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Ramos-González PL, Dias Arena G, Tassi AD, Chabi-Jesus C, Watanabe Kitajima E, Freitas-Astúa J. Kitaviruses: A Window to Atypical Plant Viruses Causing Nonsystemic Diseases. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 61:97-118. [PMID: 37217202 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021622-121351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Kitaviridae is a family of plant-infecting viruses that have multiple positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genomic segments. Kitaviruses are assigned into the genera Cilevirus, Higrevirus, and Blunervirus, mainly on the basis of the diversity of their genomic organization. Cell-to-cell movement of most kitaviruses is provided by the 30K family of proteins or the binary movement block, considered an alternative movement module among plant viruses. Kitaviruses stand out for producing conspicuously unusual locally restricted infections and showing deficient or nonsystemic movement likely resulting from incompatible or suboptimal interactions with their hosts. Transmission of kitaviruses is mediated by mites of many species of the genus Brevipalpus and at least one species of eriophyids. Kitavirus genomes encode numerous orphan open reading frames but RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the transmembrane helix-containing protein, generically called SP24, typify a close phylogenetic link with arthropod viruses. Kitaviruses infect a large range of host plants and cause diseases of economic concern in crops such as citrus, tomato, passion fruit, tea, and blueberry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriella Dias Arena
- Instituto Biológico, URL Biologia Molecular Aplicada, São Paulo, Brazil; ,
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Daniele Tassi
- Instituto Biológico, URL Biologia Molecular Aplicada, São Paulo, Brazil; ,
- Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Homestead, Florida, USA
| | - Camila Chabi-Jesus
- Instituto Biológico, URL Biologia Molecular Aplicada, São Paulo, Brazil; ,
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elliot Watanabe Kitajima
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Instituto Biológico, URL Biologia Molecular Aplicada, São Paulo, Brazil; ,
- Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
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Chabi-Jesus C, Ramos-González PL, Tassi AD, Rossetto Pereira L, Bastianel M, Lau D, Canale MC, Harakava R, Novelli VM, Kitajima EW, Freitas-Astúa J. Citrus Bright Spot Virus: A New Dichorhavirus, Transmitted by Brevipalpus azores, Causing Citrus Leprosis Disease in Brazil. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12061371. [PMID: 36987059 PMCID: PMC10053991 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Citrus leprosis (CL) is the main viral disease affecting the Brazilian citriculture. Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) trees affected by CL were identified in small orchards in Southern Brazil. Rod-like particles of 40 × 100 nm and electron lucent viroplasm were observed in the nucleus of infected cells in symptomatic tissues. RNA extracts from three plants, which proved negative by RT-PCR for known CL-causing viruses, were analyzed by high throughput sequencing and Sanger sequencing after RT-PCR. The genomes of bi-segmented ss(-)RNA viruses, with ORFs in a typical organization of members of the genus Dichorhavirus, were recovered. These genomes shared 98-99% nt sequence identity among them but <73% with those of known dichorhavirids, a value below the threshold for new species demarcation within that genus. Phylogenetically, the three haplotypes of the new virus called citrus bright spot virus (CiBSV) are clustered with citrus leprosis virus N, which is a dichorhavirus transmitted by Brevipalpus phoenicis sensu stricto. In CiBSV-infected citrus plants, B. papayensis and B. azores were found, but the virus could only be transmitted to Arabidopsis plants by B. azores. The study provides the first evidence of the role of B. azores as a viral vector and supports the assignment of CiBSV to the tentative new species Dichorhavirus australis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Chabi-Jesus
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (Esalq/USP), Piracicaba 13418-900, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Biológico/IB, São Paulo 04014-002, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marinês Bastianel
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/IAC, Cordeirópolis 13490-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas Lau
- Embrapa Trigo, Passo Fundo 99050-970, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Canale
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina/Epagri, Paulo Lopes 88490-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Elliot Watanabe Kitajima
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (Esalq/USP), Piracicaba 13418-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Instituto Biológico/IB, São Paulo 04014-002, São Paulo, Brazil
- Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, Bahia, Brazil
