansoori N, McManus JB, Tien M, Trindade LM, Wallace IS, Roberts AW. Convergent evolution of hetero-oligomeric cellulose synthesis complexes in mosses and seed plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:862-876. [PMID: 31021018 PMCID: PMC6711812 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In seed plants, cellulose is synthesized by rosette-shaped cellulose synthesis complexes (CSCs) that are obligate hetero-oligomeric, comprising three non-interchangeable cellulose synthase (CESA) isoforms. The moss Physcomitrella patens has rosette CSCs and seven CESAs, but its common ancestor with seed plants had rosette CSCs and a single CESA gene. Therefore, if P. patens CSCs are hetero-oligomeric, then CSCs of this type evolved convergently in mosses and seed plants. Previous gene knockout and promoter swap experiments showed that PpCESAs from class A (PpCESA3 and PpCESA8) and class B (PpCESA6 and PpCESA7) have non-redundant functions in secondary cell wall cellulose deposition in leaf midribs, whereas the two members of each class are redundant. Based on these observations, we proposed the hypothesis that the secondary class A and class B PpCESAs associate to form hetero-oligomeric CSCs. Here we show that transcription of secondary class A PpCESAs is reduced when secondary class B PpCESAs are knocked out and vice versa, as expected for genes encoding isoforms that occupy distinct positions within the same CSC. The class A and class B isoforms co-accumulate in developing gametophores and co-immunoprecipitate, suggesting that they interact to form a complex in planta. Finally, secondary PpCESAs interact with each other, whereas three of four fail to self-interact when expressed in two different heterologous systems. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that obligate hetero-oligomeric CSCs evolved independently in mosses and seed plants and we propose the constructive neutral evolution hypothesis as a plausible explanation for convergent evolution of hetero-oligomeric CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
| | - Tori L. Speicher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Dianka Dees
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nasim Mansoori
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - John B. McManus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Ming Tien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Luisa M. Trindade
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ian S. Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
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Horbelt N, Eder M, Bertinetti L, Fratzl P, Harrington MJ. Unraveling the Rapid Assembly Process of Stiff Cellulosic Fibers from Mistletoe Berries. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3094-3103. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Horbelt
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14424, Germany
| | - Michaela Eder
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14424, Germany
| | - Luca Bertinetti
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14424, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14424, Germany
| | - Matthew J. Harrington
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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42
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Guo F, Altaner CM. Effects of mechanical stretching, desorption and isotope exchange on deuterated eucalypt wood studied by near infrared spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 211:254-259. [PMID: 30557842 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Deuterium exchange combined with near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used to study the roles of accessible and inaccessible cellulose in the load transfer of eucalyptus wood. Monitoring the drying process helped to assign NIR bands of deuterated wood samples. Polarized NIR spectra of protonated and deuterated samples confirmed that inaccessible hydroxyl groups in eucalyptus wood were preferably oriented in the longitudinal direction. The spectral changes on NIR spectra caused by mechanical strain could be highlighted by averaging loading and unloading cycles to compensate for effects of desorption and isotope re-exchange due to environmental fluctuations. After deuteration, the bands affected by mechanical strain at around 6420, 6240 and 4670 cm-1, which had been assigned to hydroxyl groups in cellulose, remained at these positions, suggesting the inaccessible cellulose fraction was the main load-bearing component in wood. A small band at around 4700 cm-1 responding to mechanical strain, becoming visible in the deuterated spectra, indicated that accessible hydroxyls also contributed to the load transfer. Furthermore, the measurements confirmed previous reports of moisture adsorption of wood under tensile stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Guo
- New Zealand School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Clemens M Altaner
- New Zealand School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Fraczyk J, Kamiński ZJ. N-Lipidated Amino Acids and Peptides Immobilizedon Cellulose Able to Split Amide Bonds. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12040578. [PMID: 30769907 PMCID: PMC6416662 DOI: 10.3390/ma12040578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
N-lipidated short peptides and amino acids immobilized on the cellulose were used as catalysts cleaved amide bonds under biomimetic conditions. In order to select catalytically most active derivatives a library of 156 N-lipidated amino acids, dipeptides and tripeptides immobilized on cellulose was obtained. The library was synthesized from serine, histidine and glutamic acid peptides N-acylated with heptanoic, octanoic, hexadecanoic and (E)-octadec-9-enoic acids. Catalytic efficiency was monitored by spectrophotometric determination of p-nitroaniline formed by the hydrolysis of a 0.1 M solution of Z-Leu-NP. The most active 8 structures contained tripeptide fragment with 1-3 serine residues. It has been found that incorporation of metal ions into catalytic pockets increase the activity of the synzymes. The structures of the 17 most active catalysts selected from the library of complexes obtained with Cu2+ ion varied from 16 derivatives complexed with Zn2+ ion. For all of them, a very high reaction rate during the preliminary phase of measurements was followed by a substantial slowdown after 1 h. The catalytic activity gradually diminished after subsequent re-use. HPLC analysis of amide bond splitting confirmed that substrate consumption proceeded in two stages. In the preliminary stage 24–40% of the substrate was rapidly hydrolysed followed by the substantially lower reaction rate. Nevertheless, using the most competent synzymes product of hydrolysis was formed with a yield of 60–83% after 48h under mild and strictly biomimetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Fraczyk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew J Kamiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
