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van Galen KA, Booij J, Schrantee A, Adriaanse SM, Unmehopa UA, Fliers E, Schwartz GJ, DiLeone RJ, Ter Horst KW, la Fleur SE, Serlie MJ. The response to prolonged fasting in hypothalamic serotonin transporter availability is blunted in obesity. Metabolism 2021; 123:154839. [PMID: 34331964 PMCID: PMC8994212 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Serotonergic and dopaminergic systems in the brain are essential for homeostatic and reward-associated regulation of food intake and systemic energy metabolism. It is largely unknown how fasting influences these systems or if such effects are altered in humans with obesity. We therefore aimed to evaluate the effects of fasting on hypothalamic/thalamic serotonin transporter (SERT) and striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) availability in lean subjects and subjects with obesity. METHODS In this randomized controlled cross-over trial, we assessed the effects of 12 vs 24 h of fasting on SERT and DAT availability in the hypothalamus/thalamus and striatum, respectively, using SPECT imaging in 10 lean men and 10 men with obesity. RESULTS As compared with the 12-h fast, a 24-h fast increased hypothalamic SERT availability in lean men, but not in men with obesity. We observed high inter-individual variation in the effects of fasting on thalamic SERT and striatal DAT, with no differences between lean men and those with obesity. In all subjects, fasting-induced increases in circulating free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations were associated with an increase in hypothalamic SERT availability and a decrease in striatal DAT availability. Multiple regression analysis showed that changes in plasma insulin and FFAs together accounted for 44% of the observed variation in striatal DAT availability. CONCLUSION Lean men respond to prolonged fasting by increasing hypothalamic SERT availability, whereas this response is absent in men with obesity. Inter-individual differences in the adaptations of the cerebral serotonergic and dopaminergic systems to fasting may, in part, be explained by changes in peripheral metabolic signals of fasting, including FFAs and insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy A van Galen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Booij
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk Schrantee
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sofie M Adriaanse
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Unga A Unmehopa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gary J Schwartz
- Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ralph J DiLeone
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kasper W Ter Horst
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne E la Fleur
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mireille J Serlie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Maejima Y, Yokota S, Shimizu M, Horita S, Kobayashi D, Hazama A, Shimomura K. The deletion of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors expressing neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus disrupts the diurnal feeding pattern and induces hyperphagia and obesity. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:58. [PMID: 34098999 PMCID: PMC8186199 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-021-00582-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feeding rhythm disruption contributes to the development of obesity. The receptors of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are distributed in the wide regions of the brain. Among these regions, GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R) are expressed in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) which are known to be associated with thermogenesis and circadian rhythm development. However, the physiological roles of GLP-1R expressing neurons in the DMH remain elusive. METHODS To examine the physiological role of GLP-1R expressing neurons in the DMH, saporin-conjugated exenatide4 was injected into rat brain DMH to delete GLP-1R-positive neurons. Subsequently, locomotor activity, diurnal feeding pattern, amount of food intake and body weight were measured. RESULTS This deletion of GLP-1R-positive neurons in the DMH induced hyperphagia, the disruption of diurnal feeding pattern, and obesity. The deletion of GLP-1R expressing neurons also reduced glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 and cholecystokinin A receptor mRNA levels in the DMH. Also, it reduced the c-fos expression after refeeding in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Thirty percent of DMH neurons projecting to the SCN expressed GLP-1R. Functionally, refeeding after fasting induced c-fos expression in the SCN projecting neurons in the DMH. As for the projection to the DMH, neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) were found to be projecting to the DMH, with 33% of those neurons being GLP-1-positive. Refeeding induced c-fos expression in the DMH projecting neurons in the NTS. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that GLP-1R expressing neurons in the DMH may mediate feeding termination. In addition, this meal signal may be transmitted to SCN neurons and change the neural activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Maejima
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Shoko Yokota
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Masaru Shimizu
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Horita
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Fukushima University School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hazama
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Fukushima University School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kenju Shimomura
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
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Peng L, Leung EHW, So J, Mak PHS, Lee CL, Tan H, Lee KF, Chan SY. TSPYL1 regulates steroidogenic gene expression and male factor fertility in mice. F&S SCIENCE 2020; 1:115-123. [PMID: 35559922 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfss.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the importance of testis-specific, Y-encoded-like 1 (TSPYL1) in survival and male factor fertility in mice. DESIGN Experimental prospective study. SETTING Research laboratories in a university medical faculty. ANIMALS We generated Tspyl1 knockout (KO) mouse lines by CRISPR/Cas9. The lines were maintained by pairing heterozygous mice to provide wild-type control and KO males for comparison. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Mendelian ratio, body and testis weight, histology, sperm motility, mating tests, pregnancy outcome, transcript levels of genes for testosterone production, and serum testosterone level. RESULT(S) A variable percentage of Tspyl1 KO mice survived beyond weaning depending on the genetic background. Growth around weaning was retarded in KO mice, but the testes-to-body weight ratio remained normal and complete spermatogenesis was revealed in testis histology. Sperm was collected from the cauda epididymis, and a significantly smaller percentage of sperm was progressively motile (22.3% ± 18.3%, n = 14 samples) compared with wild type (58.9% ± 11.5%, 11 samples). All 11 KO mice tested had defective mounting behavior. From 11 KO males paired with a total of 88 females, only one litter was born, compared with 53 litters sired by 11 age-matched wild-type males. Expression of Star, Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1, Hsd3b6, and Hsd17b3 in the KO testis was significantly reduced, while serum testosterone level was within the normal range. CONCLUSION(S) TSPYL1 is critical for survival and reproductive success in mice. TSPYL1 enhances the expression of key steroidogenic genes in the mouse testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Peng
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Eva Hin Wa Leung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Joan So
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Priscilla Hoi Shan Mak
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheuk-Lun Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiqi Tan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Fai Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Siu Yuen Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
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Cheng W, Ndoka E, Hutch C, Roelofs K, MacKinnon A, Khoury B, Magrisso J, Kim KS, Rhodes CJ, Olson DP, Seeley RJ, Sandoval D, Myers MG. Leptin receptor-expressing nucleus tractus solitarius neurons suppress food intake independently of GLP1 in mice. JCI Insight 2020; 5:134359. [PMID: 32182221 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.134359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin receptor-expressing (LepRb-expressing) neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS; LepRbNTS neurons) receive gut signals that synergize with leptin action to suppress food intake. NTS neurons that express preproglucagon (Ppg) (and that produce the food intake-suppressing PPG cleavage product glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP1]) represent a subpopulation of mouse LepRbNTS cells. Using Leprcre, Ppgcre, and Ppgfl mouse lines, along with Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs), we examined roles for Ppg in GLP1NTS and LepRbNTS cells for the control of food intake and energy balance. We found that the cre-dependent ablation of NTS Ppgfl early in development or in adult mice failed to alter energy balance, suggesting the importance of pathways independent of NTS GLP1 for the long-term control of food intake. Consistently, while activating GLP1NTS cells decreased food intake, LepRbNTS cells elicited larger and more durable effects. Furthermore, while the ablation of NTS Ppgfl blunted the ability of GLP1NTS neurons to suppress food intake during activation, it did not impact the suppression of food intake by LepRbNTS cells. While Ppg/GLP1-mediated neurotransmission plays a central role in the modest appetite-suppressing effects of GLP1NTS cells, additional pathways engaged by LepRbNTS cells dominate for the suppression of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chelsea Hutch
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Karen Roelofs
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Basma Khoury
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jack Magrisso
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ki Suk Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - David P Olson
- Department of Pediatrics and.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Darleen Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Martin G Myers
- Department of Internal Medicine and.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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GPR40 full agonism exerts feeding suppression and weight loss through afferent vagal nerve. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222653. [PMID: 31525244 PMCID: PMC6746387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR40/FFAR1 is a Gq protein-coupled receptor expressed in pancreatic β cells and enteroendocrine cells, and mediates insulin and incretin secretion to regulate feeding behavior. Several GPR40 full agonists have been reported to reduce food intake in rodents by regulating gut hormone secretion in addition to their potent glucose-lowering effects; however, detailed mechanisms of feeding suppression are still unknown. In the present study, we characterized T-3601386, a novel compound with potent full agonistic activity for GPR40, by using in vitro Ca2+ mobilization assay in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing FFAR1 and in vivo hormone secretion assay. We also evaluated feeding suppression and weight loss after the administration of T-3601386 and investigated the involvement of the vagal nerve in these effects. T-3601386, but not a partial agonist fasiglifam, increased intracellular Ca2+ levels in CHO cells with low FFAR1 expression, and single dosing of T-3601386 in diet-induced obese (DIO) rats elevated plasma incretin levels, suggesting full agonistic properties of T-3601386 against GPR40. Multiple doses of T-3601386, but not fasiglifam, in DIO rats showed dose-dependent weight loss accompanied by feeding suppression and durable glucagon-like peptide-1 elevation, all of which were completely abolished in Ffar1-/- mice. Immunohistochemical analysis in the nuclei of the solitary tract demonstrated that T-3601386 increased the number of c-Fos positive cells, which also disappeared in Ffar1-/- mice. Surgical vagotomy and drug-induced deafferentation counteracted the feeding suppression and weight loss induced by the administration of T-3601386. These results suggest that T-3601386 exerts incretin release and weight loss in a GPR40-dependent manner, and that afferent vagal nerves are important for the feeding suppression induced by GPR40 full agonism. Our novel findings raise the possibility that GPR40 full agonist can induce periphery-derived weight reduction, which may provide benefits such as less adverse effects in central nervous system compared to centrally-acting anti-obesity drugs.
