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Liu L, Chen G, Huang S, Wen F. Receptor Binding Properties of Neuraminidase for influenza A virus: An Overview of Recent Research Advances. Virulence 2023; 14:2235459. [PMID: 37469130 PMCID: PMC10361132 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2235459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a serious risk to both human and animal health. IAVs' receptor binding characteristics account for a major portion of their host range and tissue tropism. While the function of neuraminidase (NA) in promoting the release of progeny virus is well-known, its role in the virus entry process remains poorly understood. Studies have suggested that certain subtypes of NA can act as receptor-binding proteins, either alone or in conjunction with haemagglutinin (HA). An important distinction is that NA from the avian influenza virus have a second sialic acid-binding site (2SBS) that is preserved in avian strains but missing in human or swine strains. Those observations suggest that the 2SBS may play a key role in the adaptation of the avian influenza virus to mammalian hosts. In this review, we provide an update of the recent research advances in the receptor-binding role of NA and highlight its underestimated importance during the early stages of the IAV life cycle. By doing so, we aim to provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying IAV host adaptation and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Liu
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Gaojie Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Feng Wen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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Guan L, Babujee L, Browning VL, Presler R, Pattinson D, Nguyen HLK, Hoang VMP, Le MQ, van Bakel H, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y. Continued Circulation of Highly Pathogenic H5 Influenza Viruses in Vietnamese Live Bird Markets in 2018-2021. Viruses 2023; 15:1596. [PMID: 37515281 PMCID: PMC10384249 DOI: 10.3390/v15071596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We isolated 77 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses during routine surveillance in live poultry markets in northern provinces of Vietnam from 2018 to 2021. These viruses are of the H5N6 subtype and belong to HA clades 2.3.4.4g and 2.3.4.4h. Interestingly, we did not detect viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b, which in recent years have dominated in different parts of the world. The viruses isolated in this current study do not encode major determinants of mammalian adaptation (e.g., PB2-E627K or PB1-D701N) but possess amino acid substitutions that may affect viral receptor-binding, replication, or the responses to human antiviral factors. Several of the highly pathogenic H5N6 virus samples contained other influenza viruses, providing an opportunity for reassortment. Collectively, our study demonstrates that the highly pathogenic H5 viruses circulating in Vietnam in 2018-2021 were different from those in other parts of the world, and that the Vietnamese H5 viruses continue to evolve through mutations and reassortment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizheng Guan
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (L.G.); (L.B.); (V.L.B.); (R.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Lavanya Babujee
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (L.G.); (L.B.); (V.L.B.); (R.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Victoria L. Browning
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (L.G.); (L.B.); (V.L.B.); (R.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Robert Presler
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (L.G.); (L.B.); (V.L.B.); (R.P.); (D.P.)
| | - David Pattinson
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (L.G.); (L.B.); (V.L.B.); (R.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Hang Le Khanh Nguyen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (H.L.K.N.); (V.M.P.H.); (M.Q.L.)
| | - Vu Mai Phuong Hoang
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (H.L.K.N.); (V.M.P.H.); (M.Q.L.)
| | - Mai Quynh Le
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (H.L.K.N.); (V.M.P.H.); (M.Q.L.)
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Services, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (L.G.); (L.B.); (V.L.B.); (R.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (L.G.); (L.B.); (V.L.B.); (R.P.); (D.P.)
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
- The University of Tokyo Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research (UTOPIA) Center, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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Yao Z, Zheng H, Xiong J, Ma L, Gui R, Zhu G, Li Y, Yang G, Chen G, Zhang J, Chen Q. Genetic and Pathogenic Characterization of Avian Influenza Virus in Migratory Birds between 2015 and 2019 in Central China. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0165222. [PMID: 35862978 PMCID: PMC9431584 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01652-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Active surveillance of avian influenza virus (AIV) in wetlands and lakes is important for exploring the gene pool in wild birds. Through active surveillance from 2015 through 2019, 10,900 samples from wild birds in central China were collected, and 89 AIVs were isolated, including 2 subtypes of highly pathogenic AIV and 12 of low-pathogenic AIV; H9N2 and H6Ny were the dominant subtypes. Phylogenetic analysis of the isolates demonstrated that extensive intersubtype reassortments and frequent intercontinental gene exchange occurred in AIVs. AIV gene segments persistently circulated in several migration seasons, but interseasonal persistence of the whole genome was rare. The whole genomes of one H6N6 and polymerase basic 2 (PB2), polymerase acidic (PA), hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), M, and nonstructural (NS) genes of one H9N2 virus were found to be of poultry origin, suggesting a spillover of AIVs from poultry to wild birds. Importantly, one H9N2 virus only bound to human-type receptor, and one H1N1, four H6, and seven H9N2 viruses possessed dual receptor-binding capacity. Nineteen of 20 representative viruses tested could replicate in the lungs of mice without preadaptation, which poses a clear threat of infection in humans. Together, our study highlights the need for intensive AIV surveillance. IMPORTANCE Influenza virus surveillance in wild birds plays an important role in the early recognition and control of the virus. However, the AIV gene pool in wild birds in central China along the East Asian-Australasian flyway has not been well studied. Here, we conducted a 5-year AIV active surveillance in this region. Our data revealed the long-term circulation and prevalence of AIVs in wild birds in central China, and we observed that intercontinental gene exchange of AIVs is more frequent and continuous than previously thought. Spillover events from poultry to wild bird were observed in H6 and H9 viruses. In addition, in 20 representative viruses, 12 viruses could bind human-type receptors, and 19 viruses could replicate in mice without preadaption. Our work highlights the potential threat of wild bird AIVs to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzi Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huabin Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiasong Xiong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Gui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gongliang Zhu
- The Monitoring Center of Wildlife Diseases and Resource of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Li
- The Monitoring Center of Wildlife Diseases and Resource of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoxiang Yang
- The Monitoring Center of Wildlife Diseases and Resource of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Guang Chen
- The Monitoring Center of Wildlife Diseases and Resource of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- The Monitoring Center of Wildlife Diseases and Resource of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Quanjiao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Zhang R, Liu R, Huang Y, Chen Z, Cheng L, Fu G, Shi S, Chen H, Wan C, Fu Q. WITHDRAWN: Molecular Evolution and Amino Acid Characteristics of Main Antigen Genes of Clinical Duck-Derived H5N6 Subtype Avian Influenza Virus in East China from 2015 to 2019. Avian Dis 2022; 66:1. [PMID: 35092235 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the authors. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Animal Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory of Fujian, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Rongchang Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Animal Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory of Fujian, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Animal Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory of Fujian, Fuzhou 350013, China,
| | - Zhen Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Animal Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory of Fujian, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Longfei Cheng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Animal Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory of Fujian, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Guanghua Fu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Animal Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory of Fujian, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Shaohua Shi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Animal Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory of Fujian, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Animal Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory of Fujian, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Chunhe Wan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Animal Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory of Fujian, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Qiuling Fu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Animal Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory of Fujian, Fuzhou 350013, China
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Su K, Yu Z, Lan Y, Wang J, Chen S, Qi L, Chen Y, Tang Y, Xiong Y, Tan Z, Wang M, Ye S, Wang D, Ling H, Liu WJ, Zhong X, Li Q, Tang W. Three Cases Infected with Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus — Chongqing Municipality, China, January–September, 2021. China CDC Wkly 2022; 4:11-16. [PMID: 35586756 PMCID: PMC8796724 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2021.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
What is already known about this topic? The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported a total of 48 cases by October 15, 2021. The continuous genomic reassortments of H5N6 and other subtype avian influenza viruses (AIVs) pose a long-term threat to public health and the poultry industry. What is added by this report? Three new cases of H5N6 that occurred from January to September 2021 in Chongqing Municipality, China were reported in this study. Epidemiological information of the three cases showed raising poultry and visiting live poultry market contributed to these infections, and there was no evidence of human-to-human transmission of H5N6 currently but a potential spatial cluster. An increase of H5N6 cases was recorded in the area. What are the implications for public health practice? In case of unexplained pneumonia or severe respiratory infection, the patients’ epidemiological history of contact with poultry or live poultry markets (LPMs) may be an important interrogation to help diagnose. Extensive and long-term surveillance of avian influenza viruses in LPMs is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Su
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- College of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Yu
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory for High Pathogenic Microbes, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Lan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ju Wang
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory for High Pathogenic Microbes, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Qi
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory for High Pathogenic Microbes, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Xiong
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhangping Tan
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory for High Pathogenic Microbes, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingyue Wang
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory for High Pathogenic Microbes, Chongqing, China
| | - Sheng Ye
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory for High Pathogenic Microbes, Chongqing, China
| | - Dayan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Ling
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory for High Pathogenic Microbes, Chongqing, China
| | - William J. Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoni Zhong
- College of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Xiaoni Zhong,
| | - Qin Li
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- Qin Li,
| | - Wenge Tang
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- Wenge Tang,
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Yang F, Dong D, Wu D, Zhu L, Liu F, Yao H, Wu N, Ye C, Wu H. A multiplex real-time RT-PCR method for detecting H5, H7 and H9 subtype avian influenza viruses in field and clinical samples. Virus Res 2021; 309:198669. [PMID: 34954007 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, H5 and H7 subtypes of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have been identified in poultry worldwide, resulting in large economic losses to poultry production. Furthermore, H9N2 low pathogenic AIVs are reported to provide internal genes for generating novel reassortant AIVs, leading to potential pandemic risks. To establish an accurate, sensitive and convenient diagnostic method for H5, H7 and H9 subtype AIVs in Eurasian lineage, four groups of specific primers and probes were designed based on the conserved fragments of M, H5, H7 and H9 genes, and a multiplex real-time RT-PCR (RRT-PCR) method was established. High sensitivity was achieved for the multiplex RRT-PCR approach, with a detection limit of 1-10 copies (plasmid DNA) per reaction. The specificity of the method was evaluated using diverse subtypes of AIVs and other avian respiratory viruses isolated in eastern China over the last 9 years. Compared with virus isolation, a higher consistency was achieved when assessing 135 field samples and 126 clinical samples. The results showed that the multiplex RRT-PCR method is a fast, convenient and practical method for AIV clinical detection and epidemiological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Dalu Dong
