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Robinson S, Wegner NC, Sepulveda CA, Franck JPC. Relative sarcolipin (SLN) and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ ATPase (SERCA1) transcripts levels in closely related endothermic and ectothermic scombrid fishes: Implications for molecular basis of futile calcium cycle non-shivering thermogenesis (NST). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 295:111667. [PMID: 38782254 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Regional endothermy is the ability of an animal to elevate the temperature of specific regions of the body above that of the surrounding environment and has evolved independently among several fish lineages. Sarcolipin (SLN) is a small transmembrane protein that uncouples the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase pump (SERCA1b) resulting in futile Ca2+ cycling and is thought to play a role in non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) in cold-challenged mammals and possibly some fishes. This study investigated the relative expression of sln and serca1 transcripts in three regionally-endothermic fishes (the skipjack, Katsuwonus pelamis, and yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, both of which elevate the temperatures of their slow-twitch red skeletal muscle (RM) and extraocular muscles (EM), as well as the cranial endothermic swordfish, Xiphias gladius), and closely related ectothermic scombrids (the Eastern Pacific bonito, Sarda chiliensis, and Pacific chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus). Using Reverse Transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and species-specific primers, relative sln expression trended higher in both the RM and EM for all four scombrid species compared to white muscle. In addition, relative serca1 expression was found to be higher in RM of skipjack and yellowfin tuna in comparison to white muscle. However, neither sln nor serca1 transcripts were higher in swordfish RM, EM or cranial heater tissue in comparison to white muscle. A key phosphorylation site in sarcolipin, threonine 5, is conserved in the swordfish, but is mutated to alanine or valine in tunas and the endothermic smalleye Pacific opah, Lampris incognitus, which should result in increased uncoupling of the SERCA pump. Our results support the role of potential SLN-NST in endothermic tunas and the lack thereof for swordfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Robinson
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada. https://twitter.com/swm_robinson
| | - Nicholas C Wegner
- Fisheries Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Jens P C Franck
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada.
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2
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Fonseca PHM, Martinelli AG, Gill PG, Rayfield EJ, Schultz CL, Kerber L, Ribeiro AM, Francischini H, Soares MB. New evidence from high-resolution computed microtomography of Triassic stem-mammal skulls from South America enhances discussions on turbinates before the origin of Mammaliaformes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13817. [PMID: 38879680 PMCID: PMC11180108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The nasal cavity of living mammals is a unique structural complex among tetrapods, acquired along a series of major morphological transformations that occurred mainly during the Mesozoic Era, within the Synapsida clade. Particularly, non-mammaliaform cynodonts document several morphological changes in the skull, during the Triassic Period, that represent the first steps of the mammalian bauplan. We here explore the nasal cavity of five cynodont taxa, namely Thrinaxodon, Chiniquodon, Prozostrodon, Riograndia, and Brasilodon, in order to discuss the main changes within this skull region. We did not identify ossified turbinals in the nasal cavity of these taxa and if present, as non-ossified structures, they would not necessarily be associated with temperature control or the development of endothermy. We do, however, notice a complexification of the cartilage anchoring structures that divide the nasal cavity and separate it from the brain region in these forerunners of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H M Fonseca
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Brazil.
| | - Agustín G Martinelli
- CONICET-Sección Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina.
- Núcleo Milenio EVOTEM-Evolutionary Transitions of Early Mammals-ANID, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Pamela G Gill
- Palaeobiology Research Group, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK.
- Science Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5HD, UK.
| | - Emily J Rayfield
- Palaeobiology Research Group, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK.
| | - Cesar L Schultz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Kerber
- Centro de Apoio à Pesquisa Paleontológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, São João do Polêsine, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Brazil
- Museu de Ciências Naturais/SEMA, Porto Algre, RS, Brazil
| | - Heitor Francischini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Marina B Soares
- Departamento de Geologia e Paleontologia, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista s/n, São Cristovão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20940-040, Brazil.
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3
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Munaron L, Chinigò G, Scarpellino G, Ruffinatti FA. The fallacy of functional nomenclature in the kingdom of biological multifunctionality: physiological and evolutionary considerations on ion channels. J Physiol 2024; 602:2367-2381. [PMID: 37635695 DOI: 10.1113/jp284422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Living organisms are multiscale complex systems that have evolved high degrees of multifunctionality and redundancy in the structure-function relationship. A number of factors, only in part determined genetically, affect the jobs of proteins. The overall structural organization confers unique molecular properties that provide the potential to perform a pattern of activities, some of which are co-opted by specific environments. The variety of multifunctional proteins is expanding, but most cases are handled individually and according to the still dominant 'one structure-one function' approach, which relies on the attribution of canonical names typically referring to the first task identified for a given protein. The present topical review focuses on the multifunctionality of ion channels as a paradigmatic example. Mounting evidence reports the ability of many ion channels (including members of voltage-dependent, ligand-gated and transient receptor potential families) to exert biological effects independently of their ion conductivity. 'Functionally based' nomenclature (the practice of naming a protein or family of proteins based on a single purpose) is a conceptual bias for three main reasons: (i) it increases the amount of ambiguity, deceiving our understanding of the multiple contributions of biomolecules that is the heart of the complexity; (ii) it is in stark contrast to protein evolution dynamics, largely based on multidomain arrangement; and (iii) it overlooks the crucial role played by the microenvironment in adjusting the actions of cell structures and in tuning protein isoform diversity to accomplish adaptational requirements. Biological information in protein physiology is distributed among different entwined layers working as the primary 'locus' of natural selection and of evolutionary constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Munaron
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgia Chinigò
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgia Scarpellino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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4
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Rosslenbroich B. Evolutionary changes in the capacity for organismic autonomy. J Physiol 2024; 602:2455-2468. [PMID: 37851897 DOI: 10.1113/jp284414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of macroevolution have revealed various trends in evolution - which have been documented and discussed. There is, however, no consensus on this topic. Since Darwin's time one presumption has persisted: that throughout evolution organisms increase their independence from and stability towards environmental influences. Although this principle has often been stated in the literature, it played no role in mainstream theory. In a closer examination, we studied this particular feature and described that many of the major transitions in animal evolution have been characterized by changes in the capacity for physiological regulation. Organisms gained in robustness, self-regulation, homeostasis and stabilized self-referential, intrinsic functions within their respective systems. This is associated with expanded environmental flexibility, such as new opportunities for movement and behaviour. Together, these aspects can be described as changes in the capacity for autonomy. There seems to be a large-scale trajectory in evolution during which some organisms gained in autonomy and flexibility. At the same time, adaptations to the environment emerged that were a prerequisite for survival. Apparently, evolution produced differential combinations of autonomy traits and adaptations. These processes are described as modifications in relative autonomy because numerous interconnections with the environment and dependencies upon it were retained. Also, it is not a linear trend, but rather an outcome of all the diverse processes which have been involved during evolutionary changes. Since the principle of regulation is a core element of physiology, the concept of autonomy is suitable to build a bridge from physiology to evolutionary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Rosslenbroich
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Morphology, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
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Zaraisky AG, Araslanova KR, Shitikov AD, Tereshina MB. Loss of the ability to regenerate body appendages in vertebrates: from side effects of evolutionary innovations to gene loss. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38817123 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The ability to regenerate large body appendages is an ancestral trait of vertebrates, which varies across different animal groups. While anamniotes (fish and amphibians) commonly possess this ability, it is notably restricted in amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals). In this review, we explore the factors contributing to the loss of regenerative capabilities in amniotes. First, we analyse the potential negative impacts on appendage regeneration caused by four evolutionary innovations: advanced immunity, skin keratinization, whole-body endothermy, and increased body size. These innovations emerged as amniotes transitioned to terrestrial habitats and were correlated with a decline in regeneration capability. Second, we examine the role played by the loss of regeneration-related enhancers and genes initiated by these innovations in the fixation of an inability to regenerate body appendages at the genomic level. We propose that following the cessation of regenerative capacity, the loss of highly specific regeneration enhancers could represent an evolutionarily neutral event. Consequently, the loss of such enhancers might promptly follow the suppression of regeneration as a side effect of evolutionary innovations. By contrast, the loss of regeneration-related genes, due to their pleiotropic functions, would only take place if such loss was accompanied by additional evolutionary innovations that compensated for the loss of pleiotropic functions unrelated to regeneration, which would remain even after participation of these genes in regeneration was lost. Through a review of the literature, we provide evidence that, in many cases, the loss in amniotes of genes associated with body appendage regeneration in anamniotes was significantly delayed relative to the time when regenerative capability was lost. We hypothesise that this delay may be attributed to the necessity for evolutionary restructuring of developmental mechanisms to create conditions where the loss of these genes was a beneficial innovation for the organism. Experimental investigation of the downregulation of genes involved in the regeneration of body appendages in anamniotes but absent in amniotes offers a promising avenue to uncover evolutionary innovations that emerged from the loss of these genes. We propose that the vast majority of regeneration-related genes lost in amniotes (about 150 in humans) may be involved in regulating the early stages of limb and tail regeneration in anamniotes. Disruption of this stage, rather than the late stage, may not interfere with the mechanisms of limb and tail bud development during embryogenesis, as these mechanisms share similarities with those operating in the late stage of regeneration. Consequently, the most promising approach to restoring regeneration in humans may involve creating analogs of embryonic limb buds using stem cell-based tissue-engineering methods, followed by their transfer to the amputation stump. Due to the loss of many genes required specifically during the early stage of regeneration, this approach may be more effective than attempting to induce both early and late stages of regeneration directly in the stump itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey G Zaraisky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovityanova str., Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Karina R Araslanova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Alexander D Shitikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Maria B Tereshina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovityanova str., Moscow, 117997, Russia
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6
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Fromm B, Sorger T. Rapid adaptation of cellular metabolic rate to the MicroRNA complements of mammals and its relevance to the evolution of endothermy. iScience 2024; 27:108740. [PMID: 38327773 PMCID: PMC10847693 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The metabolic efficiency of mammalian cells depends on the attenuation of intrinsic translation noise by microRNAs. We devised a metric of cellular metabolic rate (cMR), rMR/Mexp optimally fit to the number of microRNA families (mirFam), that is robust to variation in mass and sensitive to body temperature (Tb), consistent with the heat dissipation limit theory of Speakman and Król (2010). Using mirFam as predictor, an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process of stabilizing selection, with an adaptive shift at the divergence of Boreoeutheria, accounted for 95% of the variation in cMR across mammals. Branchwise rates of evolution of cMR, mirFam and Tb concurrently increased 6- to 7-fold at the divergence of Boreoeutheria, independent of mass. Cellular MR variation across placental mammals was also predicted by the sum of model conserved microRNA-target interactions, revealing an unexpected degree of integration of the microRNA-target apparatus into the energy economy of the mammalian cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Fromm
- The Arctic University Museum of Norway, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Thomas Sorger
- Department of Biology, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI 02809, USA
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7
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Notley SR, Mitchell D, Taylor NAS. A century of exercise physiology: concepts that ignited the study of human thermoregulation. Part 4: evolution, thermal adaptation and unsupported theories of thermoregulation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:147-218. [PMID: 37796290 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
This review is the final contribution to a four-part, historical series on human exercise physiology in thermally stressful conditions. The series opened with reminders of the principles governing heat exchange and an overview of our contemporary understanding of thermoregulation (Part 1). We then reviewed the development of physiological measurements (Part 2) used to reveal the autonomic processes at work during heat and cold stresses. Next, we re-examined thermal-stress tolerance and intolerance, and critiqued the indices of thermal stress and strain (Part 3). Herein, we describe the evolutionary steps that endowed humans with a unique potential to tolerate endurance activity in the heat, and we examine how those attributes can be enhanced during thermal adaptation. The first of our ancestors to qualify as an athlete was Homo erectus, who were hairless, sweating specialists with eccrine sweat glands covering almost their entire body surface. Homo sapiens were skilful behavioural thermoregulators, which preserved their resource-wasteful, autonomic thermoeffectors (shivering and sweating) for more stressful encounters. Following emigration, they regularly experienced heat and cold stress, to which they acclimatised and developed less powerful (habituated) effector responses when those stresses were re-encountered. We critique hypotheses that linked thermoregulatory differences to ancestry. By exploring short-term heat and cold acclimation, we reveal sweat hypersecretion and powerful shivering to be protective, transitional stages en route to more complete thermal adaptation (habituation). To conclude this historical series, we examine some of the concepts and hypotheses of thermoregulation during exercise that did not withstand the tests of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Notley
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Department of Defence, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Nigel A S Taylor
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Robinson S, Hechter D, Almoumen F, Franck JPC. Sarcolipin (sln) and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum calcium ATPase pump (serca1) expression increase in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) skeletal muscle tissue following cold challenge. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 287:111534. [PMID: 37844835 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Endothermy is the process by which organisms maintain a constant body temperature despite dynamic environmental temperatures. There are two mechanisms organisms use to elevate body temperature: shivering thermogenesis (ST) and non-shivering thermogenesis (NST). Skeletal muscle NST is achieved through a futile Ca2+ cycling of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (Serca1) in the presence of sarcolipin (Sln). Here we subjected Japanese medaka to a cold challenge to examine the expression of sln and serca1 transcripts from slow-twitch red and fast-twitch white muscle as environmental temperature decreased. We show a significant increase in relative sln and serca1 transcript expression in skeletal muscle tissues of cold-challenged Japanese medaka. The elevated transcripts support the role of Sln as a component of NST and support previous literature with the increase in serca1. To date, this is the first cold challenge on an ectothermic fish investigating sln transcripts. The ability of medaka to respond to a cold challenge with an increase in key calcium cycling components, specifically the calcium pump and sarcolipin suggest that teleost fish share a conserved transcriptional program in response to cold stimuli with fish species that possess the requisite anatomical adaptations to conserve metabolic heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Robinson
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada. https://twitter.com/Swm_RobinsonJens
| | - Drake Hechter
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Fatima Almoumen
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Jens P C Franck
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada.