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44
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Lyczakowski JJ, Bourdon M, Terrett OM, Helariutta Y, Wightman R, Dupree P. Structural Imaging of Native Cryo-Preserved Secondary Cell Walls Reveals the Presence of Macrofibrils and Their Formation Requires Normal Cellulose, Lignin and Xylan Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1398. [PMID: 31708959 PMCID: PMC6819431 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The woody secondary cell walls of plants are the largest repository of renewable carbon biopolymers on the planet. These walls are made principally from cellulose and hemicelluloses and are impregnated with lignin. Despite their importance as the main load bearing structure for plant growth, as well as their industrial importance as both a material and energy source, the precise arrangement of these constituents within the cell wall is not yet fully understood. We have adapted low temperature scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) for imaging the nanoscale architecture of angiosperm and gymnosperm cell walls in their native hydrated state. Our work confirms that cell wall macrofibrils, cylindrical structures with a diameter exceeding 10 nm, are a common feature of the native hardwood and softwood samples. We have observed these same structures in Arabidopsis thaliana secondary cell walls, enabling macrofibrils to be compared between mutant lines that are perturbed in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin formation. Our analysis indicates that the macrofibrils in Arabidopsis cell walls are dependent upon the proper biosynthesis, or composed, of cellulose, xylan, and lignin. This study establishes that cryo-SEM is a useful additional approach for investigating the native nanoscale architecture and composition of hardwood and softwood secondary cell walls and demonstrates the applicability of Arabidopsis genetic resources to relate fibril structure with wall composition and biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan J. Lyczakowski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Natural Material Innovation Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthieu Bourdon
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver M. Terrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biotechnology/Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raymond Wightman
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Raymond Wightman, ; Paul Dupree,
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Natural Material Innovation Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Raymond Wightman, ; Paul Dupree,
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Dehors J, Mareck A, Kiefer-Meyer MC, Menu-Bouaouiche L, Lehner A, Mollet JC. Evolution of Cell Wall Polymers in Tip-Growing Land Plant Gametophytes: Composition, Distribution, Functional Aspects and Their Remodeling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:441. [PMID: 31057570 PMCID: PMC6482432 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During evolution of land plants, the first colonizing species presented leafy-dominant gametophytes, found in non-vascular plants (bryophytes). Today, bryophytes include liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. In the first seedless vascular plants (lycophytes), the sporophytic stage of life started to be predominant. In the seed producing plants, gymnosperms and angiosperms , the gametophytic stage is restricted to reproduction. In mosses and ferns, the haploid spores germinate and form a protonema, which develops into a leafy gametophyte producing rhizoids for anchorage, water and nutrient uptakes. The basal gymnosperms (cycads and Ginkgo) reproduce by zooidogamy. Their pollen grains develop a multi-branched pollen tube that penetrates the nucellus and releases flagellated sperm cells that swim to the egg cell. The pollen grain of other gymnosperms (conifers and gnetophytes) as well as angiosperms germinates and produces a pollen tube that directly delivers the sperm cells to the ovule (siphonogamy). These different gametophytes, which are short or long-lived structures, share a common tip-growing mode of cell expansion. Tip-growth requires a massive cell wall deposition to promote cell elongation, but also a tight spatial and temporal control of the cell wall remodeling in order to modulate the mechanical properties of the cell wall. The growth rate of these cells is very variable depending on the structure and the species, ranging from very slow (protonemata, rhizoids, and some gymnosperm pollen tubes), to a slow to fast-growth in other gymnosperms and angiosperms. In addition, the structural diversity of the female counterparts in angiosperms (dry, semi-dry vs wet stigmas, short vs long, solid vs hollow styles) will impact the speed and efficiency of sperm delivery. As the evolution and diversity of the cell wall polysaccharides accompanied the diversification of cell wall structural proteins and remodeling enzymes, this review focuses on our current knowledge on the biochemistry, the distribution and remodeling of the main cell wall polymers (including cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins, callose, arabinogalactan-proteins and extensins), during the tip-expansion of gametophytes from bryophytes, pteridophytes (lycophytes and monilophytes), gymnosperms and the monocot and eudicot angiosperms.
