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Rival C, Mandal M, Cramton K, Qiao H, Arish M, Sun J, McCann JV, Dudley AC, Solga MD, Erdbrügger U, Erickson LD. B cells secrete functional antigen-specific IgG antibodies on extracellular vesicles. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16970. [PMID: 39043800 PMCID: PMC11266516 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
B cells and the antibodies they produce are critical in host defense against pathogens and contribute to various immune-mediated diseases. B cells responding to activating signals in vitro release extracellular vesicles (EV) that carry surface antibodies, yet B cell production of EVs that express antibodies and their function in vivo is incompletely understood. Using transgenic mice expressing the Cre recombinase in B cells switching to IgG1 to induce expression of fusion proteins between emerald green fluorescent protein (emGFP) and the EV tetraspanin CD63 as a model, we identify emGFP expression in B cells responding to foreign antigen in vivo and characterize the emGFP+ EVs they release. Our data suggests that emGFP+ germinal center B cells undergoing immunoglobulin class switching to express IgG and their progeny memory B cells and plasma cells, also emGFP+, are sources of circulating antigen-specific IgG+ EVs. Furthermore, using a mouse model of influenza virus infection, we find that IgG+ EVs specific for the influenza hemagglutinin antigen protect against virus infection. In addition, crossing the B cell Cre driver EV reporter mice onto the Nba2 lupus-prone strain revealed increased circulating emGFP+ EVs that expressed surface IgG against nuclear antigens linked to autoimmunity. These data identify EVs loaded with antibodies as a novel route for antibody secretion in B cells that contribute to adaptive immune responses, with important implications for different functions of IgG+ EVs in infection and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rival
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, PO Box 801386, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Mahua Mandal
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, PO Box 801386, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Kayla Cramton
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, PO Box 801386, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Hui Qiao
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, PO Box 801386, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Mohd Arish
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, PO Box 801386, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, PO Box 801386, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - James V McCann
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Andrew C Dudley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Emily Couric Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Michael D Solga
- Flow Cytometry Core, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Uta Erdbrügger
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Loren D Erickson
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, PO Box 801386, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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2
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Ebrahim T, Ebrahim AS, Kandouz M. Diversity of Intercellular Communication Modes: A Cancer Biology Perspective. Cells 2024; 13:495. [PMID: 38534339 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
From the moment a cell is on the path to malignant transformation, its interaction with other cells from the microenvironment becomes altered. The flow of molecular information is at the heart of the cellular and systemic fate in tumors, and various processes participate in conveying key molecular information from or to certain cancer cells. For instance, the loss of tight junction molecules is part of the signal sent to cancer cells so that they are no longer bound to the primary tumors and are thus free to travel and metastasize. Upon the targeting of a single cell by a therapeutic drug, gap junctions are able to communicate death information to by-standing cells. The discovery of the importance of novel modes of cell-cell communication such as different types of extracellular vesicles or tunneling nanotubes is changing the way scientists look at these processes. However, are they all actively involved in different contexts at the same time or are they recruited to fulfill specific tasks? What does the multiplicity of modes mean for the overall progression of the disease? Here, we extend an open invitation to think about the overall significance of these questions, rather than engage in an elusive attempt at a systematic repertory of the mechanisms at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanzeela Ebrahim
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Abdul Shukkur Ebrahim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Mustapha Kandouz
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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3
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Kumar MA, Baba SK, Sadida HQ, Marzooqi SA, Jerobin J, Altemani FH, Algehainy N, Alanazi MA, Abou-Samra AB, Kumar R, Al-Shabeeb Akil AS, Macha MA, Mir R, Bhat AA. Extracellular vesicles as tools and targets in therapy for diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:27. [PMID: 38311623 PMCID: PMC10838959 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01735-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, membranous structures secreted into the extracellular space. They exhibit diverse sizes, contents, and surface markers and are ubiquitously released from cells under normal and pathological conditions. Human serum is a rich source of these EVs, though their isolation from serum proteins and non-EV lipid particles poses challenges. These vesicles transport various cellular components such as proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs, DNA, and lipids across distances, influencing numerous physiological and pathological events, including those within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Their pivotal roles in cellular communication make EVs promising candidates for therapeutic agents, drug delivery systems, and disease biomarkers. Especially in cancer diagnostics, EV detection can pave the way for early identification and offers potential as diagnostic biomarkers. Moreover, various EV subtypes are emerging as targeted drug delivery tools, highlighting their potential clinical significance. The need for non-invasive biomarkers to monitor biological processes for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes remains unfulfilled. Tapping into the unique composition of EVs could unlock advanced diagnostic and therapeutic avenues in the future. In this review, we discuss in detail the roles of EVs across various conditions, including cancers (encompassing head and neck, lung, gastric, breast, and hepatocellular carcinoma), neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, viral infections, autoimmune and renal diseases, emphasizing the potential advancements in molecular diagnostics and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudasir A Kumar
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Kashmir, 192122, India
| | - Sadaf K Baba
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Kashmir, 192122, India
| | - Hana Q Sadida
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sara Al Marzooqi
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jayakumar Jerobin
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Faisal H Altemani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naseh Algehainy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Alanazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Badi Abou-Samra
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, India
| | - Ammira S Al-Shabeeb Akil
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Kashmir, 192122, India
| | - Rashid Mir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
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Rey-Cadilhac F, Rachenne F, Missé D, Pompon J. Viral Components Trafficking with(in) Extracellular Vesicles. Viruses 2023; 15:2333. [PMID: 38140574 PMCID: PMC10747788 DOI: 10.3390/v15122333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The global public health burden exerted by viruses partially stems from viruses' ability to subdue host cells into creating an environment that promotes their multiplication (i.e., pro-viral). It has been discovered that viruses alter cell physiology by transferring viral material through extracellular vesicles (EVs), which serve as vehicles for intercellular communication. Here, we aim to provide a conceptual framework of all possible EV-virus associations and their resulting functions in infection output. First, we describe the different viral materials potentially associated with EVs by reporting that EVs can harbor entire virions, viral proteins and viral nucleic acids. We also delineate the different mechanisms underlying the internalization of these viral components into EVs. Second, we describe the potential fate of EV-associated viral material cargo by detailing how EV can circulate and target a naive cell once secreted. Finally, we itemize the different pro-viral strategies resulting from EV associations as the Trojan horse strategy, an alternative mode of viral transmission, an expansion of viral cellular tropism, a pre-emptive alteration of host cell physiology and an immunity decoy. With this conceptual overview, we aim to stimulate research on EV-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Rey-Cadilhac
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (F.R.-C.); (F.R.); (D.M.)
- Faculty of Science, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Florian Rachenne
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (F.R.-C.); (F.R.); (D.M.)
- Faculty of Science, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Dorothée Missé
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (F.R.-C.); (F.R.); (D.M.)
| | - Julien Pompon
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (F.R.-C.); (F.R.); (D.M.)