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9
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Wu B, Gao X, Hu M, Hu J, Lan T, Xue T, Xu W, Zhu C, Yuan Y, Zheng J, Qin T, Xin P, Li Y, Gong L, Feng C, He S, Liu H, Li H, Wang Q, Ma Z, Qiu Q, Wang K. Distinct and shared endothermic strategies in the heat producing tissues of tuna and other teleosts. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:2629-2645. [PMID: 37273070 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2312-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although most fishes are ectothermic, some, including tuna and billfish, achieve endothermy through specialized heat producing tissues that are modified muscles. How these heat producing tissues evolved, and whether they share convergent molecular mechanisms, remain unresolved. Here, we generated a high-quality genome from the mackerel tuna (Euthynnus affinis) and investigated the heat producing tissues of this fish by single-nucleus and bulk RNA sequencing. Compared with other teleosts, tuna-specific genetic variation is strongly associated with muscle differentiation. Single-nucleus RNA-seq revealed a high proportion of specific slow skeletal muscle cell subtypes in the heat producing tissues of tuna. Marker genes of this cell subtype are associated with the relative sliding of actin and myosin, suggesting that tuna endothermy is mainly based on shivering thermogenesis. In contrast, cross-species transcriptome analysis indicated that endothermy in billfish relies mainly on non-shivering thermogenesis. Nevertheless, the heat producing tissues of the different species do share some tissue-specific genes, including vascular-related and mitochondrial genes. Overall, although tunas and billfishes differ in their thermogenic strategies, they share similar expression patterns in some respects, highlighting the complexity of convergent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baosheng Wu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xueli Gao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Mingling Hu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Jing Hu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Tianming Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- BGI Life Science Joint Research Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150006, China
| | - Tingfeng Xue
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Chenglong Zhu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Jiangmin Zheng
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Tao Qin
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Peidong Xin
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Ye Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Li Gong
- National Engineering Laboratory of Marine Germplasm Resources Exploration and Utilization, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Chenguang Feng
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Shunping He
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, 572000, China
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- BGI Life Science Joint Research Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150006, China
| | - Haimeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhenhua Ma
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China.
| | - Qiang Qiu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
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Alstrup AKO, Busk M, Dittrich A, Hansen K, Wang T, Damkjær M, Andersen JB, Lauridsen H. Special Challenges in PET Imaging of Ectothermic Vertebrates. Semin Nucl Med 2023; 53:577-585. [PMID: 37438172 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The bulk of biomedical positron emission tomography (PET)-scanning experiments are performed on mammals (ie, rodents, pigs, and dogs), and the technique is only infrequently applied to answer research questions in ectothermic vertebrates such as fish, amphibians, and reptiles. Nevertheless, many unique and interesting physiological characteristics in these ectothermic vertebrates could be addressed in detail through PET. The low metabolic rate of ectothermic animals, however, may compromise the validity of physiological and biochemical parameters derived from the images created by PET and other scanning modalities. Here, we review some of the considerations that should be taken into account when PET scanning fish, amphibians, and reptiles. We present specific results from our own experiments, many of which remain previously unpublished, and we draw on examples from the literature. We conclude that knowledge on the natural history and physiology of the species studied and an understanding of the limitations of the PET scanning techniques are necessary to avoid the design of faulty experiments and erroneous conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aage Kristian Olsen Alstrup
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Morten Busk
- Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University, Denmark; Danish Centre for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anita Dittrich
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kasper Hansen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tobias Wang
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mads Damkjær
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Kolding, Denmark; Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Henrik Lauridsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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11
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Bienboire-Frosini C, Wang D, Marcet-Rius M, Villanueva-García D, Gazzano A, Domínguez-Oliva A, Olmos-Hernández A, Hernández-Ávalos I, Lezama-García K, Verduzco-Mendoza A, Gómez-Prado J, Mota-Rojas D. The Role of Brown Adipose Tissue and Energy Metabolism in Mammalian Thermoregulation during the Perinatal Period. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2173. [PMID: 37443971 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothermia is one of the most common causes of mortality in neonates, and it could be developed after birth because the uterus temperature is more elevated than the extrauterine temperature. Neonates use diverse mechanisms to thermoregulate, such as shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis. These strategies can be more efficient in some species, but not in others, i.e., altricials, which have the greatest difficulty with achieving thermoneutrality. In addition, there are anatomical and neurological differences in mammals, which may present different distributions and amounts of brown fat. This article aims to discuss the neuromodulation mechanisms of thermoregulation and the importance of brown fat in the thermogenesis of newborn mammals, emphasizing the analysis of the biochemical, physiological, and genetic factors that determine the distribution, amount, and efficiency of this energy resource in newborns of different species. It has been concluded that is vital to understand and minimize hypothermia causes in newborns, which is one of the main causes of mortality in neonates. This would be beneficial for both animals and producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Bienboire-Frosini
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemical Communication, Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA), 84400 Apt, France
| | - Dehua Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Míriam Marcet-Rius
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare Department, Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA), 84400 Apt, France
| | - Dina Villanueva-García
- Division of Neonatology, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Angelo Gazzano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology-Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
- Clinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anesthesia, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico
| | - Karina Lezama-García
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Antonio Verduzco-Mendoza
- Division of Biotechnology-Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Jocelyn Gómez-Prado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
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12
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Mota-Rojas D, Braghieri A, Ghezzi M, Ceriani MC, Martínez-Burnes J, Lendez PA, Pereira AMF, Lezama-García K, Domínguez-Oliva A, Casas-Alvarado A, Sabia E, Pacelli C, Napolitano F. Strategies and Mechanisms of Thermal Compensation in Newborn Water Buffaloes. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2161. [PMID: 37443964 PMCID: PMC10340076 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothermia is one of the principal causes of perinatal mortality in water buffaloes and can range from 3% to 17.9%. In ruminants, factors affecting hypothermia in newborns may be of intrinsic (e.g., level of neurodevelopment, birth weight, vitality score, amount of brown fat, skin features) or extrinsic origin (e.g., maternal care, environmental conditions, colostrum consumption). When newborn buffaloes are exposed to cold stress, thermoregulatory mechanisms such as peripheral vasoconstriction and shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis are activated to prevent hypothermia. Due to the properties of infrared thermography (IRT), as a technique that detects vasomotor changes triggered by a reduction in body temperature, evaluating the central and peripheral regions in newborn buffaloes is possible. This review aims to analyze behavioral, physiological, and morphological strategies and colostrum consumption as thermal compensation mechanisms in newborn water buffalo to cope with environmental changes affecting thermoneutrality. In addition, the importance of monitoring by IRT to identify hypothermia states will be highlighted. Going deeper into these topics related to the water buffalo is essential because, in recent years, this species has become more popular and is being bred in more geographic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Ada Braghieri
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Marcelo Ghezzi
- Animal Welfare Area, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), University Campus, Tandil 7000, Argentina
| | - María Carolina Ceriani
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, Tandil 7000, Argentina
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico
| | - Pamela Anahí Lendez
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, Tandil 7000, Argentina
| | - Alfredo M. F. Pereira
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Karina Lezama-García
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Emilio Sabia
- School of Agricultural, Forest, Food, and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Corrado Pacelli
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Fabio Napolitano
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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13