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Padmanabhan C, Nunziata S, Leon M. G, Rivera Y, Mavrodieva VA, Nakhla MK, Roy A. High-throughput sequencing application in the detection and discovery of viruses associated with the regulated citrus leprosis disease complex. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1058847. [PMID: 36762187 PMCID: PMC9907091 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1058847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Citrus leprosis (CiL) is one of the destructive emerging viral diseases of citrus in the Americas. Leprosis syndrome is associated with two taxonomically distinct groups of Brevipalpus-transmitted viruses (BTVs), that consist of positive-sense Cilevirus, Higrevirus, and negative-sense Dichorhavirus. The localized CiL symptoms observed in multiple citrus species and other alternate hosts indicates that these viruses might have originated from the mites and eventually adopted citrus as a secondary host. Genetic diversity in the genomes of viruses associated with the CiL disease complex have complicated current detection and diagnostic measures that prompted the application of High-Throughput Sequencing (HTS) protocols for improved detection and diagnosis. Two cileviruses are known to infect citrus, and among them only citrus leprosis virus C2 (CiLV-C2) hibiscus strain (CiLV-C2H) has been reported in hibiscus and passion fruit in the US. Based on our current CiL disease complex hypothesis, there is a high probability that CiL disease is associated with more viruses/strains that have not yet been identified but exist in nature. To protect the citrus industry, a Ribo-Zero HTS protocol was utilized for detection of cileviruses infecting three different hosts: Citrus spp., Swinglea glutinosa, and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Real-time RT-PCR assays were used to identify plants infected with CiLV-C2 or CiLV-C2H or both in mixed infection in all the above-mentioned plant genera. These results were further confirmed by bioinformatic analysis using HTS generated data. In this study, we utilized HTS assay in confirmatory diagnostics to screen BTVs infecting Dieffenbachia sp. (family: Araceae), Passiflora edulis (Passifloraceae), and Smilax auriculata (Smilacaceae). Through the implementation of HTS and downstream data analysis, we detected not only the known cileviruses in the studied hosts but also discovered a new strain of CiLV-C2 in hibiscus from Colombia. Phylogenetically, the new hibiscus strain is more closely related to CiLV-C2 than the known hibiscus strain, CiLV-C2H. We propose this strain to be named as CiLV-C2 hibiscus strain 2 (CiLV-C2H2). The findings from the study are critical for citrus growers, industry, regulators, and researchers. The possible movement of CiLV-C2H2 from hibiscus to citrus by the Brevipalpus spp. warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chellappan Padmanabhan
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Schyler Nunziata
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, United States
| | | | - Yazmín Rivera
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Vessela A. Mavrodieva
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Mark K. Nakhla
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Avijit Roy
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, United States
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States
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4
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Ortega-Rivera OA, Beiss V, Osota EO, Chan SK, Karan S, Steinmetz NF. Production of cytoplasmic type citrus leprosis virus-like particles by plant molecular farming. Virology 2023; 578:7-12. [PMID: 36434906 PMCID: PMC9812895 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many plant virus-like particles (VLPs) utilized in nanotechnology are 30-nm icosahedrons. To expand the VLP platforms, we produced VLPs of Cytoplasmic type citrus leprosis virus (CiLV-C) in Nicotiana benthamiana. We were interested in CiLV-C because of its unique bacilliform shape (60-70 nm × 110-120 nm). The CiLV-C capsid protein (p29) gene was transferred to the pTRBO expression vector transiently expressed in leaves. Stable VLPs were formed, as confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis, transmission electron microscopy and size exclusion chromatography. Interestingly, the morphology of the VLPs (15.8 ± 1.3 nm icosahedral particles) differed from that of the native bacilliform particles indicating that the assembly of native virions is influenced by other viral proteins and/or the packaged viral genome. The smaller CiLV-C VLPs will also be useful for structure-function studies to compare with the 30-nm icosahedrons of other VLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A Ortega-Rivera
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA; Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA
| | - Veronique Beiss
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA; Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA
| | - Elizabeth O Osota
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA; Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA
| | - Soo Khim Chan
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA; Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA
| | - Sweta Karan
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA; Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA; Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA; Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, USA.
