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Vallejo-Marin M, Russell AL. Harvesting pollen with vibrations: towards an integrative understanding of the proximate and ultimate reasons for buzz pollination. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:379-398. [PMID: 38071461 PMCID: PMC11006549 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Buzz pollination, a type of interaction in which bees use vibrations to extract pollen from certain kinds of flowers, captures a close relationship between thousands of bee and plant species. In the last 120 years, studies of buzz pollination have contributed to our understanding of the natural history of buzz pollination, and basic properties of the vibrations produced by bees and applied to flowers in model systems. Yet, much remains to be done to establish its adaptive significance and the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of buzz pollination across diverse plant and bee systems. Here, we review for bees and plants the proximate (mechanism and ontogeny) and ultimate (adaptive significance and evolution) explanations for buzz pollination, focusing especially on integrating across these levels to synthesize and identify prominent gaps in our knowledge. Throughout, we highlight new technical and modelling approaches and the importance of considering morphology, biomechanics and behaviour in shaping our understanding of the adaptive significance of buzz pollination. We end by discussing the ecological context of buzz pollination and how a multilevel perspective can contribute to explain the proximate and evolutionary reasons for this ancient bee-plant interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Vallejo-Marin
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 752 36, Sweden
| | - Avery L Russell
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, 65897, USA
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2
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Groh JS, Vik DC, Stevens KA, Brown PJ, Langley CH, Coop G. Distinct ancient structural polymorphisms control heterodichogamy in walnuts and hickories. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.23.573205. [PMID: 38187547 PMCID: PMC10769452 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.23.573205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The maintenance of stable mating type polymorphisms is a classic example of balancing selection, underlying the nearly ubiquitous 50/50 sex ratio in species with separate sexes. One lesser known but intriguing example of a balanced mating polymorphism in angiosperms is heterodichogamy - polymorphism for opposing directions of dichogamy (temporal separation of male and female function in hermaphrodites) within a flowering season. This mating system is common throughout Juglandaceae, the family that includes globally important and iconic nut and timber crops - walnuts (Juglans), as well as pecan and other hickories (Carya). In both genera, heterodichogamy is controlled by a single dominant allele. We fine-map the locus in each genus, and find two ancient (>50 Mya) structural variants involving different genes that both segregate as genus-wide trans-species polymorphisms. The Juglans locus maps to a ca. 20 kb structural variant adjacent to a probable trehalose phosphate phosphatase (TPPD-1), homologs of which regulate floral development in model systems. TPPD-1 is differentially expressed between morphs in developing male flowers, with increased allele-specific expression of the dominant haplotype copy. Across species, the dominant haplotype contains a tandem array of duplicated sequence motifs, part of which is an inverted copy of the TPPD-1 3' UTR. These repeats generate various distinct small RNAs matching sequences within the 3' UTR and further downstream. In contrast to the single-gene Juglans locus, the Carya heterodichogamy locus maps to a ca. 200-450 kb cluster of tightly linked polymorphisms across 20 genes, some of which have known roles in flowering and are differentially expressed between morphs in developing flowers. The dominant haplotype in pecan, which is nearly always heterozygous and appears to rarely recombine, shows markedly reduced genetic diversity and is over twice as long as its recessive counterpart due to accumulation of various types of transposable elements. We did not detect either genetic system in other heterodichogamous genera within Juglandaceae, suggesting that additional genetic systems for heterodichogamy may yet remain undiscovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Groh
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis
| | - Diane C Vik
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis
| | - Kristian A Stevens
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis
| | - Patrick J Brown
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis
| | - Charles H Langley
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis
| | - Graham Coop
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis
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3
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Robles C, Romero-Egea V, Traveset A, Ruiz de Ybáñez R, Hervías-Parejo S. Vertebrates can be more important pollinators than invertebrates on islands: the case of Malva (=Lavatera) arborea L. AOB PLANTS 2024; 16:plae010. [PMID: 38497048 PMCID: PMC10944019 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Premise of the study: On islands, flowering plants tend to be more generalist in their pollination needs, as insects (the main pollinators of flowering plants) are underrepresented in these ecosystems compared to the mainland. In addition, some vertebrate species that are typically insectivorous or granivorous on the mainland are forced to broaden their diet and consume other resources such as nectar or pollen on the islands. The shrub Malva arborea, with its large and colourful flowers, attracts different groups of potential pollinators. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of vertebrates versus insects in an insular population of M. arborea and to investigate its reproductive system. Methods: For three groups of taxa (insects, birds and lizards), we assessed the two components of pollination effectiveness: (i) the quantitative component (i.e. number of visits and number of flowers contacted) through direct observations of flowers; and (ii) the qualitative component (fruit and seed set, number and size of seeds and proportion of seedling emergence) through pollinator exclusion experiments. Key results: Vertebrates (birds and lizards) were quantitatively the most effective pollinators, followed by insects. However, when all three groups visited the flowers, fruit and seed set were higher than when any of them were excluded. We also found that M. arborea has hermaphrodite flowers and is able to reproduce by autogamy, although less efficiently than when pollinated by animals. Conclusions: Both vertebrates and insects play an important role in the reproduction of M. arborea. Although the plant does not need pollinators to produce seeds, its reproductive success increases when all pollinators are allowed to visit the flowers. Besides providing new information on M. arborea, these findings may help to better understand the role of different pollinator groups in the reproduction of other plant species, especially on islands where the co-occurrence of vertebrate and invertebrate pollination in the same plant species is usual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Robles
- Department of Animal Health, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Víctor Romero-Egea
- Department of Animal Health, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Anna Traveset
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA, UIB-CSIC), Global Change Research group, Miquel Marquès 21, 07190 Esporles, Spain
| | - Rocío Ruiz de Ybáñez
- Department of Animal Health, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Sandra Hervías-Parejo
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA, UIB-CSIC), Global Change Research group, Miquel Marquès 21, 07190 Esporles, Spain
- Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE-UC), Community Ecology Lab, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
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4
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Asar Y, Sauquet H, Ho SYW. Evaluating the Accuracy of Methods for Detecting Correlated Rates of Molecular and Morphological Evolution. Syst Biol 2023; 72:1337-1356. [PMID: 37695237 PMCID: PMC10924723 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syad055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the link between genomic and phenotypic change is a fundamental goal in evolutionary biology. Insights into this link can be gained by using a phylogenetic approach to test for correlations between rates of molecular and morphological evolution. However, there has been persistent uncertainty about the relationship between these rates, partly because conflicting results have been obtained using various methods that have not been examined in detail. We carried out a simulation study to evaluate the performance of 5 statistical methods for detecting correlated rates of evolution. Our simulations explored the evolution of molecular sequences and morphological characters under a range of conditions. Of the methods tested, Bayesian relaxed-clock estimation of branch rates was able to detect correlated rates of evolution correctly in the largest number of cases. This was followed by correlations of root-to-tip distances, Bayesian model selection, independent sister-pairs contrasts, and likelihood-based model selection. As expected, the power to detect correlated rates increased with the amount of data, both in terms of tree size and number of morphological characters. Likewise, greater among-lineage rate variation in the data led to improved performance of all 5 methods, particularly for Bayesian relaxed-clock analysis when the rate model was mismatched. We then applied these methods to a data set from flowering plants and did not find evidence of a correlation in evolutionary rates between genomic data and morphological characters. The results of our study have practical implications for phylogenetic analyses of combined molecular and morphological data sets, and highlight the conditions under which the links between genomic and phenotypic rates of evolution can be evaluated quantitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Asar
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hervé Sauquet
- National Herbarium of New South Wales (NSW), Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Simon Y W Ho
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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5
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Johnson SD, Midgley JJ, Illing N. The enantiostylous floral polymorphism of Barberetta aurea (Haemodoraceae) facilitates wing pollination by syrphid flies. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:1107-1118. [PMID: 37632775 PMCID: PMC10809052 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sexual polymorphisms of flowers have traditionally been interpreted as devices that promote cross-pollination, but they may also represent adaptations for exploiting particular pollination niches in local environments. The cross-pollination function of enantiostyly, characterized by flowers having either left- or right-deflected styles, has been uncertain in some lineages, such as the Haemodoraceae, because the positioning of stamens and styles is not always completely reciprocal among morphs. METHODS We examined the floral biology of populations of the poorly known species Barberetta aurea (Haemodoraceae) across its native range in South Africa to establish the general features of its enanatiostylous reproductive system and the agents and mechanism of pollen transfer. RESULTS We confirmed that B. aurea has a system of dimorphic enantiostyly. Style morph ratios varied among populations sampled, but with an overall tendency to being equal. Crossing experiments demonstrated that B. aurea is fully self-compatible, that intra- and inter-morph crosses are equally fertile and that it is wholly dependent on pollinator visits for seed production. Pollination is mainly by syrphid flies that transfer the sticky pollen via their wings, which contact the anthers and stigma precisely as they hover during approach and feeding. The majority of syrphid fly visitors feed on a film of highly concentrated nectar situated at the base of ultraviolet-absorbent 'nectar guides'. Because one of the three stamens is deflected in the same direction as the style, we predicted a high likelihood of intra-morph pollination, and this was corroborated by patterns of transfer of coloured dye particles in cage experiments involving syrphid flies. CONCLUSIONS Barbaretta aurea exhibits dimorphic enantiostyly and, in contrast to most enantiostylous species, which are pollinated by bees, its flowers are specialized for pollination by syrphid flies. The lack of complete reciprocity of the enantiostylous arrangement of sexual organs facilitates both inter- and intra-morph pollen transfer on the wings of these flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Johnson
