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Michalicová R, Hegrová J, Svoboda J, Ličbinský R. Seasonal and spatial variations of arsenic and its species in particulate matter in an urban environment of Brno, Czech Republic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:55251-55262. [PMID: 39225932 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The present paper deals with an analysis of total arsenic concentration using ICP-MS/MS and an analysis of concentration of several arsenic species, arsenite (AsIII), arsenate (AsV), monomethylarsonate (MMA), dimethylarsenite (DMA), and trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO), using HPLC-ICP-MS/MS in the PM10 fraction of airborne urban aerosol. The samples were collected during two campaigns, in the autumn of 2022 and in the winter of 2023, at three locations within the central European city of Brno, with the aim to evaluate the seasonal and spatial variations in the PM10 composition. The results confirmed only the seasonal variability in the content of the methylated arsenic species in PM10 influenced by biomethylation processes. To gain better understanding of the possible arsenic origin, a supplementary analysis of the total arsenic concentrations was performed in samples of different size fractions of particulate matter collected using ELPI + . Local emissions, including industrial activities and heating during the winter season, were suggested as the most likely predominant source contributing to the total As content in PM10.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jitka Hegrová
- Transport Research Centre, Líšeňská 33a, Brno, 636 00, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Svoboda
- Transport Research Centre, Líšeňská 33a, Brno, 636 00, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Ličbinský
- Transport Research Centre, Líšeňská 33a, Brno, 636 00, Czech Republic
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Wang AY, Hu HY, Sun Y, Ou YN, Ma YH, Li M, Li QY, Tan L. Association between air pollution and cerebrospinal fluid alpha-synuclein in urban elders: the CABLE study. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1422772. [PMID: 39280698 PMCID: PMC11392785 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1422772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Increasing evidence suggests that air pollution has a significant impact on the development of synucleinopathies, but the potential neurobiological mechanisms are unknown. We aimed to explore the associations of air pollution (including ozone [O3], nitrogen dioxide [NO2], and particulate matter [PM2.5]) with CSF α-syn levels in urban older adults. Methods We included 933 urban participants from the Chinese Alzheimer's Biomarker and LifestylE study. The 5-year average levels of air pollution exposure were estimated in the areas of residence. Multivariate linear regression was conducted to detect the correlation of air pollution with CSF α-syn levels. Subgroup analyses by age, gender, season, and history of coronary heart disease (CHD) were performed. Moreover, restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were applied to explore the potential nonlinear relationships. Results We found a significant correlation of CSF α-syn level with PM2.5 in urban participants. Specifically, multiple linear regression showed a significant negative association between PM2.5 and CSF α-syn level (p = 0.029), which was more significant in female, midlife, non-CHD, and cold season subgroups. Besides, RCS models showed that O3 had an inverse J-shaped association with CSF α-syn levels in urban participants (p for nonlinearity = 0.040), and the harmful effect possibly appeared when O3 was above 37.9 ppb. Discussion Long-term exposure to air pollution was associated with lower CSF α-syn levels, which may offer a new direction for exploring and preventing synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Yi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - He-Ying Hu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ya-Nan Ou
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ya-Hui Ma
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiong-Yao Li
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Varghese D, Clemens T, McMurray A, Pinnock H, Grigg J, Cunningham S. Near-fatal and fatal asthma and air pollution: are we missing an opportunity to ask key questions? Arch Dis Child 2024; 109:616-619. [PMID: 37949644 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2023-325548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing body of evidence supporting the link between asthma attacks and air pollution in children. To our knowledge, there has only been one reported case of a fatal asthma attack in a child associated with air pollution and this was in the UK. This article considers why there is a lack of evidence on fatal/near-fatal asthma and air pollution. We also explore three challenges. First, fatal and near-fatal asthma events are rare and not yet well understood. Second, measuring and interpreting personal exposure to air pollution with sufficient temporal and spatial detail are challenging to interpret in the context of individual fatal or near-fatal asthma attacks. Third, current studies are not designed to answer the question of whether or to what extent air pollution is associated with fatal/near-fatal asthma attacks in children. Conclusive evidence is not yet available and systems of data collection for both air pollution and fatal and near-fatal asthma attacks should be enhanced to ensure risk can be determined and impact minimised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Varghese
- Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tom Clemens
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ann McMurray
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hilary Pinnock
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jonathan Grigg
- Centre for Child Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK, London, UK
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Downham RP, Gannon B, Lozano DCP, Jones HE, Vane CH, Barrow MP. Tracking the history of polycyclic aromatic compounds in London through a River Thames sediment core and ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 473:134605. [PMID: 38768537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heteroatom-containing analogues, constitute an important environmental contaminant class. For decades, limited numbers of priority PAHs have been routinely targeted in pollution investigations, however, there is growing awareness for the potential occurrence of thousands of PACs in the environment. In this study, untargeted Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry was used for the molecular characterisation of PACs in a sediment core from Chiswick Ait, in the River Thames, London, UK. Using complex mixture analysis approaches, including aromaticity index calculations, the number of molecular PAC components was determined for eight core depths, extending back to the 1930s. A maximum of 1676 molecular compositions representing PACs was detected at the depth corresponding to the 1950s, and a decline in PAC numbers was observed up the core. A case linking the PACs to London's coal consumption history is presented, alongside other possible sources, with some data features indicating pyrogenic origins. The overall core profile trend in PAC components, including compounds with oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and chlorine atoms, is shown to broadly correspond to the 16 priority PAH concentration profile trend previously determined for this core. These findings have implications for other industry-impacted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory P Downham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Benedict Gannon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Hugh E Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Christopher H Vane
- British Geological Survey, Organic Geochemistry Facility, Keyworth NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Mark P Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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Yatera K, Nishida C. Contemporary Concise Review 2023: Environmental and occupational lung diseases. Respirology 2024; 29:574-587. [PMID: 38826078 DOI: 10.1111/resp.14761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Air pollutants have various effects on human health in environmental and occupational settings. Air pollutants can be a risk factor for incidence, exacerbation/aggravation and death due to various lung diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hypersensitivity pneumonitis or pneumonia (HP), pulmonary fibrosis such as pneumoconiosis and malignant respiratory diseases such as lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma. Environmental and occupational respiratory diseases are crucial clinical and social issues worldwide, although the burden of respiratory disease due to environmental and occupational causes varies depending on country/region, demographic variables, geographical location, industrial structure and socioeconomic situation. The correct recognition of environmental and occupational lung diseases and taking appropriate measures are essential to their effective prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yatera
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Chinatsu Nishida
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Qu K, Yan Y, Wang X, Jin X, Vrekoussis M, Kanakidou M, Brasseur GP, Lin T, Xiao T, Cai X, Zeng L, Zhang Y. The effect of cross-regional transport on ozone and particulate matter pollution in China: A review of methodology and current knowledge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174196. [PMID: 38942314 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
China is currently one of the countries impacted by severe atmospheric ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM) pollution. Due to their moderately long lifetimes, O3 and PM can be transported over long distances, cross the boundaries of source regions and contribute to air pollution in other regions. The reported contributions of cross-regional transport (CRT) to O3 and fine PM (PM2.5) concentrations often exceed those of local emissions in the major regions of China, highlighting the important role of CRT in regional air pollution. Therefore, further improvement of air quality in China requires more joint efforts among regions to ensure a proper reduction in emissions while accounting for the influence of CRT. This review summarizes the methodologies employed to assess the influence of CRT on O3 and PM pollution as well as current knowledge of CRT influence in China. Quantifying CRT contributions in proportion to O3 and PM levels and studying detailed CRT processes of O3, PM and precursors can be both based on targeted observations and/or model simulations. Reported publications indicate that CRT contributes by 40-80 % to O3 and by 10-70 % to PM2.5 in various regions of China. These contributions exhibit notable spatiotemporal variations, with differences in meteorological conditions and/or emissions often serving as main drivers of such variations. Based on trajectory-based methods, transport pathways contributing to O3 and PM pollution in major regions of China have been revealed. Recent studies also highlighted the important role of horizontal transport in the middle/high atmospheric boundary layer or low free troposphere, of vertical exchange and mixing as well as of interactions between CRT, local meteorology and chemistry in the detailed CRT processes. Drawing on the current knowledge on the influence of CRT, this paper provides recommendations for future studies that aim at supporting ongoing air pollution mitigation strategies in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Qu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China; Laboratory for Modeling and Observation of the Earth System (LAMOS), Institute of Environmental Physics (IUP), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Yu Yan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China; Sichuan Academy of Environmental Policy and Planning, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China.