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Arostegui MC, Shero MR, Frank LR, Berquist RM, Braun CD. An enigmatic pelagic fish with internalized red muscle: A future regional endotherm or forever an ectotherm? JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 102:1311-1326. [PMID: 36911991 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ectothermy and endothermy in extant fishes are defined by distinct integrated suites of characters. Although only ⁓0.1% of fishes are known to have endothermic capacity, recent discoveries suggest that there may still be uncommon pelagic fish species with yet to be discovered endothermic traits. Among the most rarely encountered marine fishes, the louvar Luvarus imperialis is a remarkable example of adaptive evolution as the only extant pelagic species in the order Acanthuriformes (including surgeonfishes, tangs, unicornfishes and Moorish idol). Magnetic resonance imaging and gross necropsy did not yield evidence of cranial or visceral endothermy but revealed a central-posterior distribution of myotomal red muscle that is a mixture of the character states typifying ectotherms (lateral-posterior) and red muscle endotherms (central-anterior). Dissection of a specimen confirmed, and an osteological proxy supported, that L. imperialis has not evolved the vascular rete that is vital to retaining heat in the red muscle. The combination of presumably relying on caudal propulsion while exhibiting internal red muscle without associated retia is unique to L. imperialis among all extant fishes, raising the macroevolutionary question of whether this species - in geologic timescales - will remain an ectotherm or evolve red muscle endothermy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Arostegui
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Michelle R Shero
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Lawrence R Frank
- Center for Scientific Computation in Imaging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rachel M Berquist
- Center for Scientific Computation in Imaging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Camrin D Braun
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
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14
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Tagliavento M, Davies AJ, Bernecker M, Staudigel PT, Dawson RR, Dietzel M, Götschl K, Guo W, Schulp AS, Therrien F, Zelenitsky DK, Gerdes A, Müller W, Fiebig J. Evidence for heterothermic endothermy and reptile-like eggshell mineralization in Troodon, a non-avian maniraptoran theropod. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2213987120. [PMID: 37011196 PMCID: PMC10104568 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2213987120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The dinosaur-bird transition involved several anatomical, biomechanical, and physiological modifications of the theropod bauplan. Non-avian maniraptoran theropods, such as Troodon, are key to better understand changes in thermophysiology and reproduction occurring during this transition. Here, we applied dual clumped isotope (Δ47 and Δ48) thermometry, a technique that resolves mineralization temperature and other nonthermal information recorded in carbonates, to eggshells from Troodon, modern reptiles, and modern birds. Troodon eggshells show variable temperatures, namely 42 and 29 ± 2 °C, supporting the hypothesis of an endothermic thermophysiology with a heterothermic strategy for this extinct taxon. Dual clumped isotope data also reveal physiological differences in the reproductive systems between Troodon, reptiles, and birds. Troodon and modern reptiles mineralize their eggshells indistinguishable from dual clumped isotope equilibrium, while birds precipitate eggshells characterized by a positive disequilibrium offset in Δ48. Analyses of inorganic calcites suggest that the observed disequilibrium pattern in birds is linked to an amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) precursor, a carbonate phase known to accelerate eggshell formation in birds. Lack of disequilibrium patterns in reptile and Troodon eggshells implies these vertebrates had not acquired the fast, ACC-based eggshell calcification process characteristic of birds. Observation that Troodon retained a slow reptile-like calcification suggests that it possessed two functional ovaries and was limited in the number of eggs it could produce; thus its large clutches would have been laid by several females. Dual clumped isotope analysis of eggshells of extinct vertebrates sheds light on physiological information otherwise inaccessible in the fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Tagliavento
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main60438, Germany
| | - Amelia J. Davies
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main60438, Germany
| | - Miguel Bernecker
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main60438, Germany
| | - Philip T. Staudigel
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main60438, Germany
| | - Robin R. Dawson
- Department of Earth, Geographic and Climate Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA01003
| | - Martin Dietzel
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Graz University of Technology,8010Graz, Austria
| | - Katja Götschl
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Graz University of Technology,8010Graz, Austria
| | - Weifu Guo
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA02543
| | - Anne S. Schulp
- Vertebrate Evolution and Development, Naturalis Biodiversity Center,2333CRLeiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Universiteit Utrecht,3584 CBUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Axel Gerdes
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main60438, Germany
- Frankfurt Isotope and Element Research Center, Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main60438, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Müller
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main60438, Germany
- Frankfurt Isotope and Element Research Center, Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main60438, Germany
| | - Jens Fiebig
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main60438, Germany
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15
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At the root of the mammalian mind: The sensory organs, brain and behavior of pre-mammalian synapsids. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2023; 275:25-72. [PMID: 36841570 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
All modern mammals are descendants of the paraphyletic non-mammaliaform Synapsida, colloquially referred to as the "mammal-like reptiles." It has long been assumed that these mammalian ancestors were essentially reptile-like in their morphology, biology, and behavior, i.e., they had a small brain, displayed simple behavior, and their sensory organs were unrefined compared to those of modern mammals. Recent works have, however, revealed that neurological, sensory, and behavioral traits previously considered typically mammalian, such as whiskers, enhanced olfaction, nocturnality, parental care, and complex social interactions evolved before the origin of Mammaliaformes, among the early-diverging "mammal-like reptiles." In contrast, an enlarged brain did not evolve immediately after the origin of mammaliaforms. As such, in terms of paleoneurology, the last "mammal-like reptiles" were not significantly different from the earliest mammaliaforms. The abundant data and literature published in the last 10 years no longer supports the "three pulses" scenario of synapsid brain evolution proposed by Rowe and colleagues in 2011, but supports the new "outside-in" model of Rodrigues and colleagues proposed in 2018, instead. As Mesozoic reptiles were becoming the dominant taxa within terrestrial ecosystems, synapsids gradually adapted to smaller body sizes and nocturnality. This resulted in a sensory revolution in synapsids as olfaction, audition, and somatosensation compensated for the loss of visual cues. This altered sensory input is aligned with changes in the brain, the most significant of which was an increase in relative brain size.
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16
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Shiels HA. Avian cardiomyocyte architecture and what it reveals about the evolution of the vertebrate heart. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210332. [PMID: 36189815 PMCID: PMC9527935 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bird cardiomyocytes are long, thin and lack transverse (t)-tubules, which is akin to the cardiomyocyte morphology of ectothermic non-avian reptiles, who are typified by low maximum heart rates and low pressure development. However, birds can achieve greater contractile rates and developed pressures than mammals, whose wide cardiomyocytes contain a dense t-tubular network allowing for uniform excitation-contraction coupling and strong contractile force. To address this apparent paradox, this paper functionally links recent electrophysiological studies on bird cardiomyocytes with decades of ultrastructure measurements. It shows that it is the strong transsarcolemmal Ca2+ influx via the L-type Ca2+ current (ICaL) and the high gain of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), coupled with an internal SR Ca2+ release relay system, that facilitates the strong fast contractions in the long thin bird cardiomyocytes, without the need for t-tubules. The maintenance of an elongated myocyte morphology following the post-hatch transition from ectothermy to endothermy in birds is discussed in relation to cardiac load, myocyte ploidy, and cardiac regeneration potential in adult cardiomyocytes. Overall, the paper shows how little we know about cellular Ca2+ dynamics in the bird heart and suggests how increased research efforts in this area would provide vital information in our quest to understand the role of myocyte architecture in the evolution of the vertebrate heart. This article is part of the theme issue 'The cardiomyocyte: new revelations on the interplay between architecture and function in growth, health, and disease'. Please see glossary at the end of the paper for definitions of specialized terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A. Shiels
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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17
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Beignon F, Gueguen N, Tricoire-Leignel H, Mattei C, Lenaers G. The multiple facets of mitochondrial regulations controlling cellular thermogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:525. [PMID: 36125552 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04523-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Understanding temperature production and regulation in endotherm organisms becomes a crucial challenge facing the increased frequency and intensity of heat strokes related to global warming. Mitochondria, located at the crossroad of metabolism, respiration, Ca2+ homeostasis, and apoptosis, were recently proposed to further act as cellular radiators, with an estimated inner temperature reaching 50 °C in common cell lines. This inner thermogenesis might be further exacerbated in organs devoted to produce consistent efforts as muscles, or heat as brown adipose tissue, in response to acute solicitations. Consequently, pathways promoting respiratory chain uncoupling and mitochondrial activity, such as Ca2+ fluxes, uncoupling proteins, futile cycling, and substrate supplies, provide the main processes controlling heat production and cell temperature. The mitochondrial thermogenesis might be further amplified by cytoplasmic mechanisms promoting the over-consumption of ATP pools. Considering these new thermic paradigms, we discuss here all conventional wisdoms linking mitochondrial functions to cellular thermogenesis in different physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Beignon
- Univ Angers, MitoLab, Unité MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, SFR ICAT, Angers, France.
| | - Naig Gueguen
- Univ Angers, MitoLab, Unité MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, SFR ICAT, Angers, France.,Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | | | - César Mattei
- Univ Angers, CarMe, Unité MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, SFR ICAT, Angers, France
| | - Guy Lenaers
- Univ Angers, MitoLab, Unité MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, SFR ICAT, Angers, France. .,Service de Neurologie, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France.