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Jeremy J Midgley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicola Illing
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
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6
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Huang SQ. Understanding complex mirror-image flowers - a commentary on: 'The enantiostylous floral polymorphism of Barberetta aurea (Haemodoraceae) facilitates wing pollination by syrphid flies'. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:viii-x. [PMID: 37878783 PMCID: PMC10809042 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on:
Steven D. Johnson, Jeremy J. Midgley and Nicola Illing. The enantiostylous floral polymorphism of Barberetta aurea (Haemodoraceae) facilitates wing pollination by syrphid flies, Annals of Botany, Volume 132, Issue 6, 3 November 2023, Pages 1107–1118, https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcad118
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Quan Huang
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
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7
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Yamamoto K, Matsuzaki R, Mahakham W, Heman W, Sekimoto H, Kawachi M, Minakuchi Y, Toyoda A, Nozaki H. Expanded male sex-determining region conserved during the evolution of homothallism in the green alga Volvox. iScience 2023; 26:106893. [PMID: 37378338 PMCID: PMC10291315 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Male and female genotypes in heterothallic (self-incompatible) species of haploid organisms, such as algae and bryophytes, are generally determined by male and female sex-determining regions (SDRs) in the sex chromosomes. To resolve the molecular genetic basis for the evolution of homothallic (bisexual and self-compatible) species from a heterothallic ancestor, we compared whole-genome data from Thai and Japanese genotypes within the homothallic green alga Volvox africanus. The Thai and Japanese algae harbored expanded ancestral male and female SDRs of ∼1 Mbp each, representing a direct heterothallic ancestor. Therefore, the expanded male and female ancestral SDRs may originate from the ancient (∼75 mya) heterothallic ancestor, and either might have been conserved during the evolution of each homothallic genotype. An expanded SDR-like region seems essential for homothallic sexual reproduction in V. africanus, irrespective of male or female origin. Our study stimulates future studies to elucidate the biological significance of such expanded genomic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Yamamoto
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women’s University, Tokyo 112-8681 Japan
| | - Ryo Matsuzaki
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Wuttipong Mahakham
- Department of Biology & Applied Taxonomic Research Center, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Wirawan Heman
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Health Technology, Kalasin University, Mueang Kalasin, Thailand
| | - Hiroyuki Sekimoto
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women’s University, Tokyo 112-8681 Japan
| | - Masanobu Kawachi
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Yohei Minakuchi
- Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Nozaki
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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8
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Goring DR, Bosch M, Franklin-Tong VE. Contrasting self-recognition rejection systems for self-incompatibility in Brassica and Papaver. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R530-R542. [PMID: 37279687 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) plays a pivotal role in whether self-pollen is accepted or rejected. Most SI systems employ two tightly linked loci encoding highly polymorphic pollen (male) and pistil (female) S-determinants that control whether self-pollination is successful or not. In recent years our knowledge of the signalling networks and cellular mechanisms involved has improved considerably, providing an important contribution to our understanding of the diverse mechanisms used by plant cells to recognise each other and elicit responses. Here, we compare and contrast two important SI systems employed in the Brassicaceae and Papaveraceae. Both use 'self-recognition' systems, but their genetic control and S-determinants are quite different. We describe the current knowledge about the receptors and ligands, and the downstream signals and responses utilized to prevent self-seed set. What emerges is a common theme involving the initiation of destructive pathways that block the key processes that are required for compatible pollen-pistil interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne R Goring
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Maurice Bosch
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, Wales, UK
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9
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Liu G, Wang Y, Lian B, Ma Z, Xiang X, Wu J, Luo C, Ma D, Chen Y, Yu C, Zhong F, Wei H, Zhang J. Molecular responses to salinity stress in Salix matsudana (Koidz) females and males. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1122197. [PMID: 36778681 PMCID: PMC9911873 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1122197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism has commonly been found in many species. The phenotypes of Salix matsudana females and males are different under salinity stress. An F1 population was selected to compare the differences between males and females. As a result, males showed stronger roots and heavier dry weights than females. The unique molecular mechanisms of males and females under salinity stress were further analyzed based on the root transcriptome of males and females. Both males and females up-regulated systemic acquired resistance genes, such as ADH and oxygenase-related genes, to resist salt. Moreover, many other abiotic stress response genes were up-regulated in males to adjust to salinity stress, while females showed more down-regulation of nitrogen metabolism-related genes to decrease the harm from salinity stress. The research on salinity tolerance in Salix matsudana males and females would help to further understand sexual dimorphism under selection pressure and provide benefits to the ecological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyuan Liu
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Key Lab of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, Nantong, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Bolin Lian
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Key Lab of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, Nantong, China
| | - Ziqi Ma
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoting Xiang
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chunying Luo
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Duojin Ma
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yanhong Chen
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Key Lab of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, Nantong, China
| | - Chunmei Yu
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Key Lab of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, Nantong, China
| | - Fei Zhong
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Key Lab of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, Nantong, China
| | - Hui Wei
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Key Lab of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, Nantong, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Key Lab of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, Nantong, China
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10
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Hold tight or loosen up? Functional consequences of a shift in anther architecture depend substantially on bee body size. Oecologia 2022; 200:119-131. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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11
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Cardoso JCF, Trevizan R, Matallana-Puerto CA, Gonçalves RV, Oliveira PE, Coelho CP, Matias R. Do distylous syntopic plant species partition their floral morphological traits? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blac072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Morphological niche partitioning between related syntopic plants that are distylous (with short- and long-styled morphs) is complex. Owing to differences in the heights of stigmas and anthers, each floral morph must place pollen onto two distinct parts of the body of the pollinator. This led us to hypothesize that such partitioning should be more accurate among distylous syntopic species in comparison to combinations with other related plants that do not co-occur. We tested these assumptions using a set of Palicourea (Rubiaceae) species as a model system. We compared the distribution, flowering phenology, floral measurements and reciprocity of sexual organ heights of two syntopic species (Palicourea rigida and Palicourea coriacea) and one non-syntopic congener (Palicourea marcgravii). The three species overlapped in their distributions and flowering periods. The position of sexual organs was, in most cases, partitioned between syntopic populations, with low overlap in anther and stigma heights. However, we found a higher overlap involving the non-syntopic species, especially between Palicourea rigida and Palicourea marcgravii. Additionally, reciprocity of sexual organs was more accurate in intraspecific inter-morph combinations (i.e. legitimate organ correspondence) in comparison to intraspecific intra-morph, interspecific syntopic and interspecific non-syntopic combinations. The partitioning of morphological traits between syntopic species might facilitate the differential placement of pollen on the body of the pollinator and reduce the chances of interspecific interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Custódio Fernandes Cardoso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia , Uberlândia, MG , Brazil
| | - Renata Trevizan
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas, SP , Brazil
| | | | - Rogério Victor Gonçalves
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW , Australia
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12
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David P, Degletagne C, Saclier N, Jennan A, Jarne P, Plénet S, Konecny L, François C, Guéguen L, Garcia N, Lefébure T, Luquet E. Extreme mitochondrial DNA divergence underlies genetic conflict over sex determination. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2325-2333.e6. [PMID: 35483362 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a form of genetic conflict over sex determination that results from differences in modes of inheritance between genomic compartments.1-3 Indeed, maternally transmitted (usually mitochondrial) genes sometimes enhance their transmission by suppressing the male function in a hermaphroditic organism to the detriment of biparentally inherited nuclear genes. Therefore, these hermaphrodites become functionally female and may coexist with regular hermaphrodites in so-called gynodioecious populations.3 CMS has been known in plants since Darwin's times4 but is previously unknown in the animal kingdom.5-8 We relate the first observation of CMS in animals. It occurs in a freshwater snail population, where some individuals appear unable to sire offspring in controlled crosses and show anatomical, physiological, and behavioral characters consistent with a suppression of the male function. Male sterility is associated with a mitochondrial lineage that underwent a spectacular acceleration of DNA substitution rates, affecting the entire mitochondrial genome-this acceleration concerns both synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions and therefore results from increased mitogenome mutation rates. Consequently, mitochondrial haplotype divergence within the population is exceptionally high, matching that observed between snail taxa that diverged 475 million years ago. This result is reminiscent of similar accelerations in mitogenome evolution observed in plant clades where gynodioecy is frequent,9,10 both being consistent with arms-race evolution of genome regions implicated in CMS.11,12 Our study shows that genomic conflicts can trigger independent evolution of similar sex-determination systems in plants and animals and dramatically accelerate molecular evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice David
- CEFE, CNRS, University of Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France.