| | - Xipeng Jin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Mihalis Vrekoussis
- Laboratory for Modeling and Observation of the Earth System (LAMOS), Institute of Environmental Physics (IUP), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany; Center of Marine Environmental Sciences (MARUM), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany; Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Kanakidou
- Laboratory for Modeling and Observation of the Earth System (LAMOS), Institute of Environmental Physics (IUP), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Center of Studies of Air quality and Climate Change, Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, Greece
| | - Guy P Brasseur
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tingkun Lin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
| | - Teng Xiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
| | - Xuhui Cai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China; Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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Everard ML, Priftis K, Koumbourlis AC, Shields MD. Time to re-set our thinking about airways disease: lessons from history, the resurgence of chronic bronchitis / PBB and modern concepts in microbiology. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1391290. [PMID: 38910961 PMCID: PMC11190372 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1391290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In contrast to significant declines in deaths due to lung cancer and cardiac disease in Westernised countries, the mortality due to 'chronic obstructive pulmonary disease' (COPD) has minimally changed in recent decades while 'the incidence of bronchiectasis' is on the rise. The current focus on producing guidelines for these two airway 'diseases' has hindered progress in both treatment and prevention. The elephant in the room is that neither COPD nor bronchiectasis is a disease but rather a consequence of progressive untreated airway inflammation. To make this case, it is important to review the evolution of our understanding of airway disease and how a pathological appearance (bronchiectasis) and an arbitrary physiological marker of impaired airways (COPD) came to be labelled as 'diseases'. Valuable insights into the natural history of airway disease can be obtained from the pre-antibiotic era. The dramatic impacts of antibiotics on the prevalence of significant airway disease, especially in childhood and early adult life, have largely been forgotten and will be revisited as will the misinterpretation of trials undertaken in those with chronic (bacterial) bronchitis. In the past decades, paediatricians have observed a progressive increase in what is termed 'persistent bacterial bronchitis' (PBB). This condition shares all the same characteristics as 'chronic bronchitis', which is prevalent in young children during the pre-antibiotic era. Additionally, the radiological appearance of bronchiectasis is once again becoming more common in children and, more recently, in adults. Adult physicians remain sceptical about the existence of PBB; however, in one study aimed at assessing the efficacy of antibiotics in adults with persistent symptoms, researchers discovered that the majority of patients exhibiting symptoms of PBB were already on long-term macrolides. In recent decades, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of the respiratory microbiome and an understanding of the ability of bacteria to persist in potentially hostile environments through strategies such as biofilms, intracellular communities, and persister bacteria. This is a challenging field that will likely require new approaches to diagnosis and treatment; however, it needs to be embraced if real progress is to be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Everard
- Division of Paediatrics & Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kostas Priftis
- Allergology and Pulmonology Unit, 3rd Paediatric Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastassios C Koumbourlis
- Division of Pulmonary & Sleep Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Michael D Shields
- Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Singer M. Is Pollution the Primary Driver of Infectious Syndemics? Pathogens 2024; 13:370. [PMID: 38787222 PMCID: PMC11124193 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Syndemics, the adverse interaction of two or more coterminous diseases or other negative health conditions, have probably existed since human settlement, plant and animal domestication, urbanization, and the growth of social inequality beginning about 10-12,000 years ago. These dramatic changes in human social evolution significantly increased opportunities for the spread of zoonotic infectious diseases in denser human communities with increased sanitation challenges. In light of a growing body of research that indicates that anthropogenic air pollution causes numerous threats to health and is taking a far greater toll on human life and wellbeing than had been reported, this paper proposes the possibility that air pollution is now the primary driver of infectious disease syndemics. In support of this assertion, this paper reviews the growth and health impacts of air pollution, the relationship of air pollution to the development and spread of infectious diseases, and reported cases of air pollution-driven infectious disease syndemics, and presents public health recommendations for leveraging the biosocial insight of syndemic theory in responding to infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrill Singer
- Anthropology, Storrs Campus, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Wood DA. Trend-attribute forecasting of hourly PM2.5 trends in fifteen cities of Central England applying optimized machine learning feature selection. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 356:120561. [PMID: 38479290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Recorded particulate matter (PM2.5) hourly trends are compared for fifteen urban recording sites distributed across central England for the period 2018 to 2022. They include 10 urban-background and five urban-traffic (roadside) sites with some located within the same urban area. The sites all show consistent background and peak distributions with mean annual values and standard deviations higher for 2018 and 2019 than for 2020 to 2022. The objective of this study is to demonstrate that trend attributes extracted from hourly recorded univariate PM2.5 trends at these sites can be used to provide reliable short-term hourly predictions and provide valuable insight into the regional variations in the recorded trends. Fifteen trend attributes extracted from the prior 12 h (t-1 to t-12) of recorded PM2.5 data were compiled and used as input to four supervised machine learning models (SML) to forecast PM2.5 concentrations up to 13 h ahead (t0 to t+12). All recording sites delivered forecasts with similar ranges of error levels for specific hours ahead which are consistent with their PM2.5 recorded ranges. Forecasting results for four representative sites are presented in detail using models trained and cross-validated with 2020 and 2021 hourly data to forecast 2021 and 2022 hourly data, respectively. A novel optimized feature selection procedure using a suite of five optimizers is used to improve the efficiency of the forecasting models. The LASSO and support vector regression models generate the best and most generalizable hourly PM2.5 forecasts from trained and validated SML models with mean average error (MAE) of between ∼1 and ∼3 μg/m3 for t0 to t+3 h ahead. A novel overfitting indicator, exploiting the cross-validation mean values, demonstrates that these two models are not affected by overfitting. Forecasts for t+6 to t+12 h forward generate higher MAE values between ∼3 and ∼4 μg/m3 due to their tendency to underestimate some of the extreme PM2.5 peaks. These findings indicate that further model refinements are required to generate more reliable short-term predictions for the t+6 to t+24 h ahead.
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Ioannidou E, Papagiannis S, Manousakas MI, Vestenius M, Eleftheriadis K, Paatero J, Papadopoulou L, Ioannidou A. Airborne 210Pb, Si, Zn and Pb as tracers for atmospheric pollution in Helsinki metropolitan area. Appl Radiat Isot 2024; 206:111252. [PMID: 38422941 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2024.111252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This study analyzed 16070 daily and 608 weekly air filter samples from the Helsinki metropolitan area collected between 1962 and 2005. The aim was to use the Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) to determine potential sources of silicon (Si), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and radioactive isotope 210Pb. The main sources for Si and Pb were industrial activities, particularly mining, metal industry, and traffic. Common source areas for Zn and 210Pb were identified in the eastern and southeastern parts of the measuring site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Ioannidou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Physics, Nuclear Physics & Elementary Particle Physics Division, Thessaloniki, 54 124, Greece.
| | - Stefanos Papagiannis
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, INRASTES, NCSR Demokritos, 15310, Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece; Institue of Nuclear and Particle Physics, NCSR Demokritos, 15310, Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Manousos Ioannis Manousakas
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, INRASTES, NCSR Demokritos, 15310, Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Mika Vestenius
- Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Observation Services, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, INRASTES, NCSR Demokritos, 15310, Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Jussi Paatero
- Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Observation Services, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lambrini Papadopoulou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Geology, Thessaloniki, 54 124, Greece
| | - Alexandra Ioannidou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Physics, Nuclear Physics & Elementary Particle Physics Division, Thessaloniki, 54 124, Greece
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Sebastião BF, Hortelão RM, Granadas SS, Faria JM, Pinto JR, Henriques HR. Air quality self-management in asthmatic patients with COPD: An integrative review for developing nursing interventions to prevent exacerbations. Int J Nurs Sci 2024; 11:46-56. [PMID: 38352284 PMCID: PMC10859576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) overlap (ACO) patients experience a lower quality of life, frequent exacerbations, and worse pulmonary function. Environmental management is essential in a complex chronic condition, as pollutant exposure can worsen symptoms and increase morbidity and mortality. We aimed to identify evidence that informs nursing interventions in promoting self-management of air quality in asthmatic people with COPD. Methods We conducted an integrative review in March of 2023. We searched the databases CINAHL, MEDLINE, Academic Search Complete, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), Scopus, Web of Science, Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Evidence-Based Practice Database, and Google Scholar. We included articles whose participants were adults with asthma, COPD, or both; the intervention was air quality management and the outcome of any exacerbations. We excluded editorials, letters, commentaries, opinion papers, position papers, study protocols, conference abstracts, and reviews. Data extraction and synthesis were performed, categorizing interventions according to nursing actions. Methodological quality assessment was conducted using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist tools. The review protocol was registered at Open Science Framework (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/5Y4KW). Results We included five articles from different countries. The interventions promoting air quality self-management for individuals with asthma and COPD included vigilance interventions (health professional regular visits, assessment of symptoms), monitoring interventions (measurement of indoor and outdoor trigger factors), and educational interventions (air quality alerts, allergen avoidance). Policy interventions such as smoke-free policies and comprehensive strategies to improve air quality were also identified. These areas of focus represent critical components of nurses' interventions and can integrate the fundamental patterns of knowing in nursing. Although the studies reveal heterogeneous interventions and the methodological quality is variable, these interventions showed potential for preventing exacerbations, reducing emergency department visits, and minimizing hospitalizations. Conclusions The study emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach involving nurses in multidisciplinary teams to air quality self-management. They can use these results to inform their interventions and ways of knowing, benefiting individuals with asthma and COPD. Further research is needed to expand the evidence base and refine these interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna F. Sebastião
- Nursing School of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Hospital Center of Central Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Raquel M. Hortelão
- Nursing School of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- CUF Tejo Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara S. Granadas
- Nursing School of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- University Hospital Center of Northern Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José M. Faria
- Nursing School of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Hospital Center of Central Lisbon, Portugal
- Nursing Research, Innovation and Development Centre of Lisbon (CIDNUR), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana R. Pinto
- Nursing School of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Hospital Center of Central Lisbon, Portugal
- Nursing Research, Innovation and Development Centre of Lisbon (CIDNUR), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helga Rafael Henriques
- Nursing School of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Nursing Research, Innovation and Development Centre of Lisbon (CIDNUR), Lisbon, Portugal
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Oguejiofor CF, Eze UU, Eke IG, Eze AA, Onyejekwe OB, Anene BM. Adverse effects of exposure to petrol-generator exhaust fumes on the reproductive hormones, testis and spermatozoa in male dogs. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 123:108516. [PMID: 38042436 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence that sperm count has progressively declined in men over the recent decades. Exposure to air pollutants including petrol and diesel exhaust have been reported to impair male reproduction although there is little experimental evidence. This study investigated the effects of petrol-generator exhaust fumes (PGEF) on semen, sperm, gonadal structure and hormonal status in the dog. Sixteen adult male Basenji dogs were randomly assigned four to each of 4 groups as follows: an unexposed (Control) group and three groups exposed to graded levels of PGEF for 1, 2 or 3 h per day (hpd), respectively, for 90 days. Serum concentrations of testosterone (T), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured on days 0 (baseline), 30, 60 and 90 of the study. At day 90, semen samples were collected for semen and sperm analysis. Testicular and epididymal tissues were subjected to gross, histopathological and histomorphometric evaluation. Graded exposure to PGEF resulted in increased serum concentration of T and decreased concentrations of FSH and LH, increased seminal plasma lipid peroxidation, seminiferous and epididymal tubular degeneration, germ cell depletion, lowered sperm concentration, decreased sperm motility and vitality, and increased sperm abnormal morphology. The close proximity between dogs and humans in exposed environments underscores the importance of these findings to human reproductive health and fertility. The findings suggest that with prolonged exposure, the impairment of reproductive functions will likely play significant roles in the decline in male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Oguejiofor
- Department of Veterinary Obstetrics and Reproductive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - U U Eze
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria.