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5
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Abou Harb M, Meckes DG, Sun L. Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 enhances levels of large extracellular vesicle-associated PD-L1. J Virol 2023; 97:e0021923. [PMID: 37702487 PMCID: PMC10617501 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00219-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE A growing body of evidence has supported the notion that viruses utilize EVs and associated pathways to incorporate viral products. This allows for the evasion of an immune response while enabling viral spread within the host. Given that viral proteins often elicit strong antigenic peptides that are recognized by T cells, the regulation of the PD-L1 pathway through the overexpression of lEV-associated PD-L1 may serve as a strategy for immune evasion by viruses. The discovery that EBV LMP1 increases the secretion of PD-L1 in larger EVs identifies a new potential target for immune blockade therapy in EBV-associated cancers. Our findings may help to clarify the mechanism of LMP1-mediated enhancement of PD-L1 packaging into lEVs and may lead to the identification of more specific targets for treatment. Additionally, the identification of lEV biomarkers that predict a viral origin of disease could allow for more targeted therapies to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Abou Harb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - David G. Meckes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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6
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Bou JV, Taguwa S, Matsuura Y. Trick-or-Trap: Extracellular Vesicles and Viral Transmission. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1532. [PMID: 37896936 PMCID: PMC10611016 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid membrane-enclosed particles produced by most cells, playing important roles in various biological processes. They have been shown to be involved in antiviral mechanisms such as transporting antiviral molecules, transmitting viral resistance, and participating in antigen presentation. While viral transmission was traditionally thought to occur through independent viral particles, the process of viral infection is complex, with multiple barriers and challenges that viruses must overcome for successful infection. As a result, viruses exploit the intercellular communication pathways of EVs to facilitate cluster transmission, increasing their chances of infecting target cells. Viral vesicle transmission offers two significant advantages. Firstly, it enables the collective transmission of viral genomes, increasing the chances of infection and promoting interactions between viruses in subsequent generations. Secondly, the use of vesicles as vehicles for viral transmission provides protection to viral particles against environmental factors, while also expanding the cell tropism allowing viruses to reach cells in a receptor-independent manner. Understanding the role of EVs in viral transmission is crucial for comprehending virus evolution and developing innovative antiviral strategies, therapeutic interventions, and vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Vicente Bou
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, 2-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shuhei Taguwa
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, 2-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, 2-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, 2-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, 2-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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7
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Khenchouche A, Salem-Bekhit MM, Mansour AA, Alomary MN, Wang X, Alzahrani HA, Hosiny IMA, Taha EI, Shazly GA, Benguerba Y, Houali K. Suppression of Nasopharyngeal and Gastric Tumor Growth in a Mouse Model by Antibodies to Epstein-Barr Virus LMP1 Protein. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1712. [PMID: 37512884 PMCID: PMC10383785 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the antitumor efficacy of anti-LMP1 antibodies in EBV-positive nasopharyngeal and stomach cell lines and xenograft models. The study also examined the NF-κB expression and cell cycle activation of NPC-serum-exosome-associated LMP1. Anti-LMP1 antibody treatment before or during cell implantation prevented tumor growth in nude mice. A small dose of antibodies resulted in complete tumor regression for at least three months after the tumors had grown in size. The consumption of antigen-antibody complexes by tumor cells limited tumor growth. In vitro experiments showed that anti-LMP1 antibodies killed EBV-positive NPC- or GC-derived epithelial cell lines and EBV-positive human B-cell lines but not EBV-negative cell lines. Treatment with anti-LMP1 reduced NF-κB expression in cells. The animal model experiments showed that anti-LMP1 inhibited and prevented NPC- or GC-derived tumor growth. The results suggest that LMP1 antibody immunotherapy could cure nasopharyngeal cancer, EBV-positive gastric carcinoma, and EBV-associated lymphomas. However, further validation of these findings is required through human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhalim Khenchouche
- Département de Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Ferhat Abbas Sétif 1, Sétif 19000, Algeria
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, FRE3011, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Mounir M Salem-Bekhit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahd A Mansour
- Medical Laboratory Science Department, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 2537, Jeddah 21461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad N Alomary
- Advanced Diagnostic and Therapeutic Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, FRE3011, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Hayat Ali Alzahrani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar 73211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim M Al Hosiny
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
| | - Ehab I Taha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal A Shazly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yacine Benguerba
- Laboratoire de Biopharmacie Et Pharmacotechnie (LPBT), Ferhat Abbas Setif 1 University, Setif 19000, Algeria
| | - Karim Houali
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, FRE3011, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, 69008 Lyon, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Analytique et Biotechnologie (LABAB), Faculté des Sciences Biologiques et des Sciences Agronomiques, Université Mouloud Mammeri, Tizi-Ouzou 15000, Algeria
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8
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Acevedo-Sánchez V, Martínez-Ruiz RS, Aguilar-Ruíz SR, Torres-Aguilar H, Chávez-Olmos P, Garrido E, Baltiérrez-Hoyos R, Romero-Tlalolini MDLA. Quantitative Proteomics for the Identification of Differentially Expressed Proteins in the Extracellular Vesicles of Cervical Cancer Cells. Viruses 2023; 15:702. [PMID: 36992411 PMCID: PMC10051161 DOI: 10.3390/v15030702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular vesicles (EVs) in a tumoral microenvironment can exert different functions by transferring their content, which has been poorly described in cervical cancer. Here, we tried to clarify the proteomic content of these EVs, comparing those derived from cancerous HPV (+) keratinocytes (HeLa) versus those derived from normal HPV (-) keratinocytes (HaCaT). We performed a quantitative proteomic analysis, using LC-MS/MS, of the EVs from HeLa and HaCaT cell lines. The up- and downregulated proteins in the EVs from the HeLa cell line were established, along with the cellular component, molecular function, biological processes, and signaling pathways in which they participate. The biological processes with the highest number of upregulated proteins are cell adhesion, proteolysis, lipid metabolic process, and immune system processes. Interestingly, three of the top five signaling pathways with more up- and downregulated proteins are part of the immune response. Due to their content, we can infer that EVs can have a significant role in migration, invasion, metastasis, and the activation or suppression of immune system cells in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Acevedo-Sánchez
- Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S/N, Calz. San Felipe del Agua, Oaxaca de Juárez 68120, Mexico
| | - Roy S. Martínez-Ruiz
- Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S/N, Calz. San Felipe del Agua, Oaxaca de Juárez 68120, Mexico
| | - Sergio R. Aguilar-Ruíz
- Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S/N, Calz. San Felipe del Agua, Oaxaca de Juárez 68120, Mexico
| | - Honorio Torres-Aguilar
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Av. Universidad S/N, Cinco Señores, Oaxaca de Juárez 68120, Mexico
| | - Pedro Chávez-Olmos
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Efraín Garrido
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Rafael Baltiérrez-Hoyos
- Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, CONACYT—Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S/N, Calz. San Felipe del Agua, Oaxaca de Juárez 68120, Mexico
| | - María de los A. Romero-Tlalolini
- Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, CONACYT—Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S/N, Calz. San Felipe del Agua, Oaxaca de Juárez 68120, Mexico
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Extracellular Vesicles: a Trojan Horse Delivery Method for Systemic Administration of Oncolytic Viruses. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-023-00295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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10
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Pordanjani PM, Bolhassani A, Milani A, Pouriayevali MH. Extracellular vesicles in vaccine development and therapeutic approaches for viral diseases. Process Biochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2023.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
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11
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Zabrodskaya Y, Plotnikova M, Gavrilova N, Lozhkov A, Klotchenko S, Kiselev A, Burdakov V, Ramsay E, Purvinsh L, Egorova M, Vysochinskaya V, Baranovskaya I, Brodskaya A, Povalikhin R, Vasin A. Exosomes Released by Influenza-Virus-Infected Cells Carry Factors Capable of Suppressing Immune Defense Genes in Naïve Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:2690. [PMID: 36560694 PMCID: PMC9781497 DOI: 10.3390/v14122690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exosomes are involved in intercellular communication and can transfer regulatory molecules between cells. Consequently, they can participate in host immune response regulation. For the influenza A virus (IAV), there is very limited information on changes in exosome composition during cell infection shedding light on the potential role of these extracellular membrane vesicles. Thus, the aim of our work was to study changes in exosomal composition following IAV infection of cells, as well as to evaluate their effect on uninfected cells. Methods: To characterize changes in the composition of cellular miRNAs and mRNAs of exosomes during IAV infection of A549 cells, NGS was used, as well as PCR to identify viral genes. Naïve A549 cells were stimulated with infected-cell-secreted exosomes for studying their activity. Changes in the expression of genes associated with the cell's immune response were shown using PCR. The effect of exosomes on IAV replication was shown in MDCK cells using In-Cell ELISA and PCR of the supernatants. Results: A change in the miRNA composition (miR-21-3p, miR-26a-5p, miR-23a-5p, miR-548c-5p) and mRNA composition (RPL13A, MKNK2, TRIB3) of exosomes under the influence of the IAV was shown. Many RNAs were involved in the regulation of the immune response of the cell, mainly by suppressing it. After exosome stimulation of naïve cells, a significant decrease in the expression of genes involved in the immune response was shown (RIG1, IFIT1, MDA5, COX2, NFκB, AnxA1, PKR, IL6, IL18). When infecting MDCK cells, a significant decrease in nucleoprotein levels was observed in the presence of exosomes secreted by mock-infected cells. Viral levels in supernatants also decreased. Conclusions: Exosomes secreted by IAV-infected cells could reduce the immune response of neighboring intact cells, leading to more effective IAV replication. This may be associated both with regulatory functions of cellular miRNAs and mRNAs carried by exosomes, or with the presence of viral mRNAs encoding proteins with an immunosuppressive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Zabrodskaya
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29 Ulitsa Polytechnicheskaya, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 15/17 Ulitsa Professora Popova, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina Plotnikova
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 15/17 Ulitsa Professora Popova, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nina Gavrilova
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29 Ulitsa Polytechnicheskaya, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 15/17 Ulitsa Professora Popova, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey Lozhkov
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29 Ulitsa Polytechnicheskaya, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 15/17 Ulitsa Professora Popova, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Klotchenko
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29 Ulitsa Polytechnicheskaya, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 15/17 Ulitsa Professora Popova, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Artem Kiselev
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Dr, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Vladimir Burdakov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B. P. Konstantinov of National Research Center, Kurchatov Institute, 1 mkr. Orlova roshcha, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
| | - Edward Ramsay
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 14 Ulitsa Mira, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Lada Purvinsh
- Biology Science Department, The University of Chicago, 947 E. 58th St., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Marja Egorova
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 15/17 Ulitsa Professora Popova, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vera Vysochinskaya
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29 Ulitsa Polytechnicheskaya, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 15/17 Ulitsa Professora Popova, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Baranovskaya
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 15/17 Ulitsa Professora Popova, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, 1462 Laney Walker Blvd, CA-3149, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Alexandra Brodskaya
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29 Ulitsa Polytechnicheskaya, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 15/17 Ulitsa Professora Popova, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Roman Povalikhin
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29 Ulitsa Polytechnicheskaya, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey Vasin
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29 Ulitsa Polytechnicheskaya, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 15/17 Ulitsa Professora Popova, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
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12
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Mahmoudvand S, Shokri S, Nakhaie M, Jalilian FA, Mehri-Ghahfarrokhi A, Yarani R, Shojaeian A. Small extracellular vesicles as key players in cancer development caused by human oncogenic viruses. Infect Agent Cancer 2022; 17:58. [DOI: 10.1186/s13027-022-00471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Exosomes are the smallest group of extracellular vesicles in size from 30 to 150 nm, surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane, and originate from multivesicular bodies secreted by different types of cells, such as virus-infected cells. The critical role of exosomes is information transfer among cells, representing a unique way for intercellular communication via a load of many kinds of molecules, including various signaling proteins and nucleic acids. In this review, we aimed to comprehensively investigate the role of exosomes in promoting human oncogenic viruses-associated cancers.
