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Wylie KP, Vu T, Legget KT, Tregellas JR. Hierarchical Principal Components for Data-Driven Multiresolution fMRI Analyses. Brain Sci 2024; 14:325. [PMID: 38671978 PMCID: PMC11048444 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14040325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the organization of neural processing is a fundamental goal of neuroscience. Recent work suggests that these systems are organized as a multiscale hierarchy, with increasingly specialized subsystems nested inside general processing systems. Current neuroimaging methods, such as independent component analysis (ICA), cannot fully capture this hierarchy since they are limited to a single spatial scale. In this manuscript, we introduce multiresolution hierarchical principal components analysis (hPCA) and compare it to ICA using simulated fMRI datasets. Furthermore, we describe a parametric statistical filtering method developed to focus analyses on biologically relevant features. Lastly, we apply hPCA to the Human Connectome Project (HCP) to demonstrate its ability to estimate a hierarchy from real fMRI data. hPCA accurately estimated spatial maps and time series from networks with diverse hierarchical structures. Simulated hierarchies varied in the degree of branching, such as two-way or three-way subdivisions, and the total number of levels, with varying equal or unequal subdivision sizes at each branch. In each case, as well as in the HCP, hPCA was able to reconstruct a known hierarchy of networks. Our results suggest that hPCA can facilitate more detailed and comprehensive analyses of the brain's network of networks and the multiscale regional specializations underlying neural processing and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korey P. Wylie
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.T.L.); (J.R.T.)
| | - Thao Vu
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kristina T. Legget
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.T.L.); (J.R.T.)
- Research Service, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jason R. Tregellas
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.T.L.); (J.R.T.)
- Research Service, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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2
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De Benedictis A, Rossi-Espagnet MC, de Palma L, Sarubbo S, Marras CE. Structural networking of the developing brain: from maturation to neurosurgical implications. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:1242757. [PMID: 38099209 PMCID: PMC10719860 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1242757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern neuroscience agrees that neurological processing emerges from the multimodal interaction among multiple cortical and subcortical neuronal hubs, connected at short and long distance by white matter, to form a largely integrated and dynamic network, called the brain "connectome." The final architecture of these circuits results from a complex, continuous, and highly protracted development process of several axonal pathways that constitute the anatomical substrate of neuronal interactions. Awareness of the network organization of the central nervous system is crucial not only to understand the basis of children's neurological development, but also it may be of special interest to improve the quality of neurosurgical treatments of many pediatric diseases. Although there are a flourishing number of neuroimaging studies of the connectome, a comprehensive vision linking this research to neurosurgical practice is still lacking in the current pediatric literature. The goal of this review is to contribute to bridging this gap. In the first part, we summarize the main current knowledge concerning brain network maturation and its involvement in different aspects of normal neurocognitive development as well as in the pathophysiology of specific diseases. The final section is devoted to identifying possible implications of this knowledge in the neurosurgical field, especially in epilepsy and tumor surgery, and to discuss promising perspectives for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luca de Palma
- Clinical and Experimental Neurology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvio Sarubbo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Santa Chiara Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari (APSS), Trento, Italy
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3
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Guyonnet-Hencke T, Reimann MW. A parcellation scheme of mouse isocortex based on reversals in connectivity gradients. Netw Neurosci 2023; 7:999-1021. [PMID: 37781146 PMCID: PMC10473268 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is composed of several anatomically clearly separated structures. This parcellation is often extended into the isocortex, based on anatomical, physiological, or functional differences. Here, we derive a parcellation scheme based purely on the spatial structure of long-range synaptic connections within the cortex. To that end, we analyzed a publicly available dataset of average mouse brain connectivity, and split the isocortex into disjunct regions. Instead of clustering connectivity based on modularity, our scheme is inspired by methods that split sensory cortices into subregions where gradients of neuronal response properties, such as the location of the receptive field, reverse. We calculated comparable gradients from voxelized brain connectivity data and automatically detected reversals in them. This approach better respects the known presence of functional gradients within brain regions than clustering-based approaches. Placing borders at the reversals resulted in a parcellation into 41 subregions that differs significantly from an established scheme in nonrandom ways, but is comparable in terms of the modularity of connectivity between regions. It reveals unexpected trends of connectivity, such as a tripartite split of somatomotor regions along an anterior to posterior gradient. The method can be readily adapted to other organisms and data sources, such as human functional connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothé Guyonnet-Hencke
- Blue Brain Project, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael W. Reimann
- Blue Brain Project, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
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4
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Agnati LF, Guidolin D, Cervetto C, Maura G, Marcoli M. Brain Structure and Function: Insights from Chemical Neuroanatomy. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040940. [PMID: 37109469 PMCID: PMC10142941 DOI: 10.3390/life13040940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a brief historical and epistemological outline of investigations on the brain’s structure and functions. These investigations have mainly been based on the intermingling of chemical anatomy, new techniques in the field of microscopy and computer-assisted morphometric methods. This intermingling has enabled extraordinary investigations to be carried out on brain circuits, leading to the development of a new discipline: “brain connectomics”. This new approach has led to the characterization of the brain’s structure and function in physiological and pathological conditions, and to the development of new therapeutic strategies. In this context, the conceptual model of the brain as a hyper-network with a hierarchical, nested architecture, arranged in a “Russian doll” pattern, has been proposed. Our investigations focused on the main characteristics of the modes of communication between nodes at the various miniaturization levels, in order to describe the brain’s integrative actions. Special attention was paid to the nano-level, i.e., to the allosteric interactions among G protein-coupled receptors organized in receptor mosaics, as a promising field in which to obtain a new view of synaptic plasticity and to develop new, more selective drugs. The brain’s multi-level organization and the multi-faceted aspects of communication modes point to an emerging picture of the brain as a very peculiar system, in which continuous self-organization and remodeling take place under the action of external stimuli from the environment, from peripheral organs and from ongoing integrative actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi F. Agnati
- Department of Biochemical, Metabolic Sciences and Neuroscience, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Cervetto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, 16148 Genova, Italy
- Center for Promotion of 3Rs in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, 16148 Genova, Italy
- Center for Promotion of 3Rs in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
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5
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John YJ, Sawyer KS, Srinivasan K, Müller EJ, Munn BR, Shine JM. It's about time: Linking dynamical systems with human neuroimaging to understand the brain. Netw Neurosci 2022; 6:960-979. [PMID: 36875012 PMCID: PMC9976648 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Most human neuroscience research to date has focused on statistical approaches that describe stationary patterns of localized neural activity or blood flow. While these patterns are often interpreted in light of dynamic, information-processing concepts, the static, local, and inferential nature of the statistical approach makes it challenging to directly link neuroimaging results to plausible underlying neural mechanisms. Here, we argue that dynamical systems theory provides the crucial mechanistic framework for characterizing both the brain's time-varying quality and its partial stability in the face of perturbations, and hence, that this perspective can have a profound impact on the interpretation of human neuroimaging results and their relationship with behavior. After briefly reviewing some key terminology, we identify three key ways in which neuroimaging analyses can embrace a dynamical systems perspective: by shifting from a local to a more global perspective, by focusing on dynamics instead of static snapshots of neural activity, and by embracing modeling approaches that map neural dynamics using "forward" models. Through this approach, we envisage ample opportunities for neuroimaging researchers to enrich their understanding of the dynamic neural mechanisms that support a wide array of brain functions, both in health and in the setting of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan J. John
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kayle S. Sawyer
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Sawyer Scientific, LLC, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karthik Srinivasan
