1
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Kolić D, Kovarik Z. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors: Structure, function, and role in organophosphorus compound poisoning. Biofactors 2024; 50:868-884. [PMID: 38415801 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Acute organophosphorus compound (OP) poisoning induces symptoms of the cholinergic crises with the occurrence of severe epileptic seizures. Seizures are induced by hyperstimulation of the cholinergic system, but are enhanced by hyperactivation of the glutamatergic system. Overstimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors by the elevated acetylcholine causes glutamatergic hyperexcitation and an increased influx of Ca2+ into neurons through a type of ionotropic glutamate receptors, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDAR). These excitotoxic signaling processes generate reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, and activation of the neuroinflammatory response, which can lead to recurrent epileptic seizures, neuronal cell death, and long-term neurological damage. In this review, we illustrate the NMDAR structure, complexity of subunit composition, and the various receptor properties that change accordingly. Although NMDARs are in normal physiological conditions important for controlling synaptic plasticity and mediating learning and memory functions, we elaborate the detrimental role NMDARs play in neurotoxicity of OPs and focus on the central role NMDAR inhibition plays in suppressing neurotoxicity and modulating the inflammatory response. The limited efficacy of current medical therapies for OP poisoning concerning the development of pharmacoresistance and mitigating proinflammatory response highlights the importance of NMDAR inhibitors in preventing neurotoxic processes and points to new avenues for exploring therapeutics for OP poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Kolić
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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2
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Amin N, Abbasi IN, Wu F, Shi Z, Sundus J, Badry A, Yuan X, Zhao BX, Pan J, Mi XD, Luo Y, Geng Y, Fang M. The Janus face of HIF-1α in ischemic stroke and the possible associated pathways. Neurochem Int 2024; 177:105747. [PMID: 38657682 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Stroke is the most devastating disease, causing paralysis and eventually death. Many clinical and experimental trials have been done in search of a new safe and efficient medicine; nevertheless, scientists have yet to discover successful remedies that are also free of adverse effects. This is owing to the variability in intensity, localization, medication routes, and each patient's immune system reaction. HIF-1α represents the modern tool employed to treat stroke diseases due to its functions: downstream genes such as glucose metabolism, angiogenesis, erythropoiesis, and cell survival. Its role can be achieved via two downstream EPO and VEGF strongly related to apoptosis and antioxidant processes. Recently, scientists paid more attention to drugs dealing with the HIF-1 pathway. This review focuses on medicines used for ischemia treatment and their potential HIF-1α pathways. Furthermore, we discussed the interaction between HIF-1α and other biological pathways such as oxidative stress; however, a spotlight has been focused on certain potential signalling contributed to the HIF-1α pathway. HIF-1α is an essential regulator of oxygen balance within cells which affects and controls the expression of thousands of genes related to sustaining homeostasis as oxygen levels fluctuate. HIF-1α's role in ischemic stroke strongly depends on the duration and severity of brain damage after onset. HIF-1α remains difficult to investigate, particularly in ischemic stroke, due to alterations in the acute and chronic phases of the disease, as well as discrepancies between the penumbra and ischemic core. This review emphasizes these contrasts and analyzes the future of this intriguing and demanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashwa Amin
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Egypt; Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Irum Naz Abbasi
- Institute of Systemic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Institute of Systemic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zongjie Shi
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Javaria Sundus
- Institute of Systemic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Azhar Badry
- Institute of Systemic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Yuan
- Institute of Systemic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing-Xin Zhao
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Mi
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuhuan Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Geng
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Marong Fang
- Institute of Systemic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.
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3
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Chowdhury KU, Holden ME, Wiley MT, Suppiramaniam V, Reed MN. Effects of Cannabis on Glutamatergic Neurotransmission: The Interplay between Cannabinoids and Glutamate. Cells 2024; 13:1130. [PMID: 38994982 PMCID: PMC11240741 DOI: 10.3390/cells13131130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
There has been a significant increase in the consumption of cannabis for both recreational and medicinal purposes in recent years, and its use can have long-term consequences on cognitive functions, including memory. Here, we review the immediate and long-term effects of cannabis and its derivatives on glutamatergic neurotransmission, with a focus on both the presynaptic and postsynaptic alterations. Several factors can influence cannabinoid-mediated changes in glutamatergic neurotransmission, including dosage, sex, age, and frequency of use. Acute exposure to cannabis typically inhibits glutamate release, whereas chronic use tends to increase glutamate release. Conversely, the postsynaptic alterations are more complicated than the presynaptic effects, as cannabis can affect the glutamate receptor expression and the downstream signaling of glutamate. All these effects ultimately influence cognitive functions, particularly memory. This review will cover the current research on glutamate-cannabis interactions, as well as the future directions of research needed to understand cannabis-related health effects and neurological and psychological aspects of cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawsar U. Chowdhury
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (K.U.C.); (M.T.W.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA
| | | | - Miles T. Wiley
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (K.U.C.); (M.T.W.)
| | - Vishnu Suppiramaniam
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (K.U.C.); (M.T.W.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Initiative, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Miranda N. Reed
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (K.U.C.); (M.T.W.)
- Center for Neuroscience Initiative, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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4
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Kouba BR, de Araujo Borba L, Borges de Souza P, Gil-Mohapel J, Rodrigues ALS. Role of Inflammatory Mechanisms in Major Depressive Disorder: From Etiology to Potential Pharmacological Targets. Cells 2024; 13:423. [PMID: 38474387 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The involvement of central and peripheral inflammation in the pathogenesis and prognosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) has been demonstrated. The increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α) in individuals with depression may elicit neuroinflammatory processes and peripheral inflammation, mechanisms that, in turn, can contribute to gut microbiota dysbiosis. Together, neuroinflammation and gut dysbiosis induce alterations in tryptophan metabolism, culminating in decreased serotonin synthesis, impairments in neuroplasticity-related mechanisms, and glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. This review aims to highlight the inflammatory mechanisms (neuroinflammation, peripheral inflammation, and gut dysbiosis) involved in the pathophysiology of MDD and to explore novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches for this psychiatric disturbance. Several lines of evidence have indicated that in addition to antidepressants, physical exercise, probiotics, and nutraceuticals (agmatine, ascorbic acid, and vitamin D) possess anti-inflammatory effects that may contribute to their antidepressant properties. Further studies are necessary to explore the therapeutic benefits of these alternative therapies for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna R Kouba
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Laura de Araujo Borba
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Pedro Borges de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Island Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
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5
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Babkina I, Savinkova I, Molchanova T, Sidorova M, Surin A, Gorbacheva L. Neuroprotective Effects of Noncanonical PAR1 Agonists on Cultured Neurons in Excitotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1221. [PMID: 38279219 PMCID: PMC10816171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases regulate cell functions through G protein-coupled protease-activated receptors (PARs). Cleavage of one peptide bond of the receptor amino terminus results in the formation of a new N-terminus ("tethered ligand") that can specifically interact with the second extracellular loop of the PAR receptor and activate it. Activation of PAR1 by thrombin (canonical agonist) and activated protein C (APC, noncanonical agonist) was described as a biased agonism. Here, we have supposed that synthetic peptide analogs to the PAR1 tethered ligand liberated by APC could have neuroprotective effects like APC. To verify this hypothesis, a model of the ischemic brain impairment based on glutamate (Glu) excitotoxicity in primary neuronal cultures of neonatal rats has been used. It was shown that the nanopeptide NPNDKYEPF-NH2 (AP9) effectively reduced the neuronal death induced by Glu. The influence of AP9 on cell survival was comparable to that of APC. Both APC and AP9 reduced the dysregulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis in cultured neurons induced by excitotoxic Glu (100 µM) or NMDA (200 µM) concentrations. PAR1 agonist synthetic peptides might be noncanonical PAR1 agonists and a basis for novel neuroprotective drugs for disorders related to Glu excitotoxicity such as brain ischemia, trauma and some neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Babkina
- Faculty of Medical Biology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.B.); (I.S.)
| | - Irina Savinkova
- Faculty of Medical Biology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.B.); (I.S.)
| | - Tatiana Molchanova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Maria Sidorova
- Chazov National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 121552 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander Surin
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Problems of Pain, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Liubov Gorbacheva
- Faculty of Medical Biology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.B.); (I.S.)
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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6
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Remya C, Variyar EJ, Omkumar RV, Sadasivan C, Dileep KV. Unveiling the molecular basis of lobeline's allosteric regulation of NMDAR: insights from molecular modeling. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22418. [PMID: 38104236 PMCID: PMC10725453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49835-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological and psychiatric disorders contribute significantly to the global disease burden, adversely affecting the quality of life for both patients and their families. Impaired glutamatergic signaling is considered to be a major cause for most of the neurological and psychiatric disorders. Glutamate receptors are over activated in excitotoxic conditions, leading to dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, triggering the production of free radicals and oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and eventually cell death. Excitotoxicity primarily results from the overactivity of NMDARs, a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors, due to their pronounced Ca2+ permeability and conductance characteristics. NMDAR antagonists are suggested to have therapeutic use as they can prevent excitotoxicity. Our previous studies demonstrated lobeline, an alkaloid, exerts neuroprotective action in excitotoxic conditions by blocking NMDAR. However, the atomic level interactions of lobeline with NMDAR was not characterized yet. Structural comparison of lobeline with a known NMDAR antagonist ifenprodil, followed by molecular docking and dynamics simulations revealed that lobeline could bind to the ifenprodil binding site i.e., in the heterodimer interface of GluN1-GluN2B subunits and exert ifenprodil like activities. By in silico structure guided modifications on lobeline and subsequent free energy calculations, we propose putative NMDAR antagonists derived from lobeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandran Remya
- Laboratory for Computational and Structural Biology, Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, 680005, India
| | - E J Variyar
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Dr. Janaki Ammal Campus, Thalassery, Kerala, 670661, India
| | - R V Omkumar
- Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - C Sadasivan
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Dr. Janaki Ammal Campus, Thalassery, Kerala, 670661, India
- Inter University Centre for Bioscience, Kannur University, Dr. Janaki Ammal Campus, Thalassery, Kerala, 670661, India
| | - K V Dileep
- Laboratory for Computational and Structural Biology, Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, 680005, India.