Methods
Our search was conducted for published researches between 2000 and 2022 by using several international databases includeing Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science as well as Google scholar. We also reviewed additional evidence from relevant published articles.
Results
It has been shown that exosomes can create the conditions for viral spread in viral infections. Exosome secretion in a human tumor virus can switch on the cell signaling pathways by transferring exosome-encapsulated molecules, including viral oncoproteins, signal transduction molecules, and virus-encoded miRNAs, into various cells.
Conclusion
Given the role of exosomes in viruses-associated cancers, they can also be considered as molecular targets in diagnosis and treatment.
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13
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Kaczmarek M, Baj-Krzyworzeka M, Bogucki Ł, Dutsch-Wicherek M. HPV-Related Cervical Cancer and Extracellular Vesicles. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:2584. [PMID: 36359429 PMCID: PMC9689649 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12112584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common type of cancer in females worldwide. Infection with a human papillomavirus is crucial to the etiopathogenesis of cervical cancer. The natural trajectory of HPV infection comprises HPV acquisition, HPV persistence versus clearance, and progression to precancer and invasive cancer. The majority of HPV infections are cleared and controlled by the immune system within 2 years, but some infections may become quiescent or undetectable. The persistence of high-risk HPV infection for a longer period of time enhances the risk of malignant transformation of infected cells; however, the mechanisms responsible for the persistence of infection are not yet well-understood. It is estimated that 10-15% of infections do persist, and the local microenvironment is now recognized as an important cofactor promoting infection maintenance. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane vesicles derived from both normal cells and cancer cells. EVs contain various proteins, such as cytoskeletal proteins, adhesion molecules, heat shock proteins, major histocompatibility complex, and membrane fusion proteins. EVs derived from HPV-infected cells also contain viral proteins and nucleic acids. These biologically active molecules are transferred via EVs to target cells, constituting a kind of cell-to-cell communication. The viral components incorporated into EVs are transmitted independently of the production of infectious virions. This mode of transfer makes EVs a perfect vector for viruses and their components. EVs participate in both physiological and pathological conditions; they have also been identified as one of the mediators involved in cancer metastasis. This review discusses the potential role of EVs in remodeling the cervical cancer microenvironment which may be crucial to tumor development and the acquisition of metastatic potential. EVs are promising as potential biomarkers in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kaczmarek
- Department of Endoscopic Otorhinolaryngology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education (CMKP), 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Baj-Krzyworzeka
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Kraków, Poland
| | - Łukasz Bogucki
- Department of Endoscopic Otorhinolaryngology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education (CMKP), 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Dutsch-Wicherek
- Department of Endoscopic Otorhinolaryngology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education (CMKP), 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Hepatitis Viruses Control Host Immune Responses by Modifying the Exosomal Biogenesis Pathway and Cargo. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810862. [PMID: 36142773 PMCID: PMC9505460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of smart immune evasion mechanisms is crucial for the establishment of acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Hepatitis is a major health problem worldwide arising from different causes, such as pathogens, metabolic disorders, and xenotoxins, with the five hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, and E (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV) representing the majority of the cases. Most of the hepatitis viruses are considered enveloped. Recently, it was reported that the non-enveloped HAV and HEV are, in reality, quasi-enveloped viruses exploiting exosomal-like biogenesis mechanisms for budding. Regardless, all hepatitis viruses use exosomes to egress, regulate, and eventually escape from the host immune system, revealing another key function of exosomes apart from their recognised role in intercellular communication. This review will discuss how the hepatitis viruses exploit exosome biogenesis and transport capacity to establish successful infection and spread. Then, we will outline the contribution of exosomes in viral persistence and liver disease progression.
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15
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Effects of Exosomal Viral Components on the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143552. [PMID: 35884611 PMCID: PMC9317196 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oncogenic viral infection may lead to cancers, such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and cervical cancer. In addition to the tumor cells themselves, the tumor microenvironment also plays a decisive role in tumor evolution. Oncogenic viruses can affect the tumor microenvironment via exosomes influencing the occurrence and development of tumors by encapsulating and transporting viral components. This review focuses on the effects of virus-infected cancer exosomes on tumor microenvironment and tumor progression. Abstract Exosomes are extracellular membrane vesicles with a diameter of 30–100 nm, produced by different eukaryotic cells that contain multitudinous lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. They transfer membrane components and nucleic acids between cells, thereby performing an information exchange between cells. Many studies have shown that a variety of tumor-associated viruses can exert their biological functions through exosomes. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is very important in the occurrence, development, and chemoresistance of tumors. It is composed of tumor cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells, stromal cells, and acellular components, such as exosomes and cytokines. This review focuses on the effects of virus-related components secreted by tumor cells over the TME in several virus-associated cancers.
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16
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Zhou GF, Chen CX, Cai QC, Yan X, Peng NN, Li XC, Cui JH, Han YF, Zhang Q, Meng JH, Tang HM, Cai CH, Long J, Luo KJ. Bracovirus Sneaks Into Apoptotic Bodies Transmitting Immunosuppressive Signaling Driven by Integration-Mediated eIF5A Hypusination. Front Immunol 2022; 13:901593. [PMID: 35664011 PMCID: PMC9156803 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.901593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A typical characteristics of polydnavirus (PDV) infection is a persistent immunosuppression, governed by the viral integration and expression of virulence genes. Recently, activation of caspase-3 by Microplitis bicoloratus bracovirus (MbBV) to cleave Innexins, gap junction proteins, has been highlighted, further promoting apoptotic cell disassembly and apoptotic body (AB) formation. However, whether ABs play a role in immune suppression remains to be determined. Herein, we show that ABs transmitted immunosuppressive signaling, causing recipient cells to undergo apoptosis and dismigration. Furthermore, the insertion of viral–host integrated motif sites damaged the host genome, stimulating eIF5A nucleocytoplasmic transport and activating the eIF5A-hypusination translation pathway. This pathway specifically translates apoptosis-related host proteins, such as P53, CypA, CypD, and CypJ, to drive cellular apoptosis owing to broken dsDNA. Furthermore, translated viral proteins, such Vank86, 92, and 101, known to complex with transcription factor Dip3, positively regulated DHYS and DOHH transcription maintaining the activation of the eIF5A-hypusination. Mechanistically, MbBV-mediated extracellular vesicles contained inserted viral fragments that re-integrated into recipients, potentially via the homologous recombinant repair system. Meanwhile, this stimulation regulated activated caspase-3 levels via PI3K/AKT 308 and 473 dephosphorylation to promote apoptosis of granulocyte-like recipients Sf9 cell; maintaining PI3K/AKT 473 phosphorylation and 308 dephosphorylation inhibited caspase-3 activation leading to dismigration of plasmatocyte-like recipient High Five cells. Together, our results suggest that integration-mediated eIF5A hypusination drives extracellular vesicles for continuous immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Fang Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of the University in Yunnan Province for International Cooperation in Intercellular Communications and Regulations, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Chang-Xu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of the University in Yunnan Province for International Cooperation in Intercellular Communications and Regulations, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Qiu-Chen Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of the University in Yunnan Province for International Cooperation in Intercellular Communications and Regulations, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiang Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of the University in Yunnan Province for International Cooperation in Intercellular Communications and Regulations, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Nan-Nan Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of the University in Yunnan Province for International Cooperation in Intercellular Communications and Regulations, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xing-Cheng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of the University in Yunnan Province for International Cooperation in Intercellular Communications and Regulations, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Ji-Hui Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of the University in Yunnan Province for International Cooperation in Intercellular Communications and Regulations, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yun-Feng Han
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of the University in Yunnan Province for International Cooperation in Intercellular Communications and Regulations, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of the University in Yunnan Province for International Cooperation in Intercellular Communications and Regulations, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiang-Hui Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of the University in Yunnan Province for International Cooperation in Intercellular Communications and Regulations, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Hong-Mei Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of the University in Yunnan Province for International Cooperation in Intercellular Communications and Regulations, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Chen-Hui Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of the University in Yunnan Province for International Cooperation in Intercellular Communications and Regulations, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jin Long
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of the University in Yunnan Province for International Cooperation in Intercellular Communications and Regulations, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Kai-Jun Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of the University in Yunnan Province for International Cooperation in Intercellular Communications and Regulations, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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17
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Liu QT, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Kliemke V, Liu Q, Chou KC. The nanoscale organization of Nipah virus matrix protein revealed by super-resolution microscopy. Biophys J 2022; 121:2290-2296. [PMID: 35614854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix proteins (M) of many enveloped RNA viruses mediate virus assembly and budding. However, it remains poorly understood how M is involved in virus budding and how they interact with envelope proteins. Here, we show that the expression level of Nipah (NiV) M in particles produced by the host cells deviates from a Gamma distribution and does not reflect that of the host cells, indicating assembly of the NiV-M in the process. Our data reveal that NiV-M affects the circularity of the particles while the NiV envelope proteins do not. The organization of NiV envelope proteins on the membrane of the particles is similar to those that do not express NiV-M, suggesting that NiV-M does not directly interact with the envelope proteins during assembly and budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian T Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada; Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Qian Wang
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Youchang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada; Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Vicky Kliemke
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Keng C Chou
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada; Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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18