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eli J. Müller
- Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brandon R. Munn
- Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James M. Shine
- Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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6
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Fanton S, Altawil R, Ellerbrock I, Lampa J, Kosek E, Fransson P, Thompson WH. Multiple spatial scale mapping of time-resolved brain network reconfiguration during evoked pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:942136. [PMID: 36017179 PMCID: PMC9397124 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.942136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional brain networks and the perception of pain can fluctuate over time. However, how the time-dependent reconfiguration of functional brain networks contributes to chronic pain remains largely unexplained. Here, we explored time-varying changes in brain network integration and segregation during pain over a disease-affected area (joint) compared to a neutral site (thumbnail) in 28 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in comparison with 22 healthy controls (HC). During functional magnetic resonance imaging, all subjects received individually calibrated pain pressures corresponding to visual analog scale 50 mm at joint and thumbnail. We implemented a novel approach to track changes of task-based network connectivity over time. Within this framework, we quantified measures of integration (participation coefficient, PC) and segregation (within-module degree z-score). Using these network measures at multiple spatial scales, both at the level of single nodes (brain regions) and communities (clusters of nodes), we found that PC at the community level was generally higher in RA patients compared to HC during and after painful pressure over the inflamed joint and corresponding site in HC. This shows that all brain communities integrate more in RA patients than in HC for time points following painful stimulation to a disease-relevant body site. However, the elevated community-related integration seen in patients appeared to not pertain uniquely to painful stimulation at the inflamed joint, but also at the neutral thumbnail, as integration and segregation at the community level did not differ across body sites in patients. Moreover, there was no specific nodal contribution to brain network integration or segregation. Altogether, our findings indicate widespread and persistent changes in network interaction in RA patients compared to HC in response to painful stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fanton
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Silvia Fanton,
| | - Reem Altawil
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isabel Ellerbrock
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon Lampa
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Kosek
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Fransson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William H. Thompson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Cognition and Communication, Department of Applied IT, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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7
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Bechtel W. Reductionistic Explanations of Cognitive Information Processing: Bottoming Out in Neurochemistry. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:944303. [PMID: 35859708 PMCID: PMC9292585 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.944303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A common motivation for engaging in reductionistic research is to ground explanations in the most basic processes operative in the mechanism responsible for the phenomenon to be explained. I argue for a different motivation—directing inquiry to the level of organization at which the components of a mechanism enable the work that results in the phenomenon. In the context of reductionistic accounts of cognitive information processing I argue that this requires going down to a level that is largely overlooked in these discussions, that of chemistry. In discussions of cognitive information processing, the brain is often viewed as essentially an electrical switching system and many theorists treat electrical switching as the level at which mechanistic explanations should bottom out. I argue, drawing on examples of peptidergic and monoaminergic neurons, that how information is processed is determined by the specific chemical reactions occurring in individual neurons. Accordingly, mechanistic explanations of cognitive information processing need to take into account the chemical reactions involved.
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8
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Marrelec G, Giron A. Automated Extraction of Mutual Independence Patterns Using Bayesian Comparison of Partition Models. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE 2021; 43:2299-2313. [PMID: 31985405 DOI: 10.1109/tpami.2020.2968065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mutual independence is a key concept in statistics that characterizes the structural relationships between variables. Existing methods to investigate mutual independence rely on the definition of two competing models, one being nested into the other and used to generate a null distribution for a statistic of interest, usually under the asymptotic assumption of large sample size. As such, these methods have a very restricted scope of application. In this article, we propose to change the investigation of mutual independence from a hypothesis-driven task that can only be applied in very specific cases to a blind and automated search within patterns of mutual independence. To this end, we treat the issue as one of model comparison that we solve in a Bayesian framework. We show the relationship between such an approach and existing methods in the case of multivariate normal distributions as well as cross-classified multinomial distributions. We propose a general Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm to numerically approximate the posterior distribution on the space of all patterns of mutual independence. The relevance of the method is demonstrated on synthetic data as well as two real datasets, showing the unique insight provided by this approach.
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9
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Wylie KP, Kronberg E, Legget KT, Sutton B, Tregellas JR. Stable Meta-Networks, Noise, and Artifacts in the Human Connectome: Low- to High-Dimensional Independent Components Analysis as a Hierarchy of Intrinsic Connectivity Networks. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:625737. [PMID: 34025337 PMCID: PMC8134552 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.625737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Connectivity within the human connectome occurs between multiple neuronal systems-at small to very large spatial scales. Independent component analysis (ICA) is potentially a powerful tool to facilitate multi-scale analyses. However, ICA has yet to be fully evaluated at very low (10 or fewer) and ultra-high dimensionalities (200 or greater). The current investigation used data from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) to determine the following: (1) if larger networks, or meta-networks, are present at low dimensionality, (2) if nuisance sources increase with dimensionality, and (3) if ICA is prone to overfitting. Using bootstrap ICA, results suggested that, at very low dimensionality, ICA spatial maps consisted of Visual/Attention and Default/Control meta-networks. At fewer than 10 components, well-known networks such as the Somatomotor Network were absent from results. At high dimensionality, nuisance sources were present even in denoised high-quality data but were identifiable by correlation with tissue probability maps. Artifactual overfitting occurred to a minor degree at high dimensionalities. Basic summary statistics on spatial maps (maximum cluster size, maximum component weight, and average weight outside of maximum cluster) quickly and easily separated artifacts from gray matter sources. Lastly, by using weighted averages of bootstrap stability, even ultra-high dimensional ICA resulted in highly reproducible spatial maps. These results demonstrate how ICA can be applied in multi-scale analyses, reliably and accurately reproducing the hierarchy of meta-networks, large-scale networks, and subnetworks, thereby characterizing cortical connectivity across multiple spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korey P. Wylie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Eugene Kronberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kristina T. Legget
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Research Service, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Brianne Sutton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jason R. Tregellas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Research Service, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
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The contribution of mamillary body damage to Wernicke's encephalopathy and Korsakoff's syndrome. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 180:455-475. [PMID: 34225949 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820107-7.00029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Histopathological alterations of the mamillary bodies are the most conspicuous and the most consistent neuropathological features of several disorders that occur after severe thiamine deficiency, such as Wernicke's encephalopathy and Korsakoff's syndrome. Moreover, they are among the few abnormalities that are visible to the naked eye in these disorders. With a lifetime prevalence of approximately 1.3%, Wernicke's encephalopathy is by far the most frequent cause of damage to the mamillary bodies in humans. Still, there is a persisting uncertainty with regard to the development and the clinical consequences of this damage, because it is virtually impossible to study in isolation. As a rule, it always occurs alongside neuropathology in other subcortical gray matter structures, notably the medial thalamus. Converging evidence from other pathologies and animal experiments is needed to assess the clinical impact of mamillary body damage and to determine which functions can be attributed to these structures in healthy subjects. In this chapter, we describe the history and the current state of knowledge with regard to thiamine deficiency disorders and the contribution of mamillary body damage to their clinical presentations.