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Koster KP, Flores-Barrera E, Artur de la Villarmois E, Caballero A, Tseng KY, Yoshii A. Loss of Depalmitoylation Disrupts Homeostatic Plasticity of AMPARs in a Mouse Model of Infantile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis. J Neurosci 2023; 43:8317-8335. [PMID: 37884348 PMCID: PMC10711723 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1113-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein palmitoylation is the only reversible post-translational lipid modification. Palmitoylation is held in delicate balance by depalmitoylation to precisely regulate protein turnover. While over 20 palmitoylation enzymes are known, depalmitoylation is conducted by fewer enzymes. Of particular interest is the lack of the depalmitoylating enzyme palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) that causes the devastating pediatric neurodegenerative condition infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLN1). While most of the research on Ppt1 function has centered on its role in the lysosome, recent findings demonstrated that many Ppt1 substrates are synaptic proteins, including the AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunit GluA1. Still, the impact of Ppt1-mediated depalmitoylation on synaptic transmission and plasticity remains elusive. Thus, the goal of the present study was to use the Ppt1 -/- mouse model (both sexes) to determine whether Ppt1 regulates AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission and plasticity, which are crucial for the maintenance of homeostatic adaptations in cortical circuits. Here, we found that basal excitatory transmission in the Ppt1 -/- visual cortex is developmentally regulated and that chemogenetic silencing of the Ppt1 -/- visual cortex excessively enhanced the synaptic expression of GluA1. Furthermore, triggering homeostatic plasticity in Ppt1 -/- primary neurons caused an exaggerated incorporation of GluA1-containing, calcium-permeable AMPARs, which correlated with increased GluA1 palmitoylation. Finally, Ca2+ imaging in awake Ppt1 -/- mice showed visual cortical neurons favor a state of synchronous firing. Collectively, our results elucidate a crucial role for Ppt1 in AMPAR trafficking and show that impeded proteostasis of palmitoylated synaptic proteins drives maladaptive homeostatic plasticity and abnormal recruitment of cortical activity in CLN1.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neuronal communication is orchestrated by the movement of receptors to and from the synaptic membrane. Protein palmitoylation is the only reversible post-translational lipid modification, a process that must be balanced precisely by depalmitoylation. The significance of depalmitoylation is evidenced by the discovery that mutation of the depalmitoylating enzyme palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (Ppt1) causes severe pediatric neurodegeneration. In this study, we found that the equilibrium provided by Ppt1-mediated depalmitoylation is critical for AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated plasticity and associated homeostatic adaptations of synaptic transmission in cortical circuits. This finding complements the recent explosion of palmitoylation research by emphasizing the necessity of balanced depalmitoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Koster
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Eden Flores-Barrera
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | | | - Adriana Caballero
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Kuei Y Tseng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Akira Yoshii
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
- Department of Neurology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
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8
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Zaa CA, Marcelo ÁJ, An Z, Medina-Franco JL, Velasco-Velázquez MA. Anthocyanins: Molecular Aspects on Their Neuroprotective Activity. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1598. [PMID: 38002280 PMCID: PMC10669056 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are a type of flavonoids that give plants and fruits their vibrant colors. They are known for their potent antioxidant properties and have been linked to various health benefits. Upon consumption, anthocyanins are quickly absorbed and can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Research based on population studies suggests that including anthocyanin-rich sources in the diet lower the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Anthocyanins exhibit neuroprotective effects that could potentially alleviate symptoms associated with such diseases. In this review, we compiled and discussed a large body of evidence supporting the neuroprotective role of anthocyanins. Our examination encompasses human studies, animal models, and cell cultures. We delve into the connection between anthocyanin bioactivities and the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration. Our findings highlight how anthocyanins' antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties contribute to their neuroprotective effects. These effects are particularly relevant to key signaling pathways implicated in the development of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. In conclusion, the outcome of this review suggests that integrating anthocyanin-rich foods into human diets could potentially serve as a therapeutic approach for neurological conditions, and we identify promising avenues for further exploration in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- César A. Zaa
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru
| | - Álvaro J. Marcelo
- School of Biology, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15088, Peru;
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutic Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - José L. Medina-Franco
- DIFACQUIM Research Group, School of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City CP 04510, Mexico;
| | - Marco A. Velasco-Velázquez
- Texas Therapeutic Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City CP 04510, Mexico
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9
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Furuta Y, Zhou Z. How do necrotic cells expose phosphatidylserine to attract their predators—What’s unique and what’s in common with apoptotic cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1170551. [PMID: 37091984 PMCID: PMC10113483 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1170551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a lipid component of the plasma membrane. It is asymmetrically distributed to the inner leaflet in live cells. In cells undergoing apoptosis, phosphatidylserine is exposed to the outer surfaces. The exposed phosphatidylserine acts as an evolutionarily conserved “eat-me” signal that attracts neighboring engulfing cells in metazoan organisms, including the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, and mammals. During apoptosis, the exposure of phosphatidylserine to the outer surface of a cell is driven by the membrane scramblases and flippases, the activities of which are regulated by caspases. Cells undergoing necrosis, a kind of cell death frequently associated with cellular injuries and morphologically distinct from apoptosis, were initially believed to allow passive exposure of phosphatidylserine through membrane rupture. Later studies revealed that necrotic cells actively expose phosphatidylserine before any rupture occurs. A recent study in C. elegans further reported that the calcium ion (Ca2+) plays an essential role in promoting the exposure of phosphatidylserine on the surfaces of necrotic cells. These findings indicate that necrotic and apoptotic cells, which die through different molecular mechanisms, use common and unique mechanisms for promoting the exposure of the same “eat me” signal. This article will review the mechanisms regulating the exposure of phosphatidylserine on the surfaces of necrotic and apoptotic cells and highlight their similarities and differences.
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10
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Briyal S, Ranjan AK, Gulati A. Oxidative stress: A target to treat Alzheimer's disease and stroke. Neurochem Int 2023; 165:105509. [PMID: 36907516 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been established as a well-known pathological condition in several neurovascular diseases. It starts with increased production of highly oxidizing free-radicals (e.g. reactive oxygen species; ROS and reactive nitrogen species; RNS) and becomes too high for the endogenous antioxidant system to neutralize them, which results in a significantly disturbed balance between free-radicals and antioxidants levels and causes cellular damage. A number of studies have evidently shown that oxidative stress plays a critical role in activating multiple cell signaling pathways implicated in both progression as well as initiation of neurological diseases. Therefore, oxidative stress continues to remain a key therapeutic target for neurological diseases. This review discusses the mechanisms involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the brain, oxidative stress, and pathogenesis of neurological disorders such as stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the scope of antioxidant therapies for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Briyal
- College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA.
| | - Amaresh K Ranjan
- College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Anil Gulati
- College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA; Pharmazz Inc. Research and Development, Willowbrook, IL, USA
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11
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Qi XJ, Huang CY, Zuo MT, Gong MD, Huang SJ, Tang MH, Liu ZY. Network Pharmacology and Experimental Verification to Unveil the Mechanism of N-Methyl-D-Aspartic Acid Rescue Humantenirine-Induced Excitotoxicity. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020195. [PMID: 36837814 PMCID: PMC9966887 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gelsemium is a medicinal plant that has been used to treat various diseases, but it is also well-known for its high toxicity. Complex alkaloids are considered the main poisonous components in Gelsemium. However, the toxic mechanism of Gelsemium remains ambiguous. In this work, network pharmacology and experimental verification were combined to systematically explore the specific mechanism of Gelsemium toxicity. The alkaloid compounds and candidate targets of Gelsemium, as well as related targets of excitotoxicity, were collected from public databases. The crucial targets were determined by constructing a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Subsequently, Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were used to explore the bioprocesses and signaling pathways involved in the excitotoxicity corresponding to alkaloids in Gelsemium. Then, the binding affinity between the main poisonous alkaloids and key targets was verified by molecular docking. Finally, animal experiments were conducted to further evaluate the potential mechanisms of Gelsemium toxicity. A total of 85 alkaloids in Gelsemium associated with 214 excitotoxicity-related targets were predicted by network pharmacology. Functional analysis showed that the toxicity of Gelsemium was mainly related to the protein phosphorylation reaction and plasma membrane function. There were also 164 pathways involved in the toxic mechanism, such as the calcium signaling pathway and MAPK signaling pathway. Molecular docking showed that alkaloids have high affinity with core targets, including MAPK3, SRC, MAPK1, NMDAR2B and NMDAR2A. In addition, the difference of binding affinity may be the basis of toxicity differences among different alkaloids. Humantenirine showed significant sex differences, and the LD50 values of female and male mice were 0.071 mg·kg-1 and 0.149 mg·kg-1, respectively. Furthermore, we found that N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA), a specific NMDA receptor agonist, could significantly increase the survival rate of acute humantenirine-poisoned mice. The results also show that humantenirine could upregulate the phosphorylation level of MAPK3/1 and decrease ATP content and mitochondrial membrane potential in hippocampal tissue, while NMDA could rescue humantenirine-induced excitotoxicity by restoring the function of mitochondria. This study revealed the toxic components and potential toxic mechanism of Gelsemium. These findings provide a theoretical basis for further study of the toxic mechanism of Gelsemium and potential therapeutic strategies for Gelsemium poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jia Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chong-Yin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Meng-Ting Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Meng-Die Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Si-Juan Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Mo-Huan Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhao-Ying Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Correspondence:
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12
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Lee D, Lee VMY, Hur SK. Manipulation of the diet-microbiota-brain axis in Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1042865. [PMID: 36408394 PMCID: PMC9672822 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1042865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies investigating the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease have identified various interdependent constituents contributing to the exacerbation of the disease, including Aβ plaque formation, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, neurofibrillary tangle accumulation, glial inflammation, and the eventual loss of proper neural plasticity. Recently, using various models and human patients, another key factor has been established as an influential determinant in brain homeostasis: the gut-brain axis. The implications of a rapidly aging population and the absence of a definitive cure for Alzheimer's disease have prompted a search for non-pharmaceutical tools, of which gut-modulatory therapies targeting the gut-brain axis have shown promise. Yet multiple recent studies examining changes in human gut flora in response to various probiotics and environmental factors are limited and difficult to generalize; whether the state of the gut microbiota in Alzheimer's disease is a cause of the disease, a result of the disease, or both through numerous feedback loops in the gut-brain axis, remains unclear. However, preliminary findings of longitudinal studies conducted over the past decades have highlighted dietary interventions, especially Mediterranean diets, as preventative measures for Alzheimer's disease by reversing neuroinflammation, modifying the intestinal and blood-brain barrier (BBB), and addressing gut dysbiosis. Conversely, the consumption of Western diets intensifies the progression of Alzheimer's disease through genetic alterations, impaired barrier function, and chronic inflammation. This review aims to support the growing body of experimental and clinical data highlighting specific probiotic strains and particular dietary components in preventing Alzheimer's disease via the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lee
- Middleton High School, Middleton, WI, United States
| | - Virginia M-Y. Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Seong Kwon Hur
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
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13
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Zhou XH, Zhang CC, Wang L, Jin SL. Remimazolam induced cognitive dysfunction in mice via glutamate excitotoxicity. Transl Neurosci 2022; 13:104-115. [PMID: 35734308 PMCID: PMC9164290 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2022-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Several lines of evidence demonstrated the role of anesthetic drugs in cognitive functions. Some anesthetic agents have been confirmed to be associated with long-term spatial memory and learning in aged animal models. Methods C57BL/6 mice were divided into four different groups based on different concentrations of remimazolam treatments. Behavioral phenotype was observed by open field, rota rod, Morris water maze, and elevated plus maze test. Western blot was performed to see the expression pattern of different proteins. Confocal microscopy images were taken for neuronal and glial cells to see the effect of remimazolam on CNS cells. Results We showed that remimazolam, a new anesthetic drug, impaired cognitive behavior. Repetitive doses of remimazolam have been found to induce neuronal loss with a significant change in morphology. Here, we showed that a higher concentration of remimazolam had a significant effect on CNS cell activation. We showed that remimazolam caused memory dysfunction by inducing neuronal apoptosis via glutamate excitotoxicity. It also exhibited amyloid β plaque in the brain via abnormal phosphorylation of tau protein. Remimazolam-mediated regulation of glial cells in mouse cortex was observed and robust activation of astrocytes and microglial cells was found. Finally, we assessed the behavioral phenotype of mice and found that treatment with remimazolam induced significant behavioral changes and memory dysfunction. Conclusions This study provides insight into the mechanism of anesthetic drug-induced memory deficits and may help improve the therapeutic effects of anesthesia agents in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-hua Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 201900, China
| | - Cheng-cheng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shan-liang Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 201900, China
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14
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Pushie MJ, Messmer M, Sylvain NJ, Heppner J, Newton JM, Hou H, Hackett MJ, Kelly ME, Peeling L. Multimodal imaging of hemorrhagic transformation biomarkers in an ischemic stroke model. Metallomics 2022; 14:mfac007. [PMID: 35254441 PMCID: PMC9056027 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic stroke has devastating consequences, with high mortality and poor functional outcomes. Animal models of ischemic stroke also demonstrate the potential for hemorrhagic transformation, which complicates biochemical characterization, treatment studies, and hinders poststroke functional outcomes in affected subjects. The incidence of hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic stroke in animal model research is not commonly reported. The postmortem brain of such cases presents a complex milieu of biomarkers due to the presence of healthy cells, regions of varying degrees of ischemia, dead and dying cells, dysregulated metabolites, and blood components (especially reactive Fe species released from lysed erythrocytes). To improve the characterization of hemorrhage biomarkers on an ischemic stroke background, we have employed a combination of histology, X-ray fluorescence imaging (XFI), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging to assess 122 photothrombotic (ischemic) stroke brains. Rapid freezing preserves brain biomarkers in situ and minimizes metabolic artifacts due to postmortem ischemia. Analysis revealed that 25% of the photothrombotic models had clear signs of hemorrhagic transformation. The XFI and FTIR metabolites provided a quantitative method to differentiate key metabolic regions in these models. Across all hemorrhage cases, it was possible to consistently differentiate otherwise healthy tissue from other metabolically distinct regions, including the ischemic infarct, the ischemic penumbra, blood vessels, sites of hemorrhage, and a region surrounding the hemorrhage core that contained elevated lipid oxidation. Chemical speciation of deposited Fe demonstrates the presence of heme-Fe and accumulation of ferritin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Pushie
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - M Messmer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - N J Sylvain
- Clinical Trial Support Unit, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - J Heppner
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - J M Newton
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - H Hou
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - M J Hackett
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, AUS
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, AUS
| | - M E Kelly
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - L Peeling
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
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15
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Shuvaev AN, Belozor OS, Mozhei OI, Mileiko AG, Mosina LD, Laletina IV, Mikhailov IG, Fritsler YV, Shuvaev AN, Teschemacher AG, Kasparov S. Memantine Disrupts Motor Coordination through Anxiety-like Behavior in CD1 Mice. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040495. [PMID: 35448027 PMCID: PMC9027563 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Memantine is an FDA approved drug for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. It reduces neurodegeneration in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex through the inhibition of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors in patients and mouse models. Potentially, it could prevent neurodegeneration in other brain areas and caused by other diseases. We previously used memantine to prevent functional damage and to retain morphology of cerebellar neurons and Bergmann glia in an optogenetic mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia type-1 (SCA1). However, before suggesting wider use of memantine in clinics, its side effects must be carefully evaluated. Blockers of NMDA receptors are controversial in terms of their effects on anxiety. Here, we investigated the effects of chronic application of memantine over 9 weeks to CD1 mice and examined rotarod performance and anxiety-related behaviors. Memantine-treated mice exhibited an inability to adapt to anxiety-causing conditions which strongly affected their rotarod performance. A tail suspension test revealed increased signs of behavioral despair. These data provide further insights into the potential deleterious effects of memantine which may result from the lack of adaptation to novel, stressful conditions. This effect of memantine may affect the results of tests used to assess motor performance and should be considered during clinical trials of memantine in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton N. Shuvaev
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University Named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(391)-228-0769
| | - Olga S. Belozor
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University Named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia;
| | - Oleg I. Mozhei
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia; (O.I.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Aleksandra G. Mileiko
- Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (A.G.M.); (L.D.M.); (I.V.L.); (I.G.M.); (Y.V.F.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Ludmila D. Mosina
- Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (A.G.M.); (L.D.M.); (I.V.L.); (I.G.M.); (Y.V.F.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Irina V. Laletina
- Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (A.G.M.); (L.D.M.); (I.V.L.); (I.G.M.); (Y.V.F.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Ilia G. Mikhailov
- Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (A.G.M.); (L.D.M.); (I.V.L.); (I.G.M.); (Y.V.F.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Yana V. Fritsler
- Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (A.G.M.); (L.D.M.); (I.V.L.); (I.G.M.); (Y.V.F.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Andrey N. Shuvaev
- Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (A.G.M.); (L.D.M.); (I.V.L.); (I.G.M.); (Y.V.F.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Anja G. Teschemacher
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK;
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia; (O.I.M.); (S.K.)
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK;
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16
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Glutamate Uptake Is Not Impaired by Hypoxia in a Culture Model of Human Fetal Neural Stem Cell-Derived Astrocytes. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030506. [PMID: 35328060 PMCID: PMC8953426 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic ischemic injury to the fetal and neonatal brain is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Although animal and culture studies suggest that glutamate excitotoxicity is a primary contributor to neuronal death following hypoxia, the molecular mechanisms, and roles of various neural cells in the development of glutamate excitotoxicity in humans, is not fully understood. In this study, we developed a culture model of human fetal neural stem cell (FNSC)-derived astrocytes and examined their glutamate uptake in response to hypoxia. We isolated, established, and characterized cultures of FNSCs from aborted fetal brains and differentiated them into astrocytes, characterized by increased expression of the astrocyte markers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1) and EAAT2, and decreased expression of neural stem cell marker Nestin. Differentiated astrocytes were exposed to various oxygen concentrations mimicking normoxia (20% and 6%), moderate and severe hypoxia (2% and 0.2%, respectively). Interestingly, no change was observed in the expression of the glutamate transporter EAAT2 or glutamate uptake by astrocytes, even after exposure to severe hypoxia for 48 h. These results together suggest that human FNSC-derived astrocytes can maintain glutamate uptake after hypoxic injury and thus provide evidence for the possible neuroprotective role of astrocytes in hypoxic conditions.