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Virus Mimetic Poly (I:C)-Primed Airway Exosome-like Particles Enter Brain and Induce Inflammatory Cytokines and Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in Microglia. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121359. [PMID: 34943274 PMCID: PMC8698382 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Upper respiratory tract viral infections are among the most common diseases. The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from direct invasion of pathogens. However, the cells share their content with other cells in small nanovesicles called exosomes that can travel long distances and cross biological barriers. Therefore, virus-infected cell extracellular vesicles (EVs) might transmit inflammatory signals or even viral particles to other cells. If they would carry such signals or particles to the central nervous system, it might cause neuroinflammation. However, the migration and impact of virus-primed airway cell EVs on the brain have not been studied yet. Therefore, the study aimed to track airway EVs from the respiratory tract to the brain and determine how infection-primed particles affect microglia—the cells responsible for immune response in the brain. The study revealed that airway cell EVs enter the brain within an hour and gather in microglia. Interestingly, many airway EVs were found in the hippocampus, the region most affected by Alzheimer’s disease. Moreover, EVs from virus-infected airway cells stimulated reactive oxygen species in microglia and induced other inflammation mediators in the brain. Thus, airway cells indeed might communicate inflammatory information to the brain during viral infection. Abstract Viral infections induce extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing viral material and inflammatory factors. Exosomes can easily cross the blood-brain barrier during respiratory tract infection and transmit the inflammatory signal to the brain; however, such a hypothesis has no experimental evidence. The study investigated whether exosome-like vesicles (ELVs) from virus mimetic poly (I:C)-primed airway cells enter the brain and interact with brain immune cells microglia. Airway cells were isolated from Wistar rats and BALB/c mice; microglial cell cultures—from Wistar rats. ELVs from poly (I:C)-stimulated airway cell culture medium were isolated by precipitation, visualised by transmission electron microscopy, and evaluated by nanoparticle analyser; exosomal markers CD81 and CD9 were determined by ELISA. For in vitro and in vivo tracking, particles were loaded with Alexa Fluor 555-labelled RNA. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated by DCFDA fluorescence and mitochondrial superoxide—by MitoSOX. ELVs from poly (I:C)-primed airway cells entered the brain within an hour after intranasal introduction, were internalised by microglia and induced intracellular and intramitochondrial ROS production. There was no ROS increase in microglial cells was after treatment with ELVs from airway cells untreated with poly (I:C). In addition, poly (I:C)-primed airway cells induced inflammatory cytokine expression in the brain. The data indicate that ELVs secreted by virus-primed airway cells might enter the brain, cause the activation of microglial cells and neuroinflammation.
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19
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A Comprehensive Insight into the Role of Exosomes in Viral Infection: Dual Faces Bearing Different Functions. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091405. [PMID: 34575480 PMCID: PMC8466084 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) subtype, exosome is an extracellular nano-vesicle that sheds from cells’ surface and originates as intraluminal vesicles during endocytosis. Firstly, it was thought to be a way for the cell to get rid of unwanted materials as it loaded selectively with a variety of cellular molecules, including RNAs, proteins, and lipids. However, it has been found to play a crucial role in several biological processes such as immune modulation, cellular communication, and their role as vehicles to transport biologically active molecules. The latest discoveries have revealed that many viruses export their viral elements within cellular factors using exosomes. Hijacking the exosomal pathway by viruses influences downstream processes such as viral propagation and cellular immunity and modulates the cellular microenvironment. In this manuscript, we reviewed exosomes biogenesis and their role in the immune response to viral infection. In addition, we provided a summary of how some pathogenic viruses hijacked this normal physiological process. Viral components are harbored in exosomes and the role of these exosomes in viral infection is discussed. Understanding the nature of exosomes and their role in viral infections is fundamental for future development for them to be used as a vaccine or as a non-classical therapeutic strategy to control several viral infections.
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20
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Exosome-Based Vaccines: Pros and Cons in the World of Animal Health. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081499. [PMID: 34452364 PMCID: PMC8402771 DOI: 10.3390/v13081499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance and new and more complex diseases that affect livestock animal health and food security, the control of epidemics has become a top priority worldwide. Vaccination represents the most important and cost-effective measure to control infectious diseases in animal health, but it represents only 23% of the total global animal health market, highlighting the need to develop new vaccines. A recent strategy in animal health vaccination is the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs), lipid bilayer nanovesicles produced by almost all living cells, including both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. EVs have been evaluated as a prominent source of viral antigens to elicit specific immune responses and to develop new vaccination platforms as viruses and EVs share biogenesis pathways. Preliminary trials with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection (LCMV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and Marek's disease virus (MDV) have demonstrated that EVs have a role in the activation of cellular and antibody immune responses. Moreover, in parasitic diseases such as Eimeria (chickens) and Plasmodium yoelii (mice) protection has been achieved. Research into EVs is therefore opening an opportunity for new strategies to overcome old problems affecting food security, animal health, and emerging diseases. Here, we review different conventional approaches for vaccine design and compare them with examples of EV-based vaccines that have already been tested in relation to animal health.
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21
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Horn MD, MacLean AG. Extracellular Vesicles as a Means of Viral Immune Evasion, CNS Invasion, and Glia-Induced Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:695899. [PMID: 34290592 PMCID: PMC8287503 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.695899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-bound vesicles released by cells as a means of intercellular communication. EVs transfer proteins, nucleic acids, and other biologically relevant molecules from one cell to another. In the context of viral infections, EVs can also contain viruses, viral proteins, and viral nucleic acids. While there is some evidence that the inclusion of viral components within EVs may be part of the host defense, much of the research in this field supports a pro-viral role for EVs. Packaging of viruses within EVs has repeatedly been shown to protect viruses from antibody neutralization while also allowing for their integration into cells otherwise impervious to the virus. EVs also bidirectionally cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), providing a potential route for peripheral viruses to enter the brain while exiting EVs may serve as valuable biomarkers of neurological disease burden. Within the brain, EVs can alter glial activity, increase neuroinflammation, and induce neurotoxicity. The purpose of this mini-review is to summarize research related to viral manipulation of EV-mediated intercellular communication and how such manipulation may lead to infection of the central nervous system, chronic neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda D Horn
- Neuroscience Program, Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Andrew G MacLean
- Neuroscience Program, Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Tulane Center for Aging, New Orleans, LA, United States
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22
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Extracellular Vesicles in Cervical Cancer and HPV Infection. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11060453. [PMID: 34202942 PMCID: PMC8235012 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11060453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since their description, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown growing relevance in cancer progression. These cell structures contain and transfer molecules such as nucleic acids (including DNA and RNA), proteins, and lipids. Despite the rising information about EVs’ relationship with cancer, there is still scarce evidence about their content and function in cervical cancer. Interestingly, the composition and purposes of some cellular molecules and the expression of oncogenic proteins packaged in EVs seem modified in HPV-infected cells; and, although only the E6 oncogenic protein has been detected in exosomes from HPV-positive cells, both E6/E7 oncogenes mRNA has been identified in EVs; however, their role still needs to be clarified. Given that EVs internalizing into adjacent or distant cells could modify their cellular behavior or promote cancer-associated events like apoptosis, proliferation, migration, or angiogenesis in receptor cells, their comprehensive study will reveal EV-associated mechanisms in cervical cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge in composition and functions of cervical cancer and HPV Infection-derived EVs.
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23
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Mrad MF, Saba ES, Nakib L, Khoury SJ. Exosomes From Subjects With Multiple Sclerosis Express EBV-Derived Proteins and Activate Monocyte-Derived Macrophages. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 8:8/4/e1004. [PMID: 34006621 PMCID: PMC8130999 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate in a cross-sectional study the effect of serum-derived exosomes on primary human blood monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) comparing exosomes from healthy donors vs patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in remission and in relapse and to assess whether the response correlates with exosomal Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) protein expression. Methods A total of 45 serum-derived exosome preparations were isolated from patients and healthy controls and verified for the expression of exosomal and EBV markers. MDMs were differentiated from monocytes for 7 days and incubated for 24 hours with exosomes, and then, cell supernatants were collected for cytokine measurement by cytometric bead array. Cells were immunophenotyped before and after differentiation. Results Serum-derived exosomes of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) expressed higher levels of EBV proteins than healthy controls. Of interest, expression of EBV nuclear antigen EBNA1 and latent membrane proteins LMP1 and 2A was higher on exosomes derived from patients with active RRMS compared with healthy controls and stable patients. After data normalization, we observed that incubation with EBV(+) exosomes induced CXCL10 and CCL2 secretion by MDMs. MDMs differentiated from patients with active disease were better secretors of CXCL10 and other interferon-γ–inducible chemokines, including CCL2 and CXCL9, than MDMs from healthy and stable MS groups. MDMs from active patients had a higher frequency of a CD14(++) subset that correlated with the secreted CXCL10. Conclusion Exosomes expressing EBV proteins correlate with disease activity and induce an inflammatory response in MDMs that is compounded by the origin of the responder cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- May F Mrad
- From the Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.F.M.), Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center; Department of Experimental Pathology (E.S.S., L.N.), Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut; and Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center (S.J.K.), and Abu Haidar Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
| | - Esber S Saba
- From the Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.F.M.), Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center; Department of Experimental Pathology (E.S.S., L.N.), Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut; and Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center (S.J.K.), and Abu Haidar Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
| | - Layane Nakib
- From the Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.F.M.), Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center; Department of Experimental Pathology (E.S.S., L.N.), Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut; and Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center (S.J.K.), and Abu Haidar Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
| | - Samia J Khoury
- From the Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center (M.F.M.), Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center; Department of Experimental Pathology (E.S.S., L.N.), Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut; and Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center (S.J.K.), and Abu Haidar Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon.