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Ramos-González PL, Chabi-Jesus C, Tassi AD, Calegario RF, Harakava R, Nome CF, Kitajima EW, Freitas-Astua J. A Novel Lineage of Cile-Like Viruses Discloses the Phylogenetic Continuum Across the Family Kitaviridae. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:836076. [PMID: 35418952 PMCID: PMC8996159 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.836076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of plant species have been recognized or considered likely reservoirs of viruses transmitted by Brevipalpus mites. A tiny fraction of these viruses, primarily those causing severe economic burden to prominent crops, have been fully characterized. In this study, based on high-throughput sequencing, transmission electron microscopy analyses of virions in plant-infected tissues, viral transmission experiments, and the morphoanatomical identification of the involved Brevipalpus mites, we describe molecular and biological features of viruses representing three new tentative species of the family Kitaviridae. The genomes of Solanum violifolium ringspot virus (SvRSV, previously partially characterized), Ligustrum chlorotic spot virus (LigCSV), and Ligustrum leprosis virus (LigLV) have five open reading frames (ORFs) > 500 nts, two distributed in RNA1 and three in RNA2. RNA1 of these three viruses display the same genomic organization found in RNA1 of typical cileviruses, while their RNA2 are shorter, possessing only orthologs of genes p61, p32, and p24. LigCSV and LigLV are more closely related to each other than to SvRSV, but the identities between their genomic RNAs were lower than 70%. In gene-by-gene comparisons, ORFs from LigCSV and LigLV had the highest sequence identity values (nt sequences: 70–76% and deduced amino acid sequences: 74–83%). The next higher identity values were with ORFs from typical cileviruses, with values below 66%. Virions of LigLV (≈ 40 nm × 55 nm) and LigCSV (≈ 54 nm × 66 nm) appear almost spherical, contrasting with the bacilliform shape of SvRSV virions (≈ 47 nm × 101 nm). Mites collected from the virus-infected plants were identified as Brevipalpus papayensis, B. tucuman, and B. obovatus. Viruliferous B. papayensis mites successfully transmitted LigCSV to Arabidopsis thaliana. SvRSV, LigCSV, and LigLV seem to represent novel sub-lineages of kitaviruses that descent on parallel evolutionary branches from a common ancestor shared with the tentative cile-like virus hibiscus yellow blotch virus and typical cileviruses. Biological and molecular data, notably, the phylogenetic reconstruction based on the RdRp proteins in which strong support for monophyly of the family Kitaviridae is observed, mark an advance in the understanding of kitavirids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Ramos-González
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Chabi-Jesus
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Aline D Tassi
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Renata Faier Calegario
- Departamento de Fitotecnia e Fitossanidade, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Harakava
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia F Nome
- Instituto de Patologia Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Elliot W Kitajima
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Leastro MO, Villar-Álvarez D, Freitas-Astúa J, Kitajima EW, Pallás V, Sánchez-Navarro JÁ. Spontaneous Mutation in the Movement Protein of Citrus Leprosis Virus C2, in a Heterologous Virus Infection Context, Increases Cell-to-Cell Transport and Generates Fitness Advantage. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122498. [PMID: 34960766 PMCID: PMC8708801 DOI: 10.3390/v13122498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous results using a movement defective alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) vector revealed that citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C) movement protein (MP) generates a more efficient local movement, but not more systemic transport, than citrus leprosis virus C2 (CiLV-C2) MP, MPs belonging to two important viruses for the citrus industry. Here, competition experiment assays in transgenic tobacco plants (P12) between transcripts of AMV constructs expressing the cilevirus MPs, followed by several biological passages, showed the prevalence of the AMV construct carrying the CiLV-C2 MP. The analysis of AMV RNA 3 progeny recovered from P12 plant at the second viral passage revealed the presence of a mix of progeny encompassing the CiLV-C2 MP wild type (MPWT) and two variants carrying serines instead phenylalanines at positions 72 (MPS72F) or 259 (MPS259F), respectively. We evaluated the effects of each modified residue in virus replication, and cell-to-cell and long-distance movements. Results indicated that phenylalanine at position 259 favors viral cell-to-cell transport with an improvement in viral fitness, but has no effect on viral replication, whereas mutation at position 72 (MPS72F) has a penalty in the viral fitness. Our findings indicate that the prevalence of a viral population may be correlated with its greater efficiency in cell-to-cell and systemic movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Oliveira Leastro
- Unidade Laboratorial de Referência em Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo 04014-900, Brazil;
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 46022 Valencia, Spain; (D.V.-Á.); (V.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.O.L.); (J.Á.S.-N.)