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18
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Pani P, Bal NC. Avian adjustments to cold and non-shivering thermogenesis: whats, wheres and hows. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:2106-2126. [PMID: 35899483 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Avian cold adaptation is hallmarked by innovative strategies of both heat conservation and thermogenesis. While minimizing heat loss can reduce the thermogenic demands of body temperature maintenance, it cannot eliminate the requirement for thermogenesis. Shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) are the two synergistic mechanisms contributing to endothermy. Birds are of particular interest in studies of NST as they lack brown adipose tissue (BAT), the major organ of NST in mammals. Critical analysis of the existing literature on avian strategies of cold adaptation suggests that skeletal muscle is the principal site of NST. Despite recent progress, isolating the mechanisms involved in avian muscle NST has been difficult as shivering and NST co-exist with its primary locomotory function. Herein, we re-evaluate various proposed molecular bases of avian skeletal muscle NST. Experimental evidence suggests that sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase (SERCA) and ryanodine receptor 1 (RyR1) are key in avian muscle NST, through their mediation of futile Ca2+ cycling and thermogenesis. More recent studies have shown that SERCA regulation by sarcolipin (SLN) facilitates muscle NST in mammals; however, its role in birds is unclear. Ca2+ signalling in the muscle seems to be common to contraction, shivering and NST, but elucidating its roles will require more precise measurement of local Ca2+ levels inside avian myofibres. The endocrine control of avian muscle NST is still poorly defined. A better understanding of the mechanistic details of avian muscle NST will provide insights into the roles of these processes in regulatory thermogenesis, which could further inform our understanding of the evolution of endothermy among vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punyadhara Pani
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Naresh C Bal
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
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19
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Cristina-Silva C, Amaral-Silva L, Santos KM, Correa GM, da Silva WC, Fernandes MHMR, da Silva GSF, Gargaglioni LH, Almeida MC, Bicego KC. Cutaneous TRPV4 Channels Activate Warmth-Defense Responses in Young and Adult Birds. Front Physiol 2022; 13:892828. [PMID: 35910562 PMCID: PMC9337882 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.892828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels are sensitive to warm ambient temperatures (Tas), triggering heat loss responses in adult rats in a Tas range of ∼26–30°C. In birds, however, the thermoregulatory role of TRPV4 has never been shown. Here, we hypothesized that stimulation of TRPV4 induces thermolytic responses for body temperature (Tb) maintenance in birds, and that this function is already present in early life, when the Ta range for TRPV4 activation does not represent a warm condition for these animals. We first demonstrated the presence of TRPV4 in the dorsal and ventral skin of chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) by immunohistochemistry. Then, we evaluated the effects of the TRPV4 agonist, RN1747, and the TRPV4 antagonists, HC067047 and GSK2193874, on Tb and thermoeffectors at different Tas in 5-day-old chicks and 60-day-old adult chickens. For the chicks, RN1747 transiently reduced Tb both in thermoneutrality (31°C) and in a cold Ta for this phase (26°C), which relied on huddling behavior inhibition. The TRPV4 antagonists alone did not affect Tb or thermoeffectors but blocked the Tb decrease and huddling inhibition promoted by RN1747. For the adults, TRPV4 antagonism increased Tb when animals were exposed to 28°C (suprathermoneutral condition for adults), but not to 19°C. In contrast, RN1747 decreased Tb by reducing metabolic rate and activating thermal tachypnea at 19°C, a Ta below the activation range of TRPV4. Our results indicate that peripheral TRPV4 receptors are functional in early life, but may be inhibited at that time when the range of activation (∼26–30°C) represents cold Ta for chicks, and become physiologically relevant for Tb maintenance when the activation Ta range for TRPV4 becomes suprathermoneutral for adult chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Cristina-Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Lara Amaral-Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Kassia Moreira Santos
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Monteiro Correa
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Welex Candido da Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Marcia H. M. R. Fernandes
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Glauber S. F. da Silva
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais (ICB/UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciane H. Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Maria C. Almeida
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Kenia C. Bicego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Kenia C. Bicego, ,
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20
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Araújo R, David R, Benoit J, Lungmus JK, Stoessel A, Barrett PM, Maisano JA, Ekdale E, Orliac M, Luo ZX, Martinelli AG, Hoffman EA, Sidor CA, Martins RMS, Spoor F, Angielczyk KD. Inner ear biomechanics reveals a Late Triassic origin for mammalian endothermy. Nature 2022; 607:726-731. [PMID: 35859179 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04963-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Endothermy underpins the ecological dominance of mammals and birds in diverse environmental settings1,2. However, it is unclear when this crucial feature emerged during mammalian evolutionary history, as most of the fossil evidence is ambiguous3-17. Here we show that this key evolutionary transition can be investigated using the morphology of the endolymph-filled semicircular ducts of the inner ear, which monitor head rotations and are essential for motor coordination, navigation and spatial awareness18-22. Increased body temperatures during the ectotherm-endotherm transition of mammal ancestors would decrease endolymph viscosity, negatively affecting semicircular duct biomechanics23,24, while simultaneously increasing behavioural activity25,26 probably required improved performance27. Morphological changes to the membranous ducts and enclosing bony canals would have been necessary to maintain optimal functionality during this transition. To track these morphofunctional changes in 56 extinct synapsid species, we developed the thermo-motility index, a proxy based on bony canal morphology. The results suggest that endothermy evolved abruptly during the Late Triassic period in Mammaliamorpha, correlated with a sharp increase in body temperature (5-9 °C) and an expansion of aerobic and anaerobic capacities. Contrary to previous suggestions3-14, all stem mammaliamorphs were most probably ectotherms. Endothermy, as a crucial physiological characteristic, joins other distinctive mammalian features that arose during this period of climatic instability28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Araújo
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. .,Institut des Sciences de L'Évolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Romain David
- Natural History Museum, London, UK. .,Max Plank Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Julien Benoit
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jacqueline K Lungmus
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, USA
| | - Alexander Stoessel
- Max Plank Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Jessica A Maisano
- Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Eric Ekdale
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Paleontology, San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Maëva Orliac
- Institut des Sciences de L'Évolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Zhe-Xi Luo
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Agustín G Martinelli
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eva A Hoffman
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christian A Sidor
- Burke Museum and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rui M S Martins
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fred Spoor
- Natural History Museum, London, UK.,Max Plank Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kenneth D Angielczyk
- Neguanee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA.
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21
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Cuff AR, Demuth OE, Michel K, Otero A, Pintore R, Polet DT, Wiseman ALA, Hutchinson JR. Walking-and Running and Jumping-with Dinosaurs and Their Cousins, Viewed Through the Lens of Evolutionary Biomechanics. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac049. [PMID: 35595475 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Archosauria diversified throughout the Triassic Period before experiencing two mass extinctions near its end ∼201 Mya, leaving only the crocodile-lineage (Crocodylomorpha) and bird-lineage (Dinosauria) as survivors; along with the pterosaurian flying reptiles. About 50 years ago, the "locomotor superiority hypothesis" (LSH) proposed that dinosaurs ultimately dominated by the Early Jurassic Period because their locomotion was superior to other archosaurs'. This idea has been debated continuously since, with taxonomic and morphological analyses suggesting dinosaurs were "lucky" rather than surviving due to being biologically superior. However, the LSH has never been tested biomechanically. Here we present integration of experimental data from locomotion in extant archosaurs with inverse and predictive simulations of the same behaviours using musculoskeletal models, showing that we can reliably predict how extant archosaurs walk, run and jump. These simulations have been guiding predictive simulations of extinct archosaurs to estimate how they moved, and we show our progress in that endeavour. The musculoskeletal models used in these simulations can also be used for simpler analyses of form and function such as muscle moment arms, which inform us about more basic biomechanical similarities and differences between archosaurs. Placing all these data into an evolutionary and biomechanical context, we take a fresh look at the LSH as part of a critical review of competing hypotheses for why dinosaurs (and a few other archosaur clades) survived the Late Triassic extinctions. Early dinosaurs had some quantifiable differences in locomotor function and performance vs. some other archosaurs, but other derived dinosaurian features (e.g., metabolic or growth rates, ventilatory abilities) are not necessarily mutually exclusive from the LSH; or maybe even an opportunistic replacement hypothesis; in explaining dinosaurs' success.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Cuff
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, United Kingdom
- Human Anatomy Resource Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - O E Demuth
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, United Kingdom
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - K Michel
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, United Kingdom
| | - A Otero
- CONICET - División Paleontología de Vertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Anexo Laboratorios, La Plata, Argentina
| | - R Pintore
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, United Kingdom
- Mécanismes adaptatifs et évolution (MECADEV) / UMR 7179, CNRS / Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, France
| | - D T Polet
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, United Kingdom
| | - A L A Wiseman
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, United Kingdom
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - J R Hutchinson
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, United Kingdom
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22
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Johanson Z, Liston J, Davesne D, Challands T, Meredith Smith M. Mechanisms of dermal bone repair after predatory attack in the giant stem-group teleost Leedsichthys problematicus Woodward, 1889a (Pachycormiformes). J Anat 2022; 241:393-406. [PMID: 35588137 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leedsichthys problematicus is a suspension-feeding member of the Mesozoic clade Pachycormiformes (stem-group Teleostei), and the largest known ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii). As in some larger fish, the skeleton is poorly ossified, but the caudal fin (tail) is well-preserved. Bony calluses have been found here, on the dermal fin rays, and when sectioned, show evidence of bone repair in response to damage. As part of this repair, distinctive tissue changes are observed, including the deposition of woven bone onto broken bone fragments and the surface of the lepidotrichium, after resorption of the edges of these fragments and the lepidotrichial surface itself. Within the woven bone are many clear elongate spaces, consistent with their interpretation as bundles of unmineralized collagen (Sharpey's fibres). These normally provide attachment within dermal bones, and here attach new bone to old, particularly to resorbed surfaces, identified by scalloped reversal lines. Haversian systems are retained in the old bone, from which vasculature initially invaded the callus, hence bringing stem cells committed to forming bone onto the surfaces of the damaged area. These observations provide strong evidence of a vital response through survival of a predatory attack by a large marine reptile, coeval with Leedsichthys in the Jurassic seas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeff Liston
- Royal Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology, Drumheller, Canada.,Fachruppe Paläoumwelt, GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Palaeobiology Section, Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Donald Davesne
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tom Challands
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Moya Meredith Smith
- Natural History Museum, London, UK.,Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
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23
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Wellbrock AHJ, Eckhardt LRH, Kelsey NA, Heldmaier G, Rozman J, Witte K. Cool birds: first evidence of energy-saving nocturnal torpor in free-living common swifts Apus apus resting in their nests. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20210675. [PMID: 35414223 PMCID: PMC9006018 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Daily torpor is a means of saving energy by controlled lowering of the metabolic rate (MR) during resting, usually coupled with a decrease in body temperature. We studied nocturnal daily torpor under natural conditions in free-living common swifts Apus apus resting in their nests as a family using two non-invasive approaches. First, we monitored nest temperature (Tnest) in up to 50 occupied nests per breeding season in 2010-2015. Drops in Tnest were the first indication of torpor. Among 16 673 observations, we detected 423 events of substantial drops in Tnest of on average 8.6°C. Second, we measured MR of the families inside nest-boxes prepared for calorimetric measurements during cold periods in the breeding seasons of 2017 and 2018. We measured oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production using a mobile indirect respirometer and calculated the percentage reduction in MR. During six torpor events observed, MR was gradually reduced by on average 56% from the reference value followed by a decrease in Tnest of on average 7.6°C. By contrast, MR only decreased by about 33% on nights without torpor. Our field data gave an indication of daily torpor, which is used as a strategy for energy saving in free-living common swifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arndt H J Wellbrock