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24
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Forte D, Barone M, Palandri F, Catani L. The "Vesicular Intelligence" Strategy of Blood Cancers. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030416. [PMID: 33805807 PMCID: PMC7999060 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood cancers are a heterogeneous group of disorders including leukemia, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma. They may derive from the clonal evolution of the hemopoietic stem cell compartment or from the transformation of progenitors with immune potential. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound nanovesicles which are released by cells into body fluids with a role in intercellular communication in physiology and pathology, including cancer. EV cargos are enriched in nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, and these molecules can be delivered to target cells to influence their biological properties and modify surrounding or distant targets. In this review, we will describe the “smart strategy” on how blood cancer-derived EVs modulate tumor cell development and maintenance. Moreover, we will also depict the function of microenvironment-derived EVs in blood cancers and discuss how the interplay between tumor and microenvironment affects blood cancer cell growth and spreading, immune response, angiogenesis, thrombogenicity, and drug resistance. The potential of EVs as non-invasive biomarkers will be also discussed. Lastly, we discuss the clinical application viewpoint of EVs in blood cancers. Overall, blood cancers apply a ‘vesicular intelligence’ strategy to spread signals over their microenvironment, promoting the development and/or maintenance of the malignant clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Forte
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, Institute of Hematology “Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Martina Barone
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, Institute of Hematology “Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Francesca Palandri
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Institute of Hematology “Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.P.); (L.C.); Tel.: +39-5121-43044 (F.P.); +39-5121-43837 (L.C.)
| | - Lucia Catani
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, Institute of Hematology “Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.F.); (M.B.)
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Institute of Hematology “Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.P.); (L.C.); Tel.: +39-5121-43044 (F.P.); +39-5121-43837 (L.C.)
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25
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Labani-Motlagh A, Naseri S, Wenthe J, Eriksson E, Loskog A. Systemic immunity upon local oncolytic virotherapy armed with immunostimulatory genes may be supported by tumor-derived exosomes. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 20:508-518. [PMID: 33738337 PMCID: PMC7940707 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunostimulatory gene therapy utilizing oncolytic viruses (OVs) as gene vehicles is a promising immunotherapy for cancer. Since viruses are immunogenic, systemic delivery can be troublesome due to neutralizing antibodies. Nevertheless, local delivery by intratumoral injection seems to induce systemic immune reactions. In this study, we demonstrate a novel mechanism of action of armed OV therapy suggesting that exosomes released by tumor cells infected with armed OV may participate to activate the immune system and this may also support systemic immunity. Tumor cell-derived exosomes commonly exert immunosuppressive functions. We hypothesized that exosomes derived from OV-infected tumor cells may instead be immunostimulatory. Human melanoma cells were infected by OVs armed with costimulatory molecules CD40 ligand (CD40L) and 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL). Exosomes were purified and investigated for the presence of CD40L/4-1BBL mRNA and protein, and for their capacity to stimulate immune responses. The results show that the exosomes cargo transgenes. The exosomes from CD40L/4-1BBL-expressing tumor cells, or the viruses themselves, could stimulate robust dendritic cell (DC) activation with an enhanced level of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and costimulatory molecules. Hence, exosomes after OV infection can locally activate immune responses at the tumor site and encounter immune cells such as DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Labani-Motlagh
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sedigheh Naseri
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jessica Wenthe
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emma Eriksson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Angelica Loskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Lokon Pharma AB, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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Chen X, Li D, Huang Z, Zhong S, Cai L. [Effect of exosomes derived from human Epstein-Barr virus-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells on lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 40:1776-1783. [PMID: 33380393 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.12.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of exosomes derived from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells on lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis of NPC. METHODS Exosomes from NP69 cells and EBV-positive HK1 (HK1-EBV) cells were obtained by ultracentrifugation and identified by Western blotting and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Dio dye phagocytosis test was performed to observe exosome uptake by lymphatic endothelial cells. Lymphatic endothelial cells were treated with exosomes from nasopharyngeal epithelium (NP69), HK1-EBV, and C666-1 cells or exosome-free supernatant of HK1-EBV and C666-1 cells, and tube formation and migration of the cells were observed. In a nude mouse model of popliteal lymph node metastasis of NPC, the effects of normal saline, NP69 cell-derived exosomes, HK1-EBV cell-derived exosomes, exosome-free supernatant of HK1-EBV cells, and HK1-EBV exosome-free supernatant protein on lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis of the tumor were observed. RESULTS The exosomes obtained by ultracentrifugation contained abundant exosome-specific proteins and showed a normal size range. The exosomes from NPC cells and NP69 cells could be taken up by lymphatic endothelial cells. Compared with the blank control and exosomes form NP69 cells, exosomes derived from HK1-EBV and C666-1 cells significantly promoted tube formation and migration of lymphatic endothelial cells (P < 0.05), and the exosomes and exosome-free supernatant of HK1-EBV and C666-1 cell produced similar effects (P > 0.05). In the tumor-bearing nude mice, exosomes derived from HK1-EBV cells significantly promoted metastasis of NPC cells and local lymphangiogenesis compared with the blank control, NP69 cell-derived exosomes and exosome-free supernatant of HK1-EBV cells (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Exosomes from EBV-positive NPC cells can significantly promote lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingrui Chen
- Guangdong Sanjiu Brain Hospital, Guangzhou 510510, China
| | - Dengke Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhongxi Huang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | | | - Linbo Cai
- Guangdong Sanjiu Brain Hospital, Guangzhou 510510, China
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27
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Rezaie J, Aslan C, Ahmadi M, Zolbanin NM, Kashanchi F, Jafari R. The versatile role of exosomes in human retroviral infections: from immunopathogenesis to clinical application. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:19. [PMID: 33451365 PMCID: PMC7810184 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediating intercellular communication. These vesicles encompass many bio-molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids that are transported between cells and regulate pathophysiological actions in the recipient cell. Exosomes originate from multivesicular bodies inside cells and microvesicles shed from the plasma membrane and participate in various pathological conditions. Retroviruses such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus -type 1 (HIV-1) and Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV)-1 engage exosomes for spreading and infection. Exosomes from virus-infected cells transfer viral components such as miRNAs and proteins that promote infection and inflammation. Additionally, these exosomes deliver virus receptors to target cells that make them susceptible to virus entry. HIV-1 infected cells release exosomes that contribute to the pathogenesis including neurological disorders and malignancy. Exosomes can also potentially carry out as a modern approach for the development of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 vaccines. Furthermore, as exosomes are present in most biological fluids, they hold the supreme capacity for clinical usage in the early diagnosis and prognosis of viral infection and associated diseases. Our current knowledge of exosomes' role from virus-infected cells may provide an avenue for efficient retroviruses associated with disease prevention. However, the exact mechanism involved in retroviruses infection/ inflammation remains elusive and related exosomes research will shed light on the mechanisms of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd., P.O. Box: 1138, 57147, Urmia, Iran
| | - Cynthia Aslan
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ahmadi
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Naime Majidi Zolbanin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- School of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Discovery Hall Room 182, 10900 University Blvd., Manassas, VA, 20110, USA.
| | - Reza Jafari
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd., P.O. Box: 1138, 57147, Urmia, Iran.
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Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Pathogenesis: A Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11010045. [PMID: 33450847 PMCID: PMC7828316 DOI: 10.3390/life11010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a fundamental property of living cells. EVs are known to transfer biological signals between cells and thus regulate the functional state of recipient cells. Such vesicles mediate the intercellular transport of many biologically active molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, specific lipids) and participate in regulation of key physiological processes. In addition, EVs are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases: infectious, neurodegenerative, and oncological. The current EV classification into microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, and exosomes is based on their size, pathways of cellular biogenesis, and molecular composition. This review is focused on analysis of the role of EVs (mainly exosomes) in the pathogenesis of viral infection. We briefly characterize the biogenesis and molecular composition of various EV types. Then, we consider EV-mediated pro- and anti-viral mechanisms. EV secretion by infected cells can be an important factor of virus spread in target cell populations, or a protective factor limiting viral invasion. The data discussed in this review, on the effect of EV secretion by infected cells on processes in neighboring cells and on immune cells, are of high significance in the search for new therapeutic approaches and for design of new generations of vaccines.