- Hangzhou Biotest Biotech Co.,Ltd., 17 Futai Road, Zhongtai Street, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danna Wu
- Hangzhou Biotest Biotech Co.,Ltd., 17 Futai Road, Zhongtai Street, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Fumin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hangping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chunsheng Ye
- Hangzhou Biotest Biotech Co.,Ltd., 17 Futai Road, Zhongtai Street, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Haibo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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Bi F, Jiang L, Huang L, Wei J, Pan X, Ju Y, Mo J, Chen M, Kang N, Tan Y, Li Y, Wang J. Genetic Characterization of Two Human Cases Infected with the Avian Influenza A (H5N6) Viruses - Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, 2021. China CDC Wkly 2021; 3:923-928. [PMID: 34745693 PMCID: PMC8563334 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2021.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
What is known about this topic? H5N6 has replaced H5N1 as a dominant avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype in southern China. The increasing genetic diversity and geographical distribution of H5N6 pose a serious threat to the poultry industry and human health. What is added by this report? A total of 2 cases of H5N6 that occurred from February 2021 to July 2021 in Guangxi, China were reported in this study. Phylogenetic analysis of gene was constructed, and some mutations of HA gene, PB2 gene, PA gene, M1 gene, NS1 gene, the receptor-binding site were detected. The evolutionary origins of the internal genes were different. What are the implications for public health practice? As a multi-source reassortant virus, the H5N6 highly pathogenic AIV is continuously evolving. There is an urgent need to strengthen the surveillance of drug-resistant strains and novel variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyin Bi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Guilin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Lihua Huang
- Hechi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hechi, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jingguang Wei
- Hechi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hechi, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiaowen Pan
- Guilin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yu Ju
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jianjun Mo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Minmei Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ning Kang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yi Tan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yonghong Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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8
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Xiao C, Xu J, Lan Y, Huang Z, Zhou L, Guo Y, Li X, Yang L, Gao GF, Wang D, Liu WJ, Zhou X, Yang H. Five Independent Cases of Human Infection with Avian Influenza H5N6 - Sichuan Province, China, 2021. China CDC Wkly 2021; 3:751-756. [PMID: 34594983 PMCID: PMC8427102 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2021.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
What is known about this topic? The emerging H5Ny lineages of the avian influenza virus (AIV) with genomic reassortments have posed a continuous threat to animals and human beings. Since the first case of avian influenza A (H5N6) virus infection in 2014, the World Health Organization has reported a total of 38 cases by August 6, 2021. What is added by this report? A total of 5 new cases of H5N6 that occurred from May 2021 to July 2021 in Sichuan Province, China were reported in this study. Epidemiological and laboratory information of the five cases were investigated. The genomic analysis of the H5N6 genomes showed the features of AIV genomic reassortments and key residue substitutions. What are the implications for public health practice? The emergence of human cases infected by AIV H5Ny lineages through time demonstrates a risk of the persistence and evolution of the virus to trigger sporadic outbreaks and even pandemics, which need continuous surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongkun Xiao
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianan Xu
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Lan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongping Huang
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lijun Zhou
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yaxin Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiyan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - George F Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dayan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - William J Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyu Zhou
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huiping Yang
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Wang Y, Lyu N, Liu F, Liu WJ, Bi Y, Zhang Z, Ma S, Cao J, Song X, Wang A, Zhang G, Hu Y, Zhu B, Gao GF. More diversified antibiotic resistance genes in chickens and workers of the live poultry markets. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 153:106534. [PMID: 33799229 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poultry farms and LPMs are a reservoir of antimicrobial resistant bacteria and resistance genes from feces. The LPM is an important interface between humans, farm animals, and environments in a typical urban environment, and it is considered a reservoir for ARGs and viruses. However, the antibiotic resistomes shared between chicken farms and LPMs, and that of LPM workers and people who have no contact with the LPMs remains unknown. METHODS We characterized the resistome and bacterial microbiome of farm chickens and LPMs and LPM workers and control subjects. The mobile ARGs identified in chickens and the distribution of the mcr-family genes in publicly bacterial genomes and chicken gut metagenomes was analyzed, respectively. In addition, the prevalence of mcr-1 in LPMs following the ban on colistin-positive additives in China was explored. RESULTS By profiling the microbiomes and resistomes in chicken farms, LPMs, LPM workers, and LPM environments, we found that the bacterial community composition and resistomes were significantly different between the farms and the LPMs, and the LPM samples possessed more diversified ARGs (59 types) than the farms. Some mobile ARGs, such as mcr-1 and tet(X3), identified in chicken farms, LPMs, LPM workers, and LPM environments were also harbored by human clinical pathogens. Moreover, we found that the resistomes were significantly different between the LPM workers and those who have no contact with the LPMs, and more diversified ARGs (188 types) were observed in the LPM workers. It is also worth noting that mcr-10 was identified in both human (5.2%, 96/1,859) and chicken (1.5%, 14/910) gut microbiomes. Although mcr-1 prevalence decreased significantly in the LPMs across the eight provinces in China, from 190/333 (57.1%) samples in September 2016-March 2017 to 208/544 (38.2%) samples in August 2018-May 2019, it is widespread and continuous in the LPMs. CONCLUSION Live poultry trade has a significant effect on the diversity of ARGs in LPM workers, chickens, and environments in China, driven by human selection with the live poultry trade. Our findings highlight the live poultry trade as ARG disseminators into LPMs, which serve as an interface of LPM environments even LPM workers, and that could urge Government to have better control of LPMs in China. Further studies on the factors that promote antibiotic resistance exchange between LPM environments, human commensals, and pathogens, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Na Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - William J Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zewu Zhang
- Dongguan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dongguan 523129, China
| | - Sufang Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaofeng Song
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yongfei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Baoli Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance and Pathogen Genomics, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
| | - George Fu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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10
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Live poultry feeding and trading network and the transmission of avian influenza A(H5N6) virus in a large city in China, 2014-2015. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 108:72-80. [PMID: 34000420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To understand the transmission mechanisms of the avian influenza A(H5N6) virus. METHODS This study explored the live poultry feeding and trading network (LPFTN) around Changsha city, China. Field epidemiological investigations were performed in Changsha to investigate the LPFTN with the environmental samples systematically collected during 2014-2015 to monitor and analyze the spread of the A(H5N6) virus. Two surveillance systems were also applied to find possible human cases of A(H5N6) infection. RESULT The information of all the 665 live poultry farming sites, five wholesale markets, and 223 retail markets in Changsha was collected to investigate the LPFTN. Moreover, about 840 environmental samples were systematically collected from the LPFTN during 2014-2015 to monitor the spread of the A(H5N6) virus, with 8.45% (71/840) positive for the N6 subtype. Furthermore, the full genome sequences of 10 A(H5N6) viruses detected from the environmental samples were obtained, which were then characterized and phylogenetically analyzed with the corresponding gene segments of the A(H5N6) virus obtained from GenBank, to determine the source of human infection. CONCLUSION It was demonstrated that the LPFTN provided a platform for the H5N6 transmission, and formed an infectious pool for the spread of the virus to humans.
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11
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Hood G, Roche X, Brioudes A, von Dobschuetz S, Fasina FO, Kalpravidh W, Makonnen Y, Lubroth J, Sims L. A literature review of the use of environmental sampling in the surveillance of avian influenza viruses. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:110-126. [PMID: 32652790 PMCID: PMC8048529 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This literature review provides an overview of use of environmental samples (ES) such as faeces, water, air, mud and swabs of surfaces in avian influenza (AI) surveillance programs, focussing on effectiveness, advantages and gaps in knowledge. ES have been used effectively for AI surveillance since the 1970s. Results from ES have enhanced understanding of the biology of AI viruses in wild birds and in markets, of links between human and avian influenza, provided early warning of viral incursions, allowed assessment of effectiveness of control and preventive measures, and assisted epidemiological studies in outbreaks, both avian and human. Variation exists in the methods and protocols used, and no internationally recognized guidelines exist on the use of ES and data management. Few studies have performed direct comparisons of ES versus live bird samples (LBS). Results reported so far demonstrate reliance on ES will not be sufficient to detect virus in all cases when it is present, especially when the prevalence of infection/contamination is low. Multiple sample types should be collected. In live bird markets, ES from processing/selling areas are more likely to test positive than samples from bird holding areas. When compared to LBS, ES is considered a cost-effective, simple, rapid, flexible, convenient and acceptable way of achieving surveillance objectives. As a non-invasive technique, it can minimize effects on animal welfare and trade in markets and reduce impacts on wild bird communities. Some limitations of environmental sampling methods have been identified, such as the loss of species-specific or information on the source of virus, and taxonomic-level analyses, unless additional methods are applied. Some studies employing ES have not provided detailed methods. In others, where ES and LBS are collected from the same site, positive results have not been assigned to specific sample types. These gaps should be remedied in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Hood
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeItaly
| | - Xavier Roche
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeItaly
| | - Aurélie Brioudes
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRegional Office for Asia and the PacificBangkokThailand
| | | | | | | | - Yilma Makonnen
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Sub-Regional Office for Eastern AfricaAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Juan Lubroth
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeItaly
| | - Leslie Sims
- Asia Pacific Veterinary Information ServicesMelbourneAustralia
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12
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Dominant subtype switch in avian influenza viruses during 2016-2019 in China. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5909. [PMID: 33219213 PMCID: PMC7679419 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have surveyed avian influenza virus (AIV) genomes from live poultry markets within China since 2014. Here we present a total of 16,091 samples that were collected from May 2016 to February 2019 in 23 provinces and municipalities in China. We identify 2048 AIV-positive samples and perform next generation sequencing. AIV-positive rates (12.73%) from samples had decreased substantially since 2016, compared to that during 2014–2016 (26.90%). Additionally, H9N2 has replaced H5N6 and H7N9 as the dominant AIV subtype in both chickens and ducks. Notably, novel reassortants and variants continually emerged and disseminated in avian populations, including H7N3, H9N9, H9N6 and H5N6 variants. Importantly, almost all of the H9 AIVs and many H7N9 and H6N2 strains prefer human-type receptors, posing an increased risk for human infections. In summary, our nation-wide surveillance highlights substantial changes in the circulation of AIVs since 2016, which greatly impacts the prevention and control of AIVs in China and worldwide. In this study, the authors present a genomic surveillance of avian influenza genomes sampled from live poultry markets in China. They report that a number of variants have emerged since 2016 that pose an increased risk to humans. They highlight the importance of continuous genome surveillance of circulating influenza strains.