| | - I G Eke
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - A A Eze
- Department of Veterinary Obstetrics and Reproductive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - O B Onyejekwe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - B M Anene
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
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13
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Coccia M. New directions of technologies pointing the way to a sustainable global society. SUSTAINABLE FUTURES 2023; 5:100114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sftr.2023.100114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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14
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Verma A, Ranga V, Vishwakarma DK. A novel approach for forecasting PM2.5 pollution in Delhi using CATALYST. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1457. [PMID: 37950817 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is one of the main environmental issues in densely populated urban areas like Delhi. Predictions of the PM2.5 concentration must be accurate for pollution reduction strategies and policy actions to succeed. This research article presents a novel approach for forecasting PM2.5 pollution in Delhi by combining a pre-trained CNN model with a transformer-based model called CATALYST (Convolutional and Transformer model for Air Quality Forecasting). This proposed strategy uses a mixture of the two models. To derive attributes of the PM2.5 timeline of data, a pre-existing CNN model is utilized to transform the data into visual representations, which are analyzed subsequently. The CATALYST model is trained to predict future PM2.5 pollution levels using a sliding window training approach on extracted features. The model is utilized for analyzing temporal dependencies in PM2.5 time-series data. This model incorporates the advancements in the transformer-based architecture initially designed for natural language processing applications. CATALYST combines positional encoding with the Transformer architecture to capture intricate patterns and variations resulting from diverse meteorological, geographical, and anthropogenic factors. In addition, an innovative approach is suggested for building input-output couples, intending to address the problem of missing or partial data in environmental time-series datasets while ensuring that all training data blocks are comprehensive. On a PM2.5 dataset, we analyze the proposed CATALYST model and compare its performance with other standard time-series forecasting approaches, such as ARIMA and LSTM. The outcomes of the experiments demonstrate that the suggested model works better than conventional methods and is a potential strategy for accurately forecasting PM2.5 pollution. The applicability of CATALYST to real-world scenarios can be tested by running more experiments on real-world datasets. This can help develop efficient pollution mitigation measures, impacting public health and environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Verma
- Biometric Research Laboratory, Department of Information Technology, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi, -110042, India.
| | - Virender Ranga
- Biometric Research Laboratory, Department of Information Technology, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi, -110042, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Vishwakarma
- Biometric Research Laboratory, Department of Information Technology, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi, -110042, India
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15
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Jia J, Lan Y. Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion and Storage. Molecules 2023; 28:7383. [PMID: 37959802 PMCID: PMC10647492 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever since the commencement of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain in the mid-18th century, the annual global energy consumption from various fossil fuels, encompassing wood, coal, natural gas, and petroleum, has demonstrated an exponential surge over the past four centuries [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jia
- Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China
| | - Yucheng Lan
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
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16
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Liu C, Chen R, Sera F, Vicedo-Cabrera AM, Guo Y, Tong S, Lavigne E, Correa PM, Ortega NV, Achilleos S, Roye D, Jaakkola JJ, Ryti N, Pascal M, Schneider A, Breitner S, Entezari A, Mayvaneh F, Raz R, Honda Y, Hashizume M, Ng CFS, Gaio V, Madureira J, Holobaca IH, Tobias A, Íñiguez C, Guo YL, Pan SC, Masselot P, Bell ML, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J, Gasparrini A, Kan H. Interactive effects of ambient fine particulate matter and ozone on daily mortality in 372 cities: two stage time series analysis. BMJ 2023; 383:e075203. [PMID: 37793695 PMCID: PMC10548261 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2023-075203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate potential interactive effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) on daily mortality at global level. DESIGN Two stage time series analysis. SETTING 372 cities across 19 countries and regions. POPULATION Daily counts of deaths from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory disease. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Daily mortality data during 1994-2020. Stratified analyses by co-pollutant exposures and synergy index (>1 denotes the combined effect of pollutants is greater than individual effects) were applied to explore the interaction between PM2.5 and O3 in association with mortality. RESULTS During the study period across the 372 cities, 19.3 million deaths were attributable to all causes, 5.3 million to cardiovascular disease, and 1.9 million to respiratory disease. The risk of total mortality for a 10 μg/m3 increment in PM2.5 (lag 0-1 days) ranged from 0.47% (95% confidence interval 0.26% to 0.67%) to 1.25% (1.02% to 1.48%) from the lowest to highest fourths of O3 concentration; and for a 10 μg/m3 increase in O3 ranged from 0.04% (-0.09% to 0.16%) to 0.29% (0.18% to 0.39%) from the lowest to highest fourths of PM2.5 concentration, with significant differences between strata (P for interaction <0.001). A significant synergistic interaction was also identified between PM2.5 and O3 for total mortality, with a synergy index of 1.93 (95% confidence interval 1.47 to 3.34). Subgroup analyses showed that interactions between PM2.5 and O3 on all three mortality endpoints were more prominent in high latitude regions and during cold seasons. CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest a synergistic effect of PM2.5 and O3 on total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, indicating the benefit of coordinated control strategies for both pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Francesco Sera
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications "G. Parenti," University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ana Maria Vicedo-Cabrera
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yuming Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Climate, Air Quality Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shilu Tong
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health and Institute of Environment and Human Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Centre for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Eric Lavigne
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Souzana Achilleos
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Dominic Roye
- Climate Research Foundation, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jouni Jk Jaakkola
- Centre for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Centre Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Niilo Ryti
- Centre for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Centre Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mathilde Pascal
- Santé Publique France, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Maurice, France
| | - Alexandra Schneider
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Breitner
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- IBE-Chair of Epidemiology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alireza Entezari
- Climate, Air Quality Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Khorasan Razavi, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mayvaneh
- Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Khorasan Razavi, Iran
| | - Raanan Raz
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yasushi Honda
- Centre for Climate Change Adaptation, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hashizume
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chris Fook Sheng Ng
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Vânia Gaio
- Department of Environmental Health, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Center, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Madureira
- Department of Environmental Health, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Aurelio Tobias
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Íñiguez
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Statistics and Computational Research, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yue Leon Guo
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Institute of Environmental Health Science, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chun Pan
- National Institute of Environmental Health Science, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Pierre Masselot
- Department of Public Health Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Michelle L Bell
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Antonella Zanobetti
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonio Gasparrini
- Department of Public Health Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre for Statistical Methodology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Centre for Children's Health, Shanghai, China
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17
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Behinaein P, Hutchings H, Knapp T, Okereke IC. The growing impact of air quality on lung-related illness: a narrative review. J Thorac Dis 2023; 15:5055-5063. [PMID: 37868892 PMCID: PMC10586990 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-23-544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective Poor air quality can be harmful to human well-being. There are a variety of respiratory disorders associated with toxins present within the atmosphere, such as bronchitis and asthma, which eventually lead to heart or lung complications over time. Fine particles like particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) accumulate in the small airways of the lung. These irritants can cause epigenetic modifications in gene regulation, leading to changes responsible for both benign and malignant lung diseases. In this review we will discuss known associations between environmental factors and pulmonary complications, consider preventative measures and offer further areas for future investigation. This review presents a summary of the literature outlining the current work done on air quality and its effects on lung-related illnesses. We discuss regional differences in air quality and consider the causes, such as manufacturing, traffic density, increase in fuel usage and natural events. We further explore disparities based on geography, race, and other social determinants. Methods A comprehensive literature review was performed using keywords related to air quality, pollution and lung disease within the PubMed database as well as MEDLINE and Google Scholar. Key Content and Findings The Clean Air Act of 1970 marked an essential transition for air quality improvement. The legislation led to decreased emissions and control measures to address atmosphere contamination. Despite these actions, poor atmospheric conditions still persist today and have become an ongoing issue. These poor conditions affect individuals living in metropolitan areas more significantly than suburban or rural areas. Pollution from industrial operations and transportation vehicles have led to increased emission outputs recently. Climate change further aggravates air quality problems by raising pollutant and allergen concentrations. The detrimental consequences of poor air quality include increased incidence of disease processes like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. To keep up with the well-being of people globally, it is important that actions be taken to battle contamination in the climate so its impact on public health can be limited. Conclusions Poor air quality and recent worsening of industrial emissions have had a negative impact on lung-related illnesses. Future mitigation strategies should be taken to reduce pollution and treat diseases earlier in their course. Some of these strategies include more reliance on alternative energy sources, creation of mass transit systems and increased rates of recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hollis Hutchings