- Research Group of Ecology and Behavioural Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany.,Institute of Avian Research 'Vogelwarte Helgoland', Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Luca R H Eckhardt
- Research Group of Ecology and Behavioural Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Natalie A Kelsey
- Research Group of Ecology and Behavioural Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany.,Institute of Avian Research 'Vogelwarte Helgoland', Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Gerhard Heldmaier
- Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Marburg University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jan Rozman
- Research Group of Ecology and Behavioural Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany.,Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Klaudia Witte
- Research Group of Ecology and Behavioural Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
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24
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Mondéjar Fernández J, Meunier FJ, Cloutier R, Clément G, Laurin M. Life history and ossification patterns in Miguashaia bureaui reveal the early evolution of osteogenesis in coelacanths. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13175. [PMID: 35411253 PMCID: PMC8994491 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of development is critical for revealing the evolution of major vertebrate lineages. Coelacanths have one of the longest evolutionary histories among osteichthyans, but despite access to extant representatives, the onset of their weakly ossified endoskeleton is still poorly understood. Here we present the first palaeohistological and skeletochronological study of Miguashaia bureaui from the Upper Devonian of Canada, pivotal for exploring the palaeobiology and early evolution of osteogenesis in coelacanths. Cross sections of the caudal fin bones show that the cortex is made of layers of primary bone separated by lines of arrested growth, indicative of a cyclical growth. The medullary cavity displays remnants of calcified cartilage associated with bony trabeculae, characteristic of endochondral ossification. A skeletochronological analysis indicates that rapid growth during a short juvenile period was followed by slower growth in adulthood. Our new analysis highlights the life history and palaeoecology of Miguashaia bureaui and reveals that, despite differences in size and habitat, the poor endoskeletal ossification known in the extant Latimeria chalumnae can be traced back at least 375 million years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Mondéjar Fernández
- Division Paleontology and Historical Geology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie—Paris (CR2P), UMR 7207, MNHN, CNRS, SU, Département Origines et Évolution, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - François J. Meunier
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et des Écosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), UMR 8067, MNHN, CNRS, SU, Département Adaptations du Vivant, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Richard Cloutier
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Canada
| | - Gaël Clément
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie—Paris (CR2P), UMR 7207, MNHN, CNRS, SU, Département Origines et Évolution, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Michel Laurin
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie—Paris (CR2P), UMR 7207, MNHN, CNRS, SU, Département Origines et Évolution, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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25
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do Amaral-Silva L, da Silva WC, Gargaglioni LH, Bícego KC. Metabolic trade-offs favor regulated hypothermia and inhibit fever in immune-challenged chicks. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274497. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The febrile response to resist a pathogen is energetically expensive while regulated hypothermia seems to preserve energy for vital functions. We hypothesized here that immune challenged birds under metabolic trade-offs (reduced energy supply / increased energy demand) favor a regulated hypothermic response at the expense of fever. To test this hypothesis, we compared 5-days old broiler chicks exposed to fasting, cold (25oC), and fasting combined with cold to a control group fed at thermoneutral condition (30oC). The chicks were injected with saline or with a high dose of endotoxin known to induce a biphasic thermal response composed of body temperature (Tb) drop followed by fever. Then Tb, oxygen consumption (metabolic rate), peripheral vasomotion (cutaneous heat exchange), breathing frequency (respiratory heat exchange), and huddling behavior (heat conservation indicator) were analyzed. Irrespective of metabolic trade-offs, chicks presented a transient regulated hypothermia in the first hour, which relied on a suppressed metabolic rate for all groups, increased breathing frequency for chicks fed/fasted at 30oC, and peripheral vasodilation in fed/fasted chicks at 25oC. Fever was observed only in chicks kept at thermoneutrality and was supported by peripheral vasoconstriction and huddling behavior. Fed and fasted chicks at 25oC completely eliminated fever despite the ability to increase metabolic rate for thermogenesis in the phase correspondent to fever when it was pharmacologically induced by 2.4-Dinitrophenol. Our data suggest that increased competing demands affect chicks’ response to an immune challenge favoring regulated hypothermia to preserve energy while the high costs of fever to resist a pathogen are avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara do Amaral-Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University (FCAV-UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG), Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Welex Cândido da Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University (FCAV-UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciane Helena Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University (FCAV-UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Kênia Cardoso Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University (FCAV-UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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26
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Wang X, Qu M, Liu Y, Schneider RF, Song Y, Chen Z, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Yu H, Zhang S, Li D, Qin G, Ma S, Zhong J, Yin J, Liu S, Fan G, Meyer A, Wang D, Lin Q. Genomic basis of evolutionary adaptation in a warm-blooded fish. Innovation (N Y) 2022; 3:100185. [PMID: 34984407 PMCID: PMC8693259 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Few fishes have evolved elevated body temperatures compared with ambient temperatures, and only in opah (Lampris spp) is the entire body affected. To understand the molecular basis of endothermy, we analyzed the opah genome and identified 23 genes with convergent amino acid substitutions across fish, birds, and mammals, including slc8b1, which encodes the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and is essential for heart function and metabolic heat production. Among endothermic fishes, 44 convergent genes with suggestive metabolic functions were identified, such as glrx3, encoding a crucial protein for hemoglobin maturation. Numerous genes involved in the production and retention of metabolic heat were also found to be under positive selection. Analyses of opah's unique inner-heat-producing pectoral muscle layer (PMI), an evolutionary key innovation, revealed that many proteins were co-opted from dorsal swimming muscles for thermogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, the opah genome provides valuable resources and opportunities to uncover the genetic basis of thermal adaptations in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Meng Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Yali Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Ralf F Schneider
- Marine Evolutionary Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Yue Song
- BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Zelin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China.,State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | | | - Dongxu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Geng Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Shaobo Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Jia Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Jianping Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Shuaishuai Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Guangyi Fan
- BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Axel Meyer
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| | - Dazhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
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27
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Braun CD, Arostegui MC, Thorrold SR, Papastamatiou YP, Gaube P, Fontes J, Afonso P. The Functional and Ecological Significance of Deep Diving by Large Marine Predators. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2022; 14:129-159. [PMID: 34416123 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-032521-103517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many large marine predators make excursions from surface waters to the deep ocean below 200 m. Moreover, the ability to access meso- and bathypelagic habitats has evolved independently across marine mammals, reptiles, birds, teleost fishes, and elasmobranchs. Theoretical and empirical evidence suggests a number of plausible functional hypotheses for deep-diving behavior. Developing ways to test among these hypotheses will, however, require new ways to quantify animal behavior and biophysical oceanographic processes at coherent spatiotemporal scales. Current knowledge gaps include quantifying ecological links between surface waters and mesopelagic habitats and the value of ecosystem services provided by biomass in the ocean twilight zone. Growing pressure for ocean twilight zone fisheries creates an urgent need to understand the importance of the deep pelagic ocean to large marine predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camrin D Braun
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA;
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Martin C Arostegui
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA;
- Air-Sea Interaction and Remote Sensing Department, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
| | - Simon R Thorrold
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA;
| | - Yannis P Papastamatiou
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33181, USA
| | - Peter Gaube
- Air-Sea Interaction and Remote Sensing Department, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
| | - Jorge Fontes
- Okeanos and Institute of Marine Research, University of the Azores, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
| | - Pedro Afonso
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA;
- Okeanos and Institute of Marine Research, University of the Azores, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
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28
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Knaus PL, van Heteren AH, Lungmus JK, Sander PM. High Blood Flow Into the Femur Indicates Elevated Aerobic Capacity in Synapsids Since the Synapsida-Sauropsida Split. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.751238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Varanids are the only non-avian sauropsids that are known to approach the warm-blooded mammals in stamina. Furthermore, a much higher maximum metabolic rate (MMR) gives endotherms (including birds) higher stamina than crocodiles, turtles, and non-varanid lepidosaurs. This has led researchers to hypothesize that mammalian endothermy evolved as a second step after the acquisition of elevated MMR in non-mammalian therapsids from a plesiomorphic state of low metabolic rates. In recent amniotes, MMR correlates with the index of blood flow into the femur (Qi), which is calculated from femoral length and the cross-sectional area of the nutrient foramen. Thus, Qi may serve as an indicator of MMR range in extinct animals. Using the Qi proxy and phylogenetic eigenvector maps, here we show that elevated MMRs evolved near the base of Synapsida. Non-mammalian synapsids, including caseids, edaphosaurids, sphenacodontids, dicynodonts, gorgonopsids, and non-mammalian cynodonts, show Qi values in the range of recent endotherms and varanids, suggesting that raised MMRs either evolved in synapsids shortly after the Synapsida-Sauropsida split in the Mississippian or that the low MMR of lepidosaurs and turtles is apomorphic, as has been postulated for crocodiles.
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29
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Grigg G, Nowack J, Bicudo JEPW, Bal NC, Woodward HN, Seymour RS. Whole-body endothermy: ancient, homologous and widespread among the ancestors of mammals, birds and crocodylians. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:766-801. [PMID: 34894040 PMCID: PMC9300183 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The whole‐body (tachymetabolic) endothermy seen in modern birds and mammals is long held to have evolved independently in each group, a reasonable assumption when it was believed that its earliest appearances in birds and mammals arose many millions of years apart. That assumption is consistent with current acceptance that the non‐shivering thermogenesis (NST) component of regulatory body heat originates differently in each group: from skeletal muscle in birds and from brown adipose tissue (BAT) in mammals. However, BAT is absent in monotremes, marsupials, and many eutherians, all whole‐body endotherms. Indeed, recent research implies that BAT‐driven NST originated more recently and that the biochemical processes driving muscle NST in birds, many modern mammals and the ancestors of both may be similar, deriving from controlled ‘slippage’ of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase (SERCA) in skeletal muscle, similar to a process seen in some fishes. This similarity prompted our realisation that the capacity for whole‐body endothermy could even have pre‐dated the divergence of Amniota into Synapsida and Sauropsida, leading us to hypothesise the homology of whole‐body endothermy in birds and mammals, in contrast to the current assumption of their independent (convergent) evolution. To explore the extent of similarity between muscle NST in mammals and birds we undertook a detailed review of these processes and their control in each group. We found considerable but not complete similarity between them: in extant mammals the ‘slippage’ is controlled by the protein sarcolipin (SLN), in birds the SLN is slightly different structurally and its role in NST is not yet proved. However, considering the multi‐millions of years since the separation of synapsids and diapsids, we consider that the similarity between NST production in birds and mammals is consistent with their whole‐body endothermy being homologous. If so, we should expect to find evidence for it much earlier and more widespread among extinct amniotes than is currently recognised. Accordingly, we conducted an extensive survey of the palaeontological literature using established proxies. Fossil bone histology reveals evidence of sustained rapid growth rates indicating tachymetabolism. Large body size and erect stature indicate high systemic arterial blood pressures and four‐chambered hearts, characteristic of tachymetabolism. Large nutrient foramina in long bones are indicative of high bone perfusion for rapid somatic growth and for repair of microfractures caused by intense locomotion. Obligate bipedality appeared early and only in whole‐body endotherms. Isotopic profiles of fossil material indicate endothermic levels of body temperature. These proxies led us to compelling evidence for the widespread occurrence of whole‐body endothermy among numerous extinct synapsids and sauropsids, and very early in each clade's family tree. These results are consistent with and support our hypothesis that tachymetabolic endothermy is plesiomorphic in Amniota. A hypothetical structure for the heart of the earliest endothermic amniotes is proposed. We conclude that there is strong evidence for whole‐body endothermy being ancient and widespread among amniotes and that the similarity of biochemical processes driving muscle NST in extant birds and mammals strengthens the case for its plesiomorphy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Grigg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Julia Nowack