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17
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Huang P, Wan H, Shao C, Li C, Zhang L, He Y. Recent Advances in Chinese Herbal Medicine for Cerebral Ischemic Reperfusion Injury. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:688596. [PMID: 35111041 PMCID: PMC8801784 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.688596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury (CI/RI) is a critical factor that leads to a poor prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke. It is an extremely complicated pathological process that is clinically characterized by high rates of disability and mortality. Current available treatments for CI/RI, including mechanical and drug therapies, are often accompanied by significant side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to discovery new strategies for treating CI/RI. Many studies confirm that Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) was used as a potential drug for treatment of CI/RI with the advantages of abundant resources, good efficacy, and few side effects. In this paper, we investigate the latest drug discoveries and advancements on CI/RI, make an overview of relevant CHM, and systematically summarize the pathophysiology of CI/RI. In addition, the protective effect and mechanism of related CHM, which includes extraction of single CHM and CHM formulation and preparation, are discussed. Moreover, an outline of the limitations of CHM and the challenges we faced are also presented. This review will be helpful for researchers further propelling the advancement of drugs and supplying more knowledge to support the application of previous discoveries in clinical drug applications against CI/RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haitong Wan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongyu Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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18
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Lapergola G, Graziosi A, D'Adamo E, Brindisino P, Ferrari M, Romanelli A, Strozzi M, Libener R, Gavilanes DAW, Maconi A, Satriano A, Varrica A, Gazzolo D. S100B in cardiac surgery brain monitoring: friend or foe? Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 60:317-331. [PMID: 35001583 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in perioperative management of adult and pediatric patients requiring open heart surgery (OHS) and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for cardiac and/or congenital heart diseases repair allowed a significant reduction in the mortality rate. Conversely morbidity rate pattern has a flat trend. Perioperative period is crucial since OHS and CPB are widely accepted as a deliberate hypoxic-ischemic reperfusion damage representing the cost to pay at a time when standard of care monitoring procedures can be silent or unavailable. In this respect, the measurement of neuro-biomarkers (NB), able to detect at early stage perioperative brain damage could be especially useful. In the last decade, among a series of NB, S100B protein has been investigated. After the first promising results, supporting the usefulness of the protein as predictor of short/long term adverse neurological outcome, the protein has been progressively abandoned due to a series of limitations. In the present review we offer an up-dated overview of the main S100B pros and cons in the peri-operative monitoring of adult and pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ebe D'Adamo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Anna Romanelli
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Strozzi
- Department of Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, ASO SS Antonio, Biagio and C. Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Roberta Libener
- Department of Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, ASO SS Antonio, Biagio and C. Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Danilo A W Gavilanes
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Maconi
- Department of Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, ASO SS Antonio, Biagio and C. Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Angela Satriano
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, IRCCS San Donato Milanese Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Varrica
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, IRCCS San Donato Milanese Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Gazzolo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
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19
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Bown CW, Khan OA, Moore EE, Liu D, Pechman KR, Cambronero FE, Terry JG, Nair S, Davis LT, Gifford KA, Landman BA, Hohman TJ, Carr JJ, Jefferson AL. Elevated Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity Relates to Longitudinal Gray and White Matter Changes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:3015-3024. [PMID: 34706559 PMCID: PMC8627676 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether baseline aortic stiffness, measured by aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV), relates to longitudinal cerebral gray or white matter changes among older adults. Baseline cardiac magnetic resonance imaging will be used to assess aortic PWV while brain magnetic resonance imaging will be used to assess gray matter and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volumes at baseline, 18 months, 3 years, 5 years, and 7 years. Approach and Results: Aortic PWV (m/s) was quantified from cardiac magnetic resonance. Multimodal 3T brain magnetic resonance imaging included T1-weighted imaging for quantifying gray matter volumes and T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery imaging for quantifying WMHs. Mixed-effects regression models related baseline aortic PWV to longitudinal gray matter volumes (total, frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, hippocampal, and inferior lateral ventricle) and WMH volumes (total, frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital) adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, cognitive diagnosis, Framingham stroke risk profile, APOE (apolipoprotein E)-ε4 carrier status, and intracranial volume. Two hundred seventy-eight participants (73±7 years, 58% male, 87% self-identified as non-Hispanic White, 159 with normal cognition, and 119 with mild cognitive impairment) from the Vanderbilt Memory & Aging Project (n=335) were followed on average for 4.9±1.6 years with PWV measurements occurring from September 2012 to November 2014 and longitudinal brain magnetic resonance imaging measurements occurring from September 2012 to June 2021. Higher baseline aortic PWV was related to greater decrease in hippocampal (β=-3.6 [mm3/y]/[m/s]; [95% CI, -7.2 to -0.02] P=0.049) and occipital lobe (β=-34.2 [mm3/y]/[m/s]; [95% CI, -67.8 to -0.55] P=0.046) gray matter volume over time. Higher baseline aortic PWV was related to greater increase in WMH volume over time in the temporal lobe (β=17.0 [mm3/y]/[m/s]; [95% CI, 7.2-26.9] P<0.001). All associations may be driven by outliers. CONCLUSIONS In older adults, higher baseline aortic PWV related to greater decrease in gray matter volume and greater increase in WMHs over time. Because of unmet cerebral metabolic demands and microvascular remodeling, arterial stiffening may preferentially affect certain highly active brain regions like the temporal lobes. These same regions are affected early in the course of Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey W. Bown
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Omair A. Khan
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elizabeth E. Moore
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dandan Liu
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kimberly R. Pechman
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Francis E. Cambronero
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James G. Terry
- Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sangeeta Nair
- Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - L. Taylor Davis
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Katherine A. Gifford
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bennett A. Landman
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy J. Hohman
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University
Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John Jeffrey Carr
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of
Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Angela L. Jefferson
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, TN, USA
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20
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Huang SJ, Zuo MT, Qi XJ, Huang CY, Liu ZY. Phosphoproteomics reveals NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity as a key signaling pathway in the toxicity of gelsenicine. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 156:112507. [PMID: 34389372 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Gelsenicine is one of the most toxic compounds in the genus Gelsemium, but the mechanism of toxicity is not clear. In this paper, tandem mass tag quantitative phosphoproteomics was used to study the changes in protein phosphorylation in different brain regions at different time points after gelsenicine poisoning in mice. The correlation between neurotransmitter receptors and the toxicity of gelsenicine was analyzed by molecular docking and rescue experiments. Parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) was used to verify the related proteins. A total of 17877 unique phosphosites were quantified and mapped to 4170 brain proteins to understand the signaling pathways. Phosphoproteomics revealed gelsenicine poisoning mainly affected protein phosphorylation levels in the hippocampus, and through bioinformatics analysis, it was found gelsenicine poisoning significantly affected neurotransmitter synaptic pathway. The molecular docking results showed that gelsenicine could bind to the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR). In addition, we found that NMDA was effective in improving the survival rate of the animals tested, and this effect was associated with reduced protein phosphorylation by PRM validation. The results revealed that gelsenicine affects neurotransmitter release and receptor function. This is the first demonstration that NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity is a key signaling pathway in the toxicity of gelsenicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Juan Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Meng-Ting Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Xue-Jia Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Chong-Yin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Zhao-Ying Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.
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21
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Protective Effect of Total Panax Notoginseng Saponins on Retinal Ganglion Cells of an Optic Nerve Crush Injury Rat Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:4356949. [PMID: 34395614 PMCID: PMC8360732 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4356949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Irreversible loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a common pathological feature of various optic nerve degenerative diseases such as glaucoma and ischemic optic neuropathy. Effective protection of RGCs is the key to successful treatment of these diseases. Total Panax notoginseng saponins (TPNS) are the main active component of Panax notoginseng, which has an inhibitory effect on the apoptosis pathway. This study is aimed at assessing the protective effect of TPNS on RGCs of the optic nerve crush (ONC) model of rats and exploring the underlying mechanisms. The intraperitoneal or intravitreal injection of TPNS was used based on the establishment of the rat ONC model. Fifteen days after the injury, the cell membrane fluorescent probe (Fluoro-Gold) was applied to retrograde RGCs through the superior colliculus and obtain the number of surviving RGCs. TUNEL assay was also used to detect the number and density of RGC apoptosis after the ONC model. The expression and distribution of Bcl-2/Bax, c-Jun/P-c-Jun, and P-JNK in the retina were demonstrated by Western blot analysis. After the intervention of TPNS, the rate of cell survival increased in different retinal regions (p < 0.05) and the number of apoptosis cells decreased. Regarding the expression of Bcl-2/Bax, c-Jun/P-c-Jun, and P-JNK-related apoptotic proteins, TPNS can reduce the level of apoptosis and play a role in protecting RGCs (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that topical administration of TPNS can inhibit cell apoptosis and promote RGC survival in the crushed optic nerve.
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22
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Zhang X, Connelly J, Levitan ES, Sun D, Wang JQ. Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II in Cerebrovascular Diseases. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 12:513-529. [PMID: 33713030 PMCID: PMC8213567 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease is the most common life-threatening and debilitating condition that often leads to stroke. The multifunctional calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a key Ca2+ sensor and an important signaling protein in a variety of biological systems within the brain, heart, and vasculature. In the brain, past stroke-related studies have been mainly focused on the role of CaMKII in ischemic stroke in neurons and established CaMKII as a major mediator of neuronal cell death induced by glutamate excitotoxicity and oxidative stress following ischemic stroke. However, with growing understanding of the importance of neurovascular interactions in cerebrovascular diseases, there are clearly gaps in our understanding of how CaMKII functions in the complex neurovascular biological processes and its contributions to cerebrovascular diseases. Additionally, emerging evidence demonstrates novel regulatory mechanisms of CaMKII and potential roles of the less-studied CaMKII isoforms in the ischemic brain, which has sparked renewed interests in this dynamic kinase family. This review discusses past findings and emerging evidence on CaMKII in several major cerebrovascular dysfunctions including ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and vascular dementia, focusing on the unique roles played by CaMKII in the underlying biological processes of neuronal cell death, neuroinflammation, and endothelial barrier dysfunction triggered by stroke. We also highlight exciting new findings, promising therapeutic agents, and future perspectives for CaMKII in cerebrovascular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E1354 BST, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jaclyn Connelly
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E1354 BST, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Edwin S Levitan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E1354 BST, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute For Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, 7016 Biomedical Science Tower-3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