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Bülbül M, Travagli RA. Novel transmitters in brain stem vagal neurocircuitry: new players on the pitch. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G20-G26. [PMID: 29597355 PMCID: PMC6109706 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00059.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The last few decades have seen a major increase in the number of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides recognized as playing a role in brain stem neurocircuits, including those involved in homeostatic functions such as stress responsiveness, gastrointestinal motility, feeding, and/or arousal/wakefulness. This minireview will focus on the known physiological role of three of these novel neuropeptides, i.e., apelin, nesfatin-1, and neuropeptide-S, with a special emphasis on their hypothetical roles in vagal signaling related to gastrointestinal motor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Bülbül
- 1Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Akdeniz UniversityAntalya, Turkey
| | - R. Alberto Travagli
- 2Department of Neural and Behavioral Neurosciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Maejima Y, Yokota S, Nishimori K, Shimomura K. The Anorexigenic Neural Pathways of Oxytocin and Their Clinical Implication. Neuroendocrinology 2018; 107:91-104. [PMID: 29660735 DOI: 10.1159/000489263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin was discovered in 1906 as a peptide that promotes delivery and milk ejection; however, its additional physiological functions were determined 100 years later. Many recent articles have reported newly discovered effects of oxytocin on social communication, bonding, reward-related behavior, adipose tissue, and muscle and food intake regulation. Because oxytocin neurons project to various regions in the brain that contribute to both feeding reward (hedonic feeding) and the regulation of energy balance (homeostatic feeding), the mechanisms of oxytocin on food intake regulation are complicated and largely unknown. Oxytocin neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) receive neural projections from the arcuate nucleus (ARC), which is an important center for feeding regulation. On the other hand, these neurons in the PVN and supraoptic nucleus project to the ARC. PVN oxytocin neurons also project to the brain stem and the reward-related limbic system. In addition to this, oxytocin induces lipolysis and decreases fat mass. However, these effects in feeding and adipose tissue are known to be dependent on body weight (BW). Oxytocin treatment is more effective in food intake regulation and fat mass decline for individuals with leptin resistance and higher BW, but is known to be less effective in individuals with normal BW. In this review, we present in detail the recent findings on the physiological role of oxytocin in feeding regulation and the anorexigenic neural pathway of oxytocin neurons, as well as the advantage of oxytocin usage for anti-obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Maejima
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shoko Yokota
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Nishimori
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenju Shimomura
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
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PINHEIRO IL, SANTANA BJRCDE, GALINDO LCM, MANHÃES DE CASTRO R, SOUSA SLD. Perinatal serotonergic activity: A decisive factor in the control of food intake. REV NUTR 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-98652017000400012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The serotoninergic system controls key events related to proper nervous system development. The neurotransmitter serotonin and the serotonin transporter are critical for this control. Availability of these components is minutely regulated during the development period, and the environment may affect their action on the nervous system. Environmental factors such as undernutrition and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may increase the availability of serotonin in the synaptic cleft and change its anorectic action. The physiological responses promoted by serotonin on intake control decrease when requested by acute stimuli or stress, demonstrating that animals or individuals develop adaptations in response to the environmental insults they experience during the development period. Diseases, such as anxiety and obesity, appear to be associated with the body’s response to stress or stimulus, and require greater serotonergic system action. These findings demonstrate the importance of the level of serotonin in the perinatal period to the development of molecular and morphological aspects of food intake control, and its decisive role in understanding the possible environmental factors that cause diseases in adulthood.
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Zafra MA, Agüera AD, Molina F, Puerto A. Disruption of re-intake after partial withdrawal of gastric food contents in rats lesioned in the gelatinous part of the nucleus of the solitary tract. Appetite 2017; 113:231-238. [PMID: 28259536 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sensory information from the upper gastrointestinal tract is critical in food intake regulation. Signals from different levels of the digestive system are processed to the brain, among other systems, via the vagus nerve, which mainly projects towards the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST). The objective of this study was to analyze the participation of the gelatinous part (SolG) of the NST in short-term food intake. One-third of the stomach food content was withdrawn at 5 min after the end of a meal, and food was then available ad libitum for different time periods. SolG-lesioned and control animals ingested a similar amount of the initial liquid meal, but the former consumed significantly smaller amounts and failed to compensate for the food deficit, whereas the controls re-ingested virtually the same amount as extracted. These data suggest that the SolG, as in the case of related anatomical structures such as the vagus nerve or external lateral parabrachial subnucleus, may be relevant in particular circumstances that require the rapid processing of vagal-related food intake adjustment associated to the upper gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Zafra
- Department of Psychobiology, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, Granada 18071, Spain; Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, Granada 18071, Spain.
| | - Antonio D Agüera
- Department of Psychobiology, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Filomena Molina
- Department of Psychobiology, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, Granada 18071, Spain; Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Amadeo Puerto
- Department of Psychobiology, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, Granada 18071, Spain; Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, Granada 18071, Spain
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Aoki K, Kondo M, Okuda M, Saneyasu T, Honda K, Kamisoyama H. Identification, expression analysis, and functional characterization of peptide YY in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 242:11-17. [PMID: 27118705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Peptide YY (PYY) functions as a postprandial satiety signal in mammals. However, the genomic information and physiological roles of chicken PYY have not yet been clarified, although PYY peptide was isolated from chicken intestines in 1992. In this study, we identified a full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) sequence encoding the chicken PYY precursor. The deduced amino acid sequence of chicken PYY was completely consistent with the previously identified peptide sequence. PYY mRNA was abundantly expressed in the small intestine compared with the large intestine. PYY mRNA levels in the jejunum were significantly higher during ad libitum feeding compared with fasting, suggesting that intestinal PYY expression is altered in response to nutritional status in chicks. Intravenous administration of PYY significantly suppressed food intake in chicks. Furthermore, neuropeptide Y receptor Y2, a possible target of PYY, was expressed in various brain regions including the appetite-regulating centers in chicks. This is the first evidence that the intestinal hormone PYY may function as an anorexigenic hormone in chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Aoki
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Makoto Kondo
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mika Okuda
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takaoki Saneyasu
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Honda
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kamisoyama
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Mishra A, Anand M, Umesh S. Neurobiology of eating disorders - an overview. Asian J Psychiatr 2017; 25:91-100. [PMID: 28262179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Mishra
- Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
| | - Manu Anand
- Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Shreekantiah Umesh
- K.S. Mani Centre for Cognitive Neurosciences, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
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Vogel H, Wolf S, Rabasa C, Rodriguez-Pacheco F, Babaei CS, Stöber F, Goldschmidt J, DiMarchi RD, Finan B, Tschöp MH, Dickson SL, Schürmann A, Skibicka KP. GLP-1 and estrogen conjugate acts in the supramammillary nucleus to reduce food-reward and body weight. Neuropharmacology 2016; 110:396-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Tan C, Wei H, Zhao X, Xu C, Zhou Y, Peng J. Soluble Fiber with High Water-Binding Capacity, Swelling Capacity, and Fermentability Reduces Food Intake by Promoting Satiety Rather Than Satiation in Rats. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8100615. [PMID: 27706095 PMCID: PMC5084003 DOI: 10.3390/nu8100615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand whether soluble fiber (SF) with high water-binding capacity (WBC), swelling capacity (SC) and fermentability reduces food intake and whether it does so by promoting satiety or satiation or both, we investigated the effects of different SFs with these properties on the food intake in rats. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to four equal groups and fed the control diet or diet containing 2% konjac flour (KF), pregelatinized waxy maize starch (PWMS) plus guar gum (PG), and PWMS starch plus xanthan gum (PX) for three weeks, with the measured values of SF, WBC, and SC in the four diets following the order of PG > KF > PX > control. Food intake, body weight, meal pattern, behavioral satiety sequence, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in cecal content were evaluated. KF and PG groups reduced the food intake, mainly due to the decreased feeding behavior and increased satiety, as indicated by decreased meal numbers and increased inter-meal intervals. Additionally, KF and PG groups increased concentrations of acetate acid, propionate acid, and SCFAs in the cecal contents. Our results indicate that SF with high WBC, SC, and fermentability reduces food intake—probably by promoting a feeling of satiety in rats to decrease their feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengquan Tan
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xichen Zhao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Chuanhui Xu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yuanfei Zhou
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
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14
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Vechiato FMV, Rivas PMS, Ruginsk SG, Borges BC, Elias LLK, Antunes-Rodrigues J. The type-1 cannabinoid receptor modulates the hydroelectrolytic balance independently of the energy homeostasis during salt load. Horm Behav 2016; 78:43-51. [PMID: 26497248 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hydroelectrolytic imbalances, such as saline load (SL), trigger behavioral and neuroendocrine responses, such as thirst, hypophagia, vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) release and hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activation. To investigate the participation of the type-1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) in these homeostatic mechanisms,male adult Wistar rats were subjected to SL (0.3MNaCl) for four days. SL induced not only increases in the water intake and plasma levels of AVP, OT and corticosterone, as previously described, but also increases in CB1R expression in the lamina terminalis, which integrates sensory afferents, aswell as in the hypothalamus, the main integrative and effector area controlling hydroelectrolytic homeostasis. A more detailed analysis revealed that CB1R-positive terminals are in close apposition with not only axons but also dendrites and secretory granules of magnocellular neurons, particularly vasopressinergic cells. In satiated and euhydrated animals, the intracerebroventricular administration of the CB1R selective agonist ACEA (0.1 μg/5 μL) promoted hyperphagia, but this treatment did not reverse the hyperosmolality-induced hypophagia in the SL group. Furthermore, ACEA pretreatment potentiated water intake in the SL animals during rehydration as well as enhanced the corticosterone release and prevented the increase in AVP and OT secretion induced by SL. The same parameters were not changed by ACEA in the animals whose daily food intake was matched to that of the SL group (Pair-Fed). These data indicate that CB1Rs modulate the hydroelectrolytic balance independently of the food intake during sustained hyperosmolality and hypovolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M V Vechiato
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - P M S Rivas
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - S G Ruginsk
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais 37130-000, Brazil
| | - B C Borges
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - L L K Elias
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - J Antunes-Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil.