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11
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Cruces-Solis H, Nissen W, Ferger B, Arban R. Whole-brain signatures of functional connectivity after bidirectional modulation of the dopaminergic system in mice. Neuropharmacology 2020; 178:108246. [PMID: 32771528 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
While neuropsychiatric drugs influence neural activity across multiple brain regions, the current understanding of their mechanism of action derives from studies that investigate an influence of a given drug onto a pre-selected and small number of brain regions. To understand how neuropsychiatric drugs affect coordinated activity across brain regions and to detect the brain regions most relevant to pharmacological action in an unbiased way, studies that assess brain-wide neuronal activity are paramount. Here, we used whole-brain immunostaining of the neuronal activity marker cFOS, and graph theory to generate brain-wide maps of neuronal activity upon pharmacological challenges. We generated brain-wide maps 2.5 h after treatment of the atypical dopamine transporter inhibitor modafinil (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg) or the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 inhibitor tetrabenazine (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg). Modafinil increased the number of cFOS positive neurons in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, modafinil significantly reduced functional connectivity across the entire brain. Graph theory analysis revealed that modafinil decreased the node degree of cortical and subcortical regions at the three doses tested, followed by a reduction in global efficiency. Simultaneously, we identified highly interconnected hub regions that emerge exclusively upon modafinil treatment. These regions were the mediodorsal thalamus, periaqueductal gray, subiculum, and rhomboid nucleus. On the other hand, while tetrabenazine had mild effects on cFOS counts, it reduced functional connectivity across the entire brain, cortical node degree, and global efficiency. As hub regions, we identified the substantia innominata and ventral pallidum. Our results uncovered novel mechanisms of action at a brain-wide scale for modafinil and tetrabenazine. Our analytical approach offers a tool to characterize signatures of whole-brain functional connectivity for drug candidates and to identify potential undesired effects at a mesoscopic scale. Additionally, it offers a guide towards targeted experiments on newly identified hub regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Cruces-Solis
- Central Nervous System Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach Riß, Germany.
| | - Wiebke Nissen
- Central Nervous System Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach Riß, Germany
| | - Boris Ferger
- Central Nervous System Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach Riß, Germany
| | - Roberto Arban
- Central Nervous System Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach Riß, Germany.
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Open access resource for cellular-resolution analyses of corticocortical connectivity in the marmoset monkey. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1133. [PMID: 32111833 PMCID: PMC7048793 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14858-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the principles of neuronal connectivity requires tools for efficient quantification and visualization of large datasets. The primate cortex is particularly challenging due to its complex mosaic of areas, which in many cases lack clear boundaries. Here, we introduce a resource that allows exploration of results of 143 retrograde tracer injections in the marmoset neocortex. Data obtained in different animals are registered to a common stereotaxic space using an algorithm guided by expert delineation of histological borders, allowing accurate assignment of connections to areas despite interindividual variability. The resource incorporates tools for analyses relative to cytoarchitectural areas, including statistical properties such as the fraction of labeled neurons and the percentage of supragranular neurons. It also provides purely spatial (parcellation-free) data, based on the stereotaxic coordinates of 2 million labeled neurons. This resource helps bridge the gap between high-density cellular connectivity studies in rodents and imaging-based analyses of human brains. Understanding principles of neuronal connectivity requires tools for quantification and visualization of large datasets. Here, the authors introduce an online resource encompassing the coordinates of two million neurons labelled by tracer injections in the marmoset cortex, and analysis tools.
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13
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Beuter A, Balossier A, Vassal F, Hemm S, Volpert V. Cortical stimulation in aphasia following ischemic stroke: toward model-guided electrical neuromodulation. BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2020; 114:5-21. [PMID: 32020368 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-020-00818-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to integrate different bodies of research including brain traveling waves, brain neuromodulation, neural field modeling and post-stroke language disorders in order to explore the opportunity of implementing model-guided, cortical neuromodulation for the treatment of post-stroke aphasia. Worldwide according to WHO, strokes are the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability. In ischemic stroke, there is not enough blood supply to provide enough oxygen and nutrients to parts of the brain, while in hemorrhagic stroke, there is bleeding within the enclosed cranial cavity. The present paper focuses on ischemic stroke. We first review accumulating observations of traveling waves occurring spontaneously or triggered by external stimuli in healthy subjects as well as in patients with brain disorders. We examine the putative functions of these waves and focus on post-stroke aphasia observed when brain language networks become fragmented and/or partly silent, thus perturbing the progression of traveling waves across perilesional areas. Secondly, we focus on a simplified model based on the current literature in the field and describe cortical traveling wave dynamics and their modulation. This model uses a biophysically realistic integro-differential equation describing spatially distributed and synaptically coupled neural networks producing traveling wave solutions. The model is used to calculate wave parameters (speed, amplitude and/or frequency) and to guide the reconstruction of the perturbed wave. A stimulation term is included in the model to restore wave propagation to a reasonably good level. Thirdly, we examine various issues related to the implementation model-guided neuromodulation in the treatment of post-stroke aphasia given that closed-loop invasive brain stimulation studies have recently produced encouraging results. Finally, we suggest that modulating traveling waves by acting selectively and dynamically across space and time to facilitate wave propagation is a promising therapeutic strategy especially at a time when a new generation of closed-loop cortical stimulation systems is about to arrive on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Beuter
- Bordeaux INP, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Anne Balossier
- Service de neurochirurgie fonctionnelle et stéréotaxique, AP-HM La Timone, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - François Vassal
- INSERM U1028 Neuropain, UMR 5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences, Universités Lyon 1 et Saint-Etienne, Saint-Étienne, France
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Nord, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Simone Hemm
- School of Life Sciences, Institute for Medical Engineering and Medical Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Vitaly Volpert
- Institut Camille Jordan, UMR 5208 CNRS, University Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
- INRIA Team Dracula, INRIA Lyon La Doua, 69603, Villeurbanne, France
- People's Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, Russian Federation, 117198
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14
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Gil F, Padilla N, Soria-Pastor S, Setoain X, Boget T, Rumiá J, Roldán P, Reyes D, Bargalló N, Conde E, Pintor L, Vernet O, Manzanares I, Ådén U, Carreño M, Donaire A. Beyond the Epileptic Focus: Functional Epileptic Networks in Focal Epilepsy. Cereb Cortex 2019; 30:2338-2357. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Focal epilepsy can be conceptualized as a network disorder, and the functional epileptic network can be described as a complex system of multiple brain areas that interact dynamically to generate epileptic activity. However, we still do not fully understand the functional architecture of epileptic networks. We studied a cohort of 21 patients with extratemporal focal epilepsy. We used independent component analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. In order to identify the epilepsy-related components, we examined the general linear model-derived electroencephalography-fMRI (EEG–fMRI) time courses associated with interictal epileptic activity as intrinsic hemodynamic epileptic biomarkers. Independent component analysis revealed components related to the epileptic time courses in all 21 patients. Each epilepsy-related component described a network of spatially distributed brain areas that corresponded to the specific epileptic network in each patient. We also provided evidence for the interaction between the epileptic activity generated at the epileptic network and the physiological resting state networks. Our findings suggest that independent component analysis, guided by EEG–fMRI epileptic time courses, have the potential to define the functional architecture of the epileptic network in a noninvasive way. These data could be useful in planning invasive EEG electrode placement, guiding surgical resections, and more effective therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gil
- Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Neuroscience Institute, CP 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nelly Padilla
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Soria-Pastor
- Department of Psychiatry, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Hospital of Mataro, CP 08304, Mataro, Spain
| | - Xavier Setoain
- Epilepsy Program, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Clínic, CDIC, CP 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, CP 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), University of Barcelona, CP 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Boget
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, CP 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Epilepsy Program, Department of Neuropsychology, Hospital Clínic, Neuroscience Institute, CP 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Rumiá
- Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Clínic, Neuroscience Institute, CP 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Roldán
- Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Clínic, Neuroscience Institute, CP 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Reyes
- Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Neuroscience Institute, CP 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Bargalló
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, CP 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Epilepsy Program, Department of Radiology, Hospital Clínic, CDIC, CP 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estefanía Conde
- Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Neuroscience Institute, CP 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Pintor
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, CP 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Epilepsy Program, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clínic, CDIC, CP 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Vernet
- Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Neuroscience Institute, CP 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Manzanares
- Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Neuroscience Institute, CP 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ulrika Ådén
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mar Carreño
- Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Neuroscience Institute, CP 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, CP 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Donaire
- Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Neuroscience Institute, CP 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, CP 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), University of Barcelona, CP 08036, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Abstract
A defining aspect of brain organization is its spatial heterogeneity, which gives rise to multiple topographies at different scales. Brain parcellation - defining distinct partitions in the brain, be they areas or networks that comprise multiple discontinuous but closely interacting regions - is thus fundamental for understanding brain organization and function. The past decade has seen an explosion of in vivo MRI-based approaches to identify and parcellate the brain on the basis of a wealth of different features, ranging from local properties of brain tissue to long-range connectivity patterns, in addition to structural and functional markers. Given the high diversity of these various approaches, assessing the convergence and divergence among these ensuing maps is a challenge. Inter-individual variability adds to this challenge but also provides new opportunities when coupled with cross-species and developmental parcellation studies.