| | - Cyril Degletagne
- University of Lyon, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Aurel Jennan
- University of Lyon, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe Jarne
- CEFE, CNRS, University of Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Plénet
- University of Lyon, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lara Konecny
- University of Lyon, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Laurent Guéguen
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Noéline Garcia
- University of Lyon, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Tristan Lefébure
- University of Lyon, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emilien Luquet
- University of Lyon, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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13
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Nozaki H, Mahakham W, Heman W, Matsuzaki R, Kawachi M. Morphology, mating system and taxonomy of Volvox africanus (Volvocaceae, Chlorophyceae) from Thailand. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2022; 63:1. [PMID: 35061120 PMCID: PMC8782957 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-022-00332-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oogamous green algal genus Volvox exhibits extensive diversity in mating systems, including heterothallism and homothallism with unisexual (male and/or female) and/or bisexual spheroids. Although four mating systems have been recognized worldwide in strains identified as "Volvox africanus", most of these strains are extinct. However, we previously rediscovered two types of the four mating systems (heterothallic, and homothallic with male and bisexual spheroids within a clone) from an ancient Japanese lake, Lake Biwa. RESULTS Here, we obtained strains exhibiting the third mating system (homothallic with unisexual male and female spheroids within a clone) from a freshwater area of Kalasin Province, Thailand. When sexual reproduction was induced in the present Thai strains, both male and female unisexual spheroids developed to form smooth-walled zygotes within a clonal culture. Phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region-2 of nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences from all four mating systems, including the extinct strains, resolved the third mating system is basal or paraphyletic within the homothallic clade. CONCLUSIONS The present morphological and molecular data of the Thai strains indicate that they belong to the homothallic species V. africanus. The phylogenetic results suggested that third mating system (homothallic with separate male and female sexual spheroids) may represent an initial evolutionary stage of transition from heterothallism to homothallism within Volvox africanus. Further field collections in geologically stable intracontinental regions may be fruitful for studying diversity and taxonomy of the freshwater green algal genus Volvox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Wuttipong Mahakham
- Department of Biology & Applied Taxonomic Research Center, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Wirawan Heman
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Health Technology, Kalasin University, Mueang Kalasin, Thailand
| | - Ryo Matsuzaki
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Masanobu Kawachi
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
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14
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Stritt C, Gimmi EL, Wyler M, Bakali AH, Skalska A, Hasterok R, Mur LAJ, Pecchioni N, Roulin AC. Migration without interbreeding: Evolutionary history of a highly selfing Mediterranean grass inferred from whole genomes. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:70-85. [PMID: 34601787 PMCID: PMC9298040 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Wild plant populations show extensive genetic subdivision and are far from the ideal of panmixia which permeates population genetic theory. Understanding the spatial and temporal scale of population structure is therefore fundamental for empirical population genetics - and of interest in itself, as it yields insights into the history and biology of a species. In this study we extend the genomic resources for the wild Mediterranean grass Brachypodium distachyon to investigate the scale of population structure and its underlying history at whole-genome resolution. A total of 86 accessions were sampled at local and regional scales in Italy and France, which closes a conspicuous gap in the collection for this model organism. The analysis of 196 accessions, spanning the Mediterranean from Spain to Iraq, suggests that the interplay of high selfing and seed dispersal rates has shaped genetic structure in B. distachyon. At the continental scale, the evolution in B. distachyon is characterized by the independent expansion of three lineages during the Upper Pleistocene. Today, these lineages may occur on the same meadow yet do not interbreed. At the regional scale, dispersal and selfing interact and maintain high genotypic diversity, thus challenging the textbook notion that selfing in finite populations implies reduced diversity. Our study extends the population genomic resources for B. distachyon and suggests that an important use of this wild plant model is to investigate how selfing and dispersal, two processes typically studied separately, interact in colonizing plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Stritt
- Institute for Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elena L Gimmi
- Institute for Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michele Wyler
- Institute for Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Abdelmonaim H Bakali
- National Institute of Agronomy, Regional Center of Errachidia, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Aleksandra Skalska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Robert Hasterok
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Luis A J Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Wales, UK
| | - Nicola Pecchioni
- Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, CREA - Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Foggia, Italy
| | - Anne C Roulin
- Institute for Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Tayal M, Kariyat R. Examining the Role of Buzzing Time and Acoustics on Pollen Extraction of Solanum elaeagnifolium. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122592. [PMID: 34961064 PMCID: PMC8709443 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Buzz pollination is a specialized pollination syndrome that requires vibrational energy to extract concealed pollen grains from poricidal anthers. Although a large body of work has examined the ecology of buzz pollination, whether acoustic properties of buzz pollinators affect pollen extraction is less understood, especially in weeds and invasive species. We examined the pollination biology of Silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium), a worldwide invasive weed, in its native range in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) in south Texas. Over two years, we documented the floral visitors on S. elaeagnifolium, their acoustic parameters (buzzing amplitude, frequency, and duration of buzzing) and estimated the effects of the latter two factors on pollen extraction. We found five major bee genera: Exomalopsis, Halictus, Megachile, Bombus, and Xylocopa, as the most common floral visitors on S. elaeagnifolium in the LRGV. Bee genera varied in their duration of total buzzing time, duration of each visit, and mass. While we did not find any significant differences in buzzing frequency among different genera, an artificial pollen collection experiment using an electric toothbrush showed that the amount of pollen extracted is significantly affected by the duration of buzzing. We conclude that regardless of buzzing frequency, buzzing duration is the most critical factor in pollen removal in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Tayal
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
| | - Rupesh Kariyat
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
- School of Earth, Environment and Marine Sciences, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
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16
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Saab GDS, Mansano VDF, Nogueira A, Maia IC, Bergamo PJ, Paulino JV. A sophisticated case of division of labour in the trimorphic stamens of the Cassia fistula (Leguminosae) flower. AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plab054. [PMID: 34512942 PMCID: PMC8420109 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Buzz-pollinated pollen flowers have pollen as the primary resource for pollinators and must deal with a conflict between the exploitation of pollen grains by bees and pollination success. It has been hypothesized that heterostemony allows division of labour between stamens as a solution to the pollen dilemma. To test the division of labour hypothesis, we chose Cassia fistula, which has a trimorphic androecium and analysed androecium development, pollen grain release mechanisms and visitor behaviour. We explored the reflectance of floral organs and carried out an exclusion experiment to test the attractiveness of each stamen morph to the bee species. Finally, we explored the structural, ultrastructural and functional variation between the pollen grains, including pollen viability across stamen morphs. The differences among the three stamen morphs, which is developed from two whorls of the stamen, are the first evidence of the division of labour in our study system. Large Bombus and Xylocopa bees actively and exclusively exploited the pollen grains from the central poricidal anthers generating pollen deposition on their bodies. The reflectance pattern of floral organs indicated a targeting of these large bees to the central anthers, corroborated by the anther manipulative experiment where only the exclusion of the anthers positioned in the flower centre, especially the intermediate stamens, reduced bee visits. Both results revealed a division of labour, in which the intermediate stamen morph was responsible for both floral attractiveness and pollen resources. Only the largest stamen morph produced germinable pollen grains, highlighting their role as pollinating stamens. The smallest stamen morph has a less clear function, likely representing an economy in pollen production for feeding function. Our findings suggest that the evolution of the trimorphic androecium is associated with division of labour in large pollen flowers and can represent a strong strategy for circumventing the pollen dilemma, optimizing the feeding function by reducing pollen grain investment from central anthers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella da Silva Saab
- Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Vidal de Freitas Mansano
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, DIPEQ, Rua Pacheco Leão 915, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22460-030, Brazil
| | - Anselmo Nogueira
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP 09606-045, Brazil
| | - Isabele Carvalho Maia
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP 09606-045, Brazil
| | - Pedro Joaquim Bergamo
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, DIPEQ, Rua Pacheco Leão 915, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22460-030, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Barão Geraldo, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Juliana Villela Paulino
- Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
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17
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Ranavat S, Becher H, Newman MF, Gowda V, Twyford AD. A Draft Genome of the Ginger Species Alpinia nigra and New Insights into the Genetic Basis of Flexistyly. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1297. [PMID: 34573279 PMCID: PMC8468202 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiosperms possess various strategies to ensure reproductive success, such as stylar polymorphisms that encourage outcrossing. Here, we investigate the genetic basis of one such dimorphism that combines both temporal and spatial separation of sexual function, termed flexistyly. It is a floral strategy characterised by the presence of two morphs that differ in the timing of stylar movement. We performed a de novo assembly of the genome of Alpinia nigra using high-depth genomic sequencing. We then used Pool-seq to identify candidate regions for flexistyly based on allele frequency or coverage differences between pools of anaflexistylous and cataflexistylous morphs. The final genome assembly size was 2 Gb, and showed no evidence of recent polyploidy. The Pool-seq did not reveal large regions with high FST values, suggesting large structural chromosomal polymorphisms are unlikely to underlie differences between morphs. Similarly, no region had a 1:2 mapping depth ratio which would be indicative of hemizygosity. We propose that flexistyly is governed by a small genomic region that might be difficult to detect with Pool-seq, or a complex genomic region that proved difficult to assemble. Our genome will be a valuable resource for future studies of gingers, and provides the first steps towards characterising this complex floral phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Ranavat
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK; (H.B.); (A.D.T.)
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK;
| | - Hannes Becher
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK; (H.B.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Mark F. Newman
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK;
| | - Vinita Gowda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India;
| | - Alex D. Twyford
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK; (H.B.); (A.D.T.)
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK;
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18
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Abstract
The stamens within a flower are usually very similar in appearance, although some species possess two or more structurally distinct types that often differ in reproductive function - a feature referred to as heteranthery. In this Quick guide, Spencer Barrett discusses the origins and functions of heteranthery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer C H Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada.