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15
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Altered gut and adipose tissue hormones in overweight and obese individuals: cause or consequence? Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 40:622-32. [PMID: 26499438 PMCID: PMC4827002 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to review the research into the main peripheral appetite signals altered in human obesity, together with their modifications after body weight loss with diet and exercise and after bariatric surgery, which may be relevant to strategies for obesity treatment. Body weight homeostasis involves the gut–brain axis, a complex and highly coordinated system of peripheral appetite hormones and centrally mediated neuronal regulation. The list of peripheral anorexigenic and orexigenic physiological factors in both animals and humans is intimidating and expanding, but anorexigenic glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY (PYY) and orexigenic ghrelin from the gastrointestinal tract, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) from the pancreas and anorexigenic leptin from adiposites remain the most widely studied hormones. Homeostatic control of food intake occurs in humans, although its relative importance for eating behaviour is uncertain, compared with social and environmental influences. There are perturbations in the gut–brain axis in obese compared with lean individuals, as well as in weight-reduced obese individuals. Fasting and postprandial levels of gut hormones change when obese individuals lose weight, either with surgical or with dietary and/or exercise interventions. Diet-induced weight loss results in long-term changes in appetite gut hormones, postulated to favour increased appetite and weight regain while exercise programmes modify responses in a direction expected to enhance satiety and permit weight loss and/or maintenance. Sustained weight loss achieved by bariatric surgery may in part be mediated via favourable changes to gut hormones. Future work will be necessary to fully elucidate the role of each element of the axis, and whether modifying these signals can reduce the risk of obesity.
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16
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He M, Zhang Q, Deng C, Wang H, Huang XF. Olanzapine-activated AMPK signaling in the dorsal vagal complex is attenuated by histamine H1 receptor agonist in female rats. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4895-904. [PMID: 25264935 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Weight gain and its related metabolic disorders are major side effects associated with second generation antipsychotic drug treatment. The dorsal vagal complex (DVC) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are implicated in the regulation of food intake and body weight. Blocking the histamine H1 receptor contributes to antipsychotic-induced weight gain. The present study investigated the time-dependent effect of olanzapine treatment (8, 16, and 36 d) on DVC AMPK signaling in olanzapine-induced weight gain and whether these changes are associated with olanzapine-induced H1 receptor antagonism. During the 8-day olanzapine treatment, the rats were hyperphagic and rapidly gained weight. The phosphorylation of AMPK (pAMPK) (activated AMPK) as well as its directly downstream phospho-acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase was significantly increased. The pAMPK/AMPK ratio, an indicator of AMPK activity, was significantly positively correlated with feeding efficiency and weight gain. As treatment was prolonged (16 and 36 d of olanzapine treatment), the rats were no longer hyperphagic, and there were no longer any changes in DVC AMPK signaling. Although the DVC H1 receptor protein expression was not significantly altered by olanzapine, the pAMPK expression was significantly positively correlated with the H1 receptor level after the 8-, 16-, and 36-day olanzapine treatments. Moreover, we showed that an H1 receptor agonist, 2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl) histamine, significantly inhibited the olanzapine-induced hyperphagia and DVC AMPK activation in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest a time-dependent role of DVC AMPK in olanzapine-induced obesity. Thus, olanzapine-induced DVC AMPK activation may be at least partially related to olanzapine's antagonistic effect on the H1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng He
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience (M.H., Q.Z., C.D., H.W., X.-F.H.), School of Medicine and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, New South Wales, Australia; and Schizophrenia Research Institute (C.D., X.-F.H.), Darlinghurst 2010, New South Wales, Australia
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17
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Nasse JS. A novel slice preparation to study medullary oromotor and autonomic circuits in vitro. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 237:41-53. [PMID: 25196216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The medulla is capable of controlling and modulating ingestive behavior and gastrointestinal function. These two functions, which are critical to maintaining homeostasis, are governed by an interconnected group of nuclei dispersed throughout the medulla. As such, in vitro experiments to study the neurophysiologic details of these connections have been limited by spatial constraints of conventional slice preparations. NEW METHOD This study demonstrates a novel method of sectioning the medulla so that sensory, integrative, and motor nuclei that innervate the gastrointestinal tract and the oral cavity remain intact. RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining against choline-acetyl-transferase and dopamine-β-hydroxylase demonstrated that within a 450 μm block of tissue we are able to capture sensory, integrative and motor nuclei that are critical to oromotor and gastrointestinal function. Within slice tracing shows that axonal projections from the NST to the reticular formation and from the reticular formation to the hypoglossal motor nucleus (mXII) persist. Live-cell calcium imaging of the slice demonstrates that stimulation of either the rostral or caudal NST activates neurons throughout the NST, as well as the reticular formation and mXII. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS This new method of sectioning captures a majority of the nuclei that are active when ingesting a meal. Tradition planes of section, i.e. coronal, horizontal or sagittal, contain only a limited portion of the substrate. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that both anatomical and physiologic connections of oral and visceral sensory nuclei that project to integrative and motor nuclei remain intact with this new plane of section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Nasse
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, 305 West 12th Avenue, 4154 Postle Hall, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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18
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Bohland M, Matveyenko AV, Saberi M, Khan AM, Watts AG, Donovan CM. Activation of hindbrain neurons is mediated by portal-mesenteric vein glucosensors during slow-onset hypoglycemia. Diabetes 2014; 63:2866-75. [PMID: 24727435 PMCID: PMC4113064 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypoglycemic detection at the portal-mesenteric vein (PMV) appears mediated by spinal afferents and is critical for the counter-regulatory response (CRR) to slow-onset, but not rapid-onset, hypoglycemia. Since rapid-onset hypoglycemia induces Fos protein expression in discrete brain regions, we hypothesized that denervation of the PMV or lesioning spinal afferents would suppress Fos expression in the dorsal medulla during slow-onset hypoglycemia, revealing a central nervous system reliance on PMV glucosensors. Rats undergoing PMV deafferentation via capsaicin, celiac-superior mesenteric ganglionectomy (CSMG), or total subdiaphragmatic vagotomy (TSV) were exposed to hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamps where glycemia was lowered slowly over 60-75 min. In response to hypoglycemia, control animals demonstrated a robust CRR along with marked Fos expression in the area postrema, nucleus of the solitary tract, and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Fos expression was suppressed by 65-92% in capsaicin-treated animals, as was epinephrine (74%), norepinephrine (33%), and glucagon (47%). CSMG also suppressed Fos expression and CRR during slow-onset hypoglycemia, whereas TSV failed to impact either. In contrast, CSMG failed to impact upon Fos expression or the CRR during rapid-onset hypoglycemia. Peripheral glucosensory input from the PMV is therefore required for activation of hindbrain neurons and the full CRR during slow-onset hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- MaryAnn Bohland
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for NeuroMetabolic Interactions, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Aleksey V Matveyenko
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for NeuroMetabolic Interactions, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Maziyar Saberi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for NeuroMetabolic Interactions, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Arshad M Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for NeuroMetabolic Interactions, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alan G Watts
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for NeuroMetabolic Interactions, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Casey M Donovan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for NeuroMetabolic Interactions, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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19
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Romano A, Karimian Azari E, Tempesta B, Mansouri A, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Ramachandran D, Lutz TA, Bedse G, Langhans W, Gaetani S. High dietary fat intake influences the activation of specific hindbrain and hypothalamic nuclei by the satiety factor oleoylethanolamide. Physiol Behav 2014; 136:55-62. [PMID: 24802360 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to a diet rich in fats changes the gastrointestinal milieu and alters responses to several signals involved in the control of food intake. Oleoylethanolamide (OEA) is a gut-derived satiety signal released from enterocytes upon the ingestion of dietary fats. The anorexigenic effect of OEA, which requires intestinal PPAR-alpha receptors and is supposedly mediated by vagal afferents, is associated with the induction of c-fos in several brain areas involved in the control of food intake, such as the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) and the hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON). In the present study we investigated whether the exposure to a high fat diet (HFD) alters the hindbrain and hypothalamic responses to OEA. To this purpose we evaluated the effects of OEA at a dose that reliably inhibits eating (10mg/kg i.p.) on the induction of c-fos in the NST, area postrema (AP), PVN and SON in rats maintained either on standard chow or a HFD. We performed a detailed analysis of the different NST subnuclei activated by i.p. OEA and found that peripheral OEA strongly activates c-fos expression in the AP, NST and in the hypothalamus of both chow and HFD fed rats. The extent of c-fos expression was, however, markedly different between the two groups of rats, with a weaker activation of selected NST subnuclei and stronger activation of the PVN in HFD-fed than in chow-fed rats. HFD-fed rats were also more sensitive to the immediate hypophagic action of OEA than chow-fed rats. These effects may be due to a decreased sensitivity of vagal afferent fibers that might mediate OEA's actions on the brain and/or an altered sensitivity of brain structures to OEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Romano