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16
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Nackaerts E, D'Cruz N, Dijkstra BW, Gilat M, Kramer T, Nieuwboer A. Towards understanding neural network signatures of motor skill learning in Parkinson's disease and healthy aging. Br J Radiol 2019; 92:20190071. [PMID: 30982328 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20190071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, neurorehabilitation has been shown to be an effective therapeutic supplement for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, patients still experience severe problems with the consolidation of learned motor skills. Knowledge on the neural correlates underlying this process is thus essential to optimize rehabilitation for PD. This review investigates the existing studies on neural network connectivity changes in relation to motor learning in healthy aging and PD and critically evaluates the imaging methods used from a methodological point of view. The results indicate that despite neurodegeneration there is still potential to modify connectivity within and between motor and cognitive networks in response to motor training, although these alterations largely bypass the most affected regions in PD. However, so far training-related changes are inferred and possible relationships are not substantiated by brain-behavior correlations. Furthermore, the studies included suffer from many methodological drawbacks. This review also highlights the potential for using neural network measures as predictors for the response to rehabilitation, mainly based on work in young healthy adults. We speculate that future approaches, including graph theory and multimodal neuroimaging, may be more sensitive than brain activation patterns and model-based connectivity maps to capture the effects of motor learning. Overall, this review suggests that methodological developments in neuroimaging will eventually provide more detailed knowledge on how neural networks are modified by training, thereby paving the way for optimized neurorehabilitation for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas D'Cruz
- 1Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bauke W Dijkstra
- 1Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Moran Gilat
- 1Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Kramer
- 1Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alice Nieuwboer
- 1Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Lydon-Staley DM, Ciric R, Satterthwaite TD, Bassett DS. Evaluation of confound regression strategies for the mitigation of micromovement artifact in studies of dynamic resting-state functional connectivity and multilayer network modularity. Netw Neurosci 2019; 3:427-454. [PMID: 30793090 PMCID: PMC6370491 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic functional connectivity reflects the spatiotemporal organization of spontaneous brain activity in health and disease. Dynamic functional connectivity may be susceptible to artifacts induced by participant motion. This report provides a systematic evaluation of 12 commonly used participant-level confound regression strategies designed to mitigate the effects of micromovements in a sample of 393 youths (ages 8-22 years). Each strategy was evaluated according to a number of benchmarks, including (a) the residual association between participant motion and edge dispersion, (b) distance-dependent effects of motion on edge dispersion, (c) the degree to which functional subnetworks could be identified by multilayer modularity maximization, and (d) measures of module reconfiguration, including node flexibility and node promiscuity. Results indicate variability in the effectiveness of the evaluated pipelines across benchmarks. Methods that included global signal regression were the most consistently effective de-noising strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rastko Ciric
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Theodore D. Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Danielle S. Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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18
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Nayak L, Dasgupta A, Das R, Ghosh K, De RK. Computational neuroscience and neuroinformatics: Recent progress and resources. J Biosci 2018; 43:1037-1054. [PMID: 30541962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The human brain and its temporal behavior correlated with development, structure, and function is a complex natural system even for its own kind. Coding and automation are necessary for modeling, analyzing and understanding the 86.1 +/- 8.1 +/- billion neurons, an almost equal number of non-neuronal glial cells, and the neuronal networks of the human brain comprising about 100 trillion connections. 'Computational neuroscience' which is heavily dependent on biology, physics, mathematics and computation addresses such problems while the archival, retrieval and merging of the huge amount of generated data in the form of clinical records, scientific literature, and specialized databases are carried out by 'neuroinformatics' approaches. Neuroinformatics is thus an interface between computer science and experimental neuroscience. This article provides an introduction to computational neuroscience and neuroinformatics fields along with their state-ofthe- art tools, software, and resources. Furthermore, it describes a few innovative applications of these fields in predicting and detecting brain network organization, complex brain disorder diagnosis, large-scale 3D simulation of the brain, brain- computer, and brain-to-brain interfaces. It provides an integrated overview of the fields in a non-technical way, appropriate for broad general readership. Moreover, the article is an updated unified resource of the existing knowledge and sources for researchers stepping into these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Losiana Nayak
- Machine Intelligence Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata 700 108, India
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19
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Mars RB, Passingham RE, Jbabdi S. Connectivity Fingerprints: From Areal Descriptions to Abstract Spaces. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:1026-1037. [PMID: 30241910 PMCID: PMC6198109 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen years ago, Passingham and colleagues proposed that brain areas can be described in terms of their unique pattern of input and output connections with the rest of the brain, and that these connections are a crucial determinant of their function. We explore how the advent of neuroimaging of connectivity has allowed us to test and extend this proposal. We show that describing the brain in terms of an abstract connectivity space, as opposed to physical locations of areas, provides a natural and powerful framework for thinking about brain function and its variation across the brains of individuals, populations, and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier B Mars
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Richard E Passingham
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College, London, London, UK
| | - Saad Jbabdi
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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20
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Beuter A, Balossier A, Trofimchuk S, Volpert V. Modeling of post-stroke stimulation of cortical tissue. Math Biosci 2018; 305:146-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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22
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Sizemore AE, Bassett DS. Dynamic graph metrics: Tutorial, toolbox, and tale. Neuroimage 2018; 180:417-427. [PMID: 28698107 PMCID: PMC5758445 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system is composed of many individual units - from cells to areas - that are connected with one another in a complex pattern of functional interactions that supports perception, action, and cognition. One natural and parsimonious representation of such a system is a graph in which nodes (units) are connected by edges (interactions). While applicable across spatiotemporal scales, species, and cohorts, the traditional graph approach is unable to address the complexity of time-varying connectivity patterns that may be critically important for an understanding of emotional and cognitive state, task-switching, adaptation and development, or aging and disease progression. Here we survey a set of tools from applied mathematics that offer measures to characterize dynamic graphs. Along with this survey, we offer suggestions for visualization and a publicly-available MATLAB toolbox to facilitate the application of these metrics to existing or yet-to-be acquired neuroimaging data. We illustrate the toolbox by applying it to a previously published data set of time-varying functional graphs, but note that the tools can also be applied to time-varying structural graphs or to other sorts of relational data entirely. Our aim is to provide the neuroimaging community with a useful set of tools, and an intuition regarding how to use them, for addressing emerging questions that hinge on accurate and creative analyses of dynamic graphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Sizemore
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Danielle S Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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23
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Abstract
The central nervous system is composed of many individual units - from cells to areas - that are connected with one another in a complex pattern of functional interactions that supports perception, action, and cognition. One natural and parsimonious representation of such a system is a graph in which nodes (units) are connected by edges (interactions). While applicable across spatiotemporal scales, species, and cohorts, the traditional graph approach is unable to address the complexity of time-varying connectivity patterns that may be critically important for an understanding of emotional and cognitive state, task-switching, adaptation and development, or aging and disease progression. Here we survey a set of tools from applied mathematics that offer measures to characterize dynamic graphs. Along with this survey, we offer suggestions for visualization and a publicly-available MATLAB toolbox to facilitate the application of these metrics to existing or yet-to-be acquired neuroimaging data. We illustrate the toolbox by applying it to a previously published data set of time-varying functional graphs, but note that the tools can also be applied to time-varying structural graphs or to other sorts of relational data entirely. Our aim is to provide the neuroimaging community with a useful set of tools, and an intuition regarding how to use them, for addressing emerging questions that hinge on accurate and creative analyses of dynamic graphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Sizemore