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29
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Lim HK, Jeffrey GP, Ramm GA, Soekmadji C. Pathogenesis of Viral Hepatitis-Induced Chronic Liver Disease: Role of Extracellular Vesicles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:587628. [PMID: 33240824 PMCID: PMC7683521 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.587628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are encapsulated lipid nanoparticles secreted by a variety of cell types in living organisms. They are known to carry proteins, metabolites, nucleic acids, and lipids as their cargoes and are important mediators of intercellular communication. The role of extracellular vesicles in chronic liver disease has been reported. Chronic liver disease such as viral hepatitis accounts for a significant mortality and morbidity burden worldwide. Hepatic fibrosis has been commonly associated with the chronic form of viral hepatitis, which results in end-stage liver disease, including cirrhosis, liver failure, and carcinoma in some patients. In this review, we discuss the potential role of extracellular vesicles in mediating communication between infectious agents (hepatitis B and C viruses) and host cells, and how these complex cell-cell interactions may facilitate the development of chronic liver disease. We will further discuss how understanding their biological mechanism of action might be beneficial for developing therapeutic strategies to treat chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Kiat Lim
- Hepatic Fibrosis Group, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gary P Jeffrey
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Hepatology Department and Liver Transplant Service, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Grant A Ramm
- Hepatic Fibrosis Group, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Carolina Soekmadji
- Hepatic Fibrosis Group, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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30
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Proteomic approaches to investigate gammaherpesvirus biology and associated tumorigenesis. Adv Virus Res 2020; 109:201-254. [PMID: 33934828 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The DNA viruses, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), are members of the gammaherpesvirus subfamily, a group of viruses whose infection is associated with multiple malignancies, including cancer. The primary host for these viruses is humans and, like all herpesviruses, infection with these pathogens is lifelong. Due to the persistence of gammaherpesvirus infection and the potential for cancer formation in infected individuals, there is a driving need to understand not only the biology of these viruses and how they remain undetected in host cells but also the mechanism(s) by which tumorigenesis occurs. One of the methods that has provided much insight into these processes is proteomics. Proteomics is the study of all the proteins that are encoded by a genome and allows for (i) identification of existing and novel proteins derived from a given genome, (ii) interrogation of protein-protein interactions within a system, and (iii) discovery of druggable targets for the treatment of malignancies. In this chapter, we explore how proteomics has contributed to our current understanding of gammaherpesvirus biology and their oncogenic processes, as well as the clinical applications of proteomics for the detection and treatment of gammaherpesvirus-associated cancers.
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31
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Hassanpour M, Rezaie J, Nouri M, Panahi Y. The role of extracellular vesicles in COVID-19 virus infection. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 85:104422. [PMID: 32544615 PMCID: PMC7293471 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles releasing from various types of cells contribute to intercellular communication via delivering bio-molecules like nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids to recipient cells. Exosomes are 30-120 nm extracellular vesicles that participate in several pathological conditions. Virus-infected cells release exosomes that are implicated in infection through transferring viral components such as viral-derived miRNAs and proteins. As well, exosomes contain receptors for viruses that make recipient cells susceptible to virus entry. Since December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection has become a worldwide urgent public health concern. There is currently no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment existing for COVID-19 virus infection. Hence, it is critical to find a safe and effective therapeutic tool to patients with severe COVID-19 virus infection. Extracellular vesicles may contribute to spread this virus as they transfer such receptors as CD9 and ACE2, which make recipient cells susceptible to virus docking. Upon entry, COVID-19 virus may be directed into the exosomal pathway, and its component is packaged into exosomes for secretion. Exosome-based strategies for the treatment of COVID-19 virus infection may include following items: inhibition of exosome biogenesis and uptake, exosome-therapy, exosome-based drug delivery system, and exosome-based vaccine. Mesenchymal stem cells can suppress nonproductive inflammation and improve/repair lung cells including endothelial and alveolar cells, which damaged by COVID-19 virus infection. Understanding molecular mechanisms behind extracellular vesicles related COVID-19 virus infection may provide us with an avenue to identify its entry, replication, spreading, and infection to overcome its adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Hassanpour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran,Correspondence to: J. Rezaie, Solid Tumor Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd., P.O. BoX: 1138, 57147 Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yunes Panahi
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence to: Y. Panahi, Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran
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32
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Caobi A, Nair M, Raymond AD. Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathogenesis of Viral Infections in Humans. Viruses 2020; 12:E1200. [PMID: 33096825 PMCID: PMC7589806 DOI: 10.3390/v12101200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cells can release extracellular vesicles (EVs), membrane vesicles containing various proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes, and signaling molecules. The exchange of EVs between cells facilitates intercellular communication, amplification of cellular responses, immune response modulation, and perhaps alterations in viral pathogenicity. EVs serve a dual role in inhibiting or enhancing viral infection and pathogenesis. This review examines the current literature on EVs to explore the complex role of EVs in the enhancement, inhibition, and potential use as a nanotherapeutic against clinically relevant viruses, focusing on neurotropic viruses: Zika virus (ZIKV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Overall, this review's scope will elaborate on EV-based mechanisms, which impact viral pathogenicity, facilitate viral spread, and modulate antiviral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea D. Raymond
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine at Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.C.); (M.N.)
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Liu H, Chen H, Liu Z, Le Z, Nie T, Qiao D, Su Y, Mai H, Chen Y, Liu L. Therapeutic nanovaccines sensitize EBV-associated tumors to checkpoint blockade therapy. Biomaterials 2020; 255:120158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Turner DL, Korneev DV, Purdy JG, de Marco A, Mathias RA. The host exosome pathway underpins biogenesis of the human cytomegalovirus virion. eLife 2020; 9:e58288. [PMID: 32910773 PMCID: PMC7556872 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects over half the world's population, is a leading cause of congenital birth defects, and poses serious risks for immuno-compromised individuals. To expand the molecular knowledge governing virion maturation, we analysed HCMV virions using proteomics, and identified a significant proportion of host exosome constituents. To validate this acquisition, we characterized exosomes released from uninfected cells, and demonstrated that over 99% of the protein cargo was subsequently incorporated into HCMV virions during infection. This suggested a common membrane origin, and utilization of host exosome machinery for virion assembly and egress. Thus, we selected a panel of exosome proteins for knock down, and confirmed that loss of 7/9 caused significantly less HCMV production. Saliently, we report that VAMP3 is essential for viral trafficking and release of infectious progeny, in various HCMV strains and cell types. Therefore, we establish that the host exosome pathway is intrinsic for HCMV maturation, and reveal new host regulators involved in viral trafficking, virion envelopment, and release. Our findings underpin future investigation of host exosome proteins as important modulators of HCMV replication with antiviral potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan L Turner
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash UniversityVictoriaAustralia
| | - Denis V Korneev
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash UniversityVictoriaAustralia
| | - John G Purdy
- Department of Immunobiology and BIO5 Institute, University of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
| | - Alex de Marco
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash UniversityVictoriaAustralia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash UniversityVictoriaAustralia
- University of WarwickCoventryUnited Kingdom
| | - Rommel A Mathias
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash UniversityVictoriaAustralia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash UniversityVictoriaAustralia
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35
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Kumar A, Kodidela S, Tadrous E, Cory TJ, Walker CM, Smith AM, Mukherjee A, Kumar S. Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Replication and Pathogenesis and Their Potential Role in Therapeutic Intervention. Viruses 2020; 12:E887. [PMID: 32823684 PMCID: PMC7472073 DOI: 10.3390/v12080887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown their potential as a carrier of molecular information, and they have been involved in physiological functions and diseases caused by viral infections. Virus-infected cells secrete various lipid-bound vesicles, including endosome pathway-derived exosomes and microvesicles/microparticles that are released from the plasma membrane. They are released via a direct outward budding and fission of plasma membrane blebs into the extracellular space to either facilitate virus propagation or regulate the immune responses. Moreover, EVs generated by virus-infected cells can incorporate virulence factors including viral protein and viral genetic material, and thus can resemble noninfectious viruses. Interactions of EVs with recipient cells have been shown to activate signaling pathways that may contribute to a sustained cellular response towards viral infections. EVs, by utilizing a complex set of cargos, can play a regulatory role in viral infection, both by facilitating and suppressing the infection. EV-based antiviral and antiretroviral drug delivery approaches provide an opportunity for targeted drug delivery. In this review, we summarize the literature on EVs, their associated involvement in transmission in viral infections, and potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.K.); (E.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Sunitha Kodidela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.K.); (E.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Erene Tadrous
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.K.); (E.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Theodore James Cory
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Crystal Martin Walker
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Amber Marie Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Ahona Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.K.); (E.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.K.); (E.T.); (A.M.)