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza Univ. of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - E Karimian Azari
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - B Tempesta
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza Univ. of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - A Mansouri
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | | | - D Ramachandran
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - T A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center of Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - G Bedse
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza Univ. of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - W Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - S Gaetani
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza Univ. of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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20
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Peters JH, Gallaher ZR, Ryu V, Czaja K. Withdrawal and restoration of central vagal afferents within the dorsal vagal complex following subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. J Comp Neurol 2014; 521:3584-99. [PMID: 23749657 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vagotomy, a severing of the peripheral axons of the vagus nerve, has been extensively utilized to determine the role of vagal afferents in viscerosensory signaling. Vagotomy is also an unavoidable component of some bariatric surgeries. Although it is known that peripheral axons of the vagus nerve degenerate and then regenerate to a limited extent following vagotomy, very little is known about the response of central vagal afferents in the dorsal vagal complex to this type of damage. We tested the hypothesis that vagotomy results in the transient withdrawal of central vagal afferent terminals from their primary central target, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). Sprague-Dawley rats underwent bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy and were sacrificed 10, 30, or 60 days later. Plastic changes in vagal afferent fibers and synapses were investigated at the morphological and functional levels by using a combination of an anterograde tracer, synapse-specific markers, and patch-clamp electrophysiology in horizontal brain sections. Morphological data revealed that numbers of vagal afferent fibers and synapses in the NTS were significantly reduced 10 days following vagotomy and were restored to control levels by 30 days and 60 days, respectively. Electrophysiology revealed transient decreases in spontaneous glutamate release, glutamate release probability, and the number of primary afferent inputs. Our results demonstrate that subdiaphragmatic vagotomy triggers transient withdrawal and remodeling of central vagal afferent terminals in the NTS. The observed vagotomy-induced plasticity within this key feeding center of the brain may be partially responsible for the response of bariatric patients following gastric bypass surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Peters
- Program in Neuroscience, Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience (IPN), College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164
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21
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Abstract
Although the stomach is often perceived as a crude, food-grinding, muscular bag, scientific breakthroughs have shown us that in the case of the stomach there is more than meets the eye. The endocrine function of the stomach is mainly exerted through the actions of ghrelin, an acylated peptide hormone that is the first known and so far most extensively studied endogenous orexigenic substance. The satiety-hunger balance is kept in check by many anorexigenic gut hormones among which is the deacylated form of ghrelin--desacyl ghrelin. The interplay of gut hormones affects the brain directly, as most gut hormones cross the blood-brain barrier and bind to their respective receptors in the central nervous system. Other hormones like obestatin and nesfatin are secreted from the stomach along with ghrelin, yet their physiological function is to be elucidated. The importance of the satiety-hunger balance can be seen in its most typical derangement--obesity. Some studies imply that ghrelin, along with other gut hormones, plays an important part in the pathophysiology of obesity. More importantly, it seems that the mechanisms by which bariatric surgery procedures induce weight loss are primarily based on changing the gut hormone levels, including ghrelin. If proven, ghrelin antagonists could be the renaissance of pharmacological obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Štimac
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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22
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Orts-Del’Immagine A, Kastner A, Tillement V, Tardivel C, Trouslard J, Wanaverbecq N. Morphology, distribution and phenotype of polycystin kidney disease 2-like 1-positive cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons in the brainstem of adult mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87748. [PMID: 24504595 PMCID: PMC3913643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian spinal cord and medulla oblongata harbor unique neurons that remain in contact with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF-cNs). These neurons were shown recently to express a polycystin member of the TRP channels family (PKD2L1) that potentially acts as a chemo- or mechanoreceptor. Recent studies carried out in young rodents indicate that spinal CSF-cNs express immature neuronal markers that appear to persist even in adult cells. Nevertheless, little is known about the phenotype and morphological properties of medullar CSF-cNs. Using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy techniques on tissues obtained from three-month old PKD2L1:EGFP transgenic mice, we analyzed the morphology, distribution, localization and phenotype of PKD2L1(+) CSF-cNs around the brainstem and cervical spinal cord central canal. We show that PKD2L1(+) CSF-cNs are GABAergic neurons with a subependymal localization, projecting a dendrite towards the central canal and an axon-like process running through the parenchyma. These neurons display a primary cilium on the soma and the dendritic process appears to bear ciliary-like structures in contact with the CSF. PKD2L1(+) CSF-cNs present a conserved morphology along the length of the medullospinal central canal with a change in their density, localization and dendritic length according to the rostro-caudal axis. At adult stages, PKD2L1(+) medullar CSF-cNs appear to remain in an intermediate state of maturation since they still exhibit characteristics of neuronal immaturity (DCX positive, neurofilament 160 kDa negative) along with the expression of a marker representative of neuronal maturation (NeuN). In addition, PKD2L1(+) CSF-cNs express Nkx6.1, a homeodomain protein that enables the differentiation of ventral progenitors into somatic motoneurons and interneurons. The present study provides valuable information on the cellular properties of this peculiar neuronal population that will be crucial for understanding the physiological role of CSF-cNs in mammals and their link with the stem cells contained in the region surrounding the medullospinal central canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Orts-Del’Immagine
- Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-moteur et Neurovégétatif (PPSN) - EA 4674, Faculté des Sciences St. Jérôme, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Kastner
- Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-moteur et Neurovégétatif (PPSN) - EA 4674, Faculté des Sciences St. Jérôme, Marseille, France
| | - Vanessa Tillement
- Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-moteur et Neurovégétatif (PPSN) - EA 4674, Faculté des Sciences St. Jérôme, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Tardivel
- Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-moteur et Neurovégétatif (PPSN) - EA 4674, Faculté des Sciences St. Jérôme, Marseille, France
| | - Jérôme Trouslard
- Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-moteur et Neurovégétatif (PPSN) - EA 4674, Faculté des Sciences St. Jérôme, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Wanaverbecq
- Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-moteur et Neurovégétatif (PPSN) - EA 4674, Faculté des Sciences St. Jérôme, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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23
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de Carvalho Borges B, Rorato R, Uchoa ET, Marangon P, da Silva GSF, de Paula FJ, Branco LGS, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Elias LLK. High-fat diet induces site-specific unresponsiveness to LPS-stimulated STAT3 activation in the hypothalamus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R34-44. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00147.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypophagia induced by inflammation is associated with Janus kinase (JAK)-2/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 signaling pathway, and leptin-mediated hypophagia is also mediated by JAK2-STAT3 pathway. We have previously reported that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) did not reduce food intake in leptin-resistant high-fat diet (HFD) rats but maintained body weight loss. We investigated whether changes in p-STAT3 expression in the hypothalamus and brain stem could account for the desensitization of hypophagia in HFD animals after a low LPS dose (100 μg/kg). Wistar rats fed standard diet (3.95 kcal/g) or HFD (6.3 kcal/g) for 8 wk were assigned into control diet-saline, control diet-LPS, HFD-saline, and HFD-LPS groups. LPS reduced feeding in the control diet but not HFD. This group showed no p-STAT3 expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH), but sustained, though lower than control, p-STAT3 in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and raphe pallidus (RPa). LPS decreased body weight in HFD rats and increased Fos expression in the NTS. LPS increased body temperature, oxygen consumption, and energy expenditure in both control diet and HFD rats, and this response was more pronounced in HFD-LPS group. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and increased energy expenditure seem to contribute to body weight loss in HFD-LPS. This response might be related with increased brain stem activation. In conclusion, LPS activates STAT3-mediated pathway in the hypothalamus and brain stem, leading to hypophagia, however, LPS effects on food intake, but not body weight loss, are abolished by leptin resistance induced by HFD. The preserved STAT3 phosphorylation in the brain stem suggests that unresponsiveness to LPS on STAT3 activation under HFD might be selective to the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Glauber S. F. da Silva