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19
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Dellinger AS, Artuso S, Fernández-Fernández DM, Schönenberger J. Stamen dimorphism in bird-pollinated flowers: Investigating alternative hypotheses on the evolution of heteranthery. Evolution 2021; 75:2589-2599. [PMID: 33963764 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Heteranthery, the presence of distinct stamen types within a flower, is commonly explained as functional adaptation to alleviate the "pollen dilemma," defined as the dual and conflicting function of pollen as pollinator food resource and male reproductive agent. A single primary hypothesis, "division of labor," has been central in studies on heteranthery. This hypothesis postulates that one stamen type functions in rewarding pollen-collecting pollinators and the other in reproduction, thereby minimizing pollen loss. Only recently, alternative functions (i.e., staggered pollen release), were proposed, but comparative and experimental investigations are lagging behind. Here, we used 63 species of the tribe Merianieae (Melastomataceae) to demonstrate that, against theory, heteranthery occurs in flowers offering rewards other than pollen, such as staminal food bodies or nectar. Although shifts in reward type released species from the "pollen dilemma," heteranthery has evolved repeatedly de novo in food-body-rewarding, passerine-pollinated flowers. We used field investigations to show that foraging passerines discriminated between stamen types and removed large stamens more quickly than small stamens. Passerines removed small stamens on separate visits towards the end of flower anthesis. We propose that the staggered increase in nutritive content of small stamens functions to increase chances for outcross-pollen transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Artuso
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Jürg Schönenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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20
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Kay KM, Jogesh T, Tataru D, Akiba S. Darwin's vexing contrivance: a new hypothesis for why some flowers have two kinds of anther. Proc Biol Sci 2020. [PMID: 33352073 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2593rspb20202593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heteranthery, the presence of two or more anther types in the same flower, is taxonomically widespread among bee-pollinated angiosperms, yet has puzzled botanists since Darwin. We test two competing hypotheses for its evolution: the long-standing 'division of labour' hypothesis, which posits that some anthers are specialized as food rewards for bees whereas others are specialized for surreptitious pollination, and our new hypothesis that heteranthery is a way to gradually release pollen that maximizes pollen delivery. We examine the evolution of heteranthery and associated traits across the genus Clarkia (Onagraceae) and study plant-pollinator interactions in two heterantherous Clarkia species. Across species, heteranthery is associated with bee pollination, delayed dehiscence and colour crypsis of one anther whorl, and movement of that anther whorl upon dehiscence. Our mechanistic studies in heterantherous species show that bees notice, forage on and export pollen from each anther whorl when it is dehiscing, and that heteranthery promotes pollen export. We find no support for division of labour, but multifarious evidence that heteranthery is a mechanism for gradual pollen presentation that probably evolved through indirect male-male competition for siring success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Kay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Tania Jogesh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Diana Tataru
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Sami Akiba
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
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21
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Kay KM, Jogesh T, Tataru D, Akiba S. Darwin's vexing contrivance: a new hypothesis for why some flowers have two kinds of anther. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20202593. [PMID: 33352073 PMCID: PMC7779490 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Heteranthery, the presence of two or more anther types in the same flower, is taxonomically widespread among bee-pollinated angiosperms, yet has puzzled botanists since Darwin. We test two competing hypotheses for its evolution: the long-standing 'division of labour' hypothesis, which posits that some anthers are specialized as food rewards for bees whereas others are specialized for surreptitious pollination, and our new hypothesis that heteranthery is a way to gradually release pollen that maximizes pollen delivery. We examine the evolution of heteranthery and associated traits across the genus Clarkia (Onagraceae) and study plant-pollinator interactions in two heterantherous Clarkia species. Across species, heteranthery is associated with bee pollination, delayed dehiscence and colour crypsis of one anther whorl, and movement of that anther whorl upon dehiscence. Our mechanistic studies in heterantherous species show that bees notice, forage on and export pollen from each anther whorl when it is dehiscing, and that heteranthery promotes pollen export. We find no support for division of labour, but multifarious evidence that heteranthery is a mechanism for gradual pollen presentation that probably evolved through indirect male-male competition for siring success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Kay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
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22
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Bee-Mediated Selection Favors Floral Sex Specialization in a Heterantherous Species: Strategies to Solve the Pollen Dilemma. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121685. [PMID: 33271837 PMCID: PMC7760250 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Animal-pollinated plants show a broad variation in floral morphology traits and gametophyte production within populations. Thus, floral traits related to plant reproduction and sexuality are usually exposed to pollinator-mediated selection. Such selective pressures may be even stronger in heterantherous and pollen flowers, in which pollen contributes to both bee feeding and pollination, overcoming the “pollen dilemma” or the inability to perform both functions simultaneously. We describe the phenotypic gender and sexual organ morphology of flowers in two populations of Macairea radula (Melastomataceae), a heterantherous and buzz-pollinated species with pollen flowers. We estimated selection gradients on these traits through female and male fitness components. Both populations showed sizeable phenotypic gender variation, from strict hermaphrodites to increased femaleness or maleness. We found a continuous variation in style and stamen size, and this variation was correlated with corresponding shape values of both sexual organs. We detected bee-mediated selection towards short and long styles through seed number and towards intermediate degrees of heteranthery through pollen removal in one population, and selection towards increased maleness through pollen dispersal in both populations. Our results suggest that bee-mediated selection favors floral sex specialization and stylar dimorphism in M. radula, optimizing reproductive success and solving the pollen dilemma.
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23
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Jacquemyn H, Brys R. Lack of strong selection pressures maintains wide variation in floral traits in a food-deceptive orchid. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:445-453. [PMID: 32333761 PMCID: PMC7424767 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Angiosperms vary remarkably in traits such as colour, size and shape of flowers, yet such variation generally tends to be low within species. In deceptive orchids, however, large variation in floral traits has been described, not only between but also within populations. Nonetheless, the factors driving variation in floral traits in deceptive orchids remain largely unclear. METHODS To identify determinants of variation in floral traits, we investigated patterns of fruit set and selection gradients in the food-deceptive orchid Orchis purpurea, which typically presents large within-population variation in the colour and size of the flowers. Using long-term data, fruit set was quantified in two populations over 16 consecutive years (2004-2019). Artificial hand pollination was performed to test the hypothesis that fruit set was pollinator-limited and that selfing led to decreased seed set and viability. Annual variation (2016-2019) in selection gradients was calculated for three colour traits (brightness, contrast and the number of spots on the labellum), flower size (spur length, labellum length and width) and plant size (number of flowers, plant height). KEY RESULTS Fruit set was, on average, low (~12 %) and severely pollinator-limited. Opportunities for selection varied strongly across years, but we found only weak evidence for selection on floral traits. In contrast, there was strong and consistent positive selection on floral display. Selfing led to reduced production of viable seeds and hence severe inbreeding depression (δ = 0.38). CONCLUSION Overall, these results demonstrate that the large variation in flower colour and size that is regularly observed in natural O. purpurea populations is maintained by the consistent lack of strong selection pressures on these traits through time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Jacquemyn
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rein Brys
- Research Institute for Forest and Nature, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
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24
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Telles FJ, Klunk CL, Maia FRD, de Brito VLG, Varassin IG. Towards a new understanding of the division of labour in heterantherous flowers: the case of Pterolepis glomerata (Melastomataceae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pollen-flowers with heteromorphic stamens have been shown to promote an intrafloral division of labour as a solution to fitness costs arising from pollen consumption by bees, known as the pollen dilemma. Usually, the division is based on morphological differences in anther and pollen traits that correlate with stamen function: pollinating anthers are larger and contain more and higher-quality pollen grains than feeding anthers. Here, we present a new strategy based on a high investment in reward production and thus attraction, in the heterantherous Pterolepis glomerata, to overcome short flower longevity and maintain reproductive success. In P. glomerata small feeding anthers not only produced more pollen grains and more grains with cytoplasmic content, but also released more pollen than pollinating anthers after a single visit. This pattern was consistent until the end of floral anthesis, showing the existence of pollen-dosing mechanisms. Bees equally visited flowers with yellow feeding anthers and pollinating anthers with yellow connective appendages, indicating a visual similarity, as predicted by bee vision modelling. Our results demonstrate that the division of labour might have different outcomes. Instead of the classical expectation of more investment in reproductive pollen in pollinating stamens, P. glomerata invested more in attraction and reward in feeding stamens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francismeire Jane Telles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Sala, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cristian Luan Klunk
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Rodrigo da Maia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Isabela Galarda Varassin
- Departamento de Botânica, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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25
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Paudel BR, Li QJ. Functional implications of the specialized staminal appendages in alpine ginger (Roscoea spp.: Zingiberaceae). J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1265-1275. [PMID: 32627242 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Floral organs are widely believed to enhance the pollination and reproductive success of angiosperms. However, the functional implication of some floral structures is still unknown. In this study, we explored the functional role of staminal appendages on male and female reproductive success of Himalayan Roscoea spp. and tested if their function differed between species with biotic pollination and autonomous selfing. Phenotypic manipulation is a powerful approach to test the functional effect of a particular trait on plant fitness. We compared various proxies of pollination success between intact flowers and flowers with manually excised staminal appendages. We found that the rate of visitation did not differ between intact and manipulated flowers. Our results revealed that in outcrossing Roscoea spp., the staminal appendages act as triggering devices to facilitate pollen release and deposition and also to manipulate the foraging position of pollinators to ensure both male and female reproductive success. In contrast, in autonomously selfing Roscoea spp., the removal of staminal appendages did not affect any aspect of pollination processes. Our results suggest that the staminal appendages are an integral component of outcrossing in Roscoea spp. and are maintained by selection pressure through both male and female reproductive success. This study provides important insights on how variation in breeding systems can provoke changes in the structure and function of floral organs among congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu Ram Paudel