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, U.K
| | | | | | - Holly N Woodward
- Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, 74107, U.S.A
| | - Roger S Seymour
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
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Udino E, George JM, McKenzie M, Pessato A, Crino OL, Buchanan KL, Mariette MM. Prenatal acoustic programming of mitochondrial function for high temperatures in an arid-adapted bird. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211893. [PMID: 34875198 PMCID: PMC8651415 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sound is an essential source of information in many taxa and can notably be used by embryos to programme their phenotypes for postnatal environments. While underlying mechanisms are mostly unknown, there is growing evidence for the involvement of mitochondria-main source of cellular energy (i.e. ATP)-in developmental programming processes. Here, we tested whether prenatal sound programmes mitochondrial metabolism. In the arid-adapted zebra finch, prenatal exposure to 'heat-calls'-produced by parents incubating at high temperatures-adaptively alters nestling growth in the heat. We measured red blood cell mitochondrial function, in nestlings exposed prenatally to heat- or control-calls, and reared in contrasting thermal environments. Exposure to high temperatures always reduced mitochondrial ATP production efficiency. However, as expected to reduce heat production, prenatal exposure to heat-calls improved mitochondrial efficiency under mild heat conditions. In addition, when exposed to an acute heat-challenge, LEAK respiration was higher in heat-call nestlings, and mitochondrial efficiency low across temperatures. Consistent with its role in reducing oxidative damage, LEAK under extreme heat was also higher in fast growing nestlings. Our study therefore provides the first demonstration of mitochondrial acoustic sensitivity, and brings us closer to understanding the underpinning of acoustic developmental programming and avian strategies for heat adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Udino
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3288, Australia
| | - Julia M. George
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Matthew McKenzie
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3288, Australia
| | - Anaïs Pessato
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3288, Australia
| | - Ondi L. Crino
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3288, Australia
| | - Katherine L. Buchanan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3288, Australia
| | - Mylene M. Mariette
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3288, Australia
- Estación Biológica de Doñana EBD-CSIC, Seville, 41092, Spain
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Monfroy QT, Kundrát M, O’Connor JK, Hai‐Lu Y, Marone F, Stampanoni M, Šmajda B. Synchrotron microtomography‐based osteohistology of
Gansus yumenensis
: new data on the evolution of uninterrupted bone deposition in basal birds. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin T. Monfroy
- Department of Animal Physiology Institute of Biology and Ecology Faculty of Sciences Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice Košice Slovakia
- PaleoBioImaging Lab, Evolutionary Biodiversity Research Group Centre for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice Košice Slovakia
| | - Martin Kundrát
- PaleoBioImaging Lab, Evolutionary Biodiversity Research Group Centre for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice Košice Slovakia
| | | | - You Hai‐Lu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment Beijing China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Federica Marone
- Swiss Light Source Paul Scherrer Institut Villigen Switzerland
| | - Marco Stampanoni
- Swiss Light Source Paul Scherrer Institut Villigen Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering ETH Zürich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Beňadik Šmajda
- Department of Animal Physiology Institute of Biology and Ecology Faculty of Sciences Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice Košice Slovakia
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Szwergold B. A Hypothesis: Fructosamine-3-Kinase-Related-Protein (FN3KRP) Catalyzes Deglycation of Maillard Intermediates Directly Downstream from Fructosamines. Rejuvenation Res 2021; 24:310-318. [PMID: 34314247 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2021.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-enzymatic glycation (a.k.a. Maillard reaction) is a series of random spontaneous reactions between reducing sugars and amines, resulting in the formation of irreversible advanced glycation endproducts (AGE's). In food chemistry, this process is beneficial by contributing to the flavor, aroma, texture, and appearance of cooked foods. In vivo, however, Maillard reaction is deleterious because uncontrolled modification and crosslinking of biological macromolecules impairs their function. Consequently, chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes mellitus, for instance, leads to increased non-enzymatic glycation and diverse, multi-organ pathologies of diabetic complications. Based on the fact that toxic compounds, such as free radicals, are detoxified in vivo by specific defense mechanisms, one would expect to find mechanisms to control glucose toxicity as well. Thus far, only one such enzyme, fructosamine-3-kinase (FN3K), has been characterized. It operates intracellularly by catalyzing ATP-dependent removal of Maillard adducts, D-fructoselysines, from proteins, thereby reducing the Maillard reaction flux from glucose to AGE's. When FN3K was isolated, a closely related but distinct protein copurified with it. Unlike FN3K, however, this enzyme, fructosamine-3-kinase-related protein (FN3KRP), does not phosphorylate D-fructoselysines but it does phosphorylate several other (non-physiological) substrates. Interestingly, the distribution of FN3KRP in nature appears to be nearly universal whereas that of FN3K is limited to endotherms. In this article, it is suggested that the function of FN3KRP is deglycation of Maillard adducts downstream from fructoselysines. Such a mechanism, if proven correct, would be valuable given reports on apparent correlations between FN3KRP and some chronic conditions and/or diseases, such as a recent publication which proposes that the FN3KRP gene may be a longevity gene.
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Qin Z, Zhao Q, Choiniere JN, Clark JM, Benton MJ, Xu X. Growth and miniaturization among alvarezsauroid dinosaurs. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3687-3693.e5. [PMID: 34233160 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sustained miniaturization, here defined as a drop in body size of at least two orders of magnitude from ancestors to descendants, is a widespread and important phenomenon in animals,1-3 but among dinosaurs, miniaturization occurred only rarely, once in the lineage leading to birds and once in the Alvarezsauroidea,1,3-5 one of the most bizarre theropod groups.1,5-7 Miniaturization and powered flight are intimately linked in avialan theropods,3,5,6,8-11 but the causes and patterns of body size reduction are less clear in the non-volant Alvarezsauroidea.1,5,6,12,13 Here, we present results from analyses on a comprehensive dataset, which not only includes new data from early-branching alvarezsauroids but also considers the ontogenetic effect based on histological data. Our analyses show that alvarezsauroid body mass underwent rapid miniaturization from around 110 to 85 mya and that there was a phylogenetic radiation of small-sized alvarezsauroids in the Late Cretaceous. Our analyses also indicate that growth strategies were highly variable among alvarezsauroids, with significant differences among extremely small taxa. The suggested alvarezsauroid miniaturization and associated phylogenetic radiation are coincident with the emergence of ants and termites, and combining previous functional morphological data, our study suggests that alvarezsauroid miniaturization might have been driven by ecological changes during the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution, more specifically by a shift to the myrmecophagous ecological niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichuan Qin
- School of Earth Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Qi Zhao
- Key Laboratory for the Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China; CAS Center of Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jonah N Choiniere
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - James M Clark
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael J Benton
- School of Earth Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Xing Xu
- Key Laboratory for the Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China; CAS Center of Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044, China.
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Boratyński Z, Mousseau TA, Møller AP. Individual quality and phenology mediate the effect of radioactive contamination on body temperature in Chernobyl barn swallows. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:9039-9048. [PMID: 34257943 PMCID: PMC8258232 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic stressors, such as radioactive contaminants released from the Chernobyl and Fukushima Daiichi accidents, deteriorate ecological and evolutionary processes, as evidence for damaging effects of radioactive contamination on wildlife is accumulating. Yet little is known about physiological traits of animals inhabiting contaminated areas, and how those are affected by individual quality and phenology. We investigated variation in body temperature of wild barn swallows, Hirundo rustica, exposed to radioactive contamination from the Chernobyl accident in Ukraine and Belarus. We tested whether exposure to variable levels of radioactive contamination modified core body temperature of birds, and whether individual and phenological characteristics modulated radiosensitivity of body temperature. We showed that barn swallow body temperature varied with exposure to environmental radioactive contamination and that individual characteristics and phenology affected radioactive exposure. Increased radiosensitivity and up-regulation of body temperature were detected in birds of low body condition, high risk of capture, and in animals captured late during the day but early during the season. These results highlight the complex ways that the body temperature of a wild bird is impacted by exposure to increased radioactive contamination in natural habitats. By impacting body temperature, increased radioactive contamination may compromise energetic balance, jeopardize responsiveness to global warming, and increase risk of overheating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbyszek Boratyński
- CIBIO/InBioResearch Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic ResourcesUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Timothy A. Mousseau
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSCUSA
- SURA/LASSO/NASAISS Utilization and Life Sciences DivisionKennedy Space CenterCape CanaveralFLUSA
| | - Anders Pape Møller
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological EngineeringCollege of Life SciencesBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- Ecologie Systematique EvolutionCNRSAgroParisTechUniversite Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
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Physiological and Behavioral Mechanisms of Thermoregulation in Mammals. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061733. [PMID: 34200650 PMCID: PMC8227286 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review analyzes the main anatomical structures and neural pathways that allow the generation of autonomous and behavioral mechanisms that regulate body heat in mammals. The study of the hypothalamic neuromodulation of thermoregulation offers broad areas of opportunity with practical applications that are currently being strengthened by the availability of efficacious tools like infrared thermography (IRT). These areas could include the following: understanding the effect of climate change on behavior and productivity; analyzing the effects of exercise on animals involved in sporting activities; identifying the microvascular changes that occur in response to fear, pleasure, pain, and other situations that induce stress in animals; and examining thermoregulating behaviors. This research could contribute substantially to understanding the drastic modification of environments that have severe consequences for animals, such as loss of appetite, low productivity, neonatal hypothermia, and thermal shock, among others. Current knowledge of these physiological processes and complex anatomical structures, like the nervous systems and their close relation to mechanisms of thermoregulation, is still limited. The results of studies in fields like evolutionary neuroscience of thermoregulation show that we cannot yet objectively explain even processes that on the surface seem simple, including behavioral changes and the pathways and connections that trigger mechanisms like vasodilatation and panting. In addition, there is a need to clarify the connection between emotions and thermoregulation that increases the chances of survival of some organisms. An increasingly precise understanding of thermoregulation will allow us to design and apply practical methods in fields like animal science and clinical medicine without compromising levels of animal welfare. The results obtained should not only increase the chances of survival but also improve quality of life and animal production.