- Department of Physiology and
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, Dental School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco José de Paula
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Luiz G. S. Branco
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, Dental School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Asarian L, Geary N. Sex differences in the physiology of eating. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R1215-67. [PMID: 23904103 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00446.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis function fundamentally affects the physiology of eating. We review sex differences in the physiological and pathophysiological controls of amounts eaten in rats, mice, monkeys, and humans. These controls result from interactions among genetic effects, organizational effects of reproductive hormones (i.e., permanent early developmental effects), and activational effects of these hormones (i.e., effects dependent on hormone levels). Male-female sex differences in the physiology of eating involve both organizational and activational effects of androgens and estrogens. An activational effect of estrogens decreases eating 1) during the periovulatory period of the ovarian cycle in rats, mice, monkeys, and women and 2) tonically between puberty and reproductive senescence or ovariectomy in rats and monkeys, sometimes in mice, and possibly in women. Estrogens acting on estrogen receptor-α (ERα) in the caudal medial nucleus of the solitary tract appear to mediate these effects in rats. Androgens, prolactin, and other reproductive hormones also affect eating in rats. Sex differences in eating are mediated by alterations in orosensory capacity and hedonics, gastric mechanoreception, ghrelin, CCK, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucagon, insulin, amylin, apolipoprotein A-IV, fatty-acid oxidation, and leptin. The control of eating by central neurochemical signaling via serotonin, MSH, neuropeptide Y, Agouti-related peptide (AgRP), melanin-concentrating hormone, and dopamine is modulated by HPG function. Finally, sex differences in the physiology of eating may contribute to human obesity, anorexia nervosa, and binge eating. The variety and physiological importance of what has been learned so far warrant intensifying basic, translational, and clinical research on sex differences in eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Asarian
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
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Jordi J, Herzog B, Camargo SMR, Boyle CN, Lutz TA, Verrey F. Specific amino acids inhibit food intake via the area postrema or vagal afferents. J Physiol 2013; 591:5611-21. [PMID: 23897232 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.258947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To maintain nutrient homeostasis the central nervous system integrates signals that promote or inhibit eating. The supply of vital amino acids is tuned by adjusting food intake according to its dietary protein content. We hypothesized that this effect is based on the sensing of individual amino acids as a signal to control food intake. Here, we show that food intake was most potently reduced by oral L-arginine (Arg), L-lysine (Lys) and L-glutamic acid (Glu) compared to all other 17 proteogenic amino acids in rats. These three amino acids induced neuronal activity in the area postrema and the nucleus of the solitary tract. Surgical lesion of the area postrema abolished the anorectic response to Arg and Glu, whereas vagal afferent lesion prevented the response to Lys. These three amino acids also provoked gastric distension by differentially altering gastric secretion and/or emptying. Importantly, these peripheral mechanical vagal stimuli were dissociated from the amino acids' effect on food intake. Thus, Arg, Lys and Glu had a selective impact on food processing and intake suggesting them as direct sensory input to assess dietary protein content and quality in vivo. Overall, this study reveals novel amino acid-specific mechanisms for the control of food intake and of gastrointestinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josua Jordi
- F. Verrey: Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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He M, Deng C, Huang XF. The role of hypothalamic H1 receptor antagonism in antipsychotic-induced weight gain. CNS Drugs 2013; 27:423-34. [PMID: 23640535 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-013-0062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with second generation antipsychotics (SGAs), notably olanzapine and clozapine, causes severe obesity side effects. Antagonism of histamine H1 receptors has been identified as a main cause of SGA-induced obesity, but the molecular mechanisms associated with this antagonism in different stages of SGA-induced weight gain remain unclear. This review aims to explore the potential role of hypothalamic histamine H1 receptors in different stages of SGA-induced weight gain/obesity and the molecular pathways related to SGA-induced antagonism of these receptors. Initial data have demonstrated the importance of hypothalamic H1 receptors in both short- and long-term SGA-induced obesity. Blocking hypothalamic H1 receptors by SGAs activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a well-known feeding regulator. During short-term treatment, hypothalamic H1 receptor antagonism by SGAs may activate the AMPK-carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 signaling to rapidly increase caloric intake and result in weight gain. During long-term SGA treatment, hypothalamic H1 receptor antagonism can reduce thermogenesis, possibly by inhibiting the sympathetic outflows to the brainstem rostral raphe pallidus and rostral ventrolateral medulla, therefore decreasing brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Additionally, blocking of hypothalamic H1 receptors by SGAs may also contribute to fat accumulation by decreasing lipolysis but increasing lipogenesis in white adipose tissue. In summary, antagonism of hypothalamic H1 receptors by SGAs may time-dependently affect the hypothalamus-brainstem circuits to cause weight gain by stimulating appetite and fat accumulation but reducing energy expenditure. The H1 receptor and its downstream signaling molecules could be valuable targets for the design of new compounds for treating SGA-induced weight gain/obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng He
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Health Sciences, 32.305, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Tao YX, Yuan ZH, Xie J. G Protein-Coupled Receptors as Regulators of Energy Homeostasis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 114:1-43. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386933-3.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Rasoamanana R, Even PC, Darcel N, Tomé D, Fromentin G. Dietary fibers reduce food intake by satiation without conditioned taste aversion in mice. Physiol Behav 2012; 110-111:13-9. [PMID: 23268328 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that intake of dietary fiber (DF) potently decreases food intake and feelings of hunger and/or promotes satiety ratings. However, the mechanisms explaining these effects are not well characterized. This work was performed to determine which of satiation and/or satiety mechanisms provoke the decrease of food intake induced by DF in mice. We tested in an intra-group protocol a low-viscosity (LV, fructo-oligosaccharide), a viscous (VP, guar gum) and a high-viscosity (HV, mixture of guar gum and fructo-oligosaccharide) preload. These were given to mice by intra-gastric gavage. It appeared that viscous preloads such as VP and HV reduced the daily energy intake by 14% and 21% respectively. The strong effect of HV was mainly due to a large decrease of meal size (by 57%) and meal duration (by 65%) with no effect on ingestion rate during the first 30 min after administration. Therefore, the DF-induced decrease of energy intake was due to a satiation mechanism. This is further supported by a 3-fold increased sensitization of neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract as observed by c-Fos protein immunolabelling. No compensation of food intake was observed during the rest of the day, a phenomenon that may be explained by the fact that metabolic rate remained high despite the lower food intake. We have also shown that the DF-induced inhibition of food intake was not paired with a conditioned taste aversion. To conclude, this work demonstrates that DF inhibits food intake by increasing satiation during ~1h after administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojo Rasoamanana
- AgroParisTech, CRNH-IdF, UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France
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Rasoamanana R, Chaumontet C, Nadkarni N, Tomé D, Fromentin G, Darcel N. Dietary fibers solubilized in water or an oil emulsion induce satiation through CCK-mediated vagal signaling in mice. J Nutr 2012; 142:2033-9. [PMID: 23054308 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.159848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focused on the fate of the satiating potency of dietary fibers when solubilized in a fat-containing medium. Fourteen percent of either guar gum (GG) or fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) or a mixture of the 2 (GG-FOS, 5% GG and 9% FOS) were solubilized in water or an oil emulsion (18-21% rapeseed oil in water, v:v) and administered by gavage to mice before their food intake was monitored. When compared with water (control), only GG-FOS solubilized in water or in the oil emulsion reduced daily energy intake by 21.1 and 14.1%, respectively. To further describe this effect, the meal pattern was characterized and showed that GG-FOS increased satiation without affecting satiety by diminishing the size and duration of meals for up to 9 h after administration independently of the solubilization medium. The peripheral blockade of gut peptide receptors showed that these effects were dependent on the peripheral signaling of cholecystokinin but not of glucagon-like peptide 1, suggesting that anorectic signals emerge from the upper intestine rather than from distal segments. Measurements of neuronal activation in the nucleus of solitary tract supported the hypothesis of vagal satiation signaling because a 3-fold increase in c-Fos protein expression was observed in that nucleus after the administration of GG-FOS, independently of the solubilization medium. Taken together, these data suggest that a mixture of GG and FOS can maintain its appetite suppressant effect in fatty media. Adding these dietary fibers to fat-containing foods might therefore be useful in managing food intake.