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Kubicki JD, Yang H, Sawada D, O'Neill H, Oehme D, Cosgrove D. The Shape of Native Plant Cellulose Microfibrils. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13983. [PMID: 30228280 PMCID: PMC6143632 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32211-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the shape of plant cellulose microfibrils is critical for understanding plant cell wall molecular architecture and conversion of cellulose into biofuels. Only recently has it been determined that these cellulose microfibrils are composed of 18 cellulose chains rather than 36 polymers arranged in a diamond-shaped pattern. This study uses density functional theory calculations to model three possible habits for the 18-chain microfibril and compares the calculated energies, structures, 13C NMR chemical shifts and WAXS diffractograms of each to evaluate which shape is most probable. Each model is capable of reproducing experimentally-observed data to some extent, but based on relative theoretical energies and reasonable reproduction of all variables considered, a microfibril based on 5 layers in a 34443 arrangement is predicted to be the most probable. A habit based on a 234432 arrangement is slightly less favored, and a 6 × 3 arrangement is considered improbable.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Kubicki
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Daisuke Sawada
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Hugh O'Neill
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Daniel Oehme
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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47
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Kreitschitz A, Gorb SN. The micro- and nanoscale spatial architecture of the seed mucilage-Comparative study of selected plant species. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200522. [PMID: 30040844 PMCID: PMC6057646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The seed coat mucilage envelope is formed just after hydration and surrounds the seed as a gel-like, transparent capsule. The mucilage envelope represents a special type of modified cell wall with all of the typical polysaccharides i.e. cellulose, pectins and hemicelluloses. The chemical composition of the mucilage is well-recognized but its structural organization remains unclear. In the presented study, we visualized the spatial architecture of the seed mucilage envelope of selected taxa which produce cellulose mucilage. Using critical point drying (CPD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging, we demonstrated the structural details of the mucilage from the micro- down to the nanoscale. The mucilage, after CPD, had a visibly spatial structure which differed between the studied taxa; for example, a tangled organization in Arabidopsis thaliana and a more ordered arrangement in Ocimum basilicum were revealed. In general, the mucilaginous fibrillary components formed network made of long, unbranched, thicker cellulose fibrils together with shorter, thinner and, often branched other polysaccharides. Cellulose fibrils built a kind of scaffold for the rest of the components which were spread between them and/or covered their surface. The cellulose fibrils were attached to the seed surface, and therefore prevent the loss of the mucilage envelope during mechanical impacts. The loose architecture and special chemical composition of the mucilaginous cell wall is important for water binding and storage, which are crucial for the proper functioning of the seed mucilage envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kreitschitz
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Stanislav N. Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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48
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Chakrabarty A, Teramoto Y. Recent Advances in Nanocellulose Composites with Polymers: A Guide for Choosing Partners and How to Incorporate Them. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E517. [PMID: 30966551 PMCID: PMC6415375 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the research on nanocellulose composites with polymers has made significant contributions to the development of functional and sustainable materials. This review outlines the chemistry of the interaction between the nanocellulose and the polymer matrix, along with the extent of the reinforcement in their nanocomposites. In order to fabricate well-defined nanocomposites, the type of nanomaterial and the selection of the polymer matrix are always crucial from the viewpoint of polymer⁻filler compatibility for the desired reinforcement and specific application. In this review, recent articles on polymer/nanocellulose composites were taken into account to provide a clear understanding on how to use the surface functionalities of nanocellulose and to choose the polymer matrix in order to produce the nanocomposite. Here, we considered cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) and cellulose nanofiber (CNF) as the nanocellulosic materials. A brief discussion on their synthesis and properties was also incorporated. This review, overall, is a guide to help in designing polymer/nanocellulose composites through the utilization of nanocellulose properties and the selection of functional polymers, paving the way to specific polymer⁻filler interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Chakrabarty
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Yoshikuni Teramoto
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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49
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Phyo P, Wang T, Yang Y, O’Neill H, Hong M. Direct Determination of Hydroxymethyl Conformations of Plant Cell Wall Cellulose Using 1H Polarization Transfer Solid-State NMR. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:1485-1497. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pyae Phyo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hugh O’Neill
- Center for Structural Molecular Biology, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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50
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Eichhorn SJ, Rahatekar SS, Vignolini S, Windle AH. New horizons for cellulose nanotechnology. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2018; 376:20170200. [PMID: 29277748 PMCID: PMC5746563 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S J Eichhorn
- Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS), University of Bristol, Queen's Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK
| | - S S Rahatekar
- Enhanced Composites and Structures Centre, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield MK43 0AL, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - S Vignolini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - A H Windle
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
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