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Danielle S Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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24
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Liebeskind DS. Mapping the collaterome for precision cerebrovascular health: Theranostics in the continuum of stroke and dementia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1449-1460. [PMID: 28555527 PMCID: PMC6125977 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17711625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Precision cerebrovascular health or individualized long-term preservation of the brain and associated blood vessels, is predicated on understanding, diagnosing, and tailoring therapies for people at risk of ischemic injury associated with stroke and vascular dementia. The associated imaging patterns are sculpted by the protective effect of the collaterome, the innate compensatory ability of the brain and vasculature to offset hypoperfusion when antegrade or normal arterial inflow pathways are compromised. Theranostics or rational and synchronous use of diagnostic studies in tandem with specific therapies to optimally guide patient outcomes in ischemic brain disorders may capitalize on the pivotal role of the collaterome. Understanding the functional impact of the collaterome across populations of individuals would advance translational science on the brain, while questions with immediate clinical implications may be prioritized. Big data and systematic analyses are necessary to develop normative standards, multimodal imaging atlases, and delineation of specific patterns to guide clinical management. Large-scale, systematic imaging analyses of the collaterome provide a platform for translational work on cerebral collateral circulation and hemodynamics and a theranostic framework with direct clinical implications. This article frames incipient research objectives to guide precision stroke medicine in coming years, building upon the collaterome concept in brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Liebeskind
- Neurovascular Imaging Research Core and UCLA Stroke Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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25
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Hegdé J. Neural Mechanisms of High-Level Vision. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:903-953. [PMID: 29978891 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The last three decades have seen major strides in our understanding of neural mechanisms of high-level vision, or visual cognition of the world around us. Vision has also served as a model system for the study of brain function. Several broad insights, as yet incomplete, have recently emerged. First, visual perception is best understood not as an end unto itself, but as a sensory process that subserves the animal's behavioral goal at hand. Visual perception is likely to be simply a side effect that reflects the readout of visual information processing that leads to behavior. Second, the brain is essentially a probabilistic computational system that produces behaviors by collectively evaluating, not necessarily consciously or always optimally, the available information about the outside world received from the senses, the behavioral goals, prior knowledge about the world, and possible risks and benefits of a given behavior. Vision plays a prominent role in the overall functioning of the brain providing the lion's share of information about the outside world. Third, the visual system does not function in isolation, but rather interacts actively and reciprocally with other brain systems, including other sensory faculties. Finally, various regions of the visual system process information not in a strict hierarchical manner, but as parts of various dynamic brain-wide networks, collectively referred to as the "connectome." Thus, a full understanding of vision will ultimately entail understanding, in granular, quantitative detail, various aspects of dynamic brain networks that use visual sensory information to produce behavior under real-world conditions. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:903-953, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Hegdé
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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26
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Palva JM, Wang SH, Palva S, Zhigalov A, Monto S, Brookes MJ, Schoffelen JM, Jerbi K. Ghost interactions in MEG/EEG source space: A note of caution on inter-areal coupling measures. Neuroimage 2018; 173:632-643. [PMID: 29477441 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When combined with source modeling, magneto- (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) can be used to study long-range interactions among cortical processes non-invasively. Estimation of such inter-areal connectivity is nevertheless hindered by instantaneous field spread and volume conduction, which artificially introduce linear correlations and impair source separability in cortical current estimates. To overcome the inflating effects of linear source mixing inherent to standard interaction measures, alternative phase- and amplitude-correlation based connectivity measures, such as imaginary coherence and orthogonalized amplitude correlation have been proposed. Being by definition insensitive to zero-lag correlations, these techniques have become increasingly popular in the identification of correlations that cannot be attributed to field spread or volume conduction. We show here, however, that while these measures are immune to the direct effects of linear mixing, they may still reveal large numbers of spurious false positive connections through field spread in the vicinity of true interactions. This fundamental problem affects both region-of-interest-based analyses and all-to-all connectome mappings. Most importantly, beyond defining and illustrating the problem of spurious, or "ghost" interactions, we provide a rigorous quantification of this effect through extensive simulations. Additionally, we further show that signal mixing also significantly limits the separability of neuronal phase and amplitude correlations. We conclude that spurious correlations must be carefully considered in connectivity analyses in MEG/EEG source space even when using measures that are immune to zero-lag correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matias Palva
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sheng H Wang
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Doctoral Programme Brain & Mind, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Palva
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; BioMag Laboratory, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexander Zhigalov
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simo Monto
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matthew J Brookes
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jan-Mathijs Schoffelen
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karim Jerbi
- Psychology Department, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; MEG Unit, University of Montreal, QC, Canada
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27
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Pálfi E, Zalányi L, Ashaber M, Palmer C, Kántor O, Roe AW, Friedman RM, Négyessy L. Connectivity of neuronal populations within and between areas of primate somatosensory cortex. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:2949-2971. [PMID: 29725759 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Functions of the cerebral cortex emerge via interactions of horizontally distributed neuronal populations within and across areas. However, the connectional underpinning of these interactions is not well understood. The present study explores the circuitry of column-size cortical domains within the hierarchically organized somatosensory cortical areas 3b and 1 using tract tracing and optical intrinsic signal imaging (OIS). The anatomical findings reveal that feedforward connections exhibit high topographic specificity, while intrinsic and feedback connections have a more widespread distribution. Both intrinsic and inter-areal connections are topographically oriented across the finger representations. Compared to area 3b, the low clustering of connections and small cortical magnification factor supports that the circuitry of area 1 scaffolds a sparse functional representation that integrates peripheral information from a large area that is fed back to area 3b. Fast information exchange between areas is ensured by thick axons forming a topographically organized, reciprocal pathway. Moreover, the highest density of projecting neurons and groups of axon arborization patches corresponds well with the size and locations of the functional population response reported by OIS. The findings establish connectional motifs at the mesoscopic level that underpin the functional organization of the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pálfi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - L Zalányi
- Complex Systems and Computational Neuroscience Group, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Budapest, 1121, Hungary
| | - M Ashaber
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - C Palmer
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - O Kántor
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - A W Roe
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97006, USA
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - R M Friedman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97006, USA
| | - L Négyessy
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary.
- Complex Systems and Computational Neuroscience Group, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Budapest, 1121, Hungary.