- Department of Surgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Thomas Knapp
- School of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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18
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Malissa A, Cappa F, Schreiner M, Marchetti-Deschmann M. Spectral Features Differentiate Aging-Induced Changes in Parchment-A Combined Approach of UV/VIS, µ-ATR/FTIR and µ-Raman Spectroscopy with Multivariate Data Analysis. Molecules 2023; 28:4584. [PMID: 37375138 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
From the moment of production, artworks are constantly exposed to changing environmental factors potentially inducing degradation. Therefore, detailed knowledge of natural degradation phenomena is essential for proper damage assessment and preservation. With special focus on written cultural heritage, we present a study on the degradation of sheep parchment employing accelerated aging with light (295-3000 nm) for one month, 30/50/80% relative humidity (RH) and 50 ppm sulfur dioxide with 30/50/80%RH for one week. UV/VIS spectroscopy detected changes in the sample surface appearance, showing browning after light-aging and increased brightness after SO2-aging. Band deconvolution of ATR/FTIR and Raman spectra and factor analysis of mixed data (FAMD) revealed characteristic changes of the main parchment components. Spectral features for degradation-induced structural changes of collagen and lipids turned out to be different for the employed aging parameters. All aging conditions induced denaturation (of different degrees) indicated by changes in the secondary structure of collagen. Light treatment resulted in the most pronounced changes for collagen fibrils in addition to backbone cleavage and side chain oxidations. Additional increased disorder for lipids was observed. Despite shorter exposure times, SO2-aging led to a weakening of protein structures induced by transitions of stabilizing disulfide bonds and side chain oxidations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Malissa
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Science and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Schillerplatz 3, A-1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Federica Cappa
- Institute of Science and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Schillerplatz 3, A-1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Schreiner
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Science and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Schillerplatz 3, A-1010 Vienna, Austria
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19
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Ahamad F, Abdul Latiff AH, Mahmood J. Air pollution and allergy in Malaysia: The need for evidence and action. Asia Pac Allergy 2023; 13:85-87. [PMID: 37388812 PMCID: PMC10287109 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.0000000000000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a scarcity in both epidemiological studies and forecast models on the impact of air pollution on respiratory allergic responses in Malaysia. The quantification of baseline allows for an understanding of the severity of the impact and target areas for intervention. High-quality forecasts not only provide information for the assessment of potential outcomes but also the dissemination of public health warnings, such as the application of mobile-based early warning systems. There is a need for a data repository system that facilitates research on such studies. However, a call for more evidence should not put a pause on actions and future plans that will help reduce pollution emission and exposure to air pollutants as there are sufficient evidence to indicate that air pollutants impact health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah Ahamad
- Sunway Centre for Planetary Health, Sunway University, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amir Hamzah Abdul Latiff
- Sunway Centre for Planetary Health, Sunway University, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jemilah Mahmood
- Sunway Centre for Planetary Health, Sunway University, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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20
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Melzi G, Nozza E, Frezzini MA, Canepari S, Vecchi R, Cremonesi L, Potenza M, Marinovich M, Corsini E. Toxicological Profile of PM from Different Sources in the Bronchial Epithelial Cell Line BEAS-2B. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11050413. [PMID: 37235228 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11050413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of particulate matter (PM) is strictly associated with its physical-chemical characteristics, such as size or chemical composition. While these properties depend on the origin of the particles, the study of the toxicological profile of PM from single sources has rarely been highlighted. Hence, the focus of this research was to investigate the biological effects of PM from five relevant sources of atmospheric PM: diesel exhaust particles, coke dust, pellet ashes, incinerator ashes, and brake dust. Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative, and inflammatory response were assessed in a bronchial cell line (BEAS-2B). BEAS-2B cells were exposed to different concentrations (25, 50, 100, and 150 μg/mL medium) of particles suspended in water. The exposure lasted 24 h for all the assays performed, except for reactive oxygen species, which were evaluated after 30 min, 1 h, and 4 h of treatment. The results showed a different action of the five types of PM. All the tested samples showed a genotoxic action on BEAS-2B, even in the absence of oxidative stress induction. Pellet ashes seemed to be the only ones able to induce oxidative stress by boosting the formation of reactive oxygen species, while brake dust resulted in the most cytotoxic. In conclusion, the study elucidated the differential response of bronchial cells to PM samples generated by different sources. The comparison could be a starting point for a regulatory intervention since it highlighted the toxic potential of each type of PM tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Melzi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Emma Nozza
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
- PhD Program in Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via della Commenda 19, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Agostina Frezzini
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via C. De Lollis 21, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Canepari
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via C. De Lollis 21, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Vecchi
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Llorenç Cremonesi
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Potenza
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Marinovich
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
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21
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MacKenzie L, Speller CF, Holst M, Keefe K, Radini A. Dental calculus in the industrial age: Human dental calculus in the Post-Medieval period, a case study from industrial Manchester. QUATERNARY INTERNATIONAL : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR QUATERNARY RESEARCH 2023; 653-654:114-126. [PMID: 37915533 PMCID: PMC10615834 DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of dental calculus (mineralised dental plaque) has become an increasingly important facet of bioarchaeological research. Although microscopic analysis of microdebris entrapped within dental calculus has revealed important insights into the diet, health, and environment of multiple prehistoric populations, relatively few studies have examined the contributions of this approach to more recent historical periods. In this study, we analyze dental calculus from an English Post-Medieval, middle-class urban skeletal assemblage from Manchester, England using light microscopy. We characterize all types of microremains, observing heavily damaged starch and plant material, high quantities of fungal and yeast spores, the presence of wood particles, plant (cotton) and animal (wool) fibres, as well as limited quantities of microcharcoal and burnt debris. We observe the presence of non-native, imported plant products, including New World maize and potentially tapioca starch. We compare our results to similar studies from earlier time periods to reveal the impacts of the significant economic, social and environmental changes occurring during the Industrial period in England, including changes in food processing, food access, food storage, and air quality. We conclude by outlining important methodological considerations for the future study of Post-Medieval dental calculus and propose potential areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa MacKenzie
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, YO1 7EP, UK, YO1 UK
| | - Camilla F. Speller
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, YO1 7EP, UK, YO1 UK
- Department of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Malin Holst
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, YO1 7EP, UK, YO1 UK
- York Osteoarchaeology Ltd., Bishop Wilton, York, YO42 1SR, UK
| | - Katie Keefe
- York Osteoarchaeology Ltd., Bishop Wilton, York, YO42 1SR, UK
| | - Anita Radini
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, YO1 7EP, UK, YO1 UK
- York JEOL Nanocentre, University of York, YO10 5DD, UK
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22
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Masrani AS, Nik Husain NR, Musa KI. Five Decades of Research Progress in Air Pollution, Children’s Respiratory Health, and Emergency Department Visits: A Bibliometric Analysis. Cureus 2023; 15:e37151. [PMID: 37153234 PMCID: PMC10161285 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is a global environmental health concern. Our study aims to examine the collective scientific impact of air pollution, children's respiratory health, and emergency department visits during the last five decades. Original articles, review papers, and conference proceedings in the English language published from 1972 to 2022 were obtained after a comprehensive search of the Scopus database using the terms air pollution, children, respiratory health, and emergency department visit. The Biblioshiny web application of the R software (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) was used to analyse the publication trend and identify the top authors and journals of the subject. The countries' collaborative network was mapped, and the authors' trending keywords were tracked using a thematic map. In total, 1,309 publications authored by 6,342 authors from 483 sources were retrieved. Three distinctive collaborative network clusters were observed, with the United States as the connecting central node. Among the 39 trending keywords identified, particulate matter had constantly been a motor theme with an emerging interest in individual pollutants, specific diseases, and time series analysis. In conclusion, political will is a strong driver for research on air pollution, children's respiratory health, and emergency department visits, which is further enhanced by technological advancement that increases the availability and accessibility of air pollution and patient data. The trend for future studies is time series analysis and research on the impact of individual air pollutants on specific respiratory disorders in children.