| | - David Villar-Álvarez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 46022 Valencia, Spain; (D.V.-Á.); (V.P.)
| | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Unidade Laboratorial de Referência em Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo 04014-900, Brazil;
- Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas 70770-901, Brazil
| | - Elliot Watanabe Kitajima
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil;
| | - Vicente Pallás
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 46022 Valencia, Spain; (D.V.-Á.); (V.P.)
| | - Jesús Ángel Sánchez-Navarro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 46022 Valencia, Spain; (D.V.-Á.); (V.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.O.L.); (J.Á.S.-N.)
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Translation of Plant RNA Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122499. [PMID: 34960768 PMCID: PMC8708638 DOI: 10.3390/v13122499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant RNA viruses encode essential viral proteins that depend on the host translation machinery for their expression. However, genomic RNAs of most plant RNA viruses lack the classical characteristics of eukaryotic cellular mRNAs, such as mono-cistron, 5′ cap structure, and 3′ polyadenylation. To adapt and utilize the eukaryotic translation machinery, plant RNA viruses have evolved a variety of translation strategies such as cap-independent translation, translation recoding on initiation and termination sites, and post-translation processes. This review focuses on advances in cap-independent translation and translation recoding in plant viruses.
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Ramos-González PL, Pons T, Chabi-Jesus C, Arena GD, Freitas-Astua J. Poorly Conserved P15 Proteins of Cileviruses Retain Elements of Common Ancestry and Putative Functionality: A Theoretical Assessment on the Evolution of Cilevirus Genomes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:771983. [PMID: 34804105 PMCID: PMC8602818 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.771983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The genus Cilevirus groups enveloped single-stranded (+) RNA virus members of the family Kitaviridae, order Martellivirales. Proteins P15, scarcely conserved polypeptides encoded by cileviruses, have no apparent homologs in public databases. Accordingly, the open reading frames (ORFs) p15, located at the 5'-end of the viral RNA2 molecules, are considered orphan genes (ORFans). In this study, we have delved into ORFs p15 and the relatively poorly understood biochemical properties of the proteins P15 to posit their importance for viruses across the genus and theorize on their origin. We detected that the ORFs p15 are under purifying selection and that, in some viral strains, the use of synonymous codons is biased, which might be a sign of adaptation to their plant hosts. Despite the high amino acid sequence divergence, proteins P15 show the conserved motif [FY]-L-x(3)-[FL]-H-x-x-[LIV]-S-C-x-C-x(2)-C-x-G-x-C, which occurs exclusively in members of this protein family. Proteins P15 also show a common predicted 3D structure that resembles the helical scaffold of the protein ORF49 encoded by radinoviruses and the phosphoprotein C-terminal domain of mononegavirids. Based on the 3D structural similarities of P15, we suggest elements of common ancestry, conserved functionality, and relevant amino acid residues. We conclude by postulating a plausible evolutionary trajectory of ORFans p15 and the 5'-end of the RNA2 of cileviruses considering both protein fold superpositions and comparative genomic analyses with the closest kitaviruses, negeviruses, nege/kita-like viruses, and unrelated viruses that share the ecological niches of cileviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L. Ramos-González
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tirso Pons
- National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Camila Chabi-Jesus
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Gabriella Dias Arena
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Freitas-Astua
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