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Effect of the GLP-1 analog liraglutide on satiation and gastric sensorimotor function during nutrient-drink ingestion. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 37:693-8. [PMID: 22846777 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, induces weight loss. We investigated whether liraglutide affects gastric accommodation and satiation by measuring the intragastric pressure (IGP) during nutrient-drink consumption and using the barostat technique. METHODS Ten healthy volunteers (HVs) were tested after placebo, 0.3, 0.6 or 1.2 mg liraglutide administration. IGP was studied during intragastric nutrient-drink (1.5 kcal ml(-1)) infusion (60 ml min(-1)), while the HVs scored their satiation on a graded scale until maximal satiation. In a separate session, isobaric distentions were performed using the barostat with stepwise increments of 2 mm Hg starting from minimal distending pressure, although HVs scored their perception; gastric volume was monitored 30 min before and until 60 min after ingestion of 200 ml of nutrient drink. Data are presented as mean±s.e.m. comparisons were performed with ANOVA (P<0.05 was significant). RESULTS During nutrient-drink infusion, IGP decreased with 4.1±0.7, 3.0±0.4, 2.1±0.3 and 2.6±0.4 mm Hg (placebo, 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 mg liraglutide, respectively; P<0.05). The maximum-tolerated volume was not different, except after treatment with 1.2 mg liraglutide (695±135 ml) compared with placebo (1008±197 ml; P<0.05); however, 1.2 mg liraglutide induced nausea in all volunteers. In the barostat study, liraglutide did not affect the perception or compliance, but significantly decreased gastric accommodation to the meal (168±27 vs 78.8±36.4 ml after treatment with placebo and 0.6 mg liraglutide, respectively; P<0.05). CONCLUSION Although no effect on perception, compliance or satiation was observed, liraglutide inhibited gastric accommodation. Whether this effect is involved in the anorectic effect of liraglutide remains to be determined.
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Brainstem sensing of meal-related signals in energy homeostasis. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:31-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Orts-Del'immagine A, Wanaverbecq N, Tardivel C, Tillement V, Dallaporta M, Trouslard J. Properties of subependymal cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurones in the dorsal vagal complex of the mouse brainstem. J Physiol 2012; 590:3719-41. [PMID: 22570378 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.227959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contacting neurones have been observed in various brain regions such as the hypothalamus, the dorsal nucleus of the raphe and around the central canal (cc) of the spinal cord but their functional role remains unclear. At the level of the spinal cord, subependymal cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurones (S-CSF-cNs) present a peculiar morphology with a soma close to the ependymal layer, a process projecting towards the cc and ending with a bud and a cilium. These neurones were recently shown to express polycystin kidney disease 2-like 1 (PKD2L1 or TRPP3) channels that are members of the polycystin subtype of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel superfamily and that have been proposed as either chemo- or mechanoreceptors in several tissues. Using immunohistological techniques and whole-cell electrophysiological recordings in brain slices obtained from PKD2L1:EGFP transgenic adult mice, we looked for and determined the functional properties of S-CSF-cNs in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC), a hindbrain structure controlling autonomic functions such as blood pressure, energy balance and food intake. Here, we demonstrate that S-CSF-cNs received GABAergic and/or glycinergic synaptic entries and were also characterised by the presence of non-selective cationic channels of large conductance that could be detected even under whole-cell configuration. The channel activity was not affected by Psalmopoeus cambridgei toxin 1, a blocker of acid sensing ion channels (ASICs), but was blocked by amiloride and by a strong extracellular acidification. In contrast, extracellular alkalinisation and hypo-osmotic shocks increased channel activity. Based on these properties, we suggest that the single-channel activity recorded in medullar S-CSF-cNs is carried by PKD2L1 channels. Our study therefore reinforces the idea that PKD2L1 is a marker of S-CSF-cNs and points toward a role for S-CSF-cNs in the detection of circulating signals and of modifications in the extracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Orts-Del'immagine
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-moteur et Neurovégétatif (PPSN) EA 4674 Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques St. Jérôme, BP 352, Avenue Escadrille Normandie Niemen, F-13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
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Peripheral oxytocin treatment ameliorates obesity by reducing food intake and visceral fat mass. Aging (Albany NY) 2012; 3:1169-77. [PMID: 22184277 PMCID: PMC3273897 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that oxytocin (Oxt) is implicated in energy metabolism. We aimed to explore acute and sub-chronic effects of peripheral Oxt treatment via different routes on food intake and energy balance. Intraperitoneal (ip) injection of Oxt concentration-dependently decreased food intake in mice. Ip Oxt injection induced c-Fos expression in the hypothalamus and brain stem including arcuate nucleus (ARC), paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). Subcutaneous (sc) injection of Oxt suppressed food intake in normal and high fat diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Daily sc injection of Oxt for 17 days in DIO mice reduced food intake for 6 days and body weight for the entire treatment period and additional 9 days after terminating Oxt. Oxt infusion by sc implanted osmotic minipumps for 13 days in DIO mice reduced food intake, body weight, and visceral fat mass and adipocyte size. Oxt infusion also decreased respiratory quotient specifically in light phase, ameliorated fatty liver and glucose intolerance, without affecting normal blood pressure in DIO mice. These results demonstrate that peripheral Oxt treatment reduces food intake and visceral fat mass, and ameliorates obesity, fatty liver and glucose intolerance. Peripheral Oxt treatment provides a new therapeutic avenue for treating obesity and hyperphagia.
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Feeding behaviour after injection of α-adrenergic receptor agonists into the median raphe nucleus of food-deprived rats. Physiol Behav 2012; 105:220-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Rorato R, Reis WL, de Carvalho Borges B, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Elias LLK. Cannabinoid CB₁ receptor restrains accentuated activity of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor and brainstem tyrosine hydroxylase neurons in endotoxemia-induced hypophagia in rats. Neuropharmacology 2011; 63:154-60. [PMID: 22138163 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that endocannabinoids play an important role in the regulation of food intake and body weight. Endocannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors are found in the hypothalamus and brainstem, which are central areas involved in the control of food intake and energy expenditure. Activation of these areas is related to hypophagia observed during inflammatory stimulus. This study investigated the effects of cannabinoid (CB₁) receptor blockade on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hypophagia. Male Wistar rats were pretreated with rimonabant (10 mg/kg, by gavage) or vehicle; 30 min later they received an injection of either LPS (100 μg/kg, intraperitoneal) or saline. Food intake, body weight, corticosterone response, CRF and CART mRNA expression, Fos-CRF and Fos-α-MSH immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus and Fos-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity in the brainstem were evaluated. LPS administration decreased food intake and body weight gain and increased plasma corticosterone levels and CRF mRNA expression in the PVN. We also observed an increase in Fos-CRF and Fos-TH double-labeled neurons after LPS injection in vehicle-pretreated rats, with no changes in CART mRNA or Fos-α-MSH immunoreactive neurons in the ARC. In saline-treated animals, rimonabant pretreatment decreased food intake and body weight gain but did not modify hormone response or Fos expression in the hypothalamus and brainstem compared with vehicle-pretreated rats. Rimonabant pretreatment potentiated LPS-induced hypophagia, body weight loss and Fos-CRF and Fos-TH expressing neurons. Rimonabant did not modify corticosterone, CRF mRNA or Fos-α-MSH responses in rats treated with LPS. These data suggest that the endocannabinoid system, mediated by CB₁ receptors, modulates hypothalamic and brainstem circuitry underlying the hypophagic effect during endotoxemia to prevent an exaggerated food intake decrease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Central Control of Food Intake'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Rorato
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Bello NT, Coughlin JW, Redgrave GW, Ladenheim EE, Moran TH, Guarda AS. Dietary conditions and highly palatable food access alter rat cannabinoid receptor expression and binding density. Physiol Behav 2011; 105:720-6. [PMID: 22005165 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous cannabinoid signaling, mediated predominately by CB1 receptor activation, is involved in food intake control and body weight regulation. Despite advances in determining the role of the CB1 receptor in obesity, its involvement in the driven nature of eating pathologies has received little attention. The present study examined CB1 receptor alterations as a consequence of dietary-induced binge eating in female Sprague Dawley rats. Four control groups were used to control for calorie restriction and highly palatable food variables characterizing this behavioral model. All groups were kept on their respective feeding schedules for 6-weeks and were given a uniform 33% calorie restriction (~22 h food deprivation) prior to sacrifice. Our findings indicate that regional CB1 mRNA and density were influenced by dietary conditions, but were not specific to the dietary-induced binge eating paradigm used. An increase of approximately 50% (compared with naive controls) in CB1 receptor mRNA levels in the nucleus of the solitary tract as measured by in situ hybridization was found in animals receiving continuous access to a highly palatable food (i.e., vegetable shortening with 10% sucrose). This group also had a significant increase in body weight and adiposity. An approximate 20% reduction in CB1 mRNA was observed in the cingulate cortex (areas 1 and 2) in animals exposed to an intermittent schedule of feeding, compared with groups that had ad libitum feeding schedules (i.e., continuous access and naive controls). Receptor density as measured by [(3)H]CP55,940 autoradiography, was reduced by approximately 30% in the nucleus accumbens shell region in groups receiving repeated access to the highly palatable food. Taken together, these findings indicate that dietary conditions can differentially influence CB1 receptors in forebrain and hindbrain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T Bello
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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Seretis C, Seretis F, Liakos N, Pappas A, Keramidaris D, Gourgiotis S, Salemis N, Lagoudianakis E. Constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome associated to hyperprolactinemia. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2011; 5:523-7. [PMID: 22087083 PMCID: PMC3214685 DOI: 10.1159/000331806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is considered to be a physical disorder that mainly affects the bowel and is clinically characterized by lower abdominal pain or discomfort, diarrhea, constipation (or alternating diarrhea/constipation), gas, bloating, and nausea. According to recent studies, it appears that there is an association with increased prolactin levels in patients suffering from IBS. We report a rare case of regression of IBS symptoms (constipation type) in a 16-year-old female adolescent after receiving cabergoline for treating hyperprolactinemia due to pituitary macroadenoma. Our hypothesis is that increased prolactin levels, for instance due to a pituitary adenoma, may suppress prolactin-releasing peptide release and lead to a reverse feedback interaction, consequently resulting in oversecretion of cholecystokinin, inducing the development of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Seretis