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Amaral-Silva LD, Gargaglioni LH, Steiner AA, Oliveira MT, Bícego KC. Regulated hypothermia in response to endotoxin in birds. J Physiol 2021; 599:2969-2986. [PMID: 33823064 DOI: 10.1113/jp281385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The costs associated with immune and thermal responses may exceed the benefits to the host during severe inflammation. In this case, regulated hypothermia instead of fever can occur in rodents as a beneficial strategy to conserve energy for vital functions with consequent tissue protection and hypoxia prevention. We tested the hypothesis that this phenomenon is not exclusive to mammals, but extends to the other endothermic group, birds. A decrease in metabolic rate without any failure in mitochondrial respiration, nor oxygen delivery, is the main evidence supporting the regulated nature of endotoxin-induced hypothermia in chicks. Thermolytic mechanisms such as tachypnea and cutaneous vasodilatation can also be recruited to facilitate body temperature decrease under lipopolysaccharide treatment, especially in the cold. Our findings bring a new perspective for evolutionary medicine studies on energy trade-off in host defence because regulated hypothermia may be a phenomenon spread among vertebrates facing a severe immune challenge. ABSTRACT A switch from fever to regulated hypothermia can occur in mammals under circumstances of reduced physiological fitness (e.g. sepsis) to direct energy to defend vital systems. Birds in which the cost to resist a pathogen is additive to the highest metabolic rate and body temperature (Tb ) among vertebrates may also benefit from regulated hypothermia during systemic inflammation. Here, we show that the decrease in Tb observed during an immune challenge in birds is a regulated hypothermia, and not a result of metabolic failure. We investigated O2 consumption (thermogenesis index), ventilation (respiratory heat loss), skin temperature (sensible heat loss) and muscle mitochondrial respiration (thermogenic tissue) during Tb fall in chicken chicks challenged with endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)]. Chicks injected with LPS were also tested regarding the capacity to raise O2 consumption to meet an increased demand driven by 2,4-dinitrophenol. LPS decreased Tb and the metabolic rate of chicks without affecting muscle uncoupled, coupled and non-coupled mitochondrial respiration. LPS-challenged chicks were indeed capable of increasing metabolic rate in response to 2,4-dinitrophenol, indicating no O2 delivery limitation. Additionally, chicks did not attempt to prevent Tb from falling during hypothermia but, instead, activated cutaneous and respiratory thermolytic mechanisms, providing an additional cooling force. These data provide the first evidence of the regulated nature of the hypothermic response to endotoxin in birds. Therefore, it changes the current understanding of bird's thermoregulation during severe inflammation, indicating that regulated hypothermia is either a convergent trait for endotherms or a conserved response among vertebrates, which adds a new perspective for evolutionary medicine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara do Amaral-Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Steiner
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos T Oliveira
- Department of Technology, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Kênia Cardoso Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Cristina-Silva C, Gargaglioni LH, Bícego KC. A thermoregulatory role of the medullary raphe in birds. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.234344. [PMID: 33758021 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.234344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The brainstem region medullary raphe modulates non-shivering and shivering thermogenesis and cutaneous vasomotion in rodents. Whether the same scenario occurs in the other endothermic group, i.e. birds, is still unknown. Therefore, we hypothesised that the medullary raphe modulates heat gain and loss thermoeffectors in birds. We investigated the effect of glutamatergic and GABAergic inhibitions in this specific region on body temperature (Tb), oxygen consumption (thermogenesis), ventilation (O2 supply in cold, thermal tachypnea in heat) and heat loss index (cutaneous vasomotion) in one-week-old chicken exposed to neutral (31°C), cold (26°C) and heat (36°C) conditions. Intra-medullary raphe antagonism of NMDA glutamate (AP5; 0.5, 5 mM) and GABAA (bicuculline; 0.05, 0.5 mM) receptors reduced Tb of chicks at 31°C and 26oC, due mainly to an O2 consumption decrease. AP5 transiently increased breathing frequency during cold exposure. At 31°C, heat loss index was higher in the bicuculline and AP5 groups (higher doses) than vehicle at the beginning of the Tb reduction. No treatment affected any variable tested at 36oC. The results suggest that glutamatergic and GABAergic excitatory influences on the medullary raphe of chicks modulate thermogenesis and glutamatergic stimulation prevents tachypnea, without having any role in warmth-defence responses. A double excitation influence on the medullary raphe may provide a protective neural mechanism for supporting thermogenesis during early life, when energy expenditure to support growth and homeothermy is high. This novel demonstration of a thermoregulatory role for the raphe in birds suggests a convergent brainstem neurochemical regulation of body temperature in endotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Cristina-Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
- Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program of Physiological Sciences, Sao Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Kênia Cardoso Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
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Haridy Y, Osenberg M, Hilger A, Manke I, Davesne D, Witzmann F. Bone metabolism and evolutionary origin of osteocytes: Novel application of FIB-SEM tomography. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabb9113. [PMID: 33789889 PMCID: PMC8011976 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb9113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lacunae and canaliculi spaces of osteocytes are remarkably well preserved in fossilized bone and serve as an established proxy for bone cells. The earliest bone in the fossil record is acellular (anosteocytic), followed by cellular (osteocytic) bone in the jawless relatives of jawed vertebrates, the osteostracans, about 400 million years ago. Virtually nothing is known about the physiological pressures that would have initially favored osteocytic over anosteocytic bone. We apply focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy tomography combined with machine learning for cell detection and segmentation to image fossil cell spaces. Novel three-dimensional high-resolution images reveal areas of low density around osteocyte lacunae and their canaliculi in osteostracan bone. This provides evidence for demineralization that would have occurred in vivo as part of osteocytic osteolysis, a mechanism of mineral homeostasis, supporting the hypothesis that a physiological demand for phosphorus was the principal driver in the initial evolution of osteocytic bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Haridy
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Markus Osenberg
- Helmholtz Centre for Materials and Energy (HZB), Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - André Hilger
- Helmholtz Centre for Materials and Energy (HZB), Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Manke
- Helmholtz Centre for Materials and Energy (HZB), Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Donald Davesne
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3AN Oxford, UK
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Florian Witzmann
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany
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Holzman MA, Ryckman A, Finkelstein TM, Landry-Truchon K, Schindler KA, Bergmann JM, Jeannotte L, Mansfield JH. HOXA5 Participates in Brown Adipose Tissue and Epaxial Skeletal Muscle Patterning and in Brown Adipocyte Differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:632303. [PMID: 33732701 PMCID: PMC7959767 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.632303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays critical thermogenic, metabolic and endocrine roles in mammals, and aberrant BAT function is associated with metabolic disorders including obesity and diabetes. The major BAT depots are clustered at the neck and forelimb levels, and arise largely within the dermomyotome of somites, from a common progenitor with skeletal muscle. However, many aspects of BAT embryonic development are not well understood. Hoxa5 patterns other tissues at the cervical and brachial levels, including skeletal, neural and respiratory structures. Here, we show that Hoxa5 also positively regulates BAT development, while negatively regulating formation of epaxial skeletal muscle. HOXA5 protein is expressed in embryonic preadipocytes and adipocytes as early as embryonic day 12.5. Hoxa5 null mutant embryos and rare, surviving adults show subtly reduced iBAT and sBAT formation, as well as aberrant marker expression, lower adipocyte density and altered lipid droplet morphology. Conversely, the epaxial muscles that arise from a common dermomyotome progenitor are expanded in Hoxa5 mutants. Conditional deletion of Hoxa5 with Myf5/Cre can reproduce both BAT and epaxial muscle phenotypes, indicating that HOXA5 is necessary within Myf5-positive cells for proper BAT and epaxial muscle development. However, recombinase-based lineage tracing shows that Hoxa5 does not act cell-autonomously to repress skeletal muscle fate. Interestingly, Hoxa5-dependent regulation of adipose-associated transcripts is conserved in lung and diaphragm, suggesting a shared molecular role for Hoxa5 in multiple tissues. Together, these findings establish a role for Hoxa5 in embryonic BAT development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A. Holzman
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Abigail Ryckman
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tova M. Finkelstein
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kim Landry-Truchon
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, CRCHU de Québec-Université Laval (Oncology), Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Kyra A. Schindler
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jenna M. Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lucie Jeannotte
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, CRCHU de Québec-Université Laval (Oncology), Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jennifer H. Mansfield
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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Frýdlová P, Mrzílková J, Šeremeta M, Křemen J, Dudák J, Žemlička J, Minnich B, Kverková K, Němec P, Zach P, Frynta D. Determinate growth is predominant and likely ancestral in squamate reptiles. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20202737. [PMID: 33352069 PMCID: PMC7779497 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Body growth is typically thought to be indeterminate in ectothermic vertebrates. Indeed, until recently, this growth pattern was considered to be ubiquitous in ectotherms. Our recent observations of a complete growth plate cartilage (GPC) resorption, a reliable indicator of arrested skeletal growth, in many species of lizards clearly reject the ubiquity of indeterminate growth in reptiles and raise the question about the ancestral state of the growth pattern. Using X-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT), here we examined GPCs of long bones in three basally branching clades of squamate reptiles, namely in Gekkota, Scincoidea and Lacertoidea. A complete loss of GPC, indicating skeletal growth arrest, was the predominant finding. Using a dataset of 164 species representing all major clades of lizards and the tuataras, we traced the evolution of determinate growth on the phylogenetic tree of Lepidosauria. The reconstruction of character states suggests that determinate growth is ancestral for the squamate reptiles (Squamata) and remains common in the majority of lizard lineages, while extended (potentially indeterminate) adult growth evolved several times within squamates. Although traditionally associated with endotherms, determinate growth is coupled with ectothermy in this lineage. These findings combined with existing literature suggest that determinate growth predominates in both extant and extinct amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Frýdlová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 12844, Czech Republic.,Department of Anatomy, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 100 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Mrzílková
- Specialized Laboratory of Experimental Imaging, Third Faculty of Medicine of Charles University, Institute of Technical and Applied Physics and Faculty of Bioengineering, Prague 100 00, Czech Republic.,Department of Anatomy, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 100 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Šeremeta
- Specialized Laboratory of Experimental Imaging, Third Faculty of Medicine of Charles University, Institute of Technical and Applied Physics and Faculty of Bioengineering, Prague 100 00, Czech Republic.,Department of Anatomy, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 100 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Křemen
- Specialized Laboratory of Experimental Imaging, Third Faculty of Medicine of Charles University, Institute of Technical and Applied Physics and Faculty of Bioengineering, Prague 100 00, Czech Republic.,Department of Anatomy, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 100 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dudák
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague 110 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Žemlička
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague 110 00, Czech Republic
| | - Bernd Minnich
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, Salzburg 5020, Austria
| | - Kristina Kverková
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 12844, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Němec
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 12844, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Zach
- Specialized Laboratory of Experimental Imaging, Third Faculty of Medicine of Charles University, Institute of Technical and Applied Physics and Faculty of Bioengineering, Prague 100 00, Czech Republic.,Department of Anatomy, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 100 00, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Frynta
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 12844, Czech Republic
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41