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13
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Chen Z, Wang Z, Zhao X, Guan Y, Xue Q, Li J, Liu Z, Zhao B, He Z, Huang J, Liao M, Song Y, Jiao P. Pathogenicity of different H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strains and host immune responses in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2020; 246:108745. [PMID: 32605756 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) has been circulating in China since 2013. In this report, we describe our recent chicken experimental studies investigating the pathogenicity and transmission of four H5N6 HPAIV field strains of different origins (GS39, CK44, DK47 and CK74) and the host immune responses. Four-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were inoculated intranasally with one of the four H5N6 HPAIV strains (one strain per group). Among the contact chickens, the GS39 and CK74 strains caused 100 % mortality, the CK44 strain caused 80 % mortality, and the DK47 strain caused 40 % mortality. The viruses were effectively replicated in multiple tissues of the inoculated chickens, in which high viral titers were detected in virus-infected tissues, and significantly upregulated expression of immune-related genes was found in the infected chickens at 24 hpi. The chicken serum antibody levels increased from 5log2 at 7 dpe to 7.67-8log2 at 14 dpe. The major histocompatibility complex molecules were upregulated 21.22- to 32.98-fold in lungs and 5.10- to 18.47-fold in spleens. In summary, H5N6 viruses can replicate within chickens and be effectively transmitted between chickens. Our study contributes to further understanding the pathogenesis of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 avian influenza viruses in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiya Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yun Guan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qian Xue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jinrong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhiting Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Bingbing Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhuoliang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianni Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yafen Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Peirong Jiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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14
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Thurain K, Mon PP, Nasamran C, Charoenkul K, Boonyapisitsopa S, Tun TN, San YY, Aye AM, Amonsin A. Surveillance of influenza A virus subtype H5N1 in a live bird market in Yangon, Myanmar: 2017-2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2667-2678. [PMID: 32386461 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A survey of influenza A viruses (IAVs) in the Mingalar Taung Nyunt live bird market (MTN-LBM), Yangon, Myanmar, was conducted from December 2017 to December 2018. During the survey, 455 swab samples were collected from broilers, layers, backyard chickens and ducks from the MTN-LBM. Ninety-one pooled samples were screened for IAVs by real-time RT-PCR specific to the M gene. Positive pooled samples were individually retested for IAVs. In total, 2.63% of individual samples (12/455) were positive for IAVs. Out of 12 samples, seven samples from layer chickens and the environment were identified as IAV subtype H5N1. In this study, four IAVs were successfully isolated and further characterized by whole genome sequencing. Whole genome sequence analysis revealed that the viruses were characterized as highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 (HPAIV-H5N1) of clade 2.3.2.1c. Phylogenetic and genetic analyses showed that Myanmar HPAIV-H5N1 was closely related to HPAIV-H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1c isolated from China and Vietnam in 2014. Our results suggested that the live bird market in Myanmar represents a significant risk of HPAIV-H5N1 transmission in poultry and humans. Moreover, HPAIV-H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1c is widely distributed in South-East Asia including Myanmar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khin Thurain
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Pont Pont Mon
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Chanakarn Nasamran
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kamonpan Charoenkul
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supanat Boonyapisitsopa
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Than Naing Tun
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Yin Yin San
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Aung Myo Aye
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Alongkorn Amonsin
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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15
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Bi Y, Tan S, Yang Y, Wong G, Zhao M, Zhang Q, Wang Q, Zhao X, Li L, Yuan J, Li H, Li H, Xu W, Shi W, Quan C, Zou R, Li J, Zheng H, Yang L, Liu WJ, Liu D, Wang H, Qin Y, Liu L, Jiang C, Liu W, Lu L, Gao GF, Liu Y. Clinical and Immunological Characteristics of Human Infections With H5N6 Avian Influenza Virus. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 68:1100-1109. [PMID: 30124826 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND H5N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) has caused sporadic, recurring outbreaks in China and Southeast Asia since 2013, with 19 human infections and 13 deaths. Seventeen of these infections occurred since December 2015, indicating a recent rise in the frequency of H5N6 cases. METHODS To assess the relative threat of H5N6 virus to humans, we summarized and compared clinical data from patients infected with H5N6 (n = 19) against data from 2 subtypes of major public health concern, H5N1 (n = 53) and H7N9 (n = 160). To assess immune responses indicative of prognosis, we compared concentrations of serum cytokines/chemokines in patients infected with H5N6, H5N1, H7N9, and 2009 pandemic H1N1 and characterized specific immune responses from 1 surviving and 2 nonsurviving H5N6 patients. RESULTS H5N6 patients were found to have higher incidences of lymphopenia and elevated alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase levels compared with H5N1 and H7N9 patients. Hypercytokinemia was detected at substantially higher frequencies from H5N6 patients compared to those infected with other AIV subtypes. Evaluation of adaptive immunity showed that both humoral and cellular responses could be detected in the H5N6-infected survivor, but cellular responses were absent in the nonsurvivors. In addition, the surviving patient had lower concentrations of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines compared to the nonsurvivors. CONCLUSIONS Our results support that H5N6 virus could potentially be a major public health threat, and suggest it is possible that the earlier acquisition of cellular immunity and lower concentrations of cytokines/chemokines contributed to survival in our patient. Analysis of more patient samples will be needed to draw concrete conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Bi
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen
| | - Shuguang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen
| | - Yang Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen
| | - Gary Wong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen
| | - Min Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
| | - Qingchao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing
| | - Qiang Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Shenzhen
| | | | - Jing Yuan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen
| | - Hao Li
- Intensive Care Unit, Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen
| | - Hong Li
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Shenzhen
| | - Wen Xu
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Shenzhen
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Taishan Medical College, Taian
| | - Chuansong Quan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing
| | - Rongrong Zou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen
| | - Jianming Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen
| | - Haixia Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen
| | - Liuqing Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen
| | - William J Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing
| | - Di Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
| | - Huijun Wang
- Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Shangri-la
| | - Yantao Qin
- Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Shangri-la
| | - Lei Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen
| | - Chengyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
| | - Lin Lu
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Shenzhen
| | - George F Gao
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Medical School, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen
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16
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Abstract
In 1918, a strain of influenza A virus caused a human pandemic resulting in the deaths of 50 million people. A century later, with the advent of sequencing technology and corresponding phylogenetic methods, we know much more about the origins, evolution and epidemiology of influenza epidemics. Here we review the history of avian influenza viruses through the lens of their genetic makeup: from their relationship to human pandemic viruses, starting with the 1918 H1N1 strain, through to the highly pathogenic epidemics in birds and zoonoses up to 2018. We describe the genesis of novel influenza A virus strains by reassortment and evolution in wild and domestic bird populations, as well as the role of wild bird migration in their long-range spread. The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, and the zoonotic incursions of avian H5 and H7 viruses into humans over the last couple of decades are also described. The threat of a new avian influenza virus causing a human pandemic is still present today, although control in domestic avian populations can minimize the risk to human health. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes’. This issue is linked with the subsequent theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control’.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Digard
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
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17
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Yamaji R, Saad MD, Davis CT, Swayne DE, Wang D, Wong FYK, McCauley JW, Peiris JSM, Webby RJ, Fouchier RAM, Kawaoka Y, Zhang W. Pandemic potential of highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses. Rev Med Virol 2020; 30:e2099. [PMID: 32135031 PMCID: PMC9285678 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The panzootic caused by A/goose/Guangdong/1/96‐lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) viruses has occurred in multiple waves since 1996. From 2013 onwards, clade 2.3.4.4 viruses of subtypes A(H5N2), A(H5N6), and A(H5N8) emerged to cause panzootic waves of unprecedented magnitude among avian species accompanied by severe losses to the poultry industry around the world. Clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses have expanded in distinct geographical and evolutionary pathways likely via long distance migratory bird dispersal onto several continents and by poultry trade among neighboring countries. Coupled with regional circulation, the viruses have evolved further by reassorting with local viruses. As of February 2019, there have been 23 cases of humans infected with clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses, 16 (70%) of which had fatal outcomes. To date, no HPAI A(H5) virus has caused sustainable human‐to‐human transmission. However, due to the lack of population immunity in humans and ongoing evolution of the virus, there is a continuing risk that clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses could cause an influenza pandemic if the ability to transmit efficiently among humans was gained. Therefore, multisectoral collaborations among the animal, environmental, and public health sectors are essential to conduct risk assessments and develop countermeasures to prevent disease and to control spread. In this article, we describe an assessment of the likelihood of clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses gaining human‐to‐human transmissibility and impact on human health should such human‐to‐human transmission occur. This structured analysis assessed properties of the virus, attributes of the human population, and ecology and epidemiology of these viruses in animal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reina Yamaji
- Global Influenza Programme, Infectious Hazards Management, WHO Emergency Programme, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Magdi D Saad
- Global Influenza Programme, Infectious Hazards Management, WHO Emergency Programme, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Charles T Davis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David E Swayne
- Department of Agriculture, OIE Collaborating Centre for Research on Emerging Avian Diseases, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Frank Y K Wong
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - John W McCauley