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Department, Argos Hospital, Argos, Greece
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Bello NT, Patinkin ZW, Moran TH. Opioidergic consequences of dietary-induced binge eating. Physiol Behav 2011; 104:98-104. [PMID: 21539852 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous opioids are involved in the hedonic aspects of eating. Opioid impairments and alterations have been implicated in the pathophysiology of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Specific contributions by Bartley G. Hoebel have furthered the understanding how cyclical caloric restriction and intermittent optional access to sugar solutions result in opioid-like forebrain neural alterations and dependency in rodents. The present study sought to investigate caudal brainstem and nodose ganglion mu-opioid receptor mRNA alterations in a rodent model of dietary-induced binge eating of sweetened fat (vegetable shortening blended with 10% sucrose). Five groups (n=7 or 8) of adult female Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to various dietary conditions for 6 weeks. As measured by in situ hybridization, there was reduced (approximately 25% from naive) mu-opioid receptor mRNA in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) in the binge access group, which had intermittent calorie restriction and optional limited access to the sweetened fat. A similar reduction in expression was demonstrated in the continuous access group, which has unlimited optional sweetened fat and an obese phenotype. In the nodose ganglion, mu-opioid receptor mRNA was increased (approximately 30% from groups with sweetened fat access) in rats with intermittent caloric restriction alone. Our findings and the body of work from the Hoebel laboratory suggest that dietary-induced binge eating can consequentially alter opioidergic forebrain and hindbrain feeding-related neural pathways. Future work is needed to determine whether similar alterations are involved in the maintenance and progression of binge eating and other related eating pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T Bello
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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Xiong Y, Shen L, Liu KJ, Tso P, Xiong Y, Wang G, Woods SC, Liu M. Antiobesity and antihyperglycemic effects of ginsenoside Rb1 in rats. Diabetes 2010; 59:2505-12. [PMID: 20682695 PMCID: PMC3279544 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity and type 2 diabetes are national and worldwide epidemics. Because currently available antiobesity and antidiabetic drugs have limited efficacy and/or safety concerns, identifying new medicinal agents, such as ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) as reported here, offers exciting possibilities for future development of successful antiobesity and antidiabetic therapies. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Changes in feeding behavior after acute intraperitoneal administration of Rb1 and the effects of intraperitoneal Rb1 for 4 weeks on body weight, energy expenditure, and glucose tolerance in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats were assessed. We also examined the effects of Rb1 on signaling pathways and neuropeptides in the hypothalamus. RESULTS Acute intraperitoneal Rb1 dose-dependently suppressed food intake without eliciting signs of toxicity. This inhibitory effect on feeding may be mediated by central mechanisms because Rb1 stimulated c-Fos expression in brain areas involved in energy homeostasis. Consistent with this, Rb1 activated the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway and inhibited NPY gene expression in the hypothalamus. Four-week administration of Rb1 significantly reduced food intake, body weight gain, and body fat content and increased energy expenditure in HFD-induced obese rats. Rb1 also significantly decreased fasting blood glucose and improved glucose tolerance, and these effects were greater than those observed in pair-fed rats, suggesting that although Rb1's antihyperglycemic effect is partially attributable to reduced food intake and body weight; there may be additional effects of Rb1 on glucose homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS These results identify Rb1 as an antiobesity and antihyperglycemic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Shen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yuqing Xiong
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Stephen C. Woods
- Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Corresponding author: Min Liu,
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Gibson CD, Carnell S, Ochner CN, Geliebter A. Neuroimaging, gut peptides and obesity: novel studies of the neurobiology of appetite. J Neuroendocrinol 2010; 22:833-45. [PMID: 20553371 PMCID: PMC3121301 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.02025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two major biological players in the regulation of body weight are the gut and the brain. Peptides released from the gut convey information about energy needs to areas of the brain involved in homeostatic control of food intake. There is emerging evidence that human food intake is also under the control of cortical and subcortical areas related to reward and cognition. The extent to which gut hormones influence these brain areas is not fully understood. Novel methods combining the study of neural activity and hormonal signalling promise to advance our understanding of gut-brain interactions. Here, we review a growing number of animal and human studies using neuroimaging methods (functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography) to measure brain activation in relation to nutrient loads and infusion of gut peptides. Implications for current and future pharmacological treatments for obesity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Gibson
- New York Obesity Research Center, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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Sabatier N, Leng G. Responses to cholecystokinin in the ventromedial nucleus of the rat hypothalamus in vivo. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 31:1127-35. [PMID: 20377625 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) is a short-term satiety signal released from the gastrointestinal tract during food intake. From the periphery, CCK signalling travels via the vagus nerve to reach the brainstem from which it is relayed higher into the brain. The hypothalamus is a key integrator of appetite-related stimuli and the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN) is thought to have an important role in the regulation of satiety. We investigated the effect of intravenous injections of CCK on the spontaneous firing activity of single VMN neurons in urethane-anaesthetised rats in vivo. We found that the predominant effect of CCK on the electrical activity in the VMN is inhibitory. We analysed the responses to CCK according to electrophysiologically distinct subpopulations of VMN neurons and found that four of these VMN subpopulations were inhibited by CCK, while five were not significantly affected. Finally, CCK-induced inhibitory response in VMN neurons was not altered by pre-administration of intravenous leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Sabatier
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, The University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
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Kim ER, Mizuno TM. Xenin delays gastric emptying rate and activates the brainstem in mice. Neurosci Lett 2010; 481:59-63. [PMID: 20599589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Xenin, a 25-amino acid gastrointestinal peptide, inhibits feeding by acting through the central nervous system. Gastrointestinal hormones reduce food intake partly by activating the brainstem and inhibiting gastric emptying. Therefore, we hypothesized that xenin delays gastric emptying through the activation of the brainstem cells. To address this hypothesis, we examined the effect of intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of xenin on gastric emptying rate and brainstem Fos expression in mice. Gastric emptying rate was reduced by about 93% in xenin-treated mice compared to saline-treated control mice. The i.p. xenin injection significantly increased Fos-immunoreactive cells in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) of the brainstem, but not area postrema (AP) and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). These findings support the hypothesis that xenin-induced anorexia is at least partly due to delayed gastric emptying and the activation of the NTS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ran Kim
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0J9, Canada
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Mahaut S, Dumont Y, Fournier A, Quirion R, Moyse E. Neuropeptide Y receptor subtypes in the dorsal vagal complex under acute feeding adaptation in the adult rat. Neuropeptides 2010; 44:77-86. [PMID: 19880180 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), Peptide YY (PYY) and pancreatic polypeptides (PPs) belong to the same peptide family called the Y or NPY family. Central and peripheral injections of these peptides are implicated in the regulation of food intake at the level of the hypothalamus (central effects; increased food intake) and dorsal vagal complex (DVC) (peripheral effects; decreased food intake). The DVC of the brainstem is a satiety reflex key region, which includes the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), area postrema (AP) and dorso motor nucleus of the vagus (DMX). NPY binding sites were quantified on serial DVC sections using in vitro receptor autoradiography in two feeding adaptation models: fasting and inflammatory anorexia. Receptor autoradiography revealed that Y(1), Y(2), Y(4) and Y(5) receptor subtypes are present in all nuclei of the DVC. Additionally, we also observed significant amount of specific labelling remaining even after having blocked all known NPY receptor subtypes targeted by radioligands such as [(125)I][Leu(31), Pro(34)]PYY, [(125)I]PYY3-36 and [(125)I]hPP. This binding is referred as an atypical NPY site. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection and food deprivation (24-48h) did not induce any change in the expression of NPY Y(1), Y(2,) Y(4) and Y(5) receptors at the level of the NTS and DMX. However, a significant decrease in [(125)I]PYY3-36/Y(2) and [(125)I]hPP/Y(4)- and Y(5)-insensitive binding sites (residual or atypical site) was observed in the AP. Together, these data could suggest that residual or atypical NPY binding site in the AP is modulated by food deprivation and may be physiologically relevant and implicated in feeding behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Mahaut
- Physiologie Neurovégétative, UMR 6231 CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille-3, Ave. Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