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaption and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Yunnan, China.,Department of Botany, Prithvi Narayan Campus, Tribhuvan University, Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Qing-Jun Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaption and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Yunnan, China
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26
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Avalos AA, Pablo TJ, Lattar EC, Ferrucci MS. Structure and development of anthers and connective glands in two species of Stigmaphyllon (Malpighiaceae): are heteromorphic anthers related to division of labour? PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:1165-1181. [PMID: 32212021 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01497-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heteranthery has been largely associated with a division of labour between anthers. Most species of Stigmaphyllon (Malpighiaceae) present heteromorphic anthers and glandular connectives of different development; yet, the functional meaning of this condition has never been explored in the genus. The aims of this study were to provide a comparative description of the structure and development of anthers and their connective glands in S. bonariense and S. jatrophifolium and to assess the existence of division of functions. Natural populations were selected to collect flowers at different stages. Anthers were subjected to morpho-anatomical, histochemical and pollen viability studies. For both species, abundance of pollen grains and size of anther and their connective glands were estimated. Three types of stamens are recognized: stamen with small, intermediate and large anthers. Anthers of both species exhibit a similar glandular tissue in the connective, and the histochemical analysis revealed that it produce a mucilagous secretion. The pattern of anther wall development, stainability and release of pollen grains was identical among anther types. For both species, we observed a positive relationship between anther size and abundance of pollen grains, but an inverse relationship between area of anthers and size (area and thickness) of connective glands in small anthers vs. intermediate and large ones. Our results evidence a specialization of anthers related to division of labour between heteromorphic stamens in two species of Stigmaphyllon. Thus, one set of anthers produces large amount of pollen grains for pollination and another sets large quantities of mucilage, which would improve pollen transport (better adherence to pollinator body and dampness maintenance). Nevertheless, heteranthery in both Stigmaphyllon species would represent a transitional state towards the division of labour rather than a stable state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adan Alberto Avalos
- IBONE-UNNE-CONICET, Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Torretta Juan Pablo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Botánica General, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elsa Clorinda Lattar
- IBONE-UNNE-CONICET, Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
- Cátedra de Morfología de Plantas Vasculares, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, FCA-UNNE, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - María Silvia Ferrucci
- IBONE-UNNE-CONICET, Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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27
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Chen ZQ, Zhou ZL, Wang LL, Meng LH, Duan YW. Development of Microsatellite Markers for a Dioecious Herpetospermum pedunculosum (Cucurbitaceae). Evol Bioinform Online 2020; 16:1176934320908261. [PMID: 32127748 PMCID: PMC7036485 DOI: 10.1177/1176934320908261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the evolution of flower diversity is a central topic in plant evolutionary ecology, and natural selection on floral traits via male fitness could be estimated quantitatively using microsatellites. Here, based on RNA sequencing, we developed simple sequence repeat primers and verified polymorphisms in 2 wild populations of Herpetospermum pedunculosum (Cucurbitaceae), a dioecious annual plants native to the Himalaya Mountains. A total of 131 paired primers were designed; 15 paired primers were found to be polymorphic, with the expected heterozygosity varying between 0.280 and 0.767. We also identified 58 genotypes in 20 plants from the 2 populations. Conclusively, these primers could be effective in examining male fitness and population genetic structure of H pedunculosum in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Qing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory
of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan Normal
University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Li Zhou
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Lin Wang
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Li-Hua Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory
of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan Normal
University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Wen Duan
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, P.R. China
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28
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Coelho CP, Consolaro HN, Oliveira PE. Biologia reprodutiva e polinização de Palicourea crocea (Rubiaceae), uma espécie distílica e ornitófila no Cerrado de Goiás, Brasil. RODRIGUÉSIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860202071087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Resumo A heterostilia é um polimorfismo floral geneticamente controlado onde populações de plantas apresentam dois ou três morfos com peças reprodutivas em alturas recíprocas entre os morfos. Em populações naturais, espera-se encontrar uma razão igual entre os morfos (isopletia). O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar o sistema reprodutivo, a biologia floral, as características heterostílicas, incluindo reciprocidade das peças reprodutivas, fenologia e polinização em Palicourea crocea, uma espécie arbustiva do sub bosque de formações florestais do Cerrado. Para tal foram medidas estruturas florais, realizados cruzamentos controlados, observados os visitantes florais, além de acompanhamento fenológico. Palicourea crocea é uma espécie distílica típica, autoincompatível, com altos índices de hercogamia recíproca entre os morfos. Polinizada preferencialmente por beija-flores, além de mariposas e abelhas. Houve formação maior de frutos em polinização cruzada intermorfo (> 50%) e menor formação em polinização intramorfo (< 20%) e autopolinização (< 13%). Esses dados foram confirmados pelo não crescimento de tubos polínicos em pistilos autopolinizados e polinizados de forma intramorfo. A floração é anual, e ocorre entre os meses de novembro e fevereiro, com pico de floração em dezembro e janeiro. Os dados reprodutivos avaliados se mostram similares a outras espécies de Rubiaceae do sub bosque de ambientes florestais do Cerrado.
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29
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Roux C, Pannell JR. The opposing effects of genetic drift and Haldane's sieve on floral-morph frequencies in tristylous metapopulations. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1229-1240. [PMID: 31505031 PMCID: PMC6856859 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tristyly is a genetic floral polymorphism in which three floral morphs are maintained at equal frequencies by negative frequency-dependent selection on alleles at two interacting loci. Because dominant alleles at these loci are maintained at a lower frequency than their recessive counterparts, they are more likely to be lost by founder events and genetic drift. Here we examine the hypothesis that dominant alleles under negative frequency-dependent selection should also be more likely to re-invade populations than recessive alleles, due to Haldane's Sieve, because recessive alleles not expressed in a heterozygote state cannot benefit from positive selection when rare. We used computer simulations of tristylous metapopulations to verify that Haldane's Sieve acting on migrants into occupied demes can indeed reverse the bias in allele frequencies expected for small single tristylous populations, particularly in situations of rapid population growth following colonisation. This effect is manifest both locally and at the metapopulation level. Our study illustrates the potential effect of Haldane's Sieve in the novel context of an iconic plant sexual-system polymorphism under the influence of metapopulation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Roux
- CNRSUMR 8198 – Evo‐Eco‐PaleoUniv. LilleLilleF‐59000France
| | - John R. Pannell
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanne1015Switzerland
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30
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Pickup M, Brandvain Y, Fraïsse C, Yakimowski S, Barton NH, Dixit T, Lexer C, Cereghetti E, Field DL. Mating system variation in hybrid zones: facilitation, barriers and asymmetries to gene flow. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1035-1047. [PMID: 31505037 PMCID: PMC6856794 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant mating systems play a key role in structuring genetic variation both within and between species. In hybrid zones, the outcomes and dynamics of hybridization are usually interpreted as the balance between gene flow and selection against hybrids. Yet, mating systems can introduce selective forces that alter these expectations; with diverse outcomes for the level and direction of gene flow depending on variation in outcrossing and whether the mating systems of the species pair are the same or divergent. We present a survey of hybridization in 133 species pairs from 41 plant families and examine how patterns of hybridization vary with mating system. We examine if hybrid zone mode, level of gene flow, asymmetries in gene flow and the frequency of reproductive isolating barriers vary in relation to mating system/s of the species pair. We combine these results with a simulation model and examples from the literature to address two general themes: (1) the two-way interaction between introgression and the evolution of reproductive systems, and (2) how mating system can facilitate or restrict interspecific gene flow. We conclude that examining mating system with hybridization provides unique opportunities to understand divergence and the processes underlying reproductive isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Pickup
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaAm Campus 1Klosterneuburg3400Austria
| | - Yaniv Brandvain
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of Minnesota1500 Gortner AveSt Paul, MinneapolisMN55108USA
| | - Christelle Fraïsse
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaAm Campus 1Klosterneuburg3400Austria
| | - Sarah Yakimowski
- Department of BiologyQueen's University116 Barrie StKingstonONK7L 3N6Canada
| | - Nicholas H. Barton
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaAm Campus 1Klosterneuburg3400Austria
| | - Tanmay Dixit
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EJUK
| | - Christian Lexer
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of ViennaA‐1030ViennaAustria
| | - Eva Cereghetti
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaAm Campus 1Klosterneuburg3400Austria
| | - David L. Field
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of ViennaA‐1030ViennaAustria
- School of ScienceEdith Cowan University270 Joondalup DriveJoondalupWestern Australia6027Australia
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31
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Zhou ZL, Duan YW, Luo Y, Yang YP, Zhang ZQ. Cell number explains the intraspecific spur-length variation in an Aquilegia species. PLANT DIVERSITY 2019; 41:307-314. [PMID: 31934675 PMCID: PMC6951270 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Variations of nectar spur length allow pollinators to utilize resources in novel ways, leading to the different selective pressures on spurs and allowing taxa to diversify. However, the mechanisms underlying spur length variation remain unclear. Interspecific comparisons of spur length suggest that both cell division and anisotropic expansion could explain the changes of spur length, and that hormone-related genes contribute to the process of spur formation. In contrast, little is known about intraspecific spur length variation. In Aquilegia rockii, spur length varies strikingly, ranging from 1 mm to 18 mm. To examine the potential mechanisms underlying spur length variation in A. rockii, we observed cell morphology and analyzed RNA-seq of short- and long-spurred flowers. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that at two positions on spurs there were no differences in either cell density or cell anisotropy between short- and long-spurred flowers, suggesting that in A. rockii changes in cell number may explain variations in spur length. In addition, we screened transcriptomes of short- and long-spurred flowers for differentially expressed genes; this screen identified several genes linked to cell division (e.g., F-box, CDKB2-2, and LST8), a finding which is consistent with our analysis of the cellular morphology of spurs. However, we did not find any highly expressed genes involved in the hormone pathway in long-spurred flowers. In contrast to previous hypotheses that anisotropic cell expansion leads to interspecific spur variation in Aquilegia, our results suggest that cell number changes and related genes are mainly responsible for spur length variations of A. rockii. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms of similar floral traits in morphology may be quite different, enriching our understanding of the mechanisms of flower diversity in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Li Zhou