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Chabi-Jesus C, Ramos-González PL, Postclam-Barro M, Fontenele RS, Harakava R, Bassanezi RB, Moreira AS, Kitajima EW, Varsani A, Freitas-Astúa J. Molecular Epidemiology of Citrus Leprosis Virus C: A New Viral Lineage and Phylodynamic of the Main Viral Subpopulations in the Americas. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:641252. [PMID: 33995302 PMCID: PMC8116597 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.641252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of viral strains/variants as agents of emerging diseases, genetic and evolutionary processes affecting their ecology are not fully understood. To get insight into this topic, we assessed the population and spatial dynamic parameters of citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C, genus Cilevirus, family Kitaviridae). CiLV-C is the etiological agent of citrus leprosis disease, a non-systemic infection considered the main viral disorder affecting citrus orchards in Brazil. Overall, we obtained 18 complete or near-complete viral genomes, 123 complete nucleotide sequences of the open reading frame (ORF) encoding the putative coat protein, and 204 partial nucleotide sequences of the ORF encoding the movement protein, from 430 infected Citrus spp. samples collected between 1932 and 2020. A thorough examination of the collected dataset suggested that the CiLV-C population consists of the major lineages CRD and SJP, unevenly distributed, plus a third one called ASU identified in this work, which is represented by a single isolate found in an herbarium sample collected in Asuncion, Paraguay, in 1937. Viruses from the three lineages share about 85% nucleotide sequence identity and show signs of inter-clade recombination events. Members of the lineage CRD were identified both in commercial and non-commercial citrus orchards. However, those of the lineages SJP were exclusively detected in samples collected in the citrus belt of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, the leading Brazilian citrus production region, after 2015. The most recent common ancestor of viruses of the three lineages dates back to, at least, ∼1500 years ago. Since citrus plants were introduced in the Americas by the Portuguese around the 1520s, the Bayesian phylodynamic analysis suggested that the ancestors of the main CiLV-C lineages likely originated in contact with native vegetation of South America. The intensive expansion of CRD and SJP lineages in Brazil started probably linked to the beginning of the local citrus industry. The high prevalence of CiLV-C in the citrus belt of Brazil likely ensues from the intensive connectivity between orchards, which represents a potential risk toward pathogen saturation across the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Chabi-Jesus
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Biológico/IB, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rafaela Salgado Fontenele
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | | | | | - Alecio S Moreira
- Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura, Araraquara, Brazil.,Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | | | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Instituto Biológico/IB, São Paulo, Brazil.,Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
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10
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Yildiz E, Møller C. Building a virtual factory: an integrated design approach to building smart factories. JOURNAL OF GLOBAL OPERATIONS AND STRATEGIC SOURCING 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/jgoss-11-2019-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The complexity of manufacturing systems, on-going production and existing constraints on the shop floor remain among the main challenges for the analysis, design and development of the models in product, process and factory domains. The potential of different virtual factory (VF) tools and approaches to support simultaneous engineering for the design, and development of these domains has been addressed in the literature. To fulfil this potential, there is a need for an approach which integrates the product, process and production systems for designing and developing VF and its validation in real-life cases. This paper aims to present an integrated design approach for VF design and development, as well as a demonstration implemented in a wind turbine manufacturing plant.
Design/methodology/approach
As the research calls for instrumental knowledge to discover the effects of intervention on the operations of an enterprise, design science research methodology is considered to be a well-suited methodology for exploring practical usefulness of a generic design to close the theory–practice gap. The study was planned as an exploratory research activity which encompassed the simultaneous design and development of artefacts and retrospective analysis of the design and implementation processes. The extended VF concept, architecture, a demonstration and procedures followed during the research work are presented and evaluated.
Findings
The artefacts (models and methods) and the VF demonstrator, which was evaluated by industry experts and scholars based on the role of the VF in improving the performance in the evaluation and reconfiguration of new or existing factories, reduce the ramp-up and design times, supporting management decisions. Preliminary results are presented and discussed.
Research limitations/implications
The concept VF model, its architecture and general methodology as an integrated design and development approach, can be adopted and used for VF design and development both for discrete and continuous manufacturing plants. The development and demonstration were limited, however, because real-time synchronisation, 3D laser scanning data and a commonly shared data model, to enable the integration of different VF tools, were not achievable.
Originality/value
The paper presents a novel VF concept and architecture, which integrates product, process and production systems. Moreover, design and development methods of the concept and its demonstration for a wind turbine manufacturing plant are presented. The paper, therefore, contributes to the information systems and manufacturing engineering field by identifying a novel concept and approach to the effective design and development of a VF and its function in the analysis, design and development of manufacturing systems.
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11
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Membrane Association and Topology of Citrus Leprosis Virus C2 Movement and Capsid Proteins. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020418. [PMID: 33671330 PMCID: PMC7922530 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although citrus leprosis disease has been known for more than a hundred years, one of its causal agents, citrus leprosis virus C2 (CiLV-C2), is poorly characterized. This study described the association of CiLV-C2 movement protein (MP) and capsid protein (p29) with biological membranes. Our findings obtained by computer predictions, chemical treatments after membrane fractionation, and biomolecular fluorescence complementation assays revealed that p29 is peripherally associated, while the MP is integrally bound to the cell membranes. Topological analyses revealed that both the p29 and MP expose their N- and C-termini to the cell cytoplasmic compartment. The implications of these results in the intracellular movement of the virus were discussed.
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12
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Leastro MO, Freitas-Astúa J, Kitajima EW, Pallás V, Sánchez-Navarro JA. Unravelling the involvement of cilevirus p32 protein in the viral transport. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2943. [PMID: 33536554 PMCID: PMC7859179 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus leprosis (CL) is a severe disease that affects citrus orchards mainly in Latin America. It is caused by Brevipalpus-transmitted viruses from genera Cilevirus and Dichorhavirus. Currently, no reports have explored the movement machinery for the cilevirus. Here, we have performed a detailed functional study of the p32 movement protein (MP) of two cileviruses. Citrus leprosis-associated viruses are not able to move systemically in neither their natural nor experimental host plants. However, here we show that cilevirus MPs are able to allow the cell-to-cell and long-distance transport of movement-defective alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV). Several features related with the viral transport were explored, including: (i) the ability of cilevirus MPs to facilitate virus movement on a nucleocapsid assembly independent-manner; (ii) the generation of tubular structures from transient expression in protoplast; (iii) the capability of the N- and C- terminus of MP to interact with the cognate capsid protein (p29) and; (iv) the role of the C-terminus of p32 in the cell-to-cell and long-distance transport, tubule formation and the MP-plasmodesmata co-localization. The MP was able to direct the p29 to the plasmodesmata, whereby the C-terminus of MP is independently responsible to recruit the p29 to the cell periphery. Furthermore, we report that MP possess the capacity to enter the nucleolus and to bind to a major nucleolar protein, the fibrillarin. Based on our findings, we provide a model for the role of the p32 in the intra- and intercellular viral spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Oliveira Leastro
- Unidade Laboratorial de Referência em Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain.
| | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Unidade Laboratorial de Referência em Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil
| | - Elliot Watanabe Kitajima
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Vicente Pallás
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús A Sánchez-Navarro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain.
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13
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Leastro MO, Castro DYO, Freitas-Astúa J, Kitajima EW, Pallás V, Sánchez-Navarro JÁ. Citrus Leprosis Virus C Encodes Three Proteins With Gene Silencing Suppression Activity. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1231. [PMID: 32655520 PMCID: PMC7325951 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C) belongs to the genus Cilevirus, family Kitaviridae, and is considered the most devastating virus infecting citrus in Brazil, being the main viral pathogen responsible for citrus leprosis (CL), a severe disease that affects citrus orchards in Latin America. Here, proteins encoded by CiLV-C genomic RNA 1 and 2 were screened for potential RNA silencing suppressor (RSS) activity by five methods. Using the GFP-based reporter agroinfiltration assay, we have not found potential local suppressor activity for the five CiLV-C encoded proteins. However, when RSS activity was evaluated using the alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) system, we found that the p29, p15, and p61 CiLV-C proteins triggered necrosis response and increased the AMV RNA 3 accumulation, suggesting a suppressive functionality. From the analysis of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) accumulation, we observed that the ectopic expression of the p29, p15, and p61 reduced significantly the accumulation of GFP derived siRNAs. The use of the RSS defective turnip crinkle virus (TCV) system revealed that only the trans-expression of the p15 protein restored the cell-to-cell viral movement. Finally, the potato virus X (PVX) system revealed that the expression of p29, p15, and p61 increased the PVX RNA accumulation; in addition, the p29 and p15 enhanced the pathogenicity of PVX resulting in the death of tobacco plants. Furthermore, PVX-p61 infection resulted in a hypersensitive response (HR), suggesting that p61 could also activate a plant defense response mechanism. This is the first report describing the RSS activity for CiLV-C proteins and, moreover, for a member of the family Kitaviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Oliveira Leastro
- Unidade Laboratorial de Referência em Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científcas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Deibis Yorlenis Ortega Castro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científcas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Unidade Laboratorial de Referência em Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, Brazil.,Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Elliot Watanabe Kitajima
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Vicente Pallás
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científcas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Ángel Sánchez-Navarro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científcas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
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14
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Beltran-Beltran AK, Santillán-Galicia MT, Guzmán-Franco AW, Teliz-Ortiz D, Gutiérrez-Espinoza MA, Romero-Rosales F, Robles-García PL. Incidence of Citrus leprosis virus C and Orchid fleck dichorhavirus Citrus Strain in Mites of the Genus Brevipalpus in Mexico. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:1576-1581. [PMID: 31971566 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The incidences of Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C) and Orchid fleck dichorhavirus Citrus strain (OFV-citrus) were determined in field populations of Brevipalpus mites from 15 citrus-producing states in Mexico. Mites were collected from orange, grapefruit, mandarin, lime, and sweet lime orchards. Brevipalpus yothersi (Baker) (Trombidiformes: Tenuipalpidae) was the most abundant species followed by Brevipalpus californicus (Banks) (Trombidiformes: Tenuipalpidae), which confirmed previous reports. The viruses CiLV-C and OFV-citrus were found in both mite species. The incidence of CiLV-C, OFV-citrus and both viruses simultaneously (CiLV-C and OFV-citrus) was 17.2, 10.3, and 3.4% (n = 116) for B. yothersi, and 12.5, 20.8, and 4.1% (n = 24) for B. californicus, respectively. No significant difference was found when the incidence of these viruses was compared between both mite species. The importance of our results in relation to the epidemiology of leprosis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Karen Beltran-Beltran
- Posgrado en Fitosanidad-Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Estado de México, México
| | - Ma Teresa Santillán-Galicia
- Posgrado en Fitosanidad-Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Estado de México, México
| | - Ariel W Guzmán-Franco
- Posgrado en Fitosanidad-Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Estado de México, México
| | - Daniel Teliz-Ortiz
- Posgrado en Fitosanidad-Fitopatología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Estado de México, México
| | | | - Felipe Romero-Rosales
- Posgrado en Fitosanidad-Entomología y Acarología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Estado de México, México
| | - Pedro L Robles-García
- Campañas de Prioridad Nacional, Dirección General de Sanidad Vegetal, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Ciudad de México, México
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15
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Amaral I, Melville CC, Rocha CM, Della Vechia JF, Prado TJ, Andrade DJ. Sublethal effects of spirodiclofen on biological and demographic parameters of the citrus leprosis mite Brevipalpus yothersi (Acari: Tenuipalpidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:1874-1880. [PMID: 31840413 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brevipalpus yothersi Baker is one of the main vectors of citrus leprosis. Knowing the biology of this mite species when under chemical control is extremely important to understand its population dynamics, and then to solve problems of management of this pest. Therefore, we assessed the effects of one sublethal dose of spirodiclofen (0.48 ppm) on biological and demographic parameters of B. yothersi under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, comparing them with non-exposed mite population. RESULTS Under laboratory conditions, where citrus fruits were used as a substrate, the duration of developmental stages (pre-egg-laying and egg-laying) and mite longevity showed no differences between treatments. However, the number of laid eggs increased in acaricide-treated fruits. In the greenhouse experiment, where citrus plants were used as a substrate, the instantaneous growth rate (ri) of mites was positive in all untreated plots. In contrast, in treated plants, ri was negative in 12 experimental units, and mite populations were suppressed in five of them. Moreover, mite population dynamics had a positive ri in three treated plants. CONCLUSIONS Spirodiclofen sublethal dose had no negative effect on the offspring of B. yothersi females. However, it is not safe for citrus leprosis mite since it may increase egg number per female in some conditions. Biological and demographic differences could influence mite population dynamics in the field, requiring appropriate management strategies to improve citrus leprosis control. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Amaral
- Department of Crop Protection, São Paulo State University (UNESP)-College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Cirano C Melville
- Department of Crop Protection, São Paulo State University (UNESP)-College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Claudiane M Rocha
- Department of Crop Protection, São Paulo State University (UNESP)-College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline F Della Vechia
- Department of Crop Protection, São Paulo State University (UNESP)-College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Thais J Prado
- Department of Crop Protection, São Paulo State University (UNESP)-College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Daniel J Andrade
- Department of Crop Protection, São Paulo State University (UNESP)-College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil
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16
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Kondo H, Fujita M, Hisano H, Hyodo K, Andika IB, Suzuki N. Virome Analysis of Aphid Populations That Infest the Barley Field: The Discovery of Two Novel Groups of Nege/Kita-Like Viruses and Other Novel RNA Viruses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:509. [PMID: 32318034 PMCID: PMC7154061 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids (order Hemiptera) are important insect pests of crops and are also vectors of many plant viruses. However, little is known about aphid-infecting viruses, particularly their diversity and relationship to plant viruses. To investigate the aphid viromes, we performed deep sequencing analyses of the aphid transcriptomes from infested barley plants in a field in Japan. We discovered virus-like sequences related to nege/kita-, flavi-, tombus-, phenui-, mononega-, narna-, chryso-, partiti-, and luteoviruses. Using RT-PCR and sequence analyses, we determined almost complete sequences of seven nege/kitavirus-like virus genomes; one of which was a variant of the Wuhan house centipede virus (WHCV-1). The other six seem to belong to four novel viruses distantly related to Wuhan insect virus 9 (WhIV-9) or Hubei nege-like virus 4 (HVLV-4). We designated the four viruses as barley aphid RNA virus 1 to 4 (BARV-1 to -4). Moreover, some nege/kitavirus-like sequences were found by searches on the transcriptome shotgun assembly (TSA) libraries of arthropods and plants. Phylogenetic analyses showed that BARV-1 forms a clade with WHCV-1 and HVLV-4, whereas BARV-2 to -4 clustered with WhIV-9 and an aphid virus, Aphis glycines virus 3. Both virus groups (tentatively designated as Centivirus and Aphiglyvirus, respectively), together with arthropod virus-like TSAs, fill the phylogenetic gaps between the negeviruses and kitaviruses lineages. We also characterized the flavi/jingmen-like and tombus-like virus sequences as well as other RNA viruses, including six putative