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Schmid R, Xiong X. China's environmental solutions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:987-1002. [PMID: 36625914 PMCID: PMC9898385 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
China emits unproportionately high concentrations of CO2 and, due to rapid population growth and industrialization, suffers from air, water, and soil pollution. However, many of these challenges for sustainable growth are being vigorously addressed, and China aims at a CO2 emission peak by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060 ("dual carbon policy"). In addition, nation-wide programs attempt to achieve reforestation and ecological restoration. By 2025, core elements of a "bioeconomy" and a circular economy are expected to be ready. Many of these programs extend into China's international "belt-and-road" initiative (BRI). In this article, we briefly describe the present achievements of China's environmental solutions and the country's visions for a "digital, eco-friendly civilization." KEY POINTS: • China's steps towards environmental cleaning, eco-protection, and decarbonization. • Steps towards a future bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Schmid
- Bio4Business and University of Stuttgart, Jagdweg 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Xin Xiong
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
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24
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Pozzer A, Anenberg SC, Dey S, Haines A, Lelieveld J, Chowdhury S. Mortality Attributable to Ambient Air Pollution: A Review of Global Estimates. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2022GH000711. [PMID: 36636746 PMCID: PMC9828848 DOI: 10.1029/2022gh000711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Since the publication of the first epidemiological study to establish the connection between long-term exposure to atmospheric pollution and effects on human health, major efforts have been dedicated to estimate the attributable mortality burden, especially in the context of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD). In this work, we review the estimates of excess mortality attributable to outdoor air pollution at the global scale, by comparing studies available in the literature. We find large differences between the estimates, which are related to the exposure response functions as well as the number of health outcomes included in the calculations, aspects where further improvements are necessary. Furthermore, we show that despite the considerable advancements in our understanding of health impacts of air pollution and the consequent improvement in the accuracy of the global estimates, their precision has not increased in the last decades. We offer recommendations for future measurements and research directions, which will help to improve our understanding and quantification of air pollution-health relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Pozzer
- Max Planck Institute for ChemistryMainzGermany
- The Cyprus InstituteNicosiaCyprus
| | - S. C. Anenberg
- Milken Institute School of Public HealthWashington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - S. Dey
- Indian Institute of Technology DelhiDelhiIndia
| | - A. Haines
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - J. Lelieveld
- Max Planck Institute for ChemistryMainzGermany
- The Cyprus InstituteNicosiaCyprus
| | - S. Chowdhury
- Max Planck Institute for ChemistryMainzGermany
- CICERO Center for International Climate ResearchOsloNorway
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25
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Fung PL, Sillanpää S, Niemi JV, Kousa A, Timonen H, Zaidan MA, Saukko E, Kulmala M, Petäjä T, Hussein T. Improving the current air quality index with new particulate indicators using a robust statistical approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 844:157099. [PMID: 35779731 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To convey the severity of ambient air pollution level to the public, air quality index (AQI) is used as a communication tool to reflect the concentrations of individual pollutants on a common scale. However, due to the enhanced air pollution control in recent years, air quality has improved, and the roles of some air pollutant species included in the existing AQI as urban air pollutants have diminished. In this study, we suggest the current AQI should be revised in a way that new air pollution indicators would be considered so that it would better represent the health effects caused by local combustion processes from traffic and residential burning. Based on the air quality data of 2017-2019 in three different sites in Helsinki metropolitan area, we assumed the statistical distributions of the current indicators (NO2 and PM2.5) and the proposed particulate indicators (BC, LDSA and PNC) were related as they have similar sources in urban regions despite the varying correlations between the current and proposed indicators (NO2: r = 0.5-0.85, PM2.5: r = 0.28-0.72). By fitting the data to an optimal distribution function, together with expert opinions, we improved the current Finnish AQI and determined the AQI breakpoints for the proposed indicators where this robust statistical approach is transferrable to other cities. The addition of the three proposed indicators to the current AQI would decrease the number of good air quality hours in all three environments (largest decrease in urban traffic site, ~22 %). The deterioration of air quality class appeared more severe during peak hours in the urban traffic site due to vehicular emission and evenings in the detached housing site where domestic wood combustion often takes place. The introduction of the AQI breakpoints of the three new indicators serve as a first step of improving the current AQI before further air quality guideline levels are updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pak Lun Fung
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Salla Sillanpää
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), FI-00066 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anu Kousa
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), FI-00066 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Martha Arbayani Zaidan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland; Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | | | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland; Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland; Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Tareq Hussein
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland; Environmental and Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan.
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26
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Rohra H, Pipal AS, Satsangi PG, Taneja A. Revisiting the atmospheric particles: Connecting lines and changing paradigms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 841:156676. [PMID: 35700785 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Historically, the atmospheric particles constitute the most primitive and recent class of air pollutants. The science of atmospheric particles erupted more than a century ago covering more than four decades of size, with past few years experiencing major advancements on both theoretic and data-based observational grounds. More recently, the plausible recognition between particulate matter (PM) and the diffusion of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the accretion of interest in particle science. With motivation from diverse particle research interests, this paper is an 'old engineer's survey' beginning with the evolution of atmospheric particles and identifies along the way many of the global instances signaling the 'size concept' of PM. A theme that runs through the narrative is a 'previously known' generational evolution of particle science to the 'newly procured' portfolio of knowledge, with important gains on the application of unmet concepts and future approaches to PM exposure and epidemiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshi Rohra
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Atar Singh Pipal
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan
| | - P G Satsangi
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Ajay Taneja
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Agra 282002, India.