| | - Jane Q Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E1354 BST, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Xie Q, Ma R, Li H, Wang J, Guo X, Chen H. Advancement in research on the role of the transient receptor potential vanilloid channel in cerebral ischemic injury (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:881. [PMID: 34194559 PMCID: PMC8237269 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a common critical disease occurring in middle-aged and elderly individuals, and is characterized by high morbidity, lethality and mortality. As such, it is of great concern to medical professionals. The aim of the present review was to investigate the effects of transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) subtypes during cerebral ischemia in ischemia-reperfusion animal models, oxygen glucose deprivation and in other administration cell models in vitro to explore new avenues for stroke research and clinical treatments. TRPV1, TRPV2 and TRPV4 employ different methodologies by which they confer protection against cerebral ischemic injury. TRPV1 and TRPV4 are likely related to the inhibition of inflammatory reactions, neurotoxicity and cell apoptosis, thus promoting nerve growth and regulation of intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+). The mechanisms of neuroprotection of TRPV1 are the JNK pathway, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and therapeutic hypothermia. The mechanisms of neuroprotection of TRPV4 are the PI3K/Akt pathways, NMDA receptor and p38 MAPK pathway, amongst others. The mechanisms by which TRPV2 confers its protective effects are predominantly connected with the regulation of nerve growth factor, MAPK and JNK pathways, as well as JNK-dependent pathways. Thus, TRPVs have the potential for improving outcomes associated with cerebral ischemic or reperfusion injuries. The protection conferred by TRPV1 and TRPV4 is closely related to cellular Ca2+ influx, while TRPV2 has a different target and mode of action, possibly due to its expression sites. However, in light of certain contradictory research conclusions, further experimentation is required to clarify the mechanisms and specific pathways by which TRPVs act to alleviate nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xie
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| | - Rong Ma
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Li
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| | - Hai Chen
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
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Bertan F, Wischhof L, Scifo E, Guranda M, Jackson J, Marsal-Cots A, Piazzesi A, Stork M, Peitz M, Prehn JHM, Ehninger D, Nicotera P, Bano D. Comparative analysis of CI- and CIV-containing respiratory supercomplexes at single-cell resolution. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2021; 1:100002. [PMID: 35474694 PMCID: PMC9017192 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2021.100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria sustain the energy demand of the cell. The composition and functional state of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system are informative indicators of organelle bioenergetic capacity. Here, we describe a highly sensitive and reproducible method for a single-cell quantification of mitochondrial CI- and CIV-containing respiratory supercomplexes (CI∗CIV-SCs) as an alternative means of assessing mitochondrial respiratory chain integrity. We apply a proximity ligation assay (PLA) and stain CI∗CIV-SCs in fixed human and mouse brains, tumorigenic cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and iPSC-derived neural precursor cells (NPCs), and neurons. Spatial visualization of CI∗CIV-SCs enables the detection of mitochondrial lesions in various experimental models, including complex tissues undergoing degenerative processes. We report that comparative assessments of CI∗CIV-SCs facilitate the quantitative profiling of even subtle mitochondrial variations by overcoming the confounding effects that mixed cell populations have on other measurements. Together, our PLA-based analysis of CI∗CIV-SCs is a sensitive and complementary technique for detecting cell-type-specific mitochondrial perturbations in fixed materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Bertan
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Gebäude 99, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia 53127, Germany
| | - Lena Wischhof
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Gebäude 99, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia 53127, Germany
| | - Enzo Scifo
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Gebäude 99, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia 53127, Germany
| | - Mihaela Guranda
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Gebäude 99, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia 53127, Germany
| | - Joshua Jackson
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Gebäude 99, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia 53127, Germany
| | - Anaïs Marsal-Cots
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Gebäude 99, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia 53127, Germany
| | - Antonia Piazzesi
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Gebäude 99, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia 53127, Germany
| | - Miriam Stork
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Gebäude 99, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia 53127, Germany
| | - Michael Peitz
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia 53127, Germany
- Cell Programming Core Facility, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia 53127, Germany
| | - Jochen Herbert Martin Prehn
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics Department, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dan Ehninger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Gebäude 99, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia 53127, Germany
| | - Pierluigi Nicotera
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Gebäude 99, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia 53127, Germany
| | - Daniele Bano
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Gebäude 99, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia 53127, Germany
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25
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Furuta Y, Pena-Ramos O, Li Z, Chiao L, Zhou Z. Calcium ions trigger the exposure of phosphatidylserine on the surface of necrotic cells. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009066. [PMID: 33571185 PMCID: PMC7904182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Ca2+ level is under strict regulation through calcium channels and storage pools including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Mutations in certain ion channel subunits, which cause mis-regulated Ca2+ influx, induce the excitotoxic necrosis of neurons. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, dominant mutations in the DEG/ENaC sodium channel subunit MEC-4 induce six mechanosensory (touch) neurons to undergo excitotoxic necrosis. These necrotic neurons are subsequently engulfed and digested by neighboring hypodermal cells. We previously reported that necrotic touch neurons actively expose phosphatidylserine (PS), an “eat-me” signal, to attract engulfing cells. However, the upstream signal that triggers PS externalization remained elusive. Here we report that a robust and transient increase of cytoplasmic Ca2+ level occurs prior to the exposure of PS on necrotic touch neurons. Inhibiting the release of Ca2+ from the ER, either pharmacologically or genetically, specifically impairs PS exposure on necrotic but not apoptotic cells. On the contrary, inhibiting the reuptake of cytoplasmic Ca2+ into the ER induces ectopic necrosis and PS exposure. Remarkably, PS exposure occurs independently of other necrosis events. Furthermore, unlike in mutants of DEG/ENaC channels, in dominant mutants of deg-3 and trp-4, which encode Ca2+ channels, PS exposure on necrotic neurons does not rely on the ER Ca2+ pool. Our findings indicate that high levels of cytoplasmic Ca2+ are necessary and sufficient for PS exposure. They further reveal two Ca2+-dependent, necrosis-specific pathways that promote PS exposure, a “two-step” pathway initiated by a modest influx of Ca2+ and further boosted by the release of Ca2+ from the ER, and another, ER-independent, pathway. Moreover, we found that ANOH-1, the worm homolog of mammalian phospholipid scramblase TMEM16F, is necessary for efficient PS exposure in thapsgargin-treated worms and trp-4 mutants, like in mec-4 mutants. We propose that both the ER-mediated and ER-independent Ca2+ pathways promote PS externalization through activating ANOH-1. Necrosis is a type of cell death that exhibits distinct morphological features such as cell and organelle swelling. Necrotic cells expose phosphatidylserine (PS)–a type of phospholipid—on their outer surfaces. Receptor molecules on phagocytes detect PS on necrotic cells and subsequently initiate the engulfment process. As necrosis is associated with stroke, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and heart diseases, studying necrotic cell clearance has important medical relevance. In the model organism the nematode C. elegans, we previously identified membrane proteins that promote the exposure of PS on necrotic cell surfaces by studying neurons that are induced to undergo necrosis by dominant mutations in ion channels. Here, in C. elegans, we have discovered that the necrotic insults trigger an increase of the cytoplasmic calcium ion (Ca2+), which in turn promotes PS externalization on necrotic cell surfaces. Furthermore, we have identified two different mechanisms that increase cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels, one dependent on the Ca2+ contribution from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the other independent of the ER. The Ca2+ signal targets ANOH-1, a worm homolog of mammalian proteins capable of externalizing PS, for promoting PS exposure on necrotic cells. Our findings reveal novel upstream regulatory mechanisms that promote necrotic cell clearance in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Furuta
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Omar Pena-Ramos
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zao Li
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lucia Chiao
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Remya C, Dileep KV, Variyar EJ, Zhang KYJ, Omkumar RV, Sadasivan C. Chemical similarity assisted search for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: Molecular modeling and evaluation of their neuroprotective properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 174:466-476. [PMID: 33497692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an obstinate and progressive neurodegenerative disorder, mainly characterized by cognitive decline. Increasing number of AD patients and the lack of promising treatment strategies demands novel therapeutic agents to combat various disease pathologies in AD. Recent progresses in understanding molecular mechanisms in AD helped researchers to streamline the various therapeutic approaches. Inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity has emerged as one of the potential treatment strategies. The present study discusses the identification of two potent AChE inhibitors (ZINC11709541 and ZINC11996936) from ZINC database through conventional in silico approaches and their in vitro validations. These inhibitors have strong preferences towards AChE than butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and didn't evoke any significant reduction in the cell viability of HEK-293 cells and primary cortical neurons. Furthermore, promising neuroprotective properties has also been displayed against glutamate induced excitotoxicity in primary cortical neurons. The present study proposes two potential drug lead compounds for the treatment of AD, that can be used for further studies and preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandran Remya
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Dr. Janaki Ammal Campus, Thalassery, Kerala 670661, India
| | - K V Dileep
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - E Jayadevi Variyar
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Dr. Janaki Ammal Campus, Thalassery, Kerala 670661, India
| | - Kam Y J Zhang
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - R V Omkumar
- Molecular Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud P. O., Trivandrum, Kerala 695014, India
| | - C Sadasivan
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Dr. Janaki Ammal Campus, Thalassery, Kerala 670661, India.
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NPD1 rapidly targets mitochondria-mediated apoptosis after acute injection protecting brain against ischemic injury. Exp Neurol 2020; 335:113495. [PMID: 33038416 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria-related cell death pathways play a major role in ischemic brain injury. Thus, mitochondrial "protective" molecules could be considered for new therapeutic regimens. We recently reported that acute administration of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) triglyceride lipid emulsion, immediately after hypoxic-ischemic (HI) insult, markedly attenuated brain infarct size. This was associated with an early change of DHA-derived specialized pro-resolving mediator (SPM) profiles. Specifically, DHA treatment induced a 50% increase of neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1) levels in ischemic brain. Based on these findings, we questioned if direct administration of NPD1 after HI injury also affords neuroprotection, and if so, by what mechanisms. Using HI insult to mimic ischemic stroke in neonatal mice, we observed that acute intraperitoneal injection of NPD1 immediately after HI injury prevented the expansion of the ischemic core by ~40% and improved coordination and motor abilities compared to the control group. At 7 days after HI injury, NPD1 treatment decreased ipsilateral hemisphere atrophy and preserved motor functions in wire-holding and bridge-crossing tests compared to control littermates. Brain mitochondria, isolated at 4 h after reperfusion from mice treated with NPD1, showed an increase in the capacity to buffer calcium after HI injury, as result of the preservation of mitochondrial membranes. Further, NPD1 induced a reduction of mitochondrial BAX translocation and oligomerization, attenuated cytochrome C release and decreased AIF nuclear translocation. To confirm whether NPD1 acts as BAX inhibitor, we evaluated NPD1 action co-administrated with a pro-apoptotic agent, staurosporine, using mouse embryonic fibroblasts as in vitro model of apoptosis. NPD1 exposure markedly decreased mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, blocking BAX translocation from cytosol to mitochondria and subsequently reducing caspase-3 activation. Our findings provide novel evidence that the neuroprotective action of NPD1 is elicited rapidly in the first few hours after ischemic injury and is associated with both preserved mitochondrial membrane structure and reduced BAX mitochondrial translocation and activation.