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36
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Shimada S, Kawasaki H, Diao Y, Ren HY, Li WH, Tang MQ. Epstein-Barr virus is a promoter of lymphoma cell metastasis. Pathology 2020; 52:676-685. [PMID: 32768248 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the promoter of cell tumourigenesis. We found that EBV is also a promoter of lymphoma cell dissemination, because we found the typical morphopathological phenomenon of cell adhesion, which confirmed that the adhesion of tumour cells was higher than that of normal cells. We also observed that tumour cells disrupted the dynamic pathological changes of vascular endothelial cells, and this made it clear that the rate of tumour cell metastasis was directly proportional to the degree of EBV infection. Furthermore, when we discovered exosomes, it was considered that this was associated with cancer stem cells, suggesting the formation of a microenvironment before tumour cell metastasis. In addition, competitive inhibition was found in cell adhesion, indicating the breakthrough point of preventing tumour cell metastasis, which has clinical reference value for tumour immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Shimada
- School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China.
| | | | - Yong Diao
- School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hong-Yun Ren
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xiamen, China
| | - Wen-Hua Li
- School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ming-Qing Tang
- School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
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37
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Mir B, Goettsch C. Extracellular Vesicles as Delivery Vehicles of Specific Cellular Cargo. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071601. [PMID: 32630649 PMCID: PMC7407641 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate cell-to-cell communication via the transfer of biomolecules locally and systemically between organs. It has been elucidated that the specific EV cargo load is fundamental for cellular response upon EV delivery. Therefore, revealing the specific molecular machinery that functionally regulates the precise EV cargo intracellularly is of importance in understanding the role of EVs in physiology and pathophysiology and conveying therapeutic use. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings on the general rules, as well as specific modulator motifs governing EV cargo loading. Finally, we address available information on potential therapeutic strategies to alter cargo loading.
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38
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Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Infections of the Nervous System. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070700. [PMID: 32605316 PMCID: PMC7411781 DOI: 10.3390/v12070700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost all types of cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the extracellular space. EVs such as exosomes and microvesicles are membrane-bound vesicles ranging in size from 30 to 1000 nm in diameter. Under normal conditions, EVs mediate cell to cell as well as inter-organ communication via the shuttling of their cargoes which include RNA, DNA and proteins. Under pathological conditions, however, the number, size and content of EVs are found to be altered and have been shown to play crucial roles in disease progression. Emerging studies have demonstrated that EVs are involved in many aspects of viral infection-mediated neurodegenerative diseases. In the current review, we will describe the interactions between EV biogenesis and the release of virus particles while also reviewing the role of EVs in various viral infections, such as HIV-1, HTLV, Zika, CMV, EBV, Hepatitis B and C, JCV, and HSV-1. We will also discuss the potential uses of EVs and their cargoes as biomarkers and therapeutic vehicles for viral infections.
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39
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Bello-Morales R, Ripa I, López-Guerrero JA. Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Spread and Antiviral Response. Viruses 2020; 12:E623. [PMID: 32521696 PMCID: PMC7354624 DOI: 10.3390/v12060623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral spread by both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses may be mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes. These secreted vesicles have been demonstrated to be an efficient mechanism that viruses can use to enter host cells, enhance spread or evade the host immune response. However, the complex interplay between viruses and EVs gives rise to antagonistic biological tasks-to benefit the viruses, enhancing infection and interfering with the immune system or to benefit the host, by mediating anti-viral responses. Exosomes from cells infected with herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) may transport viral and host transcripts, proteins and innate immune components. This virus may also use MVs to expand its tropism and evade the host immune response. This review aims to describe the current knowledge about EVs and their participation in viral infection, with a specific focus on the role of exosomes and MVs in herpesvirus infections, particularly that of HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Bello-Morales
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.R.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Ripa
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.R.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio López-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.R.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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40
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Dogrammatzis C, Waisner H, Kalamvoki M. Cloaked Viruses and Viral Factors in Cutting Edge Exosome-Based Therapies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:376. [PMID: 32528954 PMCID: PMC7264115 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) constitute a heterogeneous group of vesicles released by all types of cells that play a major role in intercellular communication. The field of EVs started gaining attention since it was realized that these vesicles are not waste bags, but they carry specific cargo and they communicate specific messages to recipient cells. EVs can deliver different types of RNAs, proteins, and lipids from donor to recipient cells and they can influence recipient cell functions, despite their limited capacity for cargo. EVs have been compared to viruses because of their size, cell entry pathways, and biogenesis and to viral vectors because they can be loaded with desired cargo, modified, and re-targeted. These properties along with the fact that EVs are stable in body fluids, they can be produced and purified in large quantities, they can cross the blood-brain barrier, and autologous EVs do not appear to cause major adverse effects, have rendered them attractive for therapeutic use. Here, we discuss the potential for therapeutic use of EVs derived from virus infected cells or EVs carrying viral factors. We have focused on six major concepts: (i) the role of EVs in virus-based oncolytic therapy or virus-based gene delivery approaches; (ii) the potential use of EVs for developing viral vaccines or optimizing already existing vaccines; (iii) the role of EVs in delivering RNAs and proteins in the context of viral infections and modulating the microenvironment of infection; (iv) how to take advantage of viral features to design effective means of EV targeting, uptake, and cargo packaging; (v) the potential of EVs in antiviral drug delivery; and (vi) identification of novel antiviral targets based on EV biogenesis factors hijacked by viruses for assembly and egress. It has been less than a decade since more attention was given to EV research and some interesting concepts have already been developed. In the coming years, additional information on EV biogenesis, how they are hijacked and utilized by pathogens, and their impact on the microenvironment of infection is expected to indicate avenues to optimize existing therapeutic tools and develop novel approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Kalamvoki
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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41
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The Role of Extracellular Vesicles as Allies of HIV, HCV and SARS Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050571. [PMID: 32456011 PMCID: PMC7291340 DOI: 10.3390/v12050571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed entities containing proteins and nucleic acids that mediate intercellular communication, in both physiological and pathological conditions. EVs resemble enveloped viruses in both structural and functional aspects. In full analogy with viral biogenesis, some of these vesicles are generated inside cells and, once released into the extracellular milieu, are called “exosomes”. Others bud from the plasma membrane and are generally referred to as “microvesicles”. In this review, we will discuss the state of the art of the current studies on the relationship between EVs and viruses and their involvement in three important viral infections caused by HIV, HCV and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) viruses. HIV and HCV are two well-known pathogens that hijack EVs content and release to create a suitable environment for viral infection. SARS viruses are a new entry in the world of EVs studies, but are equally important in this historical framework. A thorough knowledge of the involvement of the EVs in viral infections could be helpful for the development of new therapeutic strategies to counteract different pathogens.
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42
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Surman M, Drożdż A, Stępień E, Przybyło M. Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Delivery Systems - Methods of Production and Potential Therapeutic Applications. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:132-154. [PMID: 30848183 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190306153318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery systems are created to achieve the desired therapeutic effect of a specific pharmaceutical compound. Numerous drawbacks and side effects such as unfavorable pharmacokinetics, lack of tissue selectivity, immunogenicity, increased systemic clearance and toxicity, have been observed for currently available drug delivery systems (DDSs). The use of natural and artificial extracellular vesicles (EVs) in drug delivery may help to solve the aforementioned problems faced by different DDSs. Due to their self-origin, small size, flexibility, the presence of multiple adhesive molecules on their surfaces as well as their function as biomolecules carriers, EVs are the perfect candidates for DDSs. Currently, several drug delivery systems based on EVs have been proposed. While the great potential of these particles in targeted drug delivery has been recognized in cancer, hepatitis C, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory states etc., this field is still in the early stage of development. Unfortunately, the use of EVs from natural sources (cell cultures, body fluids) results in numerous problems in terms of the heterogeneity of isolated vesicle population as well as the method of isolation thereof, which may influence vesicle composition and properties. Therefore, there is a significant need for the synthesis of artificial EV-based DDSs under strictly controlled laboratory conditions and from well-defined biomolecules (proteins and lipids). Vesicle-mimetic delivery systems, characterized by properties similar to natural EVs, will bring new opportunities to study the mechanisms of DDS internalization and their biological activity after delivering their cargo to a target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Surman
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Drożdż
- Department of Medical Physics, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Stępień
- Department of Medical Physics, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Przybyło
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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43
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Liao C, Zhou Q, Zhang Z, Wu X, Zhou Z, Li B, Peng J, Shen L, Li D, Luo X, Yang L. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein 1 promotes extracellular vesicle secretion through syndecan-2 and synaptotagmin-like-4 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:857-868. [PMID: 31930596 PMCID: PMC7060476 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in cancer cell-to-cell communication. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), which is closely associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) pathogenesis, can trigger multiple cell signaling pathways that affect cell progression. Several reports have shown that LMP1 promotes EV secretion, and LMP1 trafficking by EVs can enhances cancer progression and metastasis. However, the molecular mechanism by which LMP1 promotes EV secretion is not well understood. In the present study, we found that LMP1 promotes EV secretion by upregulated syndecan-2 (SDC2) and synaptotagmin-like-4 (SYTL4) through nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling in NPC cells. Further study indicated that SDC2 interacted with syntenin, which promoted the formation of the EVs, and SYTL4 is associated with the release of EVs. Moreover, we found that stimulation of EV secretion by LMP1 can enhance the proliferation and invasion ability of recipient NPC cells and tumor growth in vivo. In summary, we found a new mechanism by which LMP1 upregulates SDC2 and SYTL4 through NF-κB signaling to promote EV secretion, and further enhance cancer progression of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoliang Liao