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Ahumada S, Tagle M, Vasquez Y, Donoso R, Lindén J, Hallgren F, Segura M, Oyola P. Calibration of SO 2 and NO 2 Electrochemical Sensors via a Training and Testing Method in an Industrial Coastal Environment. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7281. [PMID: 36236383 PMCID: PMC9572153 DOI: 10.3390/s22197281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Low-cost sensors can provide inaccurate data as temperature and humidity affect sensor accuracy. Therefore, calibration and data correction are essential to obtain reliable measurements. This article presents a training and testing method used to calibrate a sensor module assembled from SO2 and NO2 electrochemical sensors (Alphasense B4 and B43F) alongside air temperature (T) and humidity (RH) sensors. Field training and testing were conducted in the industrialized coastal area of Quintero Bay, Chile. The raw responses of the electrochemical (mV) and T-RH sensors were subjected to multiple linear regression (MLR) using three data segments, based on either voltage (SO2 sensor) or temperature (NO2). The resulting MLR equations were used to estimate the reference concentration. In the field test, calibration improved the performance of the sensors after adding T and RH in a linear model. The most robust models for NO2 were associated with data collected at T < 10 °C (R2 = 0.85), while SO2 robust models (R2 = 0.97) were associated with data segments containing higher voltages. Overall, this training and testing method reduced the bias due to T and HR in the evaluated sensors and could be replicated in similar environments to correct raw data from low-cost electrochemical sensors. A calibration method based on training and sensor testing after relocation is presented. The results show that the SO2 sensor performed better when modeled for different segments of voltage data, and the NO2 sensor model performed better when calibrated for different temperature data segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Ahumada
- Airflux, Antonio Bellet 292, Santiago 7500000, Chile
| | - Matias Tagle
- Independent Researcher, Antonio Bellet 292, Santiago 7500000, Chile
| | | | | | - Jenny Lindén
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Aschebergsgatan 44, 41133 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Hallgren
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Aschebergsgatan 44, 41133 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marta Segura
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Aschebergsgatan 44, 41133 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pedro Oyola
- Centro Mario Molina Chile, Antonio Bellet 292, Santiago 7500000, Chile
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28
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Zong Z, Zhang M, Xu K, Zhang Y, Hu C. Association between Short-Term Exposure to Ozone and Heart Rate Variability: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11186. [PMID: 36141453 PMCID: PMC9517606 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
At present, ambient air pollution poses a significant threat to patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). The heart rate variability (HRV) is a marker of the cardiac autonomic nervous system, and it is related to air pollution and cardiovascular disease. There is, however, considerable disagreement in the literature regarding the association between ozone (O3) and HRV. To further investigate the effects of short-term exposure to O3 on HRV, we conducted the first meta-analysis of relevant studies. The percentage change of HRV indicator(s) is the effect estimate extracted for the quantitative analysis in this study. In our meta-analysis, per 10 ppb increase in O3 was significantly associated with decreases in the time-domain measurements, for standard deviation of the normal-to-normal (NN) interval (SDNN) -1.11% (95%CI: -1.35%, -0.87%) and for root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) -3.26% (95%CI: -5.42%, -1.09%); in the frequency-domain measurements, for high frequency (HF) -3.01% (95%CI: -4.66%, -1.35%) and for low frequency (LF) -2.14% (95%CI: -3.83%, -0.45%). This study showed short-term exposure to O3 was associated with reduced HRV indicators in adults, which suggested that the cardiac autonomic nervous system might be affected after O3 exposure, contributing to the association between O3 exposure and CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zong
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Mengyue Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Kexin Xu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yunquan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Chengyang Hu
- Department of Humanistic Medicine, School of Humanistic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
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29
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Soria S, Buckberry J. The impact of industrialization on malignant neoplastic disease of bone in England: A study of medieval and industrial samples. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2022; 38:32-40. [PMID: 35753114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The increasing prevalence of malignant disease has been associated with shifts in environmental, socioeconomic, and lifestyle risk factors as well as increased adult lifespan. We examine the relationship between malignant neoplasms affecting bone, age and industrialization. MATERIALS Pre-existing skeletal data from 11 medieval (1066-1547, n = 8973) and 14 industrial (1700-1890, n = 4748) cemeteries (N = 13,721) from England. METHODS Context number, sex, age-at-death, evidence of skeletal malignancy, and diagnosis were collated. The data were compared using chi square, Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests and logistic regression (α = 0.01). RESULTS There was a statistically significant increase in skeletal malignancy from 0.06 % in the medieval sample to 0.36 in the industrial sample (p < 0.001). Age had a strong relationship with malignancy (p = 0.003), sex did not (p = 0.464). Logistic regression revealed that time-period (p < 0.001) was a stronger predictor of skeletal malignancy than age-at-death (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Our results confirm that even with the temporal increase in adult human lifespan the increase of malignant neoplasms of bone between the medieval and industrial time periods is still statistically significant. SIGNIFICANCE The augmented exposure to carcinogens and pollution during the Industrial Revolution had a strong effect on an individual's susceptibility to developing malignant disease of bone. LIMITATIONS This meta-analysis relies upon previously gathered data and diagnosis from a large number of researchers and did not include radiographic or CT screening. Only malignant neoplasms that affected bone could be included. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Increasing excavation and analysis of post-medieval cemeteries will provide more data. Multimethod approaches (radiography, CT, Micro-CT and histology) are encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Soria
- Forensic and Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
| | - Jo Buckberry
- Forensic and Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
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30
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Gwon JG, Park JH, Kim JS, Seo HM. Exposure to Long-Term Air Pollution and Incidence of Peripheral Arterial Disease in the General Population: A Korean National Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study. Angiology 2022:33197221121010. [DOI: 10.1177/00033197221121010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the causal relationship between long-term outdoor air pollutants and incidence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) using the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC) database. We included 292,091 subjects from the general population who had previously not been diagnosed with PAD by the NHIS-NSC between 2008 and 2014. Hourly air pollutant data (particulate and gaseous) and climate data were collected. Correlation analysis of the collected data confirmed the relationship between air pollution and PAD incidence. For 1,836,965.4 person-years, incident cases of PAD were observed in 5243 subjects (285.4/100,000 person-years). In the Cox proportional hazard analysis, exposure to long-term average concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO2) [hazard ratio (HR), 1.686; (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.108–2.565) for .01ppm] and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) [HR, 1.200; (95% CI, 1.077–1.336) for .01 ppm] significantly increased the risk of PAD occurrence after the adjustment for several variables. This study demonstrated that SO2 and NO2 exposure are independent predictors of PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gyo Gwon
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hun Park
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung Soo Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Min Seo
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri-si, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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31
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Pryor JT, Cowley LO, Simonds SE. The Physiological Effects of Air Pollution: Particulate Matter, Physiology and Disease. Front Public Health 2022; 10:882569. [PMID: 35910891 PMCID: PMC9329703 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.882569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nine out of 10 people breathe air that does not meet World Health Organization pollution limits. Air pollutants include gasses and particulate matter and collectively are responsible for ~8 million annual deaths. Particulate matter is the most dangerous form of air pollution, causing inflammatory and oxidative tissue damage. A deeper understanding of the physiological effects of particulate matter is needed for effective disease prevention and treatment. This review will summarize the impact of particulate matter on physiological systems, and where possible will refer to apposite epidemiological and toxicological studies. By discussing a broad cross-section of available data, we hope this review appeals to a wide readership and provides some insight on the impacts of particulate matter on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T. Pryor
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Programme, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Woodrudge LTD, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lachlan O. Cowley
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Programme, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephanie E. Simonds
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Programme, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Stephanie E. Simonds
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32
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Jin L, Apte JS, Miller SL, Tao S, Wang S, Jiang G, Li X. Global Endeavors to Address the Health Effects of Urban Air Pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6793-6798. [PMID: 35674469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Joshua S Apte
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Shelly L Miller
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Shu Tao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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33
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Climate Change and Urban Citizens: The Role of Media in Publicising the Conservation of Green Spaces and Mitigation of Air Pollution. CONSERVATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/conservation2020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Urbanisation has become a challenge as the urban population grows while cities’ land areas, amenities, and green spaces have remained relatively unchanged or even declined. While urban areas are growing, the link between humans and nature is fading. Increasingly, cities are being affected by climate change impacts and so, the role of media in providing updated and correct knowledge to the public is becoming more valuable. Based on this theoretical ground, the research evaluated two printed Iranian newspapers’ functionality in informing the public on Tehran climate based on two main themes of air pollution and greenery spaces, spanning seven years (2007–2014). The paper evaluated the tone, style, and outline of messages publicised by the press media to explore the following questions: Which types of news are dominantly conceptualised as the significant debates and concerns on Tehran’s climatic issues? Who is mainly writing about Tehran’s climatic issues? Is the public being informed effectively on the surrounding arguments and issues by reading newspapers? As such, five self-descriptive indicators were developed: ‘Layout’ (Title, Subject, Content), ‘Message’ (Public Awareness, Educating, Alarming), ‘Contributor’ (Columnist, Researcher, Authority), ‘Spatiality’ (Local, Provincial, National, International), and ‘Allocated space’ (10% to 100%). A text analysis of Persian newspapers using a Structured Query Language (SQL) was employed to extract data. It was found that the news articles mostly covered public awareness, followed by alarming messages on climate. The findings highlighted the critical role of researchers in generating scientific news while encouraging media for disseminating more educating messages on climate change in urban areas.