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Posada-Duque RA, Cardona-Gómez GP. CDK5 Targeting as a Therapy for Recovering Neurovascular Unit Integrity in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 82:S141-S161. [PMID: 33016916 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is responsible for synchronizing the energetic demand, vasodynamic changes, and neurochemical and electrical function of the brain through a closed and interdependent interaction of cell components conforming to brain tissue. In this review, we will focus on cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) as a molecular pivot, which plays a crucial role in the healthy function of neurons, astrocytes, and the endothelium and is implicated in the cross-talk of cellular adhesion signaling, ion transmission, and cytoskeletal remodeling, thus allowing the individual and interconnected homeostasis of cerebral parenchyma. Then, we discuss how CDK5 overactivation affects the integrity of the NVU in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cognitive impairment; we emphasize how CDK5 is involved in the excitotoxicity spreading of glutamate and Ca2+ imbalance under acute and chronic injury. Additionally, we present pharmacological and gene therapy strategies for producing partial depletion of CDK5 activity on neurons, astrocytes, or endothelium to recover neuroplasticity and neurotransmission, suggesting that the NVU should be the targeted tissue unit in protective strategies. Finally, we conclude that CDK5 could be effective due to its intervention on astrocytes by its end feet on the endothelium and neurons, acting as an intermediary cell between systemic and central communication in the brain. This review provides integrated guidance regarding the pathogenesis of and potential repair strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Andrés Posada-Duque
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, SIU, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, SIU, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Amburana cearensis: Pharmacological and Neuroprotective Effects of Its Compounds. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153394. [PMID: 32726999 PMCID: PMC7435960 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amburana cearensis A.C. Smith is an endemic tree from Northeastern Brazil used in folk medicine as teas, decocts and syrups for the treatment of various respiratory and inflammatory diseases, since therapeutic properties have been attributed to compounds from its stem bark and seeds. Numerous pharmacological properties of semi-purified extracts and isolated compounds from A. cearensis have been described in several biological systems, ranging from antimicrobial to anti-inflammatory effects. Some of these activities are attributed to coumarins and phenolic compounds, the major compounds present in A. cearensis seed extracts. Multiple lines of research demonstrate these compounds reduce oxidative stress, inflammation and neuronal death induced by glutamate excitotoxicity, events central to most neuropathologies, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s Disease (PD). This review focuses on the botanical aspects, folk medicine use, biological effects and pharmacological activities of A. cearensis compounds and their potential as novel non-toxic drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Abbaszadeh F, Fakhri S, Khan H. Targeting apoptosis and autophagy following spinal cord injury: Therapeutic approaches to polyphenols and candidate phytochemicals. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105069. [PMID: 32652198 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a neurological disorder associated with the loss of sensory and motor function. Understanding the precise dysregulated signaling pathways, especially apoptosis and autophagy following SCI, is of vital importance in developing innovative therapeutic targets and treatments. The present study lies in the fact that it reveals the precise dysregulated signaling mediators of apoptotic and autophagic pathways following SCI and also examines the effects of polyphenols and other candidate phytochemicals. It provides new insights to develop new treatments for post-SCI complications. Accordingly, a comprehensive review was conducted using electronic databases including, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Medline, along with the authors' expertise in apoptosis and autophagy as well as their knowledge about the effects of polyphenols and other phytochemicals on SCI pathogenesis. The primary mechanical injury to spinal cord is followed by a secondary cascade of apoptosis and autophagy that play critical roles during SCI. In terms of pharmacological mechanisms, caspases, Bax/Bcl-2, TNF-α, and JAK/STAT in apoptosis along with LC3 and Beclin-1 in autophagy have shown a close interconnection with the inflammatory pathways mainly glutamatergic, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, ERK/MAPK, and other cross-linked mediators. Besides, apoptotic pathways have been shown to regulate autophagy mediators and vice versa. Prevailing evidence has highlighted the importance of modulating these signaling mediators/pathways by polyphenols and other candidate phytochemicals post-SCI. The present review provides dysregulated signaling mediators and therapeutic targets of apoptotic and autophagic pathways following SCI, focusing on the modulatory effects of polyphenols and other potential phytochemical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Abbaszadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran.
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
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31
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Uzdensky AB. Apoptosis regulation in the penumbra after ischemic stroke: expression of pro- and antiapoptotic proteins. Apoptosis 2020; 24:687-702. [PMID: 31256300 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-019-01556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of human disability and mortality in the world. The main problem in stroke therapy is the search of efficient neuroprotector capable to rescue neurons in the potentially salvageable transition zone (penumbra), which is expanding after brain damage. The data on molecular mechanisms of penumbra formation and expression of diverse signaling proteins in the penumbra during first 24 h after ischemic stroke are discussed. Two basic features of cell death regulation in the ischemic penumbra were observed: (1) both apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins are simultaneously over-expressed in the penumbra, so that the fate of individual cells is determined by the balance between these opposite tendencies. (2) Similtaneous and concerted up-regulation in the ischemic penumbra of proteins that execute apoptosis (caspases 3, 6, 7; Bcl-10, SMAC/DIABLO, AIF, PSR), signaling proteins that regulate different apoptosis pathways (p38, JNK, DYRK1A, neurotrophin receptor p75); transcription factors that control expression of various apoptosis regulation proteins (E2F1, p53, c-Myc, GADD153); and proteins, which are normally involved in diverse cellular functions, but stimulate apoptosis in specific situations (NMDAR2a, Par4, GAD65/67, caspase 11). Hence, diverse apoptosis initiation and regulation pathways are induced simultaneously in penumbra from very different initial positions. Similarly, various anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-x, p21/WAF-1, MDM2, p63, PKBα, ERK1, RAF1, ERK5, MAKAPK2, protein phosphatases 1α and MKP-1, estrogen and EGF receptors, calmodulin, CaMKII, CaMKIV) are upregulated. These data provide an integral view of neurodegeneration and neuroprotection in penumbra. Some discussed proteins may serve as potential targets for anti-stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly B Uzdensky
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 194/1 Stachky Prospect, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344090.
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Armada-Moreira A, Gomes JI, Pina CC, Savchak OK, Gonçalves-Ribeiro J, Rei N, Pinto S, Morais TP, Martins RS, Ribeiro FF, Sebastião AM, Crunelli V, Vaz SH. Going the Extra (Synaptic) Mile: Excitotoxicity as the Road Toward Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:90. [PMID: 32390802 PMCID: PMC7194075 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxicity is a phenomenon that describes the toxic actions of excitatory neurotransmitters, primarily glutamate, where the exacerbated or prolonged activation of glutamate receptors starts a cascade of neurotoxicity that ultimately leads to the loss of neuronal function and cell death. In this process, the shift between normal physiological function and excitotoxicity is largely controlled by astrocytes since they can control the levels of glutamate on the synaptic cleft. This control is achieved through glutamate clearance from the synaptic cleft and its underlying recycling through the glutamate-glutamine cycle. The molecular mechanism that triggers excitotoxicity involves alterations in glutamate and calcium metabolism, dysfunction of glutamate transporters, and malfunction of glutamate receptors, particularly N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors (NMDAR). On the other hand, excitotoxicity can be regarded as a consequence of other cellular phenomena, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, physical neuronal damage, and oxidative stress. Regardless, it is known that the excessive activation of NMDAR results in the sustained influx of calcium into neurons and leads to several deleterious consequences, including mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, impairment of calcium buffering, the release of pro-apoptotic factors, among others, that inevitably contribute to neuronal loss. A large body of evidence implicates NMDAR-mediated excitotoxicity as a central mechanism in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and epilepsy. In this review article, we explore different causes and consequences of excitotoxicity, discuss the involvement of NMDAR-mediated excitotoxicity and its downstream effects on several neurodegenerative disorders, and identify possible strategies to study new aspects of these diseases that may lead to the discovery of new therapeutic approaches. With the understanding that excitotoxicity is a common denominator in neurodegenerative diseases and other disorders, a new perspective on therapy can be considered, where the targets are not specific symptoms, but the underlying cellular phenomena of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Armada-Moreira
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Joana I. Gomes
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carolina Campos Pina
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Oksana K. Savchak
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Gonçalves-Ribeiro
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nádia Rei
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Pinto
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tatiana P. Morais
- Neuroscience Division, School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Robertta Silva Martins
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Filipa F. Ribeiro
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vincenzo Crunelli
- Neuroscience Division, School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Sandra H. Vaz
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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The effect of steroid hormone on the expression of the calcium-processing proteins in the immature female rat brain. J Chem Neuroanat 2020; 105:101767. [PMID: 32061997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cytosolic calcium concentration is regulated by calcium-processing proteins such as transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 5 (TRPV5), TRPV6, sodium-calcium exchanger 1 (NCX1), and plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase 1 (PMCA1). Those calcium-processing proteins are important for physiological functions in the brain. The effects of steroid hormones on calcium-processing protein expressions in the brains are unknown. Thus, the effects of steroid hormones on the distribution, localization, and expressions of calcium-processing proteins in the brain were analyzed. Immature female rats were injected with estrogen (E2), progesterone (P4), dexamethasone (DEX), and their antagonists (ICI 182,780 and RU486). We found that TRPV5 and TRPV6 proteins were highly expressed in the cerebral cortex (CT), hypothalamus (HY), and brain stem (BS) compared to that in the olfactory bulb (OB) and cerebellum (CB). Also, the NCX1 protein was highly expressed in CT and BS compared to that in OB, HY, and CB, and PMCA1 protein was highly expressed in CT compared to that in other brain regions. Furthermore, expression levels of TRPV5, TRPV6, NCX1, and PMCA1 proteins were regulated by E2, P4, and/or DEX in the CT and HY. In summary, calcium-processing proteins are widely expressed in the immature rat brain, and expressions of calcium-processing proteins in CT and HY indicated that they may regulate by E2, P4, and/or DEX and can be attenuated by antagonist treatment. These results indicate that steroid hormone regulation of TRPV5, TRPV6, NCX1, and PMCA1 proteins may serve as a critical regulator of cytosolic calcium absorption and release in the brain.