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Crick Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Global Influenza Programme, Infectious Hazards Management, WHO Emergency Programme, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
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18
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Sun J, Zhao L, Li X, Meng W, Chu D, Yang X, Peng P, Zhi M, Qin S, Fu T, Li J, Lu S, Wang W, He X, Yu M, Lv X, Ma W, Liao M, Liu Z, Zhang G, Wang Y, Li Y, Chai H, Lu J, Hua Y. Novel H5N6 avian influenza virus reassortants with European H5N8 isolated in migratory birds, China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:648-660. [PMID: 31580519 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Five novel H5N6 influenza viruses, including four highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses and one low pathogenic avian influenza virus, were isolated from migratory birds in Ningxia, China, in November 2017. To understand the genetic origination of the novel H5N6 virus, and the infectivity and pathogenicity of the four highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in mammals, phylogeographic analyses and infection studies in mice were performed. The phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses showed that the H5N6 isolates, which are closely related to the viruses from Korea, Japan and the Netherlands, originated from reassortant virus between H5N8 and HxN6 viruses from western Russia. The animal study revealed that the SBD-87 isolate presented moderate virulence in mice, suggesting a potential public risk to humans and a potential threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Weiyue Meng
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Chu
- General Station for Surveillance of Wildlife Disease & Wildlife Borne Diseases, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Peng
- General Station for Surveillance of Wildlife Disease & Wildlife Borne Diseases, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Min Zhi
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Siyuan Qin
- General Station for Surveillance of Wildlife Disease & Wildlife Borne Diseases, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Tian Fu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinghao Li
- General Station for Surveillance of Wildlife Disease & Wildlife Borne Diseases, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Shaoxia Lu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Monitoring Center for Terrestrial Wildlife Epidemic Diseases, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xin He
- Monitoring Center for Terrestrial Wildlife Epidemic Diseases, Yinchuan, China
| | - Mengqi Yu
- Monitoring Center for Terrestrial Wildlife Epidemic Diseases, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xinru Lv
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenge Ma
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Mengying Liao
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhensheng Liu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Harbin, China
| | - Guogang Zhang
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Yulong Wang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanbing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, China
| | - Hongliang Chai
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Yuping Hua
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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19
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Profiling the TRB and IGH repertoire of patients with H5N6 Avian Influenza Virus Infection by high-throughput sequencing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7429. [PMID: 31092835 PMCID: PMC6520366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43648-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian Influenza A (H5N6) Virus causes severe influenza disease in humans and is manifested by acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ failure, and high mortality rates. T cells recognize antigens specifically through a membrane protein T cell receptor (TCR). To ward off a wide variety of pathogens, the human adaptive immune system harbors a vast array of TCRs, which are collectively referred to as the TCR repertoire. The B cell receptor (BCR) is involved in inducing the humoral immune response. The generation of a diverse T cell and B cell repertoire is essential for protection against infection. In this study, multiplex PCR based on genomic DNA amplicons and Illumina high-throughput sequencing (HTS) were applied to study the characteristics and polymorphisms of the TRB and IGH repertoire in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from two H5N6 AIV patients and six healthy donors (NC). The CDR3 average length in the AIV group was different from the NC group. The TRBV12-3, TRBV12-4, and TRBV15 gene segments and TRBV30/TRBJ1-2, TRBV12-3/TRBJ1-1 and IGHV3-11/IGHJ6 gene segment pairings also exhibited a higher usage in the PBMCs of AIV donors and may provide more information for generating more effective T/B cell targeted diagnosis/protection strategies.
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20
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Li J, Quan C, Xie Y, Ke C, Nie Y, Chen Q, Hu T, Chen J, Wong G, Wang Q, Feng L, Yu H, Liu Y, Liu W, Gao GF, Liu WJ, Shi W, Bi Y. Continued reassortment of avian H6 influenza viruses from Southern China, 2014-2016. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:592-598. [PMID: 30300968 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
H6 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) was prevalent in poultry and could sporadically infect humans. Here, a total of 196 novel H6 AIVs isolated from poultry in eight provinces of China from 2014 to 2016 were phylogenetically characterized. Our analysis revealed that they could be divided into two clades in the Asian H6 HA lineage, A/wild duck/Shantou/2853/2003(H6N2) (ST2853-like) (85.7%) and A/duck/Shantou/339/2000(H6N2) (ST339-like) (14.3%), in which ST2853-like strains predominate. These novel strains belonged to the H6N6 (n = 165, 84.2%), H6N2 (n = 30, 15.3%), and H6N3 (n = 1, 0.51%) subtypes, which could be classified into 36 genotypes including 12 novel genotypes described in this study. In particular, several strains possessed the V190 and S228 mutations in HA (H3 numbering), which is critical for human receptor binding and identical to the human-derived strain A/Taiwan/2/2013(H6N1). Furthermore, 10.3% of the H6N6 isolates possessed the N6-∆11b (59-69) deletion. In summary, we describe phylogenetic and molecular characterizations of H6 AIVs in southern China and highlight the constant prevalence of H6 AIVs in poultry as well as adaptation to mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Shandong Universities, Taishan Medical College, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Chuansong Quan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Xie
- Jiangxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Changwen Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Nie
- Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Quanjiao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Shandong Universities, Taishan Medical College, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei, China
| | - Gary Wong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Qianli Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Luzhao Feng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - William J Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Shandong Universities, Taishan Medical College, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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21
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Cross- immunity of a H9N2 live attenuated influenza vaccine against H5N2 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2018; 220:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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22
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Świętoń E, Śmietanka K. Phylogenetic and molecular analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 and H5N5 viruses detected in Poland in 2016-2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1664-1670. [PMID: 29920971 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sixty-five poultry outbreaks and sixty-eight events in wild birds were reported during the highly pathogenic H5N8/H5N5 avian influenza epidemic in Poland in 2016-2017. The analysis of all gene segment sequences of selected strains revealed cocirculation of at least four different genome configurations (genotypes) generated through reassortment of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 viruses detected in Russia and China in mid-2016. The geographical and temporal distribution of three H5N8 genotypes indicates separate introductions. Additionally, an H5N5 virus with a different gene configuration was detected in wild birds. The compilation of the results with those from studies on the virus' diversity in Germany, Italy and the Netherlands revealed that Europe was affected by at least eight different H5N8/H5N5 reassortants. Analysis of the HA gene sequence of a larger subset of samples showed its diversification corresponding to the genotype classification. The close relationship between poultry and wild bird strains from the same locations observed in several cases points to wild birds as the primary source of the outbreaks in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Świętoń
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Śmietanka
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
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23
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Development and evaluation of a real-time RT-PCR assay for detection of a novel avian influenza A (H5N6) virus. J Virol Methods 2018; 257:79-84. [PMID: 29729298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As of Aug 25, 2017, 17 incidences of human infection and 6 deaths due to the novel H5N6 virus have been reported in China. Genetic analysis of the viral genome revealed that this reassortant virus is highly pathogenic to poultry, and that the virus has a risk of transmission to humans. Accordingly, the development of a rapid, sensitive, and specific molecular diagnostic assay is critical for public health. In this study, a real-time reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) assay was developed to specifically detect the novel H5N6 virus, with primer pairs targeting the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase gene sequences of this virus. RNA was extracted from throat swab specimens from patients with influenza-like illness (ILIs), and environmental samples were collected from live poultry markets (LPMs) for H5N6 virus detection by real-time RT-PCR. The method was demonstrated to enable specific detection of the avian H5N6 virus, with no cross-reactivity with seasonal influenza viruses (H1N1, H1N1 pdm09, H3N2 or B); H5N1, H7N9, H9N2 viruses; or other human respiratory viruses. The detection limit of the assay was 1.0 × 101 copies per reaction for N6 and 1.0 × 102 copies per reaction for H5 assays. The assay is a powerful tool for rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of H5N6 virus infection in specimens derived from humans, animals, and the environment.
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24
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Yang WT, Yang GL, Zhao L, Jin YB, Jiang YL, Huang HB, Shi CW, Wang JZ, Wang G, Kang YH, Wang CF. Lactobacillus plantarum displaying conserved M2e and HA2 fusion antigens induces protection against influenza virus challenge. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:5077-5088. [PMID: 29675804 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8924-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) can infect poultry, mammals, and other hosts and causes enormous economic losses to the global poultry industry. In this study, to develop a novel and potent oral vaccine based on Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) for controlling the spread of AIV in the poultry industry, we constructed a recombinant L. plantarum strain displaying the 3M2e-HA2 protein of the influenza virus and determined the effect of N/pgsA'-3M2e-HA2 against AIV in chicks. We first confirmed that the 3M2e-HA2 fusion protein was expressed on the surface of L. plantarum via flow cytometry and immunofluorescence experiments. Our experimental results demonstrated that chicks immunized with N/pgsA'-3M2e-HA2 could induce specific humoral, mucosal, and T cell-mediated immune responses, eliciting the host body to protect itself against AIV. Additionally, compared to oral administration, the intranasal immunization of chicks with N/pgsA'-3M2e-HA2 provided a stronger immune response, resulting in a potent protective effect that hindered the loss of body weight, decreasing pulmonary virus titers and reducing lung and throat pathological damages. Thus, our results indicate that our novel approach is an effective method of vaccine design to promote mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tao Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Gui-Lian Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yu-Bei Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yan-Long Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Hai-Bin Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Chun-Wei Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Guan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yuan-Huan Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Chun-Feng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China.