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28
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Yu Q, Du Y, Chen J, Sui J, Adali T, Pearlson G, Calhoun VD. Application of Graph Theory to Assess Static and Dynamic Brain Connectivity: Approaches for Building Brain Graphs. PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE. INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS 2018; 106:886-906. [PMID: 30364630 PMCID: PMC6197492 DOI: 10.1109/jproc.2018.2825200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Human brain connectivity is complex. Graph theory based analysis has become a powerful and popular approach for analyzing brain imaging data, largely because of its potential to quantitatively illuminate the networks, the static architecture in structure and function, the organization of dynamic behavior over time, and disease related brain changes. The first step in creating brain graphs is to define the nodes and edges connecting them. We review a number of approaches for defining brain nodes including fixed versus data-driven nodes. Expanding the narrow view of most studies which focus on static and/or single modality brain connectivity, we also survey advanced approaches and their performances in building dynamic and multi-modal brain graphs. We show results from both simulated and real data from healthy controls and patients with mental illnesse. We outline the advantages and challenges of these various techniques. By summarizing and inspecting recent studies which analyzed brain imaging data based on graph theory, this article provides a guide for developing new powerful tools to explore complex brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbao Yu
- Mind Research Network, Albuquerque NM 87106 USA
| | - Yuhui Du
- Mind Research Network, Albuquerque NM 87106 USA. And also with School of Computer & Information Technology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Jiayu Chen
- Mind Research Network, Albuquerque NM 87106 USA
| | - Jing Sui
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 China. And also with CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), University of CAS, Beijing 100190 China
| | - Tulay Adali
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Godfrey Pearlson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford, CT 06106, USA. And also with Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Mind Research Network, Albuquerque NM 87106 USA. And also with Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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29
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Gu S, Cieslak M, Baird B, Muldoon SF, Grafton ST, Pasqualetti F, Bassett DS. The Energy Landscape of Neurophysiological Activity Implicit in Brain Network Structure. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2507. [PMID: 29410486 PMCID: PMC5802783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A critical mystery in neuroscience lies in determining how anatomical structure impacts the complex functional dynamics of the brain. How does large-scale brain circuitry constrain states of neuronal activity and transitions between those states? We address these questions using a maximum entropy model of brain dynamics informed by white matter tractography. We demonstrate that the most probable brain states - characterized by minimal energy - display common activation profiles across brain areas: local spatially-contiguous sets of brain regions reminiscent of cognitive systems are co-activated frequently. The predicted activation rate of these systems is highly correlated with the observed activation rate measured in a separate resting state fMRI data set, validating the utility of the maximum entropy model in describing neurophysiological dynamics. This approach also offers a formal notion of the energy of activity within a system, and the energy of activity shared between systems. We observe that within- and between-system energies cleanly separate cognitive systems into distinct categories, optimized for differential contributions to integrated versus segregated function. These results support the notion that energetic and structural constraints circumscribe brain dynamics, offering insights into the roles that cognitive systems play in driving whole-brain activation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Gu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Matthew Cieslak
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Benjamin Baird
- Center for Sleep and Consciousness, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Sarah F Muldoon
- Department of Mathematics and CDSE Program, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Scott T Grafton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Fabio Pasqualetti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Danielle S Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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30
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Sizemore AE, Giusti C, Kahn A, Vettel JM, Betzel RF, Bassett DS. Cliques and cavities in the human connectome. J Comput Neurosci 2018; 44:115-145. [PMID: 29143250 PMCID: PMC5769855 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-017-0672-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Encoding brain regions and their connections as a network of nodes and edges captures many of the possible paths along which information can be transmitted as humans process and perform complex behaviors. Because cognitive processes involve large, distributed networks of brain areas, principled examinations of multi-node routes within larger connection patterns can offer fundamental insights into the complexities of brain function. Here, we investigate both densely connected groups of nodes that could perform local computations as well as larger patterns of interactions that would allow for parallel processing. Finding such structures necessitates that we move from considering exclusively pairwise interactions to capturing higher order relations, concepts naturally expressed in the language of algebraic topology. These tools can be used to study mesoscale network structures that arise from the arrangement of densely connected substructures called cliques in otherwise sparsely connected brain networks. We detect cliques (all-to-all connected sets of brain regions) in the average structural connectomes of 8 healthy adults scanned in triplicate and discover the presence of more large cliques than expected in null networks constructed via wiring minimization, providing architecture through which brain network can perform rapid, local processing. We then locate topological cavities of different dimensions, around which information may flow in either diverging or converging patterns. These cavities exist consistently across subjects, differ from those observed in null model networks, and - importantly - link regions of early and late evolutionary origin in long loops, underscoring their unique role in controlling brain function. These results offer a first demonstration that techniques from algebraic topology offer a novel perspective on structural connectomics, highlighting loop-like paths as crucial features in the human brain's structural architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E. Sizemore
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Broad Institute, Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Chad Giusti
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Ari Kahn
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Human Research & Engineering Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen, MD USA
| | - Jean M. Vettel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Human Research & Engineering Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen, MD USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA USA
| | - Richard F. Betzel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Danielle S. Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
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31
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Braun U, Schaefer A, Betzel RF, Tost H, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Bassett DS. From Maps to Multi-dimensional Network Mechanisms of Mental Disorders. Neuron 2018; 97:14-31. [PMID: 29301099 PMCID: PMC5757246 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The development of advanced neuroimaging techniques and their deployment in large cohorts has enabled an assessment of functional and structural brain network architecture at an unprecedented level of detail. Across many temporal and spatial scales, network neuroscience has emerged as a central focus of intellectual efforts, seeking meaningful descriptions of brain networks and explanatory sets of network features that underlie circuit function in health and dysfunction in disease. However, the tools of network science commonly deployed provide insight into brain function at a fundamentally descriptive level, often failing to identify (patho-)physiological mechanisms that link system-level phenomena to the multiple hierarchies of brain function. Here we describe recently developed techniques stemming from advances in complex systems and network science that have the potential to overcome this limitation, thereby contributing mechanistic insights into neuroanatomy, functional dynamics, and pathology. Finally, we build on the Research Domain Criteria framework, highlighting the notion that mental illnesses can be conceptualized as dysfunctions of neural circuitry present across conventional diagnostic boundaries, to sketch how network-based methods can be combined with pharmacological, intermediate phenotype, genetic, and magnetic stimulation studies to probe mechanisms of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Braun
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Axel Schaefer
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Richard F Betzel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Heike Tost
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Danielle S Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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32
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33
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Mancini M, Giulietti G, Dowell N, Spanò B, Harrison N, Bozzali M, Cercignani M. Introducing axonal myelination in connectomics: A preliminary analysis of g-ratio distribution in healthy subjects. Neuroimage 2017; 182:351-359. [PMID: 28917698 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microstructural imaging and connectomics are two research areas that hold great potential for investigating brain structure and function. Combining these two approaches can lead to a better and more complete characterization of the brain as a network. The aim of this work is characterizing the connectome from a novel perspective using the myelination measure given by the g-ratio. The g-ratio is the ratio of the inner to the outer diameters of a myelinated axon, whose aggregated value can now be estimated in vivo using MRI. In two different datasets of healthy subjects, we reconstructed the structural connectome and then used the g-ratio estimated from diffusion and magnetization transfer data to characterize the network structure. Significant characteristics of g-ratio weighted graphs emerged. First, the g-ratio distribution across the edges of the graph did not show the power-law distribution observed using the number of streamlines as a weight. Second, connections involving regions related to motor and sensory functions were the highest in myelin content. We also observed significant differences in terms of the hub structure and the rich-club organization suggesting that connections involving hub regions present higher myelination than peripheral connections. Taken together, these findings offer a characterization of g-ratio distribution across the connectome in healthy subjects and lay the foundations for further investigating plasticity and pathology using a similar approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Mancini