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan-Wen Duan
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Gardening and Horticulture Department, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
| | - Yong-Ping Yang
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Zhang
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
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32
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Olito C, Connallon T. Sexually Antagonistic Variation and the Evolution of Dimorphic Sexual Systems. Am Nat 2019; 193:688-701. [DOI: 10.1086/702847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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33
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Soltis PS, Folk RA, Soltis DE. Darwin review: angiosperm phylogeny and evolutionary radiations. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190099. [PMCID: PMC6452062 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Darwin's dual interests in evolution and plants formed the basis of evolutionary botany, a field that developed following his publications on both topics. Here, we review his many contributions to plant biology—from the evolutionary origins of angiosperms to plant reproduction, carnivory, and movement—and note that he expected one day there would be a ‘true’ genealogical tree for plants. This view fuelled the field of plant phylogenetics. With perhaps nearly 400 000 species, the angiosperms have diversified rapidly since their origin in the Early Cretaceous, often through what appear to be rapid radiations. We describe these evolutionary patterns, evaluate possible drivers of radiations, consider how new approaches to studies of diversification can contribute to our understanding of angiosperm diversity, and suggest new directions for further insight into plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S. Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ryan A. Folk
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Douglas E. Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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34
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Pérez-Barrales R, Abarca CA, Santos-Gally R, Schiestl FP, Arroyo J. The function of the floral corona in the pollination of a Mediterranean style dimorphic daffodil. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20 Suppl 1:118-127. [PMID: 29105981 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Narcissus papyraceus is a style dimorphic species with two floral forms, with anthers at similar height and stigmas above (long-styled L) and below (short-styled S) the anther level. The species is self-incompatible, but intra- and inter-morph compatible. Populations are either dimorphic (including both morphs) in the region of the Strait of Gibraltar, or L-monomorphic (with only L plants) in the inland of the Iberian Peninsula. This variation correlates with the most common floral visitors, being primarily long-tongued and short-tongued pollinators, respectively, a rare condition in Mediterranean plants. The maintenance of S-flowers relies on long-tongued insects, as only those deliver pollen to short-styled stigmas. Narcissus flowers present a long and narrow tube, at the bottom of which nectar accumulates, and a floral corona, which has been proposed as an important trait for the attraction of pollinators. Here we tested the importance of the corona on pollination of L and S flowers. We described UV reflectance patterns of the corona and tepals, and characterised VOCs in intact flowers and flowers with trimmed coronas. We also conducted a field experiment in the dimorphic and monomorphic region to estimate the importance of corona removal on seed production in stands with solitary plants and in groups to control for compatible pollen limitation. Reflectance was higher in the tepals than the corona, although both traits presented a reflectance peak around 450 nm wavelength. L- and S-flowers produced similar volatiles, regardless of the manipulation of the corona. Across dimorphic and monomorphic regions, S-flowers with the corona removed suffered a reduction in seed production of ca. 50%, while seed production remained similar in L flowers both with the corona intact and removed. Plants in solitary stands suffered a strong reduction in seed production, which was more pronounced in the monomorphic region. Our results suggest that the corona in Narcissus is more important for the pollination of S-flowers, which generally have lower seed production compared to L-flowers. Taken together, these results suggest that the floral corona indirectly plays an important role for maintenance of the polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pérez-Barrales
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - C A Abarca
- Unidad Lerma Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, México
| | - R Santos-Gally
- CONACYT-Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, Mexico City, México
| | - F P Schiestl
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J Arroyo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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35
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Gleiser G, Chybicki IJ, González-Martínez SC, Aizen MA. Phenological match drives pollen-mediated gene flow in a temporally dimorphic tree. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:93-100. [PMID: 29063726 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Variation in flowering phenology is common in natural populations, and is expected to be, together with inter-mate distance, an important driver of effective pollen dispersal. In populations composed of plants with temporally separated sexual phases (i.e. dichogamous or heterodichogamous populations), pollen-mediated gene flow is assumed to reflect phenological overlap between complementary sexual phases. In this study, we conducted paternity analyses to test this hypothesis in the temporally dimorphic tree Acer opalus. We performed spatially explicit analyses based on categorical and fractional paternity assignment, and included tree size, pair-wise genetic relatedness and morph type as additional predictors. Because differences between morphs in flowering phenology may also influence pollination distances, we modelled separate pollen dispersal kernels for the two morphs. Extended phenological overlap between male and female phases (mainly associated with inter-morph crosses) resulted in higher siring success after accounting for the effects of genetic relatedness, morph type and tree size, while reduced phenological overlap (mainly associated with intra-morph crosses) resulted in longer pollination distances achieved. Siring success also increased in larger trees. Mating patterns could not be predicted by phenology alone. However, as heterogeneity in flowering phenology was the single morph-specific predictor of siring success, it is expected to be key in maintaining the temporal dimorphism in A. opalus, by promoting not only a prevalent pattern of inter-morph mating, but also long-distance pollination resulting from intra-morph mating events.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gleiser
- Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Argentina
| | - I J Chybicki
- Department of Genetics, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | | | - M A Aizen
- Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Argentina
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36
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Harkess A, Leebens-Mack J. A Century of Sex Determination in Flowering Plants. J Hered 2016; 108:69-77. [PMID: 27974487 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esw060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved a diverse array of strategies for sexual reproduction, particularly through the modification of male and female organs at distinct points in development. The immense variation in sexual systems across the land plants provides a unique opportunity to study the genetic, epigenetic, phylogenetic, and ecological underpinnings of sex determination. Here, we reflect on more than a century of research into flowering plant sex determination, placing a particular focus on the foundational genetic and cytogenetic observations, experiments, and hypotheses. Building on the seminal work on the genetics of plant sex, modern comparative genomic analyses now allow us to address longstanding questions about sex determination and the origins of sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Harkess
- From the Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (Harkess and Leebens-Mack), Alex Harkess is now at the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis MO 63132.
| | - Jim Leebens-Mack
- From the Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (Harkess and Leebens-Mack), Alex Harkess is now at the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis MO 63132
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37
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Pereira MR, Dambros CS, Zartman CE. Prezygotic resource-allocation dynamics and reproductive trade-offs in Calymperaceae (Bryophyta). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:1838-1846. [PMID: 27765777 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Resource allocation is difficult to characterize in plants because of the challenges of quantifying gametes and propagules. We surveyed six sympatric, unisexual species in the family Calymperaceae (Bryophyta) to test for trade-offs in prezygotic sexual and asexual expression and density-dependent survivorship of female gametangia. METHODS We tallied gametangial and asexual propagule output for 1820 shoots from 17 populations of six species at monthly intervals during one year (2010-2011) in a central Amazonian forest. Generalized linear mixed models were used to test for trade-offs in sexual and asexual expression and density-dependent senescence probability of gametangia. Precipitation and microsite variables were also included in the model. KEY RESULTS For all species, sexual and asexual expression were positively correlated with mean monthly precipitation. Asexually expressing shoots produced significantly fewer gametangia than nonexpressing ones, and the probability of senescence increased with shoot density. Archegonium density per shoot was also consistently lower than the modeled optimum to maximize the number of receptive archegonia. CONCLUSIONS Trade-offs among reproductive strategies and positive density-dependent senescence of female gametangia suggest that prezygotic sexual and asexual expression come at a tangible investment. However, the apparently inefficient resource-allocation dynamics in the production of female gametangia makes the possible advantages of squandering such investments unclear. One possibility is that the study populations, like those of many dioicous mosses, are skewed toward expressing females with low sporophyte production, which would suggest that asexual reproduction predominates and upstages efficient resource allocation in prezygotic investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta R Pereira
- National Institute for Amazonian Research, Department of Biodiversity, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, CEP 69060-001, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Cristian S Dambros
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, 120A Marsh Life Sciences, 109 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | - Charles E Zartman
- National Institute for Amazonian Research, Department of Biodiversity, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, CEP 69060-001, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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38
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Ferreira QIX, Araújo FPD. Economia de pólen favorecida pela heteranteria em Desmocelis villosa (Melastomataceae). RODRIGUÉSIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860201667206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Resumo A heteranteria sempre despertou interesse quanto à sua funcionalidade. As flores de Desmocelis villosa (Melastomataceae), possuem estames dimorfos, sendo um grupo composto por cinco anteras amarelas e o outro por cinco anteras de cor púrpura. O presente estudo avaliou se a heteranteria promove divisão de trabalho nessa espécie. Foi realizado um experimento com remoção de anteras de cada tipo para se comparar a taxa de visitação por abelhas. Ao vibrar o conjunto de estames, as abelhas coletavam o pólen das anteras amarelas enquanto as de cor púrpura depositavam seu pólen na parte final do corpo das mesmas em uma posição próxima ao estigma favorecendo a polinização. Flores com anteras amarelas apresentaram maiores taxas de visitação que aquelas que tinham apenas anteras púrpuras. Nesta espécie a heteranteria se mostra como uma estratégia eficaz na economia do pólen utilizado com o serviço de polinização, pois embora os dois tipos de anteras apresentem alta porcentagem de grãos viáveis, as anteras amarelas apresentam significativamente menos grãos de pólen que as púrpuras, indicando que a planta estrategicamente reserva a maior parte do pólen para a reprodução sexuada.