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25
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Mellor KC, Meyer A, Elkholly DA, Fournié G, Long PT, Inui K, Padungtod P, Gilbert M, Newman SH, Vergne T, Pfeiffer DU, Stevens KB. Comparative Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 and H5N6 in Vietnamese Live Bird Markets: Spatiotemporal Patterns of Distribution and Risk Factors. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:51. [PMID: 29675418 PMCID: PMC5896172 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has been circulating in Vietnam since 2003, whilst outbreaks of HPAI H5N6 virus are more recent, having only been reported since 2014. Although the spatial distribution of H5N1 outbreaks and risk factors for virus occurrence has been extensively studied, there have been no comparative studies for H5N6. Data collected through active surveillance of Vietnamese live bird markets (LBMs) between 2011 and 2015 were used to explore and compare the spatiotemporal distributions of H5N1- and H5N6-positive LBMs. Conditional autoregressive models were developed to quantify spatiotemporal associations between agroecological factors and the two HPAI strains using the same set of predictor variables. Unlike H5N1, which exhibited a strong north–south divide, with repeated occurrence in the extreme south of a cluster of high-risk provinces, H5N6 was homogeneously distributed throughout Vietnam. Similarly, different agroecological factors were associated with each strain. Sample collection in the months of January and February and higher average maximum temperature were associated with higher likelihood of H5N1-positive market-day status. The likelihood of market days being positive for H5N6 increased with decreased river density, and with successive Rounds of data collection. This study highlights marked differences in spatial patterns and risk factors for H5N1 and H5N6 in Vietnam, suggesting the need for tailored surveillance and control approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate C Mellor
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Meyer
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Doaa A Elkholly
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Fournié
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Pham T Long
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ken Inui
- Country Office for Vietnam, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pawin Padungtod
- Country Office for Vietnam, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Marius Gilbert
- Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Scott H Newman
- Country Office for Vietnam, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Country Office for Ethiopia, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Timothée Vergne
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom.,Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France.,UMR 1225 INRA, ENVT Interactions Hôtes - Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Dirk U Pfeiffer
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom.,College of Veterinary Medicine & Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kim B Stevens
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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26
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Napp S, Majó N, Sánchez-Gónzalez R, Vergara-Alert J. Emergence and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) in Europe in 2016-2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018. [PMID: 29536643 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses poses a continuous threat to animal and public health. After the 2005-2006 H5N1 and the 2014-2015 H5N8 epidemics, another H5N8 is currently affecting Europe. Up to August 2017, 1,112 outbreaks in domestic and 955 in wild birds in 30 European countries have been reported, the largest epidemic by a HPAI virus in the continent. Here, the main epidemiological findings are described. While some similarities with previous HPAI virus epidemics were observed, for example in the pattern of emergence, significant differences were also patent, in particular the size and extent of the epidemic. Even though no human infections have been reported to date, the fact that A/H5N8 has affected so far 1,112 domestic holdings, increases the risk of exposure of humans and therefore represents a concern. Understanding the epidemiology of HPAI viruses is essential for the planning future surveillance and control activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Napp
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Majó
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Sánchez-Gónzalez
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Vergara-Alert
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Ma L, Jin T, Wang H, Liu H, Wang R, Li Y, Yang G, Xiong Y, Chen J, Zhang J, Chen G, Li W, Liu D, Lin P, Huang Y, Gao GF, Chen Q. Two reassortant types of highly pathogenic H5N8 avian influenza virus from wild birds in Central China in 2016. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:14. [PMID: 29410395 PMCID: PMC5837153 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-017-0012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Since 2016, the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 virus has emerged in the Central Asian flyway and Europe, causing massive deaths in poultry and wild birds. In this study, we isolated and identified three H5N8 viruses from swan goose and black swans in Hubei province during the 2016/2017 winter season. Whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the three viruses clustered into a group of H5N8 viruses from Qinghai Lake and Europe. A novel reassortment virus from swan goose was distinguished from that of black swans, in that its PA and NP genes were distinct from those of Qinghai Lake viruses. Molecular dating revealed that the ancestral strain of these H5N8 viruses emerged around July 2015. From sequence comparison, we discovered eight amino acid substitutions in HA and NA during the adaption process from poultry to wild birds. The three viruses were isolated from wild birds in the East Asian-Australasian flyway; however, the viral genomes were similar to H5N8 viruses circulating along the Central Asian flyway. From these data, we conclude that wetlands and lakes in Central China may play a key role in disseminating H5N8 viruses between the East Asian-Australasian and Central Asian flyways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.,Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tao Jin
- China National Genebank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Haizhou Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Runkun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Li
- The monitoring center of wildlife diseases and resource of Hubei, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Guoxiang Yang
- The monitoring center of wildlife diseases and resource of Hubei, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yanping Xiong
- The monitoring center of wildlife diseases and resource of Hubei, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jing Chen
- The monitoring center of wildlife diseases and resource of Hubei, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- The monitoring center of wildlife diseases and resource of Hubei, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Guang Chen
- The monitoring center of wildlife diseases and resource of Hubei, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Di Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.,Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Peng Lin
- China National Genebank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Yueying Huang
- China National Genebank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - George F Gao
- Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Office of Director-General, ChineseCenter for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Quanjiao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China. .,Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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28
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Thanh HD, Tran VT, Nguyen DT, Hung VK, Kim W. Novel reassortant H5N6 highly pathogenic influenza A viruses in Vietnamese quail outbreaks. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 56:45-57. [PMID: 29406283 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza A H5N6 virus is a highly contagious infectious agent that affects domestic poultry and humans in South Asian countries. Vietnam may be an evolutionary hotspot for influenza viruses and therefore could serve as a source of pandemic strains. In 2015, two novel reassortant H5N6 influenza viruses designated as A/quail/Vietnam/CVVI01/2015 and A/quail/Vietnam/CVVI03/2015 were isolated from dead quails during avian influenza outbreaks in central Vietnam, and the whole genome sequences were analyzed. The genetic analysis indicated that hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and polymerase basic protein 2 genes of the two H5N6 viruses are most closely related to an H5N2 virus (A/chicken/Zhejiang/727079/2014) and H10N6 virus (A/chicken/Jiangxi/12782/2014) from China and an H6N6 virus (A/duck/Yamagata/061004/2014) from Japan. The HA gene of the isolates belongs to clade 2.3.4.4, which caused human fatalities in China during 2014-2016. The five other internal genes showed high identity to an H5N2 virus (A/chicken/Heilongjiang/S7/2014) from China. A whole-genome phylogenetic analysis revealed that these two outbreak strains are novel H6N6-like PB2 gene reassortants that are most closely related to influenza virus strain A/environment/Guangdong/ZS558/2015, which was detected in a live poultry market in China. This report describes the first detection of novel H5N6 reassortants in poultry during an outbreak as well as genetic characterization of these strains to better understand the antigenic evolution of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien Dang Thanh
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Central Vietnam Veterinary Institute, Nha Trang, Viet Nam
| | - Van Trung Tran
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Duc Tan Nguyen
- Central Vietnam Veterinary Institute, Nha Trang, Viet Nam
| | - Vu-Khac Hung
- Central Vietnam Veterinary Institute, Nha Trang, Viet Nam
| | - Wonyong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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29
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Pathogenicity and transmissibility of three avian influenza A (H5N6) viruses isolated from wild birds. J Infect 2018; 76:286-294. [PMID: 29307740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since 2013, highly pathogenic H5N6 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have emerged in poultry and caused sporadic human infections in Asia. The recent discovery of three new avian H5N6 viruses - A/oriental magpie-robin/Guangdong/SW8/2014 (H5N6), A/common moorhen/Guangdong/GZ174/2014 (H5N6) and A/Pallas's sandgrouse/Guangdong/ZH283/2015 (H5N6) - isolated from apparently healthy wild birds in Southern China in 2014-2015 raises great concern for the spread of these highly pathogenic AIVs (HPAIVs) and their potential threat to human and animal health. In our study, we conducted animal experiments and tested their pathogenicity in ducks, chickens and mice. Ducks can carry and shed the H5N6 HPAIVs, but show no ill effects. On the other hand, these H5N6 HPAIVs can efficiently infect, transmit and cause death in chickens. Due to the overlap of habitats, domestic ducks play an important role in circulating AIVs between poultry and wild birds. Our results raise the possibility that wild birds disseminate these H5N6 HPAIVs to poultry along their flyways and thus pose a great threat to the poultry industry. These viruses are also highly pathogenic to mice, suggesting they pose a potential threat to mammals and, thus, public health. One virus isolated in 2015 replicates much more efficiently and is more lethal in these animals than the two other viruses isolated in 2014. It seems that the H5N6 viruses tend to be more lethal as time passes. Therefore, it is necessary to vigilantly monitor H5N6 HPAIVs in wild birds and poultry.