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
| | | | - Nicholas Dowell
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Barbara Spanò
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Neil Harrison
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Marco Bozzali
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Mara Cercignani
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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34
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Höller Y, Bathke AC, Uhl A, Strobl N, Lang A, Bergmann J, Nardone R, Rossini F, Zauner H, Kirschner M, Jahanbekam A, Trinka E, Staffen W. Combining SPECT and Quantitative EEG Analysis for the Automated Differential Diagnosis of Disorders with Amnestic Symptoms. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:290. [PMID: 28936173 PMCID: PMC5594223 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and Electroencephalography (EEG) have become established tools in routine diagnostics of dementia. We aimed to increase the diagnostic power by combining quantitative markers from SPECT and EEG for differential diagnosis of disorders with amnestic symptoms. We hypothesize that the combination of SPECT with measures of interaction (connectivity) in the EEG yields higher diagnostic accuracy than the single modalities. We examined 39 patients with Alzheimer's dementia (AD), 69 patients with depressive cognitive impairment (DCI), 71 patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and 41 patients with amnestic subjective cognitive complaints (aSCC). We calculated 14 measures of interaction from a standard clinical EEG-recording and derived graph-theoretic network measures. From regional brain perfusion measured by 99mTc-hexamethyl-propylene-aminoxime (HMPAO)-SPECT in 46 regions, we calculated relative cerebral perfusion in these patients. Patient groups were classified pairwise with a linear support vector machine. Classification was conducted separately for each biomarker, and then again for each EEG- biomarker combined with SPECT. Combination of SPECT with EEG-biomarkers outperformed single use of SPECT or EEG when classifying aSCC vs. AD (90%), aMCI vs. AD (70%), and AD vs. DCI (100%), while a selection of EEG measures performed best when classifying aSCC vs. aMCI (82%) and aMCI vs. DCI (90%). Only the contrast between aSCC and DCI did not result in above-chance classification accuracy (60%). In general, accuracies were higher when measures of interaction (i.e., connectivity measures) were applied directly than when graph-theoretical measures were derived. We suggest that quantitative analysis of EEG and machine-learning techniques can support differentiating AD, aMCI, aSCC, and DCC, especially when being combined with imaging methods such as SPECT. Quantitative analysis of EEG connectivity could become an integral part for early differential diagnosis of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Höller
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Arne C Bathke
- Department of Mathematics, Paris Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Uhl
- Multimedia Signal Processing and Security Lab, Department of Computer Sciences, Paris Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Nicolas Strobl
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Adelheid Lang
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Jürgen Bergmann
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Raffaele Nardone
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria.,Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner HospitalMerano, Italy
| | - Fabio Rossini
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Harald Zauner
- Cardiovascular and Neurological Rehabilitation CenterGroßgmain, Austria
| | - Margarita Kirschner
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | | | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Staffen
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
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35
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Shine JM, Poldrack RA. Principles of dynamic network reconfiguration across diverse brain states. Neuroimage 2017; 180:396-405. [PMID: 28782684 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent methodological advances have enabled researchers to track the network structure of the human brain over time. Together, these studies provide novel insights into effective brain function, highlighting the importance of the systems-level perspective in understanding the manner in which the human brain organizes its activity to facilitate behavior. Here, we review a range of recent fMRI and electrophysiological studies that have mapped the relationship between inter-regional communication and network structure across a diverse range of brain states. In doing so, we identify both behavioral and biological axes that may underlie the tendency for network reconfiguration. We conclude our review by providing suggestions for future research endeavors that may help to refine our understanding of the functioning of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Shine
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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36
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Höller Y, Butz K, Thomschewski A, Schmid E, Uhl A, Bathke AC, Zimmermann G, Tomasi SO, Nardone R, Staffen W, Höller P, Leitinger M, Höfler J, Kalss G, Taylor AC, Kuchukhidze G, Trinka E. Reliability of EEG Interactions Differs between Measures and Is Specific for Neurological Diseases. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:350. [PMID: 28725190 PMCID: PMC5496950 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of interaction (connectivity) of the EEG reflect pathological processes in patients with neurologic disorders. Nevertheless, it is questionable whether these patterns are reliable over time in different measures of interaction and whether this reliability of the measures is the same across different patient populations. In order to address this topic we examined 22 patients with mild cognitive impairment, five patients with subjective cognitive complaints, six patients with right-lateralized temporal lobe epilepsy, seven patients with left lateralized temporal lobe epilepsy, and 20 healthy controls. We calculated 14 measures of interaction from two EEG-recordings separated by 2 weeks. In order to characterize test-retest reliability, we correlated these measures for each group and compared the correlations between measures and between groups. We found that both measures of interaction as well as groups differed from each other in terms of reliability. The strongest correlation coefficients were found for spectrum, coherence, and full frequency directed transfer function (average rho > 0.9). In the delta (2–4 Hz) range, reliability was lower for mild cognitive impairment compared to healthy controls and left lateralized temporal lobe epilepsy. In the beta (13–30 Hz), gamma (31–80 Hz), and high gamma (81–125 Hz) frequency ranges we found decreased reliability in subjective cognitive complaints compared to mild cognitive impairment. In the gamma and high gamma range we found increased reliability in left lateralized temporal lobe epilepsy patients compared to healthy controls. Our results emphasize the importance of documenting reliability of measures of interaction, which may vary considerably between measures, but also between patient populations. We suggest that studies claiming clinical usefulness of measures of interaction should provide information on the reliability of the results. In addition, differences between patient groups in reliability of interactions in the EEG indicate the potential of reliability to serve as a new biomarker for pathological memory decline as well as for epilepsy. While the brain concert of information flow is generally variable, high reliability, and thus, low variability may reflect abnormal firing patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Höller
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Kevin Butz
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Aljoscha Thomschewski
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Schmid
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Uhl
- Department of Computer Sciences, Paris Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Arne C Bathke
- Department of Mathematics, Paris Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Georg Zimmermann
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria.,Department of Mathematics, Paris Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Santino O Tomasi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Christian Doppler Medical Centre, Paracelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Raffaele Nardone
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria.,Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner HospitalMerano, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Staffen
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Höller
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria
| | - Markus Leitinger
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Julia Höfler
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Gudrun Kalss
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Alexandra C Taylor
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Giorgi Kuchukhidze
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria
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37
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Abstract
Recent advances in connectomics have led to a synthesis of perspectives regarding the brain's functional organization that reconciles classical concepts of localized specialization with an appreciation for properties that emerge from interactions across distributed functional networks. This provides a more comprehensive framework for understanding neural mechanisms of normal cognition and disease. Although fMRI has not become a routine clinical tool, research has already had important influences on clinical concepts guiding diagnosis and patient management. Here we review illustrative examples. Studies demonstrating the network plasticity possible in adults and the global consequences of even focal brain injuries or disease both have had substantial impact on modern concepts of disease evolution and expression. Applications of functional connectomics in studies of clinical populations are challenging traditional disease classifications and helping to clarify biological relationships between clinical syndromes (and thus also ways of extending indications for, or "re-purposing," current treatments). Large datasets from prospective, longitudinal studies promise to enable the discovery and validation of functional connectomic biomarkers with the potential to identify people at high risk of disease before clinical onset, at a time when treatments may be most effective. Studies of pain and consciousness have catalyzed reconsiderations of approaches to clinical management, but also have stimulated debate about the clinical meaningfulness of differences in internal perceptual or cognitive states inferred from functional connectomics or other physiological correlates. By way of a closing summary, we offer a personal view of immediate challenges and potential opportunities for clinically relevant applications of fMRI-based functional connectomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Matthews
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine and Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, London WC12 0NN, UK.