- Department of Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhibao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Wu
- Department of Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuan Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinwu Peng
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liangfang Shen
- Department of Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Li
- Institue of Molecular Medicine and Oncology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangjian Luo
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lifang Yang
- Department of Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
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44
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Velandia-Romero ML, Calderón-Peláez MA, Balbás-Tepedino A, Márquez-Ortiz RA, Madroñero LJ, Barreto Prieto A, Castellanos JE. Extracellular vesicles of U937 macrophage cell line infected with DENV-2 induce activation in endothelial cells EA.hy926. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227030. [PMID: 31910224 PMCID: PMC6946137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial activation and alteration during dengue virus (DENV) infection are multifactorial events; however, the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in these phenomena is not known. In the present study, we characterized the EVs released by DENV-2 infected U937 macrophage cell line and evaluated the changes in the physiology and integrity of the EA.hy926 endothelial cells exposed to them. U937 macrophages were infected, supernatants were collected, and EVs were purified and characterized. Then, polarized endothelial EA.hy926 cells were exposed to the EVs for 24 h, and the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), monolayer permeability, and the expression of tight junction and adhesion proteins and cytokines were evaluated. The isolated EVs from infected macrophages corresponded to exosomes and apoptotic bodies, which contained the viral NS3 protein and different miRs, among other products. Exposure of EA.hy926 cells to EVs induced an increase in TEER, as well as changes in the expression of VE-cadherin and ICAM in addition leads to an increase in TNF-α, IP-10, IL-10, RANTES, and MCP-1 secretion. These results suggest that the EVs of infected macrophages transport proteins and miR that induce early changes in the physiology of the endothelium, leading to its activation and eliciting a defense program against damage during first stages of the disease, even in the absence of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arturo Balbás-Tepedino
- Grupo de Virología, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - L Johana Madroñero
- Laboratorio Genética Molecular Bacteriana, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alfonso Barreto Prieto
- Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jaime E Castellanos
- Grupo de Virología, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
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45
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Epstein–Barr virus ncRNA from a nasopharyngeal carcinoma induces an inflammatory response that promotes virus production. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:2475-2486. [DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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46
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Urbanelli L, Buratta S, Tancini B, Sagini K, Delo F, Porcellati S, Emiliani C. The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Infection and Transmission. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030102. [PMID: 31466253 PMCID: PMC6789493 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been found to be released by any type of cell and can be retrieved in every circulating body fluid, namely blood (plasma, serum), saliva, milk, and urine. EVs were initially considered a cellular garbage disposal tool, but later it became evident that they are involved in intercellular signaling. There is evidence that viruses can use EV endocytic routes to enter uninfected cells and hijack the EV secretory pathway to exit infected cells, thus illustrating that EVs and viruses share common cell entry and biogenesis mechanisms. Moreover, EVs play a role in immune response against viral pathogens. EVs incorporate and spread both viral and host factors, thereby prompting or inhibiting immune responses towards them via a multiplicity of mechanisms. The involvement of EVs in immune responses, and their potential use as agents modulating viral infection, will be examined. Although further studies are needed, the engineering of EVs could package viral elements or host factors selected for their immunostimulatory properties, to be used as vaccines or tolerogenic tools in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Urbanelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Sandra Buratta
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Brunella Tancini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Krizia Sagini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Federica Delo
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Serena Porcellati
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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47
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Zhang Z, Yu X, Zhou Z, Li B, Peng J, Wu X, Luo X, Yang L. LMP1-positive extracellular vesicles promote radioresistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells through P38 MAPK signaling. Cancer Med 2019; 8:6082-6094. [PMID: 31436393 PMCID: PMC6792483 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioresistance has been one of the impediments to effective nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) therapy in clinical settings. Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is expressed in NPC and has potent effects on radioresistance. It has been detected in extracellular vesicles (EVs) or exosomes and shown to promote tumor proliferation and invasive potential. However, whether LMP1‐positive EVs can confer radioresistance to cancer cells and the mechanism used to promote radioresistance need to be elucidated. In this study, the data showed that EVs derived from LMP1‐positive NPC cells could induce recipient NPC cell proliferation and invasion and suppress apoptosis, especially promoting radioresistance. In addition, LMP1 could increase the secretion of LMP1‐positive EVs. Furthermore, transmitted LMP1 subsequently performed its oncogenic functions through activating P38 MAPK signaling in recipient cells, and inhibiting P38 activity could efficaciously restore the sensitivity of NPC cells to ionizing radiation (IR). Finally, we found that LMP1‐positive EVs could promote tumor growth and P38 inhibition eliminates this promoting effect in vivo, and EV formation is associated with a poor prognosis in NPC patients. These results showed that a few cells expressing LMP1 could enhance the radioresistance of NPC cells through potentially impacting the infected host and also modulating the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Departments of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuehui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Departments of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Departments of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Li
- Pathology Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinwu Peng
- Pathology Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Departments of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangjian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Departments of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lifang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Departments of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
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48
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Follicular dendritic cells display microvesicle-associated LMP1 in reactive germinal centers of EBV+ classic Hodgkin lymphoma. Virchows Arch 2019; 475:175-180. [PMID: 31203443 PMCID: PMC6647529 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-019-02605-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1) of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was investigated in 153 cases of EBV+ classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL); 120 cases were pediatric patients (< 14 years of age) from Iraq, and 33 cases were adult patients from Italy. We describe for the first time the presence of LMP1 protein in EBV-encoded RNA (EBER)-negative follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) of reactive germinal centers (GC) associated with EBV+ cHL. Presence of LMP1+ GCs was independent of geographic region and age of patients. Variable numbers of reactive GCs were present in 22.2% of cases (34 of 153), whereas LMP1 staining of FDCs was present in about a third of cases (10 of 34) with reactive GC. Most cases with LMP1+ GC were mixed-cellularity (MC) subtype, but some nodular sclerosis (NS) was also present. GC cells with LMP1+ FDCs were surrounded by numerous EBV-infected cells which were positive for EBER, LMP1, and CD30. Double immunolocalization analysis revealed that LMP1 was associated with CD63, an exosomal marker, and with CD21. The possibility is discussed that peri-follicular EBV-infected cells release LMP1 protein, perhaps through exosomes, and that the protein is then captured by FDCs and is presented to EBER-negative GC B cells.
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49
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Das SK, Sarkar D, Emdad L, Fisher PB. MDA-9/Syntenin: An emerging global molecular target regulating cancer invasion and metastasis. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 144:137-191. [PMID: 31349898 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With few exceptions, metastasis is the terminal stage of cancer with limited therapeutic options. Metastasis consists of numerous phenotypic and genotypic alterations of cells that are directly and indirectly induced by multiple intrinsic (cellular) and extrinsic (micro-environmental) factors. To metastasize, a cancer cell often transitions from an epithelial to mesenchymal morphology (EMT), modifies the extracellular matrix, forms emboli and survives in the circulation, escapes immune surveillance, adheres to sites distant from the initial tumor and finally develops a blood supply (angiogenesis) and colonizes in a secondary niche (a micrometastasis). Scientific advances have greatly enhanced our understanding of the precise molecular and genetic changes, operating independently or collectively, that lead to metastasis. This review focuses on a unique gene, melanoma differentiation associated gene-9 (also known as Syntenin-1; Syndecan Binding Protein (sdcbp); mda-9/syntenin), initially cloned and characterized from metastatic human melanoma and shown to be a pro-metastatic gene. In the last two decades, our comprehension of the diversity of actions of MDA-9/Syntenin on cellular phenotype has emerged. MDA-9/Sytenin plays pivotal regulatory roles in multiple signaling cascades and orchestrates both metastatic and non-metastatic events. Considering the relevance of this gene in controlling cancer invasion and metastasis, approaches have been developed to uniquely and selectively target this gene. We also provide recent updates on strategies that have been successfully employed in targeting MDA-9/Syntenin resulting in profound pre-clinical anti-cancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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McNamara RP, Chugh PE, Bailey A, Costantini LM, Ma Z, Bigi R, Cheves A, Eason AB, Landis JT, Host KM, Xiong J, Griffith JD, Damania B, Dittmer DP. Extracellular vesicles from Kaposi Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lymphoma induce long-term endothelial cell reprogramming. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007536. [PMID: 30716130 PMCID: PMC6361468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signaling is a mechanism that higher eukaryotes have evolved to facilitate organismal homeostasis. Recent years have seen an emerging interest in the role of secreted microvesicles, termed extracellular vesicles (EV) or exosomes in this signaling network. EV contents can be modified by the cell in response to stimuli, allowing them to relay information to neighboring cells, influencing their physiology. Here we show that the tumor virus Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) hijacks this signaling pathway to induce cell proliferation, migration, and transcriptome reprogramming in cells not infected with the virus. KSHV-EV activates the canonical MEK/ERK pathway, while not alerting innate immune regulators, allowing the virus to exert these changes without cellular pathogen recognition. Collectively, we propose that KSHV establishes a niche favorable for viral spread and cell transformation through cell-derived vesicles, all while avoiding detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P McNamara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Pauline E Chugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Q2 Solutions-EA Genomics, Morrisville, North Carolina
| | - Aubrey Bailey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lindsey M Costantini
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Zhe Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Rachele Bigi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Avery Cheves
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Anthony B Eason
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Justin T Landis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kurtis M Host
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jie Xiong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jack D Griffith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Blossom Damania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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