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30
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Poen MJ, Bestebroer TM, Vuong O, Scheuer RD, van der Jeugd HP, Kleyheeg E, Eggink D, Lexmond P, van den Brand JMA, Begeman L, van der Vliet S, Müskens GJDM, Majoor FA, Koopmans MPG, Kuiken T, Fouchier RAM. Local amplification of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 viruses in wild birds in the Netherlands, 2016 to 2017. Euro Surveill 2018; 23:17-00449. [PMID: 29382414 PMCID: PMC5801337 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.4.17-00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionHighly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of subtype H5N8 were re-introduced into the Netherlands by late 2016, after detections in south-east Asia and Russia. This second H5N8 wave resulted in a large number of outbreaks in poultry farms and the deaths of large numbers of wild birds in multiple European countries. Methods: Here we report on the detection of HPAI H5N8 virus in 57 wild birds of 12 species sampled during active (32/5,167) and passive (25/36) surveillance activities, i.e. in healthy and dead animals respectively, in the Netherlands between 8 November 2016 and 31 March 2017. Moreover, we further investigate the experimental approach of wild bird serology as a contributing tool in HPAI outbreak investigations. Results: In contrast to the first H5N8 wave, local virus amplification with associated wild bird mortality has occurred in the Netherlands in 2016/17, with evidence for occasional gene exchange with low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. Discussion: These apparent differences between outbreaks and the continuing detections of HPAI viruses in Europe are a cause of concern. With the current circulation of zoonotic HPAI and LPAI virus strains in Asia, increased understanding of the drivers responsible for the global spread of Asian poultry viruses via wild birds is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein J Poen
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Oanh Vuong
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rachel D Scheuer
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henk P van der Jeugd
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Animal Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Vogeltrekstation - Dutch Centre for Avian Migration and Demography (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Kleyheeg
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Animal Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Vogeltrekstation - Dutch Centre for Avian Migration and Demography (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lineke Begeman
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Gerhard J D M Müskens
- Alterra, Center for Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank A Majoor
- Sovon, Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Thijs Kuiken
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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31
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Park SJ, Kim EH, Kwon HI, Song MS, Kim SM, Kim YI, Si YJ, Lee IW, Nguyen HD, Shin OS, Kim CJ, Choi YK. Altered virulence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N8 reassortant viruses in mammalian models. Virulence 2018; 9:133-148. [PMID: 28873012 PMCID: PMC5955454 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1366408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently identified highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 viruses (clade 2.3.4.4) are relatively low to moderately pathogenic in mammalian hosts compared with HPAI H5N1 viruses. In this study, we generated reassortant viruses comprised of A/MD/Korea/W452/2014(H5N8) with substitution of individual genes from A/EM/Korea/W149/2006(H5N1) to understand the contribution of each viral gene to virulence in mammals. Substituting the PB2 gene segment or the NA gene segment of the H5N8 virus by that from the H5N1 virus resulted in significantly enhanced pathogenicity compared with the parental H5N8 virus in mice. Of note, substitution of the PB2 gene segment of the H5N8 virus by that from the H5N1 virus resulted in a 1000-fold increase in virulence for mice compared with the parental virus (MLD50 decreased from 105.8 to 102.5 EID50). Further, the W452W149PB2 virus also induced the highest virus titers in lungs at all time points and the highest levels of inflammatory cytokine responses among all viruses tested. This high virulence phenotype was also confirmed by high viral titers in the respiratory tracts of infected ferrets. Further, a mini-genome assay revealed that W452W149PB2 has significantly increased polymerase activity (p < 0.001). Taken together, our study demonstrates that a single gene substitution from other avian influenza viruses can alter the pathogenicity of recent H5N8 viruses, and therefore emphasizes the need for intensive monitoring of reassortment events among co-circulating avian and mammalian viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Hyeok-Il Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Se Mi Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young-Jae Si
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - In-Won Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiep Dinh Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Ok Sarah Shin
- Brain Korea 21 Plus for Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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32
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Screening for Neuraminidase Inhibitor Resistance Markers among Avian Influenza Viruses of the N4, N5, N6, and N8 Neuraminidase Subtypes. J Virol 2017; 92:JVI.01580-17. [PMID: 29046464 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01580-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several subtypes of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are emerging as novel human pathogens, and the frequency of related infections has increased in recent years. Although neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs) are the only class of antiviral drugs available for therapeutic intervention for AIV-infected patients, studies on NAI resistance among AIVs have been limited, and markers of resistance are poorly understood. Previously, we identified unique NAI resistance substitutions in AIVs of the N3, N7, and N9 NA subtypes. Here, we report profiles of NA substitutions that confer NAI resistance in AIVs of the N4, N5, N6, and N8 NA subtypes using gene-fragmented random mutagenesis. We generated libraries of mutant influenza viruses using reverse genetics (RG) and selected resistant variants in the presence of the NAIs oseltamivir carboxylate and zanamivir in MDCK cells. In addition, two substitutions, H274Y and R292K (N2 numbering), were introduced into each NA gene for comparison. We identified 37 amino acid substitutions within the NA gene, 16 of which (4 in N4, 4 in N5, 4 in N6, and 4 in N8) conferred resistance to NAIs (oseltamivir carboxylate, zanamivir, or peramivir) as determined using a fluorescence-based NA inhibition assay. Substitutions conferring NAI resistance were mainly categorized as either novel NA subtype specific (G/N147V/I, A246V, and I427L) or previously reported in other subtypes (E119A/D/V, Q136K, E276D, R292K, and R371K). Our results demonstrate that each NA subtype possesses unique NAI resistance markers, and knowledge of these substitutions in AIVs is important in facilitating antiviral susceptibility monitoring of NAI resistance in AIVs.IMPORTANCE The frequency of human infections with avian influenza viruses (AIVs) has increased in recent years. Despite the availability of vaccines, neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), as the only available class of drugs for AIVs in humans, have been constantly used for treatment, leading to the inevitable emergence of drug-resistant variants. To screen for substitutions conferring NAI resistance in AIVs of N4, N5, N6, and N8 NA subtypes, random mutations within the target gene were generated, and resistant viruses were selected from mutant libraries in the presence of individual drugs. We identified 16 NA substitutions conferring NAI resistance in the tested AIV subtypes; some are novel and subtype specific, and others have been previously reported in other subtypes. Our findings will contribute to an increased and more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of NAI-induced inhibition of influenza virus and help lead to the development of drugs that bind to alternative interaction motifs.
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33
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CASCIRE surveillance network and work on avian influenza viruses. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:1386-1391. [PMID: 29294220 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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34
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Shi W, Li J, Zhou H, Gao GF. Pathogen genomic surveillance elucidates the origins, transmission and evolution of emerging viral agents in China. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:1317-1330. [PMID: 29270793 PMCID: PMC7088571 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past twenty years, numerous novel zoonotic viral agents with pandemic potential have emerged in China, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus and, more recently, the avian-origin influenza A/H7N9 virus, which have caused outbreaks among humans with high morbidity and mortality. In addition, several emerging and re-emerging viral pathogens have also been imported into China from travelers, e.g. the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus and Zika virus (ZIKV). Herein, we review these emerging viral pathogens in China and focus on how surveillance by pathogen genomics has been employed to discover and annotate novel pathogenic agents, identify natural reservoirs, monitor the transmission events and delineate their evolution and adaption to the human host. We also highlight the application of genomic sequencing in the recent Ebola epidemics in Western Africa. In summary, genomic sequencing has become a standard research tool in the field of emerging infectious diseases which has been proven invaluable in containing these viral infections and reducing burden of disease in humans and animals. Genomic surveillance of pathogenic agents will serve as a key epidemiological and research tool in the modern era of precision infectious diseases and in the future studies of virosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong (Taishan Medical College), Taishan Medical College, Taian, 271000, China.
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong (Taishan Medical College), Taishan Medical College, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong (Taishan Medical College), Taishan Medical College, Taian, 271000, China
| | - George F Gao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, 102206, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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35
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Zhang C, Zhao Z, Guo Z, Zhang J, Li J, Yang Y, Lu S, Wang Z, Zhi M, Fu Y, Yang X, Liu L, Zhang Y, Hua Y, Liu L, Chai H, Qian J. Amino Acid Substitutions Associated with Avian H5N6 Influenza A Virus Adaptation to Mice. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1763. [PMID: 28966609 PMCID: PMC5605651 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
At least 15 cases of human beings infected with H5N6 have been reported since 2014, of which at least nine were fatal. The highly pathogenic avian H5N6 influenza virus may pose a serious threat to both public health and the poultry industry. However, the molecular features promoting the adaptation of avian H5N6 influenza viruses to mammalian hosts is not well understood. Here, we sequentially passaged an avian H5N6 influenza A virus (A/Northern Shoveler/Ningxia/488-53/2015) 10 times in mice to identify the adaptive amino acid substitutions that confer enhanced virulence to H5N6 in mammals. The 1st and 10th passages of the mouse-adapted H5N6 viruses were named P1 and P10, respectively. P1 and P10 displayed higher pathogenicity in mice than their parent strain. P10 showed significantly higher replication capability in vivo and could be detected in the brains of mice, whereas P1 displayed higher replication efficiency in their lungs but was not detectable in the brain. Similar to its parent strain, P10 remained no transmissible between guinea pigs. Using genome sequencing and alignment, multiple amino acid substitutions, including PB2 E627K, PB2 T23I, PA T97I, and HA R239H, were found in the adaptation of H5N6 to mice. In summary, we identified amino acid changes that are associated with H5N6 adaptation to mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmao Zhang
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Zongzheng Zhao
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Zhendong Guo
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Jiajie Zhang
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Yifei Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical ScienceBeijing, China
| | - Shaoxia Lu
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Zhongyi Wang
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Min Zhi
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Yingying Fu
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Lina Liu
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Yuping Hua
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Linna Liu
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Hongliang Chai
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
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36
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Wang L, Fu X, Zheng Y, Zhou P, Fang B, Huang S, Zhang X, Chen J, Cao Z, Tian J, Li S. The NS1 protein of H5N6 feline influenza virus inhibits feline beta interferon response by preventing NF-κB and IRF3 activation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 74:60-68. [PMID: 28395999 PMCID: PMC7173090 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the apparent lack of a feline influenza virus lineage, cats are susceptible to infection by influenza A viruses. Here, we characterized in vitro A/feline/Guangdong/1/2015, an H5N6 avian influenza virus recently isolated from cats. A/feline/Guangdong/1/2015 replicated to high titers and caused CPE in feline kidney cells. We determined that infection with A/feline/Guangdong/1/2015 did not activate the IFN-β promoter, but inhibited it by blocking the activation of NF-κB and IRF3. We also determined that the viral NS1 protein mediated the block, and that the dsRNA binding domain of NS1 was essential to perform this function. In contrast to treatment after infection, cells pretreated with IFN-β suppressed viral replication. Our findings provide an example of an H5N6 influenza virus suppressing IFN production, which might be associated with interspecies transmission of avian influenza viruses to cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Engineering and Technological Research Center on Pet, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xinliang Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yun Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Engineering and Technological Research Center on Pet, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Pei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Engineering and Technological Research Center on Pet, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Bo Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - San Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Engineering and Technological Research Center on Pet, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Engineering and Technological Research Center on Pet, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jidang Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zongxi Cao
- Hainan Academy of Agricultural Science, Hainan, PR China
| | - Jin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Engineering and Technological Research Center on Pet, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Cao X, Yang F, Wu H, Xu L. Genetic characterization of novel reassortant H5N6-subtype influenza viruses isolated from cats in eastern China. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3501-3505. [PMID: 28730524 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3490-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cats are susceptible to influenza A viruses and therefore may act as transmission vectors within households, posing a potential public health concern. Two novel reassortant H5N6 influenza viruses were isolated from cats in Zhejiang Province, Eastern China, in 2016. Both viruses were characterized by whole-genome sequencing with subsequent phylogenetic analysis and genetic comparison. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these viruses received their genes from H5N6, H9N2, and H7N9 influenza viruses isolated from China. These H5N6 viruses were able to replicate in mice without prior adaptation. Our results show that continued circulation of these viruses could endanger humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Cao
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, 198 Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China.,Dezhou College, Dezhou, 253023, Shandong, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lihua Xu
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, 198 Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China.