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34
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Zhang C, Stevenson D. Characteristic changes of ozone and its precursors in London during COVID-19 lockdown and the ozone surge reason analysis. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2022; 273:118980. [PMID: 35136378 PMCID: PMC8815197 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.118980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The London COVID-19 lockdown reduced emissions from anthropogenic sources, providing unique conditions for air contamination research. This research uses tropospheric ozone (O3), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NOx (NO+NO2) hourly monitoring data at the London Marylebone Road station from 2001 to 2020 to investigate the effects of lockdown on (O3) and its precursors. Both NOx and VOCs pollution showed a decreasing trend between 2001 and 2021, with a gradual increase in O3 in contrast. During the COVID-19 lockdown period (from 23rd March to July 4, 2020), there was a surge in O3 concentration, accompanied by a sharp reduction in NOx concentrations. Because all the monitoring VOCs/NOx results were less than eight during the lockdown, indicating that O3 formation in urban London was in the VOC-limited regime. The rapid increase in O3 concentrations caused by the lockdown was closely related to the rapid decrease in NOx emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyue Zhang
- School of Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, United Kingdom
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710127, China
| | - David Stevenson
- School of Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, United Kingdom
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35
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Gupta NK, López-Olvera A, González-Zamora E, Martínez-Ahumada E, Ibarra I. Sulfur Dioxide Capture in Metal‐Organic Frameworks, Metal‐Organic Cages, and Porous Organic Cages. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200006. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ilich Ibarra
- Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales Circuito Exterior s/nCU, Del. Coyoacan 04510 Mexico City MEXICO
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Ojha N, Soni M, Kumar M, Gunthe SS, Chen Y, Ansari TU. Mechanisms and Pathways for Coordinated Control of Fine Particulate Matter and Ozone. CURRENT POLLUTION REPORTS 2022; 8:594-604. [PMID: 35991936 PMCID: PMC9376561 DOI: 10.1007/s40726-022-00229-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ground-level ozone (O3) pose a significant risk to human health. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently revised healthy thresholds for both pollutants. The formation and evolution of PM2.5 and O3 are however governed by complex physical and multiphase chemical processes, and therefore, it is extremely challenging to mitigate both pollutants simultaneously. Here, we review mechanisms and discuss the science-informed pathways for effective and simultaneous mitigation of PM2.5 and O3. RECENT FINDINGS Global warming has led to a general increase in biogenic emissions, which can enhance the formation of O3 and secondary organic aerosols. Reductions in anthropogenic emissions during the COVID-19 lockdown reduced PM2.5; however, O3 was enhanced in several polluted regions. This was attributed to more intense sunlight due to low aerosol loading and non-linear response of O3 to NO x . Such contrasting physical and chemical interactions hinder the formulation of a clear roadmap for clean air over such regions. SUMMARY Atmospheric chemistry including the role of biogenic emissions, aerosol-radiation interactions, boundary layer, and regional-scale transport are the key aspects that need to be carefully considered in the formulation of mitigation pathways. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the chemical effects of the emission reductions, changes in photolytic rates and boundary layer due to perturbation of solar radiation, and the effect of meteorological/seasonal changes are needed on a regional basis. Statistical emulators and machine learning approaches can aid the cumbersome process of multi-sector multi-species source attribution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meghna Soni
- Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
- Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sachin S. Gunthe
- EWRE Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland
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Umezawa Y, Toyoshima K, Saitoh Y, Takeda S, Tamura K, Tamaya C, Yamaguchi A, Yoshimizu C, Tayasu I, Kawamoto K. Evaluation of origin-depended nitrogen input through atmospheric deposition and its effect on primary production in coastal areas of western Kyusyu, Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118034. [PMID: 34563851 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Long term monitoring of atmospheric wet and dry depositions and associated nutrients fluxes was conducted on the coast of Japan facing the East China Sea continuously for 1 year and 2 months, with the origin of air mass investigated based on isotope analyses (Sr, Nd, and NO3). During the same period, intensive observations of ocean conditions and the chemical composition of sinking particles collected using sediment traps were conducted to investigate the effects of atmospheric deposition-derived nutrients on phytoplankton blooms. Dry-deposition-derived nutrient inputs to the surface ocean were larger during autumn to spring than in summer due to the effect of continental air mass occasionally carrying Asian dust (yellow sand). However, these nutrients fluxes were limited (1.1-1.5 mg-N m-2 day-1 on average) and didn't appear to cause phytoplankton blooms through the year. Although average dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations in rainwater were lower in oceanic air masses compared to continental air masses, wet-deposition-derived nutrient inputs to the surface ocean on rainy days during the summer (26.0 mg-N m-2 day-1 on average) were large due to higher precipitation from oceanic air masses. Wet-deposition-derived nutrients significantly increased nutrient concentrations in the surface ocean and seemed to cause phytoplankton blooms in the warm rainy season when nutrients in the surface were depleted due to increased stratification. The increase in phytoplankton biomass was reflected in increased particle sinking into the bottom layer, as well as changing chemical characteristics. The supply of flesh phytoplankton-derived labile organic matter into the bottom layer could be expected to promote rapid bacterial decomposition and contribute to the formation of hypoxic water masses in early summer when the ocean was strongly stratified. Atmospheric deposition-derived nutrients in East Asia will have important impacts on not only the oligotrophic outer ocean but also surrounding coastal areas in the warm rainy season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Umezawa
- Department of Environmental Science on Biosphere, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Kanae Toyoshima
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Yu Saitoh
- Department of Earth Sciences, Resources and Environmental Engineering, Waseda University, Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Shigenobu Takeda
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Kei Tamura
- Pharmaceutical Administration Office, Nagasaki Prefectural Government, Onoue-machi, Nagasaki, 850-8570, Japan.
| | - Chiaki Tamaya
- Seihi Healthcare Office, Nagasaki Prefectural Government, Nameshi, Nagasaki, 852-8061, Japan.
| | - Akira Yamaguchi
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Taira-machi, Nagasaki, 851-2213, Japan.
| | - Chikage Yoshimizu
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan.
| | - Ichiro Tayasu
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Kawamoto
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan.
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Abstract
Vehicle emissions are a significant source of air pollution in cities. Particulate matter (PM) is a pollutant with adverse health effects. Regulations worldwide determine the PM exhaust emissions of vehicles by gravimetric quantification of the mass deposited on a filter over a test cycle. The introduction of particulate filters as vehicle exhaust gas aftertreatment devices led to low PM emissions. A particle number methodology (counting solid particles > 23 nm), complementary to the PM mass measurement, was developed by the PMP (Particle Measurement Programme) group of the GRPE (Working Party on Pollution and Energy) of the UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe) during the first decade of the 21st century. The methodology was then introduced in the EU (European Union) regulations for light-duty (2011), heavy-duty (2013), and non-road mobile machinery (2019). In parallel, during the last 15 years, UN (United Nations) regulations and GTRs (Global Technical Regulations) including this methodology were also developed. To address the on-road emissions, the EU introduced RDE (real-driving emissions) testing with PEMS (portable emissions measurement systems) in 2017. Other countries (e.g., China, India) have also started adopting the number methodology. The PMP group recently improved the current laboratory and on-board methodologies and also extended them to a lower particle size (counting solid particles > 10 nm). Due to the rapid evolution of the vehicle exhaust particle number regulations and the lack of a summary in the literature, this paper gives an overview of current and near future regulations. Emphasis is given on the technical specifications and the changes that have taken place over the years.
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Riccomi G, Casaccia J, Minozzi S, Felici C, Campana S, Giuffra V. Maxillary sinusitis as a respiratory health indicator: a bioarchaeological investigation into medieval central Italy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2021; 35:40-48. [PMID: 34555588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess chronic maxillary sinusitis in an osteoarchaeological sample from the medieval rural site of Pieve di Pava (central Italy), to investigate triggers responsible for sinus inflammation, and to compare prevalence rates with coeval European rural sites. MATERIALS The analysis focused on 145 10th-12th-century adults with at least one preserved maxillary sinus. METHODS Sinusitis-related lesions were observed macroscopically and microscopically. Alveolar pathologies of the maxillary posterior dentition were recorded to investigate the impact of odontogenic sinusitis. RESULTS Maxillary sinusitis was observed in 23.4% of the individuals (n = 34), with similar frequencies in both sexes and bilateral sinusitis appearing more frequently than unilateral sinusitis. An association of alveolar lesions with sinusitis was found in 38.2% of cases. CONCLUSIONS Compared to coeval rural sites in Northern Europe, Pieve di Pava shows the lowest prevalence of maxillary sinusitis, likely reflecting a greater amount of time spent outdoors. Despite the small size of the sample, odontogenic sinusitis cannot be ruled out. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first Italian study to investigate maxillary sinusitis and to focus on the Mediterranean area, contributing to the understanding of this condition as a health indicator in ancient populations. LIMITATIONS Research limitations include preservation issues affecting the number of observable sinuses, the non-homogenous age distribution of the sample, and the impact of inclusion and methodological criteria on the comparability of results. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Further investigations into odontogenic sinusitis and the microscopic examination of dental calculus may provide new data on the pathogenesis of sinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Riccomi
- Division of Paleopathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Jessica Casaccia
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128, Roma, Italy.