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Gaidin SG, Turovskaya MV, Mal’tseva VN, Zinchenko VP, Blinova EV, Turovsky EA. A Complex Neuroprotective Effect of Alpha-2-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists in a Model of Cerebral Ischemia–Reoxygenation In Vitro. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW SUPPLEMENT SERIES A-MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747819040068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Cortes N, Posada-Duque R, Cardona-Gómez GP, Bastida J, Osorio E. Amaryllidaceae alkaloids and neuronal cell protection. Pathology 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-815972-9.00013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Golovynska I, Golovynskyi S, Stepanov YV, Garmanchuk LV, Stepanova LI, Qu J, Ohulchanskyy TY. Red and near-infrared light induces intracellular Ca 2+ flux via the activation of glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:15989-16002. [PMID: 30741423 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Red and near-infrared (NIR) light effect on Ca2+ ions flux through the influence on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and their functioning in HeLa cells was studied in vitro. Cells were irradiated by 650 and 808 nm laser light at different power densities and doses and the obtained effect was compared with that caused by the pharmacological agents. The laser light was found to elevate Ca2+ influx into cell cytoplasm in a dose-dependent manner without changes of the NMDAR functioning. Furthermore, the light of both wavelengths demonstrated the ability to elevate Ca2+ influx under the pharmacological blockade of NMDARs and also might partially abolish the blockade enhancing Ca2+ influx after selective stimulation of the receptors with NMDA. Simultaneously, the light at moderate doses demonstrated a photobiostimulating effect on cells. Based on our experiments and data reported in the literature, we suggest that the low-power visible and NIR light can instigate a cell membrane depolarization via nonthermal activation, resulting in the fast induction of Ca2+ influx into cells. The obtained results also demonstrate that NIR light can be used for nonthermal and nonpharmacological stimulation of NMDARs in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia Golovynska
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Sergii Golovynskyi
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Yurii V Stepanov
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Liudmyla V Garmanchuk
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ludmila I Stepanova
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Tymish Y Ohulchanskyy
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
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37
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Garzón F, Coimbra D, Parcerisas A, Rodriguez Y, García JC, Soriano E, Rama R. NeuroEPO Preserves Neurons from Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 65:1469-1483. [PMID: 30175978 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many experimental studies show that erythropoietin (EPO) has a neuroprotective action in the brain. EPO in acute and chronic neurological disorders, particularly in stroke, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, has neuroprotective effects. We previously reported the neuroprotective effect of NeuroEPO, a low sialic form of EPO, against oxidative stress induced by glutamate excitotoxicity. In this paper, we analyze the effect of NeuroEPO against apoptosis induced by glutamate excitotoxicity in primary neuronal cultures obtained from the forebrains of Wistar rat embryos after 17 days of gestation. Excitotoxicity was induced after nine days of in vitro culture by treatment with a culture medium containing 100μM glutamate for 15 min. To withdraw glutamate, a new medium containing 100 ng NeuroEPO/mL was added. Apoptosis was analyzed after 24 h. Images obtained by phase contrast microscopy show that neurons treated with glutamate exhibit cell body shrinkage, loss of dendrites that do not make contact with neighboring cells, and that NeuroEPO was able to preserve the morphological characteristics of the control. Immunocytochemistry images show that the culture is essentially pure in neurons; that glutamate causes cell mortality, and that this is partially avoided when the culture medium is supplemented with NeuroEPO. Activation of intrinsic apoptotic pathways was analyzed. The decreases in Bcl-2/Bax ratio, increase in the release of cytochrome c, and in the expression and activity of caspase-3 observed in cells treated with glutamate, were restored by NeuroEPO. The results from this study show that NeuroEPO protects cortical neurons from glutamate-induced apoptosis via upregulation of Bcl-2 and inhibit glutamate-induced activation of caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Garzón
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Animal Health, University of Nariño, Colombia
| | - Débora Coimbra
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Parcerisas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yamila Rodriguez
- Department of Histology, Institute of Preclinical and Basic Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Havana, Cuba.,Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Havana, Cuba
| | - Julio Cesar García
- Department of Histology, Institute of Preclinical and Basic Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Havana, Cuba.,National Center for Animals Breeding (Cenpalab), Havana, Cuba
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research, Barcelona, Spain.,Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Rama
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain
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Park SY, Yoo YM, Jung EM, Jeung EB. Distribution of and steroid hormone effects on calbindin-D 9k in the immature rat brain. Brain Res Bull 2019; 152:225-235. [PMID: 31357009 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Calbindin-D9k (CaBP-9k), one of the major calcium-binding and calcium-buffering proteins, is important in the physiological functioning of organs. The neuroanatomical localization of CaBP-9k in the rodent brain has not been reported; thus, this study investigated the neuroanatomical distribution of CaBP-9k and the regulation of CaBP-9k expression on steroid hormones in the immature rat brain. To confirm the influence of steroid hormones on CaBP-9k expression, immature female rats were injected for 5 days with estrogen (E2), progesterone (P4), dexamethasone (DEX), and their antagonists (ICI 182, 780 and RU 486). The localization and expression of the CaBP-9k protein in brain regions were identified by immunofluorescence and western blot assays, respectively. We observed that CaBP-9k expression was especially strong in hypothalamus, cerebellum, and brain stem. In addition, CaBP-9k was colocalized with mature-, GABAergic, dopaminergic, and oxytocinergic neurons. We also observed that the CaBP-9k protein level was significantly increased by P4 and reversed by antagonist RU 486 treatment in immature rat brain. In summary, CaBP-9k positive cells have a wide distribution in the immature rat brain, and CaBP-9k expression is regulated by P4. We suggest that CaBP-9k expression regulated by steroid hormone may serve as an important regulator of cytosolic calcium concentration in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Young Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 362-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Min Yoo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 362-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Man Jung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 362-763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eui-Bae Jeung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 362-763, Republic of Korea.
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Li J. Weak direct current (DC) electric fields as a therapy for spinal cord injuries: review and advancement of the oscillating field stimulator (OFS). Neurosurg Rev 2019; 42:825-834. [DOI: 10.1007/s10143-018-01068-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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40
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Todorović N, Mićić B, Schwirtlich M, Stevanović M, Filipović D. Subregion-specific Protective Effects of Fluoxetine and Clozapine on Parvalbumin Expression in Medial Prefrontal Cortex of Chronically Isolated Rats. Neuroscience 2018; 396:24-35. [PMID: 30448452 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of GABAergic system is becoming increasingly associated with depression, psychiatric disorder that imposes severe clinical, social and economic burden. Special attention is paid to the fast-spiking parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons, GABAergic neurons which are highly susceptible to redox dysregulation and oxidative stress and implicated in a variety of psychiatric diseases. Here we analyzed the number of PV+ and cleaved caspase-3-positive (CC3+) cells in the rat medial prefrontal cortical (mPFC) subregions following chronic social isolation (CSIS), an animal model of depression and schizophrenia. Also, we examined potential protective effects of antidepressant fluoxetine (FLX) and atypical antipsychotic clozapine (CLZ) on the number of these cells in mPFC subregions, when applied parallel with CSIS in doses that correspond to therapeutically effective ones in patients. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed decreased number of PV+ cells in cingulate cortex area 1, prelimbic area (PrL), infralimbic area (IL) and dorsal peduncular cortex of the mPFC in isolated rats, which coincided with depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors. In addition, CSIS-induced increase in the number of CC3+ cells was detected in aforementioned subregions of mPFC. Treatments with either FLX or CLZ prevented behavioral changes, decrease in PV+ and increase in CC3+ cell numbers in PrL and IL subregions in isolated rats. These results indicate the importance of intact GABAergic signaling in these areas for resistance against CSIS-induced behavioral changes, as well as subregion-specific protective effects of FLX and CLZ in mPFC of CSIS rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Todorović
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinča", University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojana Mićić
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinča", University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Schwirtlich
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Stevanović
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia; Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Filipović
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinča", University of Belgrade, Serbia. http://www.vinca.rs
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Kim JH, Sohn UD, Kim HG, Kim HR. Exposure to 835 MHz RF-EMF decreases the expression of calcium channels, inhibits apoptosis, but induces autophagy in the mouse hippocampus. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 22:277-289. [PMID: 29719450 PMCID: PMC5928341 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.3.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The exponential increase in the use of mobile communication has triggered public concerns about the potential adverse effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) emitted by mobile phones on the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we explored the relationship between calcium channels and apoptosis or autophagy in the hippocampus of C57BL/6 mice after RF-EMF exposure with a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 4.0 W/kg for 4 weeks. Firstly, the expression level of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), a key regulator of the entry of calcium ions into the cell, was confirmed by immunoblots. We investigated and confirmed that pan-calcium channel expression in hippocampal neurons were significantly decreased after exposure to RF-EMF. With the observed accumulation of autolysosomes in hippocampal neurons via TEM, the expressions of autophagy-related genes and proteins (e.g., LC3B-II) had significantly increased. However, down-regulation of the apoptotic pathway may contribute to the decrease in calcium channel expression, and thus lower levels of calcium in hippocampal neurons. These results suggested that exposure of RF-EMF could alter intracellular calcium homeostasis by decreasing calcium channel expression in the hippocampus; presumably by activating the autophagy pathway, while inhibiting apoptotic regulation as an adaptation process for 835 MHz RF-EMF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hwan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Uy Dong Sohn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Hyung-Gun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Hak Rim Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
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Oh JH, Kim EY, Nam TJ. Phycoerythrin-Derived Tryptic Peptide of a Red Alga Pyropia yezoensis Attenuates Glutamate-Induced ER Stress and Neuronal Senescence in Primary Rat Hippocampal Neurons. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700469. [PMID: 29468822 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Glutamate excitotoxicity has been observed in association with neurodegenerative disorders. This study aimed to investigate whether a phycoerythrin-derived tryptic peptide of Pyropia yezoensis (PYP) reduces glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and neuronal senescence in primary rat hippocampal neurons. METHODS AND RESULTS Glutamate exposure (100 μm) decreased cell viability and increased expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response protein glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) starting at 60 min following glutamate exposure, which was prevented by pretreating the neurons with PYP (1 μg mL-1 ). The glutamate-induced increase in GRP78 expression was downregulated by blocking N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor with MK801 (10 μm) and inhibiting c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation with SP600125 (10 μm). Moreover, phosphorylation of JNK was decreased by blockade of NMDA receptor. The PYP pretreatment downregulated glutamate-induced increase in GRP78 expression and JNK phosphorylation, and this effect was abolished by inhibiting tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) receptor, phosphatidylinositiol 3-kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 using cyclotraxin B (200 nm), LY294002 (20 μm), and SL327 (10 μm), respectively. In addition, PYP downregulated increase in GRP78 expression, senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, and neurite degeneration in aging hippocampal neurons. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that activation of TrkB receptor-mediated ERK1/2 by PYP attenuates glutamate-induced ER stress, which may improve the survival of hippocampal neurons with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hwan Oh
- Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, 46041, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, 46041, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Jeong Nam
- Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, 46041, Republic of Korea
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Bano D, Prehn JHM. Apoptosis-Inducing Factor (AIF) in Physiology and Disease: The Tale of a Repented Natural Born Killer. EBioMedicine 2018; 30:29-37. [PMID: 29605508 PMCID: PMC5952348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) is a mitochondrial oxidoreductase that contributes to cell death programmes and participates in the assembly of the respiratory chain. Importantly, AIF deficiency leads to severe mitochondrial dysfunction, causing muscle atrophy and neurodegeneration in model organisms as well as in humans. The purpose of this review is to describe functions of AIF and AIF-interacting proteins as regulators of cell death and mitochondrial bioenergetics. We describe how AIF deficiency induces pathogenic processes that alter metabolism and ultimately compromise cellular homeostasis. We report the currently known AIFM1 mutations identified in humans and discuss the variability of AIFM1-related disorders in terms of onset, organ involvement and symptoms. Finally, we summarize how the study of AIFM1-linked pathologies may help to further expand our understanding of rare inherited forms of mitochondrial diseases. AIF is a mitochondrial NADH-dependent oxidoreductase. Nuclear translocation of AIF occurs during cell death and has been associated with human disorders. Under physiological settings, AIF participates to the biogenesis of the respiratory complexes. AIFM1 mutations have been identified in patients with impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics. Inherited AIFM1 mutations lead to a variety of clinical manifestations, including severe childhood-onset mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bano
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Liu Z, Sheng J, Peng G, Yang J, Chen W, Li K. TGF-β1 Regulation of P-JNK and L-Type Calcium Channel Cav1.2 in Cortical Neurons. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 64:374-384. [PMID: 29423686 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases can cause a series of neuronal lesions, which may be improved by the anti-apoptotic neuroprotection of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1). In neurons, L-type Ca2+ channels (LTCC) are mainly composed of Cav1.2 subunits. Given the implication of TGF-β1 in numerous CNS diseases, we examined the neuroprotective effects of TGF-β1 on the Cav1.2 channel in the CNS. To simulate acute mechanical traumatic brain injury (TBI), we used a needle to create parallel scratches across plates, which were cultured for 9 h. Meanwhile, Fluo4-AM-loaded laser scanning confocal microscopy with a dual wavelength of 488 nm/530 nm was employed to determine intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i). We found that MAPK inhibitors impede TGF-β1-induced cell viability and that TGF-β1 recovered from the trauma-induced cell viability in neurons. Cav1.2 production was significantly decreased in the TGF-β1-treated (10 ng/mL) neurons. At this TGF-β1 concentration, Cav1.2 was significantly down-regulated in a time-dependent manner after 12 h. Moreover, TGF-β1 partially recovered the protein levels of Cav1.2 that were reduced by TBI. TGF-β1 significantly inhibited the fluorescence intensity of [Ca2+]i increased by KCl and delayed the time of the peak [Ca2+]i. The observed effects of TGF-β1 on Cav1.2 were regulated by MAPK inhibitors. The observed effects of TGF-β1 on P-JNK were also impeded by pre-incubation with the LTCC inhibitor (10 μM) nimodipine in trauma-injured neurons. Altogether, TGF-β1 regulated LTCCs through a mechanism dependent on MEK, JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK signal pathways in cortical neurons. Thus, we suggest the involvement of this mechanism in cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenning Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Jiangtao Sheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Guoyi Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Jinhua Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China.
| | - Kangsheng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China.
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Hammad A, Westacott L, Zaben M. The role of the complement system in traumatic brain injury: a review. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:24. [PMID: 29357880 PMCID: PMC5778697 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1066-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important cause of disability and mortality in the western world. While the initial injury sustained results in damage, it is the subsequent secondary cascade that is thought to be the significant determinant of subsequent outcomes. The changes associated with the secondary injury do not become irreversible until some time after the start of the cascade. This may present a window of opportunity for therapeutic interventions aiming to improve outcomes subsequent to TBI. A prominent contributor to the secondary injury is a multifaceted inflammatory reaction. The complement system plays a notable role in this inflammatory reaction; however, it has often been overlooked in the context of TBI secondary injury. The complement system has homeostatic functions in the uninjured central nervous system (CNS), playing a part in neurodevelopment as well as having protective functions in the fully developed CNS, including protection from infection and inflammation. In the context of CNS injury, it can have a number of deleterious effects, evidence for which primarily comes not only from animal models but also, to a lesser extent, from human post-mortem studies. In stark contrast to this, complement may also promote neurogenesis and plasticity subsequent to CNS injury. This review aims to explore the role of the complement system in TBI secondary injury, by examining evidence from both clinical and animal studies. We examine whether specific complement activation pathways play more prominent roles in TBI than others. We also explore the potential role of complement in post-TBI neuroprotection and CNS repair/regeneration. Finally, we highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting the complement system in the context of TBI and point out certain areas on which future research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Hammad
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura Westacott
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Room 4FT 80E, 4th Floor, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Malik Zaben
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Room 4FT 80E, 4th Floor, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
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Bano D, Ankarcrona M. Beyond the critical point: An overview of excitotoxicity, calcium overload and the downstream consequences. Neurosci Lett 2018; 663:79-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Şekerdağ E, Solaroğlu I, Gürsoy-Özdemir Y. Cell Death Mechanisms in Stroke and Novel Molecular and Cellular Treatment Options. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1396-1415. [PMID: 29512465 PMCID: PMC6251049 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180302115544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a result of ischemia or hemorrhage, blood supply to neurons is disrupted which subsequently promotes a cascade of pathophysiological responses resulting in cell loss. Many mechanisms are involved solely or in combination in this disorder including excitotoxicity, mitochondrial death pathways, and the release of free radicals, protein misfolding, apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy and inflammation. Besides neuronal cell loss, damage to and loss of astrocytes as well as injury to white matter contributes also to cerebral injury. The core problem in stroke is the loss of neuronal cells which makes recovery difficult or even not possible in the late states. Acute treatment options that can be applied for stroke are mainly targeting re-establishment of blood flow and hence, their use is limited due to the effective time window of thrombolytic agents. However, if the acute time window is exceeded, neuronal loss starts due to the activation of cell death pathways. This review will explore the most updated cellular death mechanisms leading to neuronal loss in stroke. Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke as well as subarachnoid hemorrhage will be debated in the light of cell death mechanisms and possible novel molecular and cellular treatment options will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Şekerdağ
- Address correspondence to this author at the Neuroscience Research Lab, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey; Tel: +90 850 250 8250; E-mail:
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Khaitin A, Rudkovskii M, Uzdensky A. Ca 2+ mediates axotomy-induced necrosis and apoptosis of satellite glial cells remote from the transection site in the isolated crayfish mechanoreceptor. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 88:7-15. [PMID: 29225183 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe nerve injury such as axotomy induces neuron degeneration and death of surrounding glial cells. Using a crayfish stretch receptor that consists of a single mechanoreceptor neuron enveloped by satellite glia, we showed that axotomy not only mechanically injures glial cells at the transection location, but also induces necrosis or apoptosis of satellite glial cells remote from the transection site. We studied Ca2+role in spontaneous or axotomy-induced death of remote glial cells. Stretch receptors were isolated using the original technique that kept the neuron connected to the ventral cord ganglion (control preparations). Using Ca2+-sensitive fluorescence probe fluo-4, we showed Ca2+ accumulation in neuronal perikarion and glial envelope. Ca2+ gradually accumulated in glial cells after axotomy. In saline with triple Ca2+ concentration the axotomy-induced apoptosis of glial cells increased, but spontaneous or axotomy-induced necrosis was unexpectedly reduced. Saline with 1/3[Ca2+], oppositely, enhanced glial necrosis. Application of ionomycin, CdCl2, thapsigargin, and ryanodine showed the involvement of Ca2+ influx through ionic channels in the plasma membrane, inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, and Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum through ryanodine receptors in axotomy-induced glial necrosis. Apoptosis of glial cells surrounding axotomized neurons was promoted by ionomycin and thapsigargin. Possibly, other Ca2+ sources such as penetration through the plasma membrane contributed to axotomy-induced apoptosis and necrosis of remote glial cells. Thus, modulating different pathways that maintain calcium homeostasis, one can modulate axotomy-induced death of glial cells remote from the transection site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Khaitin
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - Mikhail Rudkovskii
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - Anatoly Uzdensky
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia.
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McQueen J, Ryan TJ, McKay S, Marwick K, Baxter P, Carpanini SM, Wishart TM, Gillingwater TH, Manson JC, Wyllie DJA, Grant SGN, McColl BW, Komiyama NH, Hardingham GE. Pro-death NMDA receptor signaling is promoted by the GluN2B C-terminus independently of Dapk1. eLife 2017; 6:e17161. [PMID: 28731405 PMCID: PMC5544426 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activity contributes to several neurological disorders, but direct antagonism is poorly tolerated therapeutically. The GluN2B cytoplasmic C-terminal domain (CTD) represents an alternative therapeutic target since it potentiates excitotoxic signaling. The key GluN2B CTD-centred event in excitotoxicity is proposed to involve its phosphorylation at Ser-1303 by Dapk1, that is blocked by a neuroprotective cell-permeable peptide mimetic of the region. Contrary to this model, we find that excitotoxicity can proceed without increased Ser-1303 phosphorylation, and is unaffected by Dapk1 deficiency in vitro or following ischemia in vivo. Pharmacological analysis of the aforementioned neuroprotective peptide revealed that it acts in a sequence-independent manner as an open-channel NMDAR antagonist at or near the Mg2+ site, due to its high net positive charge. Thus, GluN2B-driven excitotoxic signaling can proceed independently of Dapk1 or altered Ser-1303 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie McQueen
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tomás J Ryan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sean McKay
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Marwick
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Baxter
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah M Carpanini
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- nPAD MRC Mouse consortium, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M Wishart
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- nPAD MRC Mouse consortium, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- nPAD MRC Mouse consortium, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jean C Manson
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- nPAD MRC Mouse consortium, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David J A Wyllie
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Seth G N Grant
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Barry W McColl
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Noboru H Komiyama
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- nPAD MRC Mouse consortium, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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