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38
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Gao S, Kang Y, Yuan R, Ma H, Xiang B, Wang Z, Dai X, Wang F, Xiao J, Liao M, Ren T. Immune Responses of Chickens Infected with Wild Bird-Origin H5N6 Avian Influenza Virus. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1081. [PMID: 28676793 PMCID: PMC5476689 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since April 2014, new infections of H5N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) in humans and domestic poultry have caused considerable economic losses in the poultry industry and posed an enormous threat to human health worldwide. In previous research using gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis, we reported that H5N6 AIV isolated in February 2015 (ZH283) in Pallas’s sandgrouse was highly similar to that isolated in a human in December 2015 (A/Guangdong/ZQ874/2015), whereas a virus (i.e., SW8) isolated in oriental magpie-robin in 2014 was highly similar to that of A/chicken/Dongguan/2690/2013 (H5N6). However, the pathogenicity, transmissibility, and host immune-related response of chickens infected by those wild bird-origin H5N6 AIVs remain unknown. In response, we examined the viral distribution and mRNA expression profiles of immune-related genes in chickens infected with both viruses. Results showed that the H5N6 AIVs were highly pathogenic to chickens and caused not only systemic infection in multiple tissues, but also 100% mortality within 3–5 days post-infection. Additionally, ZH283 efficiently replicated in all tested tissues and transmitted among chickens more rapidly than SW8. Moreover, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that following infection with H5N6, AIVs immune-related genes remained active in a tissue-dependent manner, as well as that ZH283 induced mRNA expression profiles such as TLR3, TLR7, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-8, and MHC-II to a greater extent than SW8 in the tested tissues of infected chickens. Altogether, our findings help to illuminate the pathogenesis and immunologic mechanisms of H5N6 AIVs in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Gao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agriculture UniversityTaigu, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yinfeng Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou, China
| | - Runyu Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionGuangzhou, China
| | - Haili Ma
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agriculture UniversityTaigu, China
| | - Bin Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoxiong Wang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze UniversityJingzhou, China
| | - Xu Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Fumin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Wildlife Rescue CenterGuangzhou, China
| | - Jiajie Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Wildlife Rescue CenterGuangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Tao Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
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39
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Kim YI, Park SJ, Kwon HI, Kim EH, Si YJ, Jeong JH, Lee IW, Nguyen HD, Kwon JJ, Choi WS, Song MS, Kim CJ, Choi YK. Genetic and phylogenetic characterizations of a novel genotype of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 viruses in 2016/2017 in South Korea. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 53:56-67. [PMID: 28477974 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During the outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N6 viruses in 2016 in South Korea, novel H5N8 viruses were also isolated from migratory birds. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the HA gene of these H5N8 viruses belonged to clade 2.3.4.4, similarly to recent H5Nx viruses, and originated from A/Brk/Korea/Gochang1/14(H5N8), a minor lineage of H5N8 that appeared in 2014 and then disappeared. At least four reassortment events occurred with different subtypes (H5N8, H7N7, H3N8 and H10N7) and a chicken challenge study revealed that they were classified as HPAI viruses according to OIE criteria.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Wild
- Birds/virology
- Chickens
- Disease Outbreaks/veterinary
- Genotype
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H10N7 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H10N7 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H10N7 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H5N8 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H5N8 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N8 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza in Birds/epidemiology
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Phylogeny
- Phylogeography
- Reassortant Viruses/classification
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/isolation & purification
- Republic of Korea/epidemiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Il Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok-Il Kwon
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jae Si
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hwan Jeong
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Won Lee
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiep Dinh Nguyen
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Jung Kwon
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Suk Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseoung-Gu, DaeJeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea.
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40
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Wu H, Lu R, Peng X, Peng X, Cheng L, Liu F, Wu N. Characterization of Novel Reassortant Influenza A (H5N2) Viruses Isolated from Poultry in Eastern China, 2015. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:741. [PMID: 28487690 PMCID: PMC5403823 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, novel variants of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been frequently isolated from poultry and wild birds in Asia, Europe and North America. Live poultry markets (LPMs) play an important role in the dissemination of influenza viruses. Four H5N2 AIVs were isolated from poultry during surveillance of AIVs in LPMs in Eastern China, in 2015. Whole-genome sequencing, combined with phylogenetic and antigenic analyses were performed to characterize these viruses. These H5N2 viruses had undergone extensive reassortment resulting in two genetic groups of viruses in poultry. These viruses exhibited slightly pathogenicity in mice, and replicated without prior adaptation. The continued circulation of these novel H5N2 viruses may represent a threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Rufeng Lu
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Xiuming Peng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Peng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Linfang Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Fumin Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
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Kang Y, Liu L, Feng M, Yuan R, Huang C, Tan Y, Gao P, Xiang D, Zhao X, Li Y, Irwin DM, Shen Y, Ren T. Highly pathogenic H5N6 influenza A viruses recovered from wild birds in Guangdong, southern China, 2014-2015. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44410. [PMID: 28294126 PMCID: PMC5353559 DOI: 10.1038/srep44410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2013, highly pathogenic (HP) H5N6 influenza A viruses (IAVs) have emerged in poultry in Asia, especially Southeast Asia. These viruses have also caused sporadic infections in humans within the same geographic areas. Active IAV surveillance in wild birds sampled in Guangdong province, China from August 2014 through February 2015 resulted in the recovery of three H5N6 IAVs. These H5N6 IAV isolates possess the basic amino acid motif at the HA1-HA2 cleavage site that is associated with highly pathogenic IAVs infecting chickens. Noteworthy findings include: (1) the HP H5N6 IAV isolates were recovered from three species of apparently healthy wild birds (most other isolates of HP H5N6 IAV in Asia are recovered from dead wild birds or fecal samples in the environment) and (2) these isolates were apparently the first recoveries of HP H5N6 IAV for two of the three species thus expanding the demonstrated natural host range for these lineages of virus. This investigation provides additional insight into the natural history of HP H5N6 IAVs and identifies the occurrence of non-lethal, HP H5N6 IAV infections in wild birds thereby demonstrating the value of active IAV surveillance in wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfeng Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Lu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Minsha Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Runyu Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Research Center for Pathogens Detection Technology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Can Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yangtong Tan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pei Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dan Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xiaqiong Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yanling Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - David M. Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yongyi Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Tao Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
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42
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Lee EK, Kang HM, Song BM, Lee YN, Heo GB, Lee HS, Lee YJ, Kim JH. Surveillance of avian influenza viruses in South Korea between 2012 and 2014. Virol J 2017; 14:54. [PMID: 28292308 PMCID: PMC5351195 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0711-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background National surveillance of avian influenza virus (AIV) in South Korea has been annually conducted for the early detection of AIV and responses to the introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus. In this study, we report on a nationwide surveillance study of AIV in domestic poultry and wild birds in South Korea between 2012 and 2014. Methods During the surveillance programs between 2012 and 2014, 141,560 samples were collected. Of these, 102,199 were from poultry farms, 8215 were from LBMs, and 31,146 were from wild bird habitats. The virus isolation was performed by inoculation of embryonated chicken eggs and AIV isolates were detected using hemagglutination assay. For subtying of AIV, the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes were confirmed by sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of the H5 subtypes was performed using 28 H5 AIV isolates. Results Between 2012 and 2014, a total of 819 AIV were isolated from 141,560 samples. Virus isolation rates for AIV were 0.6, 0.4, 0.1, and 2.7% in wild birds (n = 202), domestic ducks (n = 387), minor poultry (n = 11), and the live bird market (LBM) (n = 219), respectively. In wild birds, various subtypes were found including H1–H7 and H9–H13. The major subtypes were H5 (n = 48, 23.9%: N3 (n = 4) and N8 (n = 44)), H4 (n = 39, 19.4%), and H1 (n = 29, 14.4%). In domestic poultry, mainly ducks, the H5N8 (n = 275, 59.3%), H3 (n = 30, 17.2%), and H6 (n = 53, 11.4%) subtypes were predominantly found. The most frequently detected subtypes in LBM, primarily Korean native chicken, were H9 (n = 169, 77.2%). H3 (n = 10, 4%) and H6 (n = 30, 13.7%) were also isolated in LBM. Overall, the prevalence of AIV was found to be higher between winter and spring and in western parts of South Korea. The unusual high prevalence of the H5 subtype of AIV was due to the large scale outbreak of H5N8 HPAI in wild birds and domestic poultry in 2014. Conclusions Enhanced surveillance and application of effective control measures in wild birds and domestic poultry, including LBM, should be implemented to control AI and eradicate HPAI. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-017-0711-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyoung Lee
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Kang
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Min Song
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Na Lee
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Beum Heo
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Soo Lee
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Li M, Zhao N, Luo J, Li Y, Chen L, Ma J, Zhao L, Yuan G, Wang C, Wang Y, Liu Y, He H. Genetic Characterization of Continually Evolving Highly Pathogenic H5N6 Influenza Viruses in China, 2012-2016. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:260. [PMID: 28293218 PMCID: PMC5329059 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
H5N6 is a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and a zoonotic disease that causes recurring endemics in East Asia. At least 155 H5N6 outbreaks, including 15 human infections, have been reported in China. These repeated outbreaks have increased concern that the H5N6 virus may cross over to humans and cause a pandemic. In February, 2016, peafowls in a breeding farm exhibited a highly contagious disease. Post-mortem examinations, including RT-PCR, and virus isolation, confirmed that the highly pathogenic H5N6 influenza virus was the causative agent, and the strain was named A/Pavo Cristatus/Jiangxi/JA1/2016. In animal experiments, it exhibited high pathogenicity in chickens and an estimated median lethal dose in mice of ~104.3 TCID50. A phylogenetic analysis showed that JA1/2016 was clustered in H5 clade 2.3.4.4. FG594-like H5N6 virus from Guangdong Province was the probable predecessor of JA1/2016, and the estimated divergence time was June 2014. Furthermore, we found that H5N6 influenza viruses can be classified into the two following groups: Group 1 and Group 2. Group 2 influenza viruses have not been detected since the end of 2014, whereas Group 1 influenza viruses have continually evolved and reassorted with the “gene pool” circulating in south China, resulting in the rise of novel subtypes of this influenza virus. An increase in the number of its identified hosts, the expanding range of its distribution, and the continual evolution of H5N6 AIVs enhance the risk that an H5N6 virus may spread to other continents and cause a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China; College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Na Zhao
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China; College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jing Luo
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Animal Science, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology Qinghuangdao, China
| | - Lin Chen
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China; College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jiajun Ma
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China; College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Guohui Yuan
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Chengmin Wang
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Yutian Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry Beijing, China
| | - Hongxuan He
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
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Diversity, evolution and population dynamics of avian influenza viruses circulating in the live poultry markets in China. Virology 2017; 505:33-41. [PMID: 28222327 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Live poultry markets (LPMs) are an important source of novel avian influenza viruses (AIV). During 2015-2016 we surveyed AIV diversity in ten LPMs in Hubei, Zhejiang and Jiangxi provinces, China. A high diversity and prevalence of AIVs (totaling 12 subtypes) was observed in LPMs in these provinces. Strikingly, however, the subtypes discovered during 2015-2016 were markedly different to those reported by us in these same localities one year previously, suggesting a dynamic shift in viral genetic diversity over the course of a single year. Phylogenetic analyses revealed frequent reassortment, including between high and low pathogenic AIV subtypes and among those that circulate in domestic and wild birds. Notably, the novel H5N6 reassortant virus, which contains a set of H9N2-like internal genes, was prevalent in all three regions surveyed. Overall, these data highlight the profound changes in genetic diversity and in patterns of reassortment in those AIVs that circulate in LPMs.