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Schwarz J, Burguet J, Rampin O, Fromentin G, Andrey P, Tomé D, Maurin Y, Darcel N. Three-dimensional macronutrient-associated Fos expression patterns in the mouse brainstem. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8974. [PMID: 20126542 PMCID: PMC2813867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The caudal brainstem plays an important role in short-term satiation and in the control of meal termination. Meal-related stimuli sensed by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are transmitted to the area postrema (AP) via the bloodstream, or to the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) via the vagus nerve. Little is known about the encoding of macronutrient-specific signals in the caudal brainstem. We hypothesized that sucrose and casein peptone activate spatially distinct sub-populations of NTS neurons and thus characterized the latter using statistical three-dimensional modeling. Methodology/Principal Findings Using immunolabeling of the proto-oncogene Fos as a marker of neuronal activity, in combination with a statistical three-dimensional modeling approach, we have shown that NTS neurons activated by sucrose or peptone gavage occupy distinct, although partially overlapping, positions. Specifically, when compared to their homologues in peptone-treated mice, three-dimensional models calculated from neuronal density maps following sucrose gavage showed that Fos-positive neurons occupy a more lateral position at the rostral end of the NTS, and a more dorsal position at the caudal end. Conclusion/Significance To our knowledge, this is the first time that subpopulations of NTS neurons have be distinguished according to the spatial organization of their functional response. Such neuronal activity patterns may be of particular relevance to understanding the mechanisms that support the central encoding of signals related to the presence of macronutrients in the GI tract during digestion. Finally, this finding also illustrates the usefulness of statistical three-dimensional modeling to functional neuroanatomical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Schwarz
- AgroParisTech, CRNH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
- INRA, CRNH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
| | - Jasmine Burguet
- INRA, UMR 1197 Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction et de la Prise Alimentaire, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Université Paris-Sud 11, UMR 1197, Orsay, France
- IFR 144 Neuro-Sud Paris, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Rampin
- INRA, UMR 1197 Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction et de la Prise Alimentaire, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Université Paris-Sud 11, UMR 1197, Orsay, France
- IFR 144 Neuro-Sud Paris, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Fromentin
- AgroParisTech, CRNH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
- INRA, CRNH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Andrey
- INRA, UMR 1197 Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction et de la Prise Alimentaire, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Université Paris-Sud 11, UMR 1197, Orsay, France
- IFR 144 Neuro-Sud Paris, Paris, France
- UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Tomé
- AgroParisTech, CRNH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
- INRA, CRNH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
| | - Yves Maurin
- INRA, UMR 1197 Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction et de la Prise Alimentaire, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Université Paris-Sud 11, UMR 1197, Orsay, France
- IFR 144 Neuro-Sud Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Darcel
- AgroParisTech, CRNH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
- INRA, CRNH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Zeeni N, Nadkarni N, Bell JD, Even PC, Fromentin G, Tome D, Darcel N. Peripherally injected cholecystokinin-induced neuronal activation is modified by dietary composition in mice. Neuroimage 2010; 50:1560-5. [PMID: 20100582 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term nutrient intake on the central response to the anorexigenic gut hormone CCK. C57BL/6 mice were fed one of three diets for 6 weeks: standard high carbohydrate (HC), high fat (HF), or high protein (HP). Assessment of brain response to cholecystokinin (CCK) by manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) showed a reduction in neuronal activity both in an appetite-related area (ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus) and areas associated with reward (nucleus accumbens and striatum) regardless of diet. When comparing diet effects, while the HF diet did not induce any change in activity, reductions in MEMRI-associated signal were found in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) when comparing the HP to the HC diet. In addition, a significant interaction was found between CCK administration and the HF diet, shown by an increased activation in the PVN, which suggests a decrease the inhibiting action of CCK. Our results put forward that the long-term intake of an HP diet leads to a reduction in basal hypothalamic activation while a high-fat diet leads to desensitization to CCK-induced effects in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zeeni
- AgroParisTech, CNRH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France
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Hajnal A, Norgren R, Kovacs P. Parabrachial coding of sapid sucrose: relevance to reward and obesity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1170:347-64. [PMID: 19686159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cumulative evidence in rats suggests that the pontine parabrachial nuclei (PBN) are necessary for assigning hedonic value to taste stimuli. In a series of studies, our laboratory has investigated the parabrachial coding of sapid sucrose in normal and obese rats. First, using chronic microdialysis, we demonstrated that sucrose intake increases dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens, an effect that is dependent on oral stimulation and on concentration. The dopamine response was independent of the thalamocortical gustatory system but was blunted substantially by lesions of the PBN. Similar lesions of the PBN but not the thalamic taste relay diminished cFos activation in the nucleus accumbens caused by sucrose ingestion. Recent single-neuron recording studies have demonstrated that processing of sucrose-evoked activity in the PBN is altered in Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, which develop obesity due to chronic overeating and express increased avidity to sweet. Compared with lean controls, taste neurons in OLETF rats had reduced overall sensitivity to sucrose and altered concentration responses, with decreased responses to lower concentrations and augmented responses to higher concentrations. The decreased sensitivity to sucrose was specific to NaCl-best neurons that also responded to sucrose, but the concentration effects were carried by the sucrose-specific neurons. Collectively, these findings support the hypothesis that the PBN enables taste stimuli to engage the reward system and, in doing so, influences food intake and body weight regulation. Obesity, in turn, may further alter the gustatory code via forebrain connections to the taste relays or hormonal changes consequent to weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Hajnal
- Department of Neural & Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
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Eriksson KS, Mignot E. T-box 3 is expressed in the adult mouse hypothalamus and medulla. Brain Res 2009; 1302:233-9. [PMID: 19765559 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.08.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 08/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Using microarray analysis, in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry, we found that the transcription factor TBX3 is produced in three discrete neuronal populations of the adult mouse brain, the arcuate nucleus (including in NPY but not dopaminergic neurons), the histaminergic tuberomammillary nucleus and in cholinergic neurons of the solitary tract nucleus. The immunoreactive protein had a nuclear location in these neurons, consistent with its function as a transcription factor. Although the function of tbx3 in these neurons is unknown, a review of the literature strongly suggests that these neuronal populations may be abnormal in Ulnar-Mammary syndrome patients with tbx3 mutations, explaining previously overlooked phenotypes in this syndrome, such as obesity, sexual dysfunction and possibly sleep abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krister S Eriksson
- Center for Narcolepsy, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304-5742, USA
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Nefti W, Chaumontet C, Fromentin G, Tomé D, Darcel N. A high-fat diet attenuates the central response to within-meal satiation signals and modifies the receptor expression of vagal afferents in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 296:R1681-6. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90733.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During digestion, macronutrients are sensed within the small intestine. This sensory process is dependent upon the action of gut mediators, such as cholecystokinin (CCK) or serotonin (5-HT), on vagal afferents that, in turn, convey peripheral information to the brain to influence the control of food intake. Recent studies have suggested that dietary conditions alter vagal sensitivity to CCK and 5-HT. This phenomenon may be of importance to the onset of eating disorders. The aim of the present study was thus to investigate the effects of subjecting mice to 15 days of either an HF diet (30% fat, 54% carbohydrate) or an NF diet (10% fat, 74% carbohydrate) on 1) daily and short-term food intake, 2) vagal sensitivity to peripheral anorectic factors and macronutrient loads, and 3) vagal afferent neuron receptor expression. The results indicated that compared with an NF diet, and while increasing food intake and body weight gain, an HF diet altered the short-term response to CCK-8 and intragastric macronutrient loads, while decreasing vagal activation by CCK-8 and modifying the receptor expression of vagal neurons. These findings, therefore, suggest that dietary intervention effect on food intake could be linked to changes in vagal afferent receptor profiles.
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Kaneko K, Yamada T, Tsukita S, Takahashi K, Ishigaki Y, Oka Y, Katagiri H. Obesity alters circadian expressions of molecular clock genes in the brainstem. Brain Res 2009; 1263:58-68. [PMID: 19401184 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 12/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Major components of energy homeostasis, including feeding behavior and glucose and lipid metabolism, are subject to circadian rhythms. Recent studies have suggested that dysfunctions of molecular clock genes are involved in the development of obesity and diabetes. To examine whether metabolic states per se alter the circadian clock in the central nervous system (CNS), we analyzed the daily mRNA expression profiles of core clock genes in the caudal brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). In lean C57BL/6 mice, transcript levels of the core clock genes (Npas2, Bmal1, Per1, Per2 and Rev-erbalpha) clearly showed 24-h rhythmicity. On the other hand, the expression profiles of Bmal1 and Rev-erbalpha were attenuated in mice with high fat diet-induced obesity as well as genetically obese KK-A(y) and ob/ob mice. Clock expression levels were increased in mice with high fat diet-induced obesity and Cry1 expression levels were decreased in KK-A(y) and ob/ob mice. In addition, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), which reportedly increases the BMAL1 transcriptional level, was up-regulated in the NTS of these murine models of obesity and insulin resistance, suggesting involvement of PPARalpha in the attenuation of circadian rhythms in the NTS in obese states. Furthermore, a circadian expression profile of a downstream target of clock genes, the large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+)channel, was disturbed in the NTS of these murine obesity models. These perturbations might contribute to neuronal dysfunction in obese states. This is the first report showing that obesity perturbs the circadian expressions of core clock genes in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Kaneko
- Division of Molecular Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
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