| | - Simona Minozzi
- Division of Paleopathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Cristina Felici
- Department of History and Cultural Heritage, Via Roma 56, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Stefano Campana
- Department of History and Cultural Heritage, Via Roma 56, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Valentina Giuffra
- Division of Paleopathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
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Yamaga S, Ban S, Xu M, Sakurai T, Itahashi S, Matsuda K. Trends of sulfur and nitrogen deposition from 2003 to 2017 in Japanese remote areas. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117842. [PMID: 34352635 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) compounds in East Asia has drastically changed over the last two decades. To assess the influence of the drastic changes in air pollution on ecosystems in Japan, we investigated the trends of S and N deposition during 2003-2017 at remote sites of Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET). We measured wet deposition and inferentially estimated dry deposition of S and N using monitoring data from 2003 to 2017 at eight sites. We estimated dry deposition using the inferential method with an updated parameterization for gaseous surface resistance. The linear regression method and nonparametric Mann-Kendall test was used to analyze the temporal trends based on the monthly data sets. High S and N deposition amounts over 10 kg ha-1 year-1 were frequently found at most sites. There were significant increase trends in N deposition to S deposition (N/S) ratio at all sites throughout the 15-year period. Some trends were significantly found when the 15-year period was divided into three: 2003-2007, 2008-2012, and 2013-2017. S deposition had significantly decreased over a wide area in Japan, especially at Sado-seki, Happo, Oki, Hedo, and Ogasawara, in 2013-2017. Significant decreases in oxidized N deposition at Sado-seki and Oki were also found in 2013-2017. Because of almost flat N deposition mainly contributed by reduced N deposition, the N/S ratio clearly increased. These trends were associated with the recent reductions in SO2 and NOx emissions in China. The NOx emission reduction of China has not caught up with that of SO2, and NH3 emissions have not been reduced. This caused the significant increases in the N/S ratio not only in 2013-2017 but also in 2003-2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakurako Yamaga
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Satomi Ban
- Japan Environmental Sanitation Center, 10-6 Yotsuyakami-cho, Kawasaki, 210-0828, Japan
| | - Mao Xu
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sakurai
- School of Science and Engineering, Meisei University, 2-1-1 Hodokubo, Hino, Tokyo, 191-8506, Japan
| | - Syuichi Itahashi
- Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Chiba, 270-1194, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Matsuda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
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Jevtic M, Matkovic V, van den Hazel P, Bouland C. Environment-lockdown, air pollution and related diseases: could we learn something and make it last? Eur J Public Health 2021; 31:iv36-iv39. [PMID: 34751365 PMCID: PMC8576300 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckab157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the pandemic has caused substantial losses in economic prosperity and human lives, it has also some positive impacts on the environment. Restricted mobility, complete closure, less traffic and industry have led to improved air quality especially in urban settings. Not only is air pollution an important determinant of chronic diseases, such as heart and lung disorders, but it has also been shown that poor air quality increases the risk of COVID-19. In this article, we review some of the findings on changes in air quality during the pandemic, and its potential effects on health. We need to continue to monitor the effects of change in air quality, due to COVID-19 lockdown or other factors, but also keep all our efforts to improve air quality even faster and more persistent, bringing the pollution levels below what WHO recommends are safe to live with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Jevtic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Research Centre on Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- EUPHA Environment and Health Section, The Netherlands
| | - Vlatka Matkovic
- EUPHA Environment and Health Section, The Netherlands
- Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter van den Hazel
- EUPHA Environment and Health Section, The Netherlands
- International Network on Children’s Health, Environment and Safety—INCHES, Ellecom, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Bouland
- Research Centre on Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Bar S, Parida BR, Mandal SP, Pandey AC, Kumar N, Mishra B. Impacts of partial to complete COVID-19 lockdown on NO 2 and PM 2.5 levels in major urban cities of Europe and USA. CITIES (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 117:103308. [PMID: 34127873 PMCID: PMC8189822 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2021.103308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19) coronavirus has been causing enormous suffering, death, and economic losses worldwide. There are rigorous containment measures on industries, non-essential business, transportation, and citizen mobility to check the spread. The lockdowns may have an advantageous impact on reducing the atmospheric pollutants. This study has analyzed the change in atmospheric pollutants, based on the Sentinel-5Ps and ground-station observed data during partial to complete lockdown period in 2020. Results revealed that the mean tropospheric NO2 concentration substantially dropped in 2020 due to lockdown against the same period in 2019 by 18-40% over the major urban areas located in Europe (i.e. Madrid, Milan, Paris) and the USA (i.e. New York, Boston, and Springfield). Conversely, urban areas with partial to no lockdown measures (i.e. Warsaw, Pierre, Bismarck, and Lincoln) exhibited a relatively lower dropdown in mean NO2 concentration (3 to 7.5%). The role of meteorological variability was found to be negligible. Nevertheless, the reduced levels of atmospheric pollutants were primarily attributed to the shutdown of vehicles, power plants, and industrial emissions. Improvement in air quality during COVID-19 may be temporary, but regulatory bodies should learn to reduce air pollution on a long-term basis concerning the trade-offs between the environment, society, and economic growth. The intersection of urban design, health, and environment should be addressed by policy-makers to protect public health and sustainable urban policies could be adopted to build urban resilience against any future emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Bar
- Department of Geoinformatics, School of Natural Resource Management, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi 835205, India
| | - Bikash Ranjan Parida
- Department of Geoinformatics, School of Natural Resource Management, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi 835205, India
| | - Shyama Prasad Mandal
- Department of Geoinformatics, School of Natural Resource Management, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi 835205, India
| | - Arvind Chandra Pandey
- Department of Geoinformatics, School of Natural Resource Management, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi 835205, India
| | - Navneet Kumar
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resources Management, Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Genscherallee 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bibhudatta Mishra
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600N Wolfe Street, Baltimore 21287, MD, United States of America
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Fowler D, Pyle JA, Sutton MA, Williams ML. Global Air Quality, past present and future: an introduction. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20190323. [PMID: 32981444 PMCID: PMC7536034 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Fowler
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Bush Estate, Penicuik Midlothian EHH26 0QB, UK
| | - John A. Pyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 2EW, UK
| | - Mark A. Sutton
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Bush Estate, Penicuik Midlothian EHH26 0QB, UK
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Sutton MA, van Dijk N, Levy PE, Jones MR, Leith ID, Sheppard LJ, Leeson S, Sim Tang Y, Stephens A, Braban CF, Dragosits U, Howard CM, Vieno M, Fowler D, Corbett P, Naikoo MI, Munzi S, Ellis CJ, Chatterjee S, Steadman CE, Móring A, Wolseley PA. Alkaline air: changing perspectives on nitrogen and air pollution in an ammonia-rich world. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20190315. [PMID: 32981429 PMCID: PMC7536028 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia and ammonium have received less attention than other forms of air pollution, with limited progress in controlling emissions at UK, European and global scales. By contrast, these compounds have been of significant past interest to science and society, the recollection of which can inform future strategies. Sal ammoniac (nūshādir, nao sha) is found to have been extremely valuable in long-distance trade (ca AD 600-1150) from Egypt and China, where 6-8 kg N could purchase a human life, while air pollution associated with nūshādir collection was attributed to this nitrogen form. Ammonia was one of the keys to alchemy-seen as an early experimental mesocosm to understand the world-and later became of interest as 'alkaline air' within the eighteenth century development of pneumatic chemistry. The same economic, chemical and environmental properties are found to make ammonia and ammonium of huge relevance today. Successful control of acidifying SO2 and NOx emissions leaves atmospheric NH3 in excess in many areas, contributing to particulate matter (PM2.5) formation, while leading to a new significance of alkaline air, with adverse impacts on natural ecosystems. Investigations of epiphytic lichens and bog ecosystems show how the alkalinity effect of NH3 may explain its having three to five times the adverse effect of ammonium and nitrate, respectively. It is concluded that future air pollution policy should no longer neglect ammonia. Progress is likely to be mobilized by emphasizing the lost economic value of global N emissions ($200 billion yr-1), as part of developing the circular economy for sustainable nitrogen management. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Air quality, past present and future'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Sutton
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK
- e-mail:
| | - Netty van Dijk
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK
| | - Peter E. Levy
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK
| | - Matthew R. Jones
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK
| | - Ian D. Leith
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK
| | - Lucy J. Sheppard
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK
| | - Sarah Leeson
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK
| | - Y. Sim Tang
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK
| | - Amy Stephens
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK
| | - Christine F. Braban
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK
| | - Ulrike Dragosits
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK
| | - Clare M. Howard
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK
| | - Massimo Vieno
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK
| | - David Fowler
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK
| | - Paul Corbett
- Northern Ireland Environment Agency, Belfast, UK
| | - Mohd Irfan Naikoo
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, India
| | - Silvana Munzi
- Centro Interuniversitário de História das Ciências e da Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Sudipto Chatterjee
- Department of Natural Resources, TERI School of Advanced Studies (TERISAS), New Delhi, India
| | - Claudia E. Steadman
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrea Móring
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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45
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Stevens CJ, Bell JNB, Brimblecombe P, Clark CM, Dise NB, Fowler D, Lovett GM, Wolseley PA. The impact of air pollution on terrestrial managed and natural vegetation. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20190317. [PMID: 32981433 PMCID: PMC9584617 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Although awareness that air pollution can damage vegetation dates back at least to the 1600s, the processes and mechanisms of damage were not rigorously studied until the late twentieth century. In the UK following the Industrial Revolution, urban air quality became very poor, with highly phytotoxic SO2 and NO2 concentrations, and remained that way until the mid-twentieth century. Since then both air quality, and our understanding of pollutants and their impacts, have greatly improved. Air pollutants remain a threat to natural and managed ecosystems. Air pollution imparts impacts through four major threats to vegetation are discussed through in a series of case studies. Gas-phase effects by the primary emissions of SO2 and NO2 are discussed in the context of impacts on lichens in urban areas. The effects of wet and dry deposited acidity from sulfur and nitrogen compounds are considered with a particular focus on forest decline. Ecosystem eutrophication by nitrogen deposition focuses on heathland decline in the Netherlands, and ground-level ozone at phytotoxic concentrations is discussed by considering impacts on semi-natural vegetation. We find that, although air is getting cleaner, there is much room for additional improvement, especially for the effects of eutrophication on managed and natural ecosystems. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Air quality, past present and future'.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Stevens
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - J N B Bell
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - P Brimblecombe
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - C M Clark
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC 20460, USA
| | - N B Dise
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, UK
| | - D Fowler
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, UK
| | - G M Lovett
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545, USA
| | - P A Wolseley
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
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