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Paudel BR, Shrestha M, Dyer AG, Zhu X, Abdusalam A, Li Q. Out of Africa: evidence of the obligate mutualism between long corolla tubed plant and long-tongued fly in the Himalayas. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:5240-5251. [PMID: 30151127 PMCID: PMC6102519 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutualism between long corolla tubed plants and their potential pollinators, long-tongued flies, is a classic example of coevolution, but to date, has only been reported from the regions of southern Africa. Many plant species from the Himalayas also show botanical characteristics that could be consistent with pollination by long-tongued flies. Here, we seek the evidence of the "long-tongued-long tubed fly/flower" mutualism out of Africa, in a different continent and climatic region, the Himalayas.Floral traits of Himalayan region endemic alpine genus, Roscoea, indicate possible mutualism with long-tongued flies for pollination success; however, effective pollinators of this genus are yet unknown. This study investigates whether long-tongued flies and Roscoea purpurea in Nepal Himalayas show exclusive mutualism for their survival/reproduction.We made extensive observations of floral visitors of R. purpurea and food source of Philoliche longirostris across their wide ranges of populations in Nepal Himalayas for three consecutive years (2012-2014). To confirm the obligate reliance of R. purpurea upon P. longirostris for pollination success, manipulated pollination experiments were conducted at two populations for 2 years. Similarly foraging behavior, visitation frequency, and pollination efficiency of P. longirostris were assessed at two populations for 2 years, and its contribution for the reproductive success of R. purpurea was evaluated. Our results indicate that R. purpurea is self-compatible but lacks autonomous selfing and obligatorily relies on P. longirostris for reproductive success. Across all populations, P. longirostris was observed as an exclusive and highly efficient pollinator of R. purpurea, while P. longirostris exclusively depends up on R. purpurea for food source.Out of Africa, this study provides the first evidence of long-tongued fly pollination system and indicates the possibility of additional instances of such a rare phenomenon in the Himalayas. Finding of specialized pollinator of Roscoea only at its evolutionary center indicates that Roscoea species are originally pollinated by long-tongued flies. Spatial mismatch with specialized pollinators may have induced the evolution of autonomous selfing in North Indochinese clades of Roscoea. This finding thus substantiates how geographic disjunction causes the shifting of pollination mechanism in closely related plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu Ram Paudel
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest EcologyXishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglun TownMengla CountyYunnan666303China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100039China
- Tribhuwan UniversityDepartment of BotanyPrithvi Narayan CampusPokharaNepal
| | - Mani Shrestha
- School of Media and CommunicationRMIT UniversityMelbourneVictoria3001Australia
- Faculty of Information TechnologyMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoria3800Australia
| | - Adrian G. Dyer
- School of Media and CommunicationRMIT UniversityMelbourneVictoria3001Australia
- Department of PhysiologyMonash UniversityClaytonMelbourneVictoria3800Australia
| | - Xing‐Fu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest EcologyXishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglun TownMengla CountyYunnan666303China
| | - Aysajan Abdusalam
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest EcologyXishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglun TownMengla CountyYunnan666303China
| | - Qing‐Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest EcologyXishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglun TownMengla CountyYunnan666303China
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Cocker JM, Webster MA, Li J, Wright J, Kaithakottil G, Swarbreck D, Gilmartin PM. Oakleaf: an S locus-linked mutation of Primula vulgaris that affects leaf and flower development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:149-61. [PMID: 25856106 PMCID: PMC4973830 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In Primula vulgaris outcrossing is promoted through reciprocal herkogamy with insect-mediated cross-pollination between pin and thrum form flowers. Development of heteromorphic flowers is coordinated by genes at the S locus. To underpin construction of a genetic map facilitating isolation of these S locus genes, we have characterised Oakleaf, a novel S locus-linked mutant phenotype. We combine phenotypic observation of flower and leaf development, with classical genetic analysis and next-generation sequencing to address the molecular basis of Oakleaf. Oakleaf is a dominant mutation that affects both leaf and flower development; plants produce distinctive lobed leaves, with occasional ectopic meristems on the veins. This phenotype is reminiscent of overexpression of Class I KNOX-homeodomain transcription factors. We describe the structure and expression of all eight P. vulgaris PvKNOX genes in both wild-type and Oakleaf plants, and present comparative transcriptome analysis of leaves and flowers from Oakleaf and wild-type plants. Oakleaf provides a new phenotypic marker for genetic analysis of the Primula S locus. We show that none of the Class I PvKNOX genes are strongly upregulated in Oakleaf leaves and flowers, and identify cohorts of 507 upregulated and 314 downregulated genes in the Oakleaf mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Cocker
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Margaret A. Webster
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Jinhong Li
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Jonathan Wright
- The Genome Analysis CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | | | - David Swarbreck
- The Genome Analysis CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Philip M. Gilmartin
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
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Li J, Webster MA, Wright J, Cocker JM, Smith MC, Badakshi F, Heslop‐Harrison P, Gilmartin PM. Integration of genetic and physical maps of the Primula vulgaris S locus and localization by chromosome in situ hybridization. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:137-48. [PMID: 25865367 PMCID: PMC6680154 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Heteromorphic flower development in Primula is controlled by the S locus. The S locus genes, which control anther position, pistil length and pollen size in pin and thrum flowers, have not yet been characterized. We have integrated S-linked genes, marker sequences and mutant phenotypes to create a map of the P. vulgaris S locus region that will facilitate the identification of key S locus genes. We have generated, sequenced and annotated BAC sequences spanning the S locus, and identified its chromosomal location. We have employed a combination of classical genetics and three-point crosses with molecular genetic analysis of recombinants to generate the map. We have characterized this region by Illumina sequencing and bioinformatic analysis, together with chromosome in situ hybridization. We present an integrated genetic and physical map across the P. vulgaris S locus flanked by phenotypic and DNA sequence markers. BAC contigs encompass a 1.5-Mb genomic region with 1 Mb of sequence containing 82 S-linked genes anchored to overlapping BACs. The S locus is located close to the centromere of the largest metacentric chromosome pair. These data will facilitate the identification of the genes that orchestrate heterostyly in Primula and enable evolutionary analyses of the S locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Li
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Margaret A. Webster
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Jonathan Wright
- The Genome Analysis CentreNorwich, Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Jonathan M. Cocker
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Matthew C. Smith
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- School of Biological SciencesDurham UniversityDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Farah Badakshi
- Department of BiologyUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterLE1 7RHUK
| | | | - Philip M. Gilmartin
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
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Gilmartin PM. On the origins of observations of heterostyly in Primula. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:39-51. [PMID: 26255981 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In 1862, Charles Darwin published his landmark study on the different forms of flower in Primula; he coined the term distyly and subsequently expanded his studies to other species, including those with tristyly. Darwin is widely recognized as the first to study pin and thrum flowers in Primula, and to provide an explanation for the functional significance of the two floral morphs. Our laboratory is pursuing the genes that underpin floral heteromorphy in Primula, work influenced by Darwin's observations. One day, while appreciating a print of Primula vulgaris from William Curtis' Flora Londinensis, I was struck by the fact that I was looking at images of dimorphic Primula flowers captured in a late-1700s copper-plate engraving that predated Darwin's observations by over 70 yr. This realization triggered a journey into archives of botanical texts, herbals and florilegia from the 16(th) to 19(th) Centuries, and correspondence archives, in search of earlier documents that could have influenced Darwin and the origins of an idea. Darwin was not the first to observe floral heteromorphy in Primula, but he was the first to realize the significance of the two floral morphs. Darwin's insight and exposition of purpose have underpinned all consequent work on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Gilmartin
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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Watanabe K, Sugawara T. Is heterostyly rare on oceanic islands? AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv087. [PMID: 26199401 PMCID: PMC4570599 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Heterostyly has been considered rare or absent on oceanic islands. However, there has been no comprehensive review on this issue. Is heterostyly truly rare on oceanic islands? What makes heterostyly rare on such islands? To answer these questions, we review the reproductive studies on heterostyly on oceanic islands, with special emphasis on the heterostylous genus Psychotria in the Pacific Ocean as a model system. Overall, not many reproductive studies have been performed on heterostylous species on oceanic islands. In Hawaiian Psychotria, all 11 species are thought to have evolved dioecy from distyly. In the West Pacific, three species on the oceanic Bonin and Lanyu Islands are distylous (Psychotria homalosperma, P. boninensis and P. cephalophora), whereas three species on the continental Ryukyu Islands show various breeding systems, such as distyly (P. serpens), dioecy (P. rubra) and monoecy (P. manillensis). On some other Pacific oceanic islands, possibilities of monomorphy have been reported. For many Psychotria species, breeding systems are unknown, although recent studies indicate that heterostylous species may occur on some oceanic islands. A shift from heterostyly to other sexual systems may occur on some oceanic islands. This tendency may also contribute to the rarity of heterostyly, in addition to the difficulty in colonization/autochthonous evolution of heterostylous species on oceanic islands. Further investigation of reproductive systems of Psychotria on oceanic islands using robust phylogenetic frameworks would provide new insights into plant reproduction on oceanic islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Watanabe
- Okinawa College, National Institute of Technology, 905 Henoko, Nago, Okinawa 905-2192, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugawara
- Makino Herbarium, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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Almeida NM, Cotarelli VM, Souza DP, Novo RR, Siqueira Filho JA, Oliveira PE, Castro CC. Enantiostylous types of Cassiinae species (Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:740-745. [PMID: 25363754 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Species of the subtribe Cassiinae present a wide diversity of floral types. Until recently it was considered that this diversity did not extend to their reproductive mechanisms. However, studies have recorded some variations in the enantiostylous pattern in this plant group. This study aims to investigate the morphological and functional variations of enantiostyly in species of the subtribe Cassiinae. Additionally, it proposes the recognition of enantiostylous types (ET) based on pollen deposition and capture mode. Morphological data were collected in fresh and fixed (alcohol 70%) buds and flowers, and also using photos and rehydrated material from herbarium sheets, for a total of 59 species. The parameters used to establish the ETs were pollination type, nature of pollen deposition on the pollinator body, deposition type, number of petals involved in pollen deposition, and pollen pathway. Morpho-functional features allowed the recognition of seven enantiostylous types (Flexuosa, Cana, Macranthera, Martiana, Amiciella, Repens and Ramosa) that present several levels of complexity. The type Ramosa was the most common and the Cana type was the least common. The types Repens, Martiana and Flexuosa do not have reciprocal pollen deposition, thus species with these types may be considered atypical. The groups resulting from similarity analysis partially coincide with the clades proposed in phylogenetic studies of Cassiinae. The recognition of functional ETs is important for understanding the evolution of reproductive strategies of Cassiinae species, and indicates an interesting line of investigation of enantiostyly in other plant groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Tedder A, Helling M, Pannell JR, Shimizu-Inatsugi R, Kawagoe T, van Campen J, Sese J, Shimizu KK. Female sterility associated with increased clonal propagation suggests a unique combination of androdioecy and asexual reproduction in populations of Cardamine amara (Brassicaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:763-76. [PMID: 25776435 PMCID: PMC4373288 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The coexistence of hermaphrodites and female-sterile individuals, or androdioecy, has been documented in only a handful of plants and animals. This study reports its existence in the plant species Cardamine amara (Brassicaceae), in which female-sterile individuals have shorter pistils than seed-producing hermaphrodites. METHODS Morphological analysis, in situ manual pollination, microsatellite genotyping and differential gene expression analysis using Arabidopsis microarrays were used to delimit variation between female-sterile individuals and hermaphrodites. KEY RESULTS Female sterility in C. amara appears to be caused by disrupted ovule development. It was associated with a 2.4- to 2.9-fold increase in clonal propagation. This made the pollen number of female-sterile genets more than double that of hermaphrodite genets, which fulfils a condition of co-existence predicted by simple androdioecy theories. When female-sterile individuals were observed in wild androdioecious populations, their ramet frequencies ranged from 5 to 54 %; however, their genet frequencies ranged from 11 to 29 %, which is consistent with the theoretically predicted upper limit of 50 %. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that a combination of sexual reproduction and increased asexual proliferation by female-sterile individuals probably explains the invasion and maintenance of female sterility in otherwise hermaphroditic populations. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the coexistence of female sterility and hermaphrodites in the Brassicaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tedder
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Switzerland, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland, Center for Ecological Research (CER), Kyoto University, 2-509-3, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan and Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan
| | - Matthias Helling
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Switzerland, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland, Center for Ecological Research (CER), Kyoto University, 2-509-3, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan and Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan
| | - John R Pannell
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Switzerland, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland, Center for Ecological Research (CER), Kyoto University, 2-509-3, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan and Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan
| | - Rie Shimizu-Inatsugi
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Switzerland, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland, Center for Ecological Research (CER), Kyoto University, 2-509-3, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan and Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Kawagoe
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Switzerland, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland, Center for Ecological Research (CER), Kyoto University, 2-509-3, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan and Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Switzerland, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland, Center for Ecological Research (CER), Kyoto University, 2-509-3, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan and Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan
| | - Julia van Campen
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Switzerland, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland, Center for Ecological Research (CER), Kyoto University, 2-509-3, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan and Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan
| | - Jun Sese
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Switzerland, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland, Center for Ecological Research (CER), Kyoto University, 2-509-3, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan and Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan
| | - Kentaro K Shimizu
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Switzerland, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland, Center for Ecological Research (CER), Kyoto University, 2-509-3, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan and Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan
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Anderson GJ, Anderson MKJ, Patel N. The ecology, evolution, and biogeography of dioecy in the genus Solanum: with paradigms from the strong dioecy in Solanum polygamum, to the unsuspected and cryptic dioecy in Solanum conocarpum. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:471-486. [PMID: 25784480 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY Island plants are over-exploited and "under-explored." Understanding the reproductive biology of plants, especially rare species, is fundamental to clarifying their evolution, estimating potential for change, and for creating effective conservation plans. Clarification of sexual systems like dioecy, and unusual manifestations of it in specific studies within Solanum, helps elucidate evolutionary patterns and genetic and ecological control of sex expression.• METHODS Studies of reproductive systems of two Caribbean endemics, S. polygamum and S. conocarpum, combined multifaceted analyses of field populations and of multiple generations of greenhouse plants.• KEY RESULTS The dioecy in both species is, like that in other solanums, largely cryptic, although the gender of S. polygamum flowers is obvious. The rare S. conocarpum is recognized as dioecious; floral gender is not obvious. Variation in sex expression facilitated experiments and promoted hypotheses on control and significance of morphological features and sex expression.• CONCLUSIONS Confirmed dioecy in at least 15 solanums is distributed across the genus, with perhaps 6 independent origins, and with crypticity in the form of morphologically hermaphroditic, but functionally unisexual, flowers characterizing all species. Dioecy is not more strongly associated with islands. Inaperturate pollen in pistillate flowers characterizes almost all, but not the two dioecious species studied herein. Dioecy in both species indicates leakiness (rare hermaphroditic flowers on male plants) that helps explain island colonization and radiation. Leakiness allowed confirmation-usually impossible for dioecious species-of self-compatibility for S. polygamum, and thus support for the hypothesis that dioecy evolved to promote outcrossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Anderson
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268-3043 USA
| | - Mona K J Anderson
- Linguistics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268-1145 USA
| | - Nikisha Patel
- Nikisha Patel, Department of Plant Biology, 111 Jeffords Hall, 63 Carrigan Drive, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405 USA
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Rhizopoulou S, Pantazi H. Constraints on floral water status of successively blossoming Mediterranean plants under natural conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/12538078.2014.991753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Talebi SM, Farahani F, Sheidai M, Noormohammadi Z. Características palinológicas de las subspecies de <em>Linum mucronatum</em> Bertol. con heterostilia. COLLECTANEA BOTANICA 2014. [DOI: 10.3989/collectbot.2013.v33.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Linum mucronatum es una especie con heterostilia, que pertenece a la sección Syllinum del género Linum, y tiene cuatro subespecies en Irán. En el presente estudio se examinan las características palinológicas de las subespecies heterostilas de Linum mucronatum Bertol., así como los caracteres polínicos de individuos de los morfos brevistilo (pin) y longistilo (thrum) de estas plantas, mediante microscopía electrónica de scanning y microscopía óptica usando el método de acetolisis prolongada. Se estudiaron un total de 16 caracteres cualitativos y cuantitativos. La forma ecuatorial del polen varía entre los morfos pin y thrum en todas las subspecies, excepto en L. mucronatum subsp. assyriacum. La ornamentación también varía entre las muestras de morfos pin y thrum de cada subespecie, en los que se puede observar polen gemado, clavado y baculado. En algunos caracteres palinológicos cuantitativos, se encontraron también diferencias entre morfos y el test de ANOVA muestra que son significativas en cuanto a la longitud ecuatorial, la anchura de los colpos y el diámetro del apocolpio. Los individuos heterostilos de cada susbespecie aparecen separados en el árbol UPGMA y también en los gráficos de PCO y PCA. Este estudio confirma las diferencias en las características del polen entre individuos pin y thrum de cada una de las subespecies.
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Dufay M, Champelovier P, Käfer J, Henry JP, Mousset S, Marais GAB. An angiosperm-wide analysis of the gynodioecy-dioecy pathway. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:539-48. [PMID: 25091207 PMCID: PMC4204665 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS About 6 % of an estimated total of 240 000 species of angiosperms are dioecious. The main precursors of this sexual system are thought to be monoecy and gynodioecy. A previous angiosperm-wide study revealed that many dioecious species have evolved through the monoecy pathway; some case studies and a large body of theoretical research also provide evidence in support of the gynodioecy pathway. If plants have evolved through the gynodioecy pathway, gynodioecious and dioecious species should co-occur in the same genera. However, to date, no large-scale analysis has been conducted to determine the prevalence of the gynodioecy pathway in angiosperms. In this study, this gap in knowledge was addressed by performing an angiosperm-wide survey in order to test for co-occurrence as evidence of the gynodioecy pathway. METHODS Data from different sources were compiled to obtain (to our knowledge) the largest dataset on gynodioecy available, with 275 genera that include at least one gynodioecious species. This dataset was combined with a dioecy dataset from the literature, and a study was made of how often dioecious and gynodioecious species could be found in the same genera using a contingency table framework. KEY RESULTS It was found that, overall, angiosperm genera with both gynodioecious and dioecious species occur more frequently than expected, in agreement with the gynodioecy pathway. Importantly, this trend holds when studying different classes separately (or sub-classes, orders and families), suggesting that the gynodioecy pathway is not restricted to a few taxa but may instead be widespread in angiosperms. CONCLUSIONS This work complements that previously carried out on the monoecy pathway and suggests that gynodioecy is also a common pathway in angiosperms. The results also identify angiosperm families where some (or all) dioecious species may have evolved from gynodioecious precursors. These families could be the targets of future small-scale studies on transitions to dioecy taking phylogeny explicitly into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dufay
- Université de Lille 1, Laboratoire Génétique et Evolution des Populations Végétales, UMR CNRS 8198, Villeneuve d'Ascq, F-59655 Cedex, France
| | - P Champelovier
- Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne, F-69622 Cedex, France
| | - J Käfer
- Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne, F-69622 Cedex, France
| | - J P Henry
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Département de Systématique et Évolution Botanique, CP39, 12, rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - S Mousset
- Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne, F-69622 Cedex, France
| | - G A B Marais
- Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne, F-69622 Cedex, France
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50
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Weber RW. Aeroallergen botany. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014; 112:102-7. [PMID: 24468248 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Weber
- National Jewish Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado.
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