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Griffin CT, Stocker MR, Colleary C, Stefanic CM, Lessner EJ, Riegler M, Formoso K, Koeller K, Nesbitt SJ. Assessing ontogenetic maturity in extinct saurian reptiles. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:470-525. [PMID: 33289322 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Morphology forms the most fundamental level of data in vertebrate palaeontology because it is through interpretations of morphology that taxa are identified, creating the basis for broad evolutionary and palaeobiological hypotheses. Assessing maturity is one of the most basic aspects of morphological interpretation and provides the means to study the evolution of ontogenetic changes, population structure and palaeoecology, life-history strategies, and heterochrony along evolutionary lineages that would otherwise be lost to time. Saurian reptiles (the least-inclusive clade containing Lepidosauria and Archosauria) have remained an incredibly diverse, numerous, and disparate clade through their ~260-million-year history. Because of the great disparity in this group, assessing maturity of saurian reptiles is difficult, fraught with methodological and terminological ambiguity. We compiled a novel database of literature, assembling >900 individual instances of saurian maturity assessment, to examine critically how saurian maturity has been diagnosed. We review the often inexact and inconsistent terminology used in saurian maturity assessment (e.g. 'juvenile', 'mature') and provide routes for better clarity and cross-study coherence. We describe the various methods that have been used to assess maturity in every major saurian group, integrating data from both extant and extinct taxa to give a full account of the current state of the field and providing method-specific pitfalls, best practices, and fruitful directions for future research. We recommend that a new standard subsection, 'Ontogenetic Assessment', be added to the Systematic Palaeontology portions of descriptive studies to provide explicit ontogenetic diagnoses with clear criteria. Because the utility of different ontogenetic criteria is highly subclade dependent among saurians, even for widely used methods (e.g. neurocentral suture fusion), we recommend that phylogenetic context, preferably in the form of a phylogenetic bracket, be used to justify the use of a maturity assessment method. Different methods should be used in conjunction as independent lines of evidence when assessing maturity, instead of an ontogenetic diagnosis resting entirely on a single criterion, which is common in the literature. Critically, there is a need for data from extant taxa with well-represented growth series to be integrated with the fossil record to ground maturity assessments of extinct taxa in well-constrained, empirically tested methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Griffin
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
| | - Michelle R Stocker
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
| | - Caitlin Colleary
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
- Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, Cleveland, OH, 44106, U.S.A
| | - Candice M Stefanic
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, U.S.A
| | - Emily J Lessner
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, U.S.A
| | - Mitchell Riegler
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, 241 Williamson Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, U.S.A
| | - Kiersten Formoso
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, 3651 Trousdale Pkwy, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, U.S.A
- Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 W Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, U.S.A
| | - Krista Koeller
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, 220 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, U.S.A
| | - Sterling J Nesbitt
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
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42
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Grosiak M, Koteja P, Bauchinger U, Sadowska ET. Age-Related Changes in the Thermoregulatory Properties in Bank Voles From a Selection Experiment. Front Physiol 2020; 11:576304. [PMID: 33329026 PMCID: PMC7711078 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.576304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
As with many physiological performance traits, the capacity of endotherms to thermoregulate declines with age. Aging compromises both the capacity to conserve or dissipate heat and the thermogenesis, which is fueled by aerobic metabolism. The rate of metabolism, however, not only determines thermogenic capacity but can also affect the process of aging. Therefore, we hypothesized that selection for an increased aerobic exercise metabolism, which has presumably been a crucial factor in the evolution of endothermic physiology in the mammalian and avian lineages, affects not only the thermoregulatory traits but also the age-related changes of these traits. Here, we test this hypothesis on bank voles (Myodes glareolus) from an experimental evolution model system: four lines selected for high swim-induced aerobic metabolism (A lines), which have also increased the basal, average daily, and maximum cold-induced metabolic rates, and four unselected control (C) lines. We measured the resting metabolic rate (RMR), evaporative water loss (EWL), and body temperature in 72 young adult (4 months) and 65 old (22 months) voles at seven ambient temperatures (13-32°C). The RMR was 6% higher in the A than in the C lines, but, regardless of the selection group or temperature, it did not change with age. However, EWL was 12% higher in the old voles. An increased EWL/RMR ratio implies either a compromised efficiency of oxygen extraction in the lungs or increased skin permeability. This effect was more profound in the A lines, which may indicate their increased vulnerability to aging. Body temperature did not differ between the selection and age groups below 32°C, but at 32°C it was markedly higher in the old A-line voles than in those from other groups. As expected, the thermogenic capacity, measured as the maximum cold-induced oxygen consumption, was decreased by about 13% in the old voles from both selection groups, but the performance of old A-line voles was the same as that of the young C-line ones. Thus, the selection for high aerobic exercise metabolism attenuated the adverse effects of aging on cold tolerance, but this advantage has been traded off by a compromised coping with hot conditions by aged voles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Grosiak
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Koteja
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ulf Bauchinger
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta T. Sadowska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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43
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Abstract
Aging occurs in all sexually reproducing organisms. That is, physical degradation over time occurs from conception until death. While the life span of a species is often viewed as a benchmark of aging, the pace and intensity of physical degradation over time varies owing to environmental influences, genetics, allocation of energetic investment, and phylogenetic history. Significant variation in aging within mammals, primates, and great apes, including humans, is therefore common across species. The evolution of aging in the hominin lineage is poorly known; however, clues can be derived from the fossil record. Ongoing advances continue to shed light on the interactions between life-history variables such as reproductive effort and aging. This review presents our current understanding of the evolution of aging in humans, drawing on population variation, comparative research, trade-offs, and sex differences, as well as tissue-specific patterns of physical degradation. Implications for contemporary health challenges and the future of human evolutionary anthropology research are also discussed.
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44
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Davesne D, Schmitt AD, Fernandez V, Benson RBJ, Sanchez S. Three-dimensional characterization of osteocyte volumes at multiple scales, and its relationship with bone biology and genome evolution in ray-finned fishes. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:808-830. [PMID: 32144878 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes, cells embedded within the bone mineral matrix, inform on key aspects of vertebrate biology. In particular, a relationship between volumes of the osteocytes and bone growth and/or genome size has been proposed for several tetrapod lineages. However, the variation in osteocyte volume across different scales is poorly characterized and mostly relies on incomplete, two-dimensional information. In this study, we characterize the variation of osteocyte volumes in ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii), a clade including more than half of modern vertebrate species in which osteocyte biology is poorly known. We use X-ray synchrotron micro-computed tomography (SRµCT) to achieve a three-dimensional visualization of osteocyte lacunae and direct measurement of their size (volumes). Our specimen sample is designed to characterize variation in osteocyte lacuna morphology at three scales: within a bone, among the bones of one individual and among species. At the intra-bone scale, we find that osteocyte lacunae vary noticeably in size between zones of organized and woven bone (being up to six times larger in woven bone), and across cyclical bone deposition. This is probably explained by differences in bone deposition rate, with larger osteocyte lacunae contained in bone that deposits faster. Osteocyte lacuna volumes vary 3.5-fold among the bones of an individual, and this cannot readily be explained by variation in bone growth rate or other currently observable factors. Finally, we find that genome size provides the best explanation of variation in osteocyte lacuna volume among species: actinopterygian taxa with larger genomes (polyploid taxa in particular) have larger osteocyte lacunae (with a ninefold variation in median osteocyte volume being measured). Our findings corroborate previous two-dimensional studies in tetrapods that also observed similar patterns of intra-individual variation and found a correlation with genome size. This opens new perspectives for further studies on bone evolution, physiology and palaeogenomics in actinopterygians, and vertebrates as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Davesne
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Armin D Schmitt
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vincent Fernandez
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France.,Imaging and Analysis Centre, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | | | - Sophie Sanchez
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France.,Subdepartment of Evolution and Development, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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45
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Gardner JD, Laurin M, Organ CL. The relationship between genome size and metabolic rate in extant vertebrates. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190146. [PMID: 31928192 PMCID: PMC7017434 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome size has long been hypothesized to affect the metabolic rate in various groups of animals. The mechanism behind this proposed association is the nucleotypic effect, in which large nucleus and cell sizes influence cellular metabolism through surface area-to-volume ratios. Here, we provide a review of the recent literature on the relationship between genome size and metabolic rate. We also conduct an analysis using phylogenetic comparative methods and a large sample of extant vertebrates. We find no evidence that the effect of genome size improves upon models in explaining metabolic rate variation. Not surprisingly, our results show a strong positive relationship between metabolic rate and body mass, as well as a substantial difference in metabolic rate between endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates, controlling for body mass. The presence of endothermy can also explain elevated rate shifts in metabolic rate whereas genome size cannot. We further find no evidence for a punctuated model of evolution for metabolic rate. Our results do not rule out the possibility that genome size affects cellular physiology in some tissues, but they are consistent with previous research suggesting little support for a direct functional connection between genome size and basal metabolic rate in extant vertebrates. This article is part of the theme issue 'Vertebrate palaeophysiology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D. Gardner
- Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Michel Laurin
- Centre de Recherches sur la Paléobiologie et les Paléoenvironnements (CR2P), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN)/Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Chris L. Organ
- Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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46
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Bal NC, Periasamy M. Uncoupling of sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase pump activity by sarcolipin as the basis for muscle non-shivering thermogenesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190135. [PMID: 31928193 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermogenesis in endotherms relies on both shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis (NST). The role of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in NST is well recognized, but the role of muscle-based NST has been contested. However, recent studies have provided substantial evidence for the importance of muscle-based NST in mammals. This review focuses primarily on the role of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-cycling in muscle NST; specifically, it will discuss recent data showing how uncoupling of sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) (inhibition of Ca2+ transport but not ATP hydrolysis) by sarcolipin (SLN) results in futile SERCA pump activity, increased ATP hydrolysis and heat production contributing to muscle NST. It will also critically examine how activation of muscle NST can be an important factor in regulating metabolic rate and whole-body energy homeostasis. In this regard, SLN has emerged as a powerful signalling molecule to promote mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism in muscle. Furthermore, we will discuss the functional interplay between BAT and muscle, especially with respect to how reduced BAT function in mammals could be compensated by muscle-based NST. Based on the existing data, we argue that SLN-mediated thermogenesis is an integral part of muscle NST and that muscle NST potentially contributed to the evolution of endothermy within the vertebrate clade. This article is part of the theme issue 'Vertebrate palaeophysiology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh C Bal
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751021, India
| | - Muthu Periasamy
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
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47
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Abstract
Physiology is a functional branch of the biological sciences, searching for general rules by which explanatory hypotheses are tested using experimental procedures, whereas palaeontology is a historical science dealing with the study of unique events where conclusions are drawn from congruence among independent lines of evidence. Vertebrate palaeophysiology bridges these disciplines by using experimental data obtained from extant organisms to infer physiological traits of extinct ones and to reconstruct how they evolved. The goal of this theme issue is to understand functional innovations imprinted on modern vertebrate clades, and how to infer (or 'retrodict') physiological capacities in their ancient relatives a posteriori. As such, the present collection of papers deals with different aspects of a rapidly growing field to understand innovations in: phospho-calcic metabolism, acid-base homeostasis, thermometabolism, respiratory physiology, skeletal growth, palaeopathophysiology, genome size and metabolic rate, and it concludes with a historical perspective. Sometimes, the two components (physiological mechanism and palaeobiological inference) are proposed in separate papers. Other times, the two components are integrated in a single paper. In all cases, the approach was comparative, framed in a phylogenetic context, and included rigorous statistical methods that account for evolutionary patterns and processes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Vertebrate palaeophysiology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cubo
- Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie-Paris (CR2P, UMR 7207), 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Adam K Huttenlocker
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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