| | - Adam Hampshire
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine and Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, London WC12 0NN, UK
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38
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Theta Burst Stimulation of the Precuneus Modulates Resting State Connectivity in the Left Temporal Pole. Brain Topogr 2017; 30:312-319. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-017-0559-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Wiles L, Gu S, Pasqualetti F, Parvesse B, Gabrieli D, Bassett DS, Meaney DF. Autaptic Connections Shift Network Excitability and Bursting. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44006. [PMID: 28266594 PMCID: PMC5339801 DOI: 10.1038/srep44006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine the role of structural autapses, when a neuron synapses onto itself, in driving network-wide bursting behavior. Using a simple spiking model of neuronal activity, we study how autaptic connections affect activity patterns, and evaluate if controllability significantly affects changes in bursting from autaptic connections. Adding more autaptic connections to excitatory neurons increased the number of spiking events and the number of network-wide bursts. We observed excitatory synapses contributed more to bursting behavior than inhibitory synapses. We evaluated if neurons with high average controllability, predicted to push the network into easily achievable states, affected bursting behavior differently than neurons with high modal controllability, thought to influence the network into difficult to reach states. Results show autaptic connections to excitatory neurons with high average controllability led to higher burst frequencies than adding the same number of self-looping connections to neurons with high modal controllability. The number of autapses required to induce bursting was lowered by adding autapses to high degree excitatory neurons. These results suggest a role of autaptic connections in controlling network-wide bursts in diverse cortical and subcortical regions of mammalian brain. Moreover, they open up new avenues for the study of dynamic neurophysiological correlates of structural controllability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wiles
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shi Gu
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Applied Mathematics and Computational Science Graduate Program, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fabio Pasqualetti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Brandon Parvesse
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David Gabrieli
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Danielle S. Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David F. Meaney
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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40
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Right sensory-motor functional networks subserve action observation therapy in aphasia. Brain Imaging Behav 2016; 11:1397-1411. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9635-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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41
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Dynamic network interactions supporting internally-oriented cognition. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 40:86-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Marrelec G, Messé A, Giron A, Rudrauf D. Functional Connectivity's Degenerate View of Brain Computation. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005031. [PMID: 27736900 PMCID: PMC5063374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain computation relies on effective interactions between ensembles of neurons. In neuroimaging, measures of functional connectivity (FC) aim at statistically quantifying such interactions, often to study normal or pathological cognition. Their capacity to reflect a meaningful variety of patterns as expected from neural computation in relation to cognitive processes remains debated. The relative weights of time-varying local neurophysiological dynamics versus static structural connectivity (SC) in the generation of FC as measured remains unsettled. Empirical evidence features mixed results: from little to significant FC variability and correlation with cognitive functions, within and between participants. We used a unified approach combining multivariate analysis, bootstrap and computational modeling to characterize the potential variety of patterns of FC and SC both qualitatively and quantitatively. Empirical data and simulations from generative models with different dynamical behaviors demonstrated, largely irrespective of FC metrics, that a linear subspace with dimension one or two could explain much of the variability across patterns of FC. On the contrary, the variability across BOLD time-courses could not be reduced to such a small subspace. FC appeared to strongly reflect SC and to be partly governed by a Gaussian process. The main differences between simulated and empirical data related to limitations of DWI-based SC estimation (and SC itself could then be estimated from FC). Above and beyond the limited dynamical range of the BOLD signal itself, measures of FC may offer a degenerate representation of brain interactions, with limited access to the underlying complexity. They feature an invariant common core, reflecting the channel capacity of the network as conditioned by SC, with a limited, though perhaps meaningful residual variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Marrelec
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d’imagerie biomédicale (LIB), Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Messé
- Department of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alain Giron
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d’imagerie biomédicale (LIB), Paris, France
| | - David Rudrauf
- Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, INSERM-UJF-CHU, Grenoble, France
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Fan L, Li H, Zhuo J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Chen L, Yang Z, Chu C, Xie S, Laird AR, Fox PT, Eickhoff SB, Yu C, Jiang T. The Human Brainnetome Atlas: A New Brain Atlas Based on Connectional Architecture. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:3508-26. [PMID: 27230218 PMCID: PMC4961028 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1532] [Impact Index Per Article: 191.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The human brain atlases that allow correlating brain anatomy with psychological and cognitive functions are in transition from ex vivo histology-based printed atlases to digital brain maps providing multimodal in vivo information. Many current human brain atlases cover only specific structures, lack fine-grained parcellations, and fail to provide functionally important connectivity information. Using noninvasive multimodal neuroimaging techniques, we designed a connectivity-based parcellation framework that identifies the subdivisions of the entire human brain, revealing the in vivo connectivity architecture. The resulting human Brainnetome Atlas, with 210 cortical and 36 subcortical subregions, provides a fine-grained, cross-validated atlas and contains information on both anatomical and functional connections. Additionally, we further mapped the delineated structures to mental processes by reference to the BrainMap database. It thus provides an objective and stable starting point from which to explore the complex relationships between structure, connectivity, and function, and eventually improves understanding of how the human brain works. The human Brainnetome Atlas will be made freely available for download at http://atlas.brainnetome.org, so that whole brain parcellations, connections, and functional data will be readily available for researchers to use in their investigations into healthy and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hai Li
- Brainnetome Center National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and
| | - Junjie Zhuo
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 625014, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Brainnetome Center National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and
| | - Jiaojian Wang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 625014, China
| | - Liangfu Chen
- Brainnetome Center National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and
| | - Zhengyi Yang
- Brainnetome Center National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and
| | - Congying Chu
- Brainnetome Center National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and
| | - Sangma Xie
- Brainnetome Center National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and
| | - Angela R Laird
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Peter T Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich 52425, Germany Institute for Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Chunshui Yu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 625014, China The Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Kral A, Kronenberger WG, Pisoni DB, O'Donoghue GM. Neurocognitive factors in sensory restoration of early deafness: a connectome model. Lancet Neurol 2016; 15:610-21. [PMID: 26976647 PMCID: PMC6260790 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(16)00034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Progress in biomedical technology (cochlear, vestibular, and retinal implants) has led to remarkable success in neurosensory restoration, particularly in the auditory system. However, outcomes vary considerably, even after accounting for comorbidity-for example, after cochlear implantation, some deaf children develop spoken language skills approaching those of their hearing peers, whereas other children fail to do so. Here, we review evidence that auditory deprivation has widespread effects on brain development, affecting the capacity to process information beyond the auditory system. After sensory loss and deafness, the brain's effective connectivity is altered within the auditory system, between sensory systems, and between the auditory system and centres serving higher order neurocognitive functions. As a result, congenital sensory loss could be thought of as a connectome disease, with interindividual variability in the brain's adaptation to sensory loss underpinning much of the observed variation in outcome of cochlear implantation. Different executive functions, sequential processing, and concept formation are at particular risk in deaf children. A battery of clinical tests can allow early identification of neurocognitive risk factors. Intervention strategies that address these impairments with a personalised approach, taking interindividual variations into account, will further improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Kral
- Institute of AudioNeuroTechnology and Department of Experimental Otology, ENT Clinics, Medical University Hannover, Hannover, Germany; School of Behavioural and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - William G Kronenberger
- Department of Psychiatry, and DeVault Otologic Research Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David B Pisoni
- Department of Psychiatry, and DeVault Otologic Research Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gerard M O'Donoghue
- National Institute of Health Research, Nottingham Hearing Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
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Guntupalli JS, Hanke M, Halchenko YO, Connolly AC, Ramadge PJ, Haxby JV. A Model of Representational Spaces in Human Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:2919-2934. [PMID: 26980615 PMCID: PMC4869822 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current models of the functional architecture of human cortex emphasize areas that capture coarse-scale features of cortical topography but provide no account for population responses that encode information in fine-scale patterns of activity. Here, we present a linear model of shared representational spaces in human cortex that captures fine-scale distinctions among population responses with response-tuning basis functions that are common across brains and models cortical patterns of neural responses with individual-specific topographic basis functions. We derive a common model space for the whole cortex using a new algorithm, searchlight hyperalignment, and complex, dynamic stimuli that provide a broad sampling of visual, auditory, and social percepts. The model aligns representations across brains in occipital, temporal, parietal, and prefrontal cortices, as shown by between-subject multivariate pattern classification and intersubject correlation of representational geometry, indicating that structural principles for shared neural representations apply across widely divergent domains of information. The model provides a rigorous account for individual variability of well-known coarse-scale topographies, such as retinotopy and category selectivity, and goes further to account for fine-scale patterns that are multiplexed with coarse-scale topographies and carry finer distinctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Swaroop Guntupalli
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Michael Hanke
- Department of Psychology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg 39106, Germany
| | - Yaroslav O Halchenko
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Andrew C Connolly
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Peter J Ramadge
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - James V Haxby
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.,Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Rovereto, Trentino 38068, Italy
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Fan L, Li H, Yu S, Jiang T. Human Brainnetome Atlas and Its Potential Applications in Brain-Inspired Computing. LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50862-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Zeki S. Introduction to the theme issue 'Cerebral cartography: a vision of its future'. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:rstb.2014.0163. [PMID: 25823862 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Semir Zeki
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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