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45
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Guo H, de Vries E, McBride R, Dekkers J, Peng W, Bouwman KM, Nycholat C, Verheije MH, Paulson JC, van Kuppeveld FJM, de Haan CAM. Highly Pathogenic Influenza A(H5Nx) Viruses with Altered H5 Receptor-Binding Specificity. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:220-231. [PMID: 27869615 PMCID: PMC5324792 DOI: 10.3201/eid2302.161072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence and intercontinental spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5Nx) virus clade 2.3.4.4 is unprecedented. H5N8 and H5N2 viruses have caused major economic losses in the poultry industry in Europe and North America, and lethal human infections with H5N6 virus have occurred in Asia. Knowledge of the evolution of receptor-binding specificity of these viruses, which might affect host range, is urgently needed. We report that emergence of these viruses is accompanied by a change in receptor-binding specificity. In contrast to ancestral clade 2.3.4 H5 proteins, novel clade 2.3.4.4 H5 proteins bind to fucosylated sialosides because of substitutions K222Q and S227R, which are unique for highly pathogenic influenza virus H5 proteins. North American clade 2.3.4.4 virus isolates have retained only the K222Q substitution but still bind fucosylated sialosides. Altered receptor-binding specificity of virus clade 2.3.4.4 H5 proteins might have contributed to emergence and spread of H5Nx viruses.
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46
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Genesis and Dissemination of Highly Pathogenic H5N6 Avian Influenza Viruses. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02199-16. [PMID: 28003485 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02199-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5Nx) have spread from Asia to other parts of the world. Since 2014, human infections with clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 viruses have been continuously reported in China. To investigate the genesis of the virus, we analyzed 123 H5 or N6 environmental viruses sampled from live-poultry markets or farms from 2012 to 2015 in Mainland China. Our results indicated that clade 2.3.4.4 H5N2/N6/N8 viruses shared the same hemagglutinin gene as originated in early 2009. From 2012 to 2015, the genesis of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 viruses occurred via two independent pathways. Three major reassortant H5N6 viruses (reassortants A, B, and C) were generated. Internal genes of reassortant A and B viruses and reassortant C viruses derived from clade 2.3.2.1c H5N1 and H9N2 viruses, respectively. Many mammalian adaption mutations and antigenic variations were detected among the three reassortant viruses. Considering their wide circulation and dynamic reassortment in poultry, we highly recommend close monitoring of the viruses in poultry and humans. IMPORTANCE Since 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5Nx) viruses have caused many outbreaks in both wild and domestic birds globally. Severe human cases with novel H5N6 viruses in this group were also reported in China in 2014 and 2015. To investigate the genesis of the genetic diversity of these H5N6 viruses, we sequenced 123 H5 or N6 environmental viruses sampled from 2012 to 2015 in China. Sequence analysis indicated that three major reassortants of these H5N6 viruses had been generated by two independent evolutionary pathways. The H5N6 reassortant viruses had been detected in most provinces of southern China and neighboring countries. Considering the mammalian adaption mutations and antigenic variation detected, the spread of these viruses should be monitored carefully due to their pandemic potential.
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47
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Tanikawa T, Kanehira K, Tsunekuni R, Uchida Y, Takemae N, Saito T. Pathogenicity of H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from a wild bird fecal specimen and a chicken in Japan in 2014. Microbiol Immunol 2017; 60:243-52. [PMID: 26916882 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Poultry outbreaks caused by H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) occurred in Japan between December 2014 and January 2015. During the same period; H5N8 HPAIVs were isolated from wild birds and the environment in Japan. The hemagglutinin (HA) genes of these isolates were found to belong to clade 2.3.4.4 and three sub-groups were distinguishable within this clade. All of the Japanese isolates from poultry outbreaks belonged to the same sub-group; whereas wild bird isolates belonged to the other sub-groups. To examine whether the difference in pathogenicity to chickens between isolates of different HA sub-groups of clade 2.3.4.4 could explain why the Japanese poultry outbreaks were only caused by a particular sub-group; pathogenicities of A/chicken/Miyazaki/7/2014 (Miyazaki2014; sub-group C) and A/duck/Chiba/26-372-48/2014 (Chiba2014; sub-group A) to chickens were compared and it was found that the lethality of Miyazaki2014 in chickens was lower than that of Chiba2014; according to the 50% chicken lethal dose. This indicated that differences in pathogenicity may not explain why the Japanese poultry outbreaks only involved group C isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichiro Tanikawa
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856
| | - Katsushi Kanehira
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856
| | - Ryota Tsunekuni
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856
| | - Yuko Uchida
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856
| | - Nobuhiro Takemae
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City 501-1193, Japan
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48
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Molecular characterization of a novel reassortant H7N6 subtype avian influenza virus from poultry in Eastern China, in 2016. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1341-1347. [PMID: 28105530 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3219-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
During the surveillance for avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in live poultry markets in Eastern China, in 2016, a novel reassortant H7N6 AIV was isolated from a chicken. Phylogenetic analysis showed that this strain received its genes from H9N2, H7N9 and H5N6 AIVs infecting poultry in China. This strain showed moderate pathogenicity in mice and was able to replicate in mice without prior adaptation. Considering that this novel reassorted H7N6 virus was isolated from poultry in this study, it is possible that chickens play an important role in the generation of novel reassorted H7N6 AIVs.
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49
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Joseph U, Su YCF, Vijaykrishna D, Smith GJD. The ecology and adaptive evolution of influenza A interspecies transmission. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017; 11:74-84. [PMID: 27426214 PMCID: PMC5155642 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2013, there have been several alarming influenza-related events; the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses into North America, the detection of H10N8 and H5N6 zoonotic infections, the ongoing H7N9 infections in China and the continued zoonosis of H5N1 viruses in parts of Asia and the Middle East. The risk of a new influenza pandemic increases with the repeated interspecies transmission events that facilitate reassortment between animal influenza strains; thus, it is of utmost importance to understand the factors involved that promote or become a barrier to cross-species transmission of Influenza A viruses (IAVs). Here, we provide an overview of the ecology and evolutionary adaptations of IAVs, with a focus on a review of the molecular factors that enable interspecies transmission of the various virus gene segments.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Wild
- Asia/epidemiology
- China/epidemiology
- Disease Reservoirs/virology
- Ducks/virology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Geese/virology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/pathogenicity
- Influenza A virus/physiology
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/transmission
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Phylogeny
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity
- Reassortant Viruses/physiology
- Zoonoses
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gavin J. D. Smith
- Duke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingapore
- Duke Global Health InstituteDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
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50
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Genesis, Evolution and Prevalence of H5N6 Avian Influenza Viruses in China. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 20:810-821. [PMID: 27916476 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Constant surveillance of live poultry markets (LPMs) is currently the best way to predict and identify emerging avian influenza viruses (AIVs) that pose a potential threat to public health. Through surveillance of LPMs from 16 provinces and municipalities in China during 2014-2016, we identified 3,174 AIV-positive samples and isolated and sequenced 1,135 AIVs covering 31 subtypes. Our analysis shows that H5N6 has replaced H5N1 as one of the dominant AIV subtypes in southern China, especially in ducks. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that H5N6 arose from reassortments of H5 and H6N6 viruses, with the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase combinations being strongly lineage specific. H5N6 viruses constitute at least 34 distinct genotypes derived from various evolutionary pathways. Notably, genotype G1.2 virus, with internal genes from the chicken H9N2/H7N9 gene pool, was responsible for at least five human H5N6 infections. Our findings highlight H5N6 AIVs as potential threats to public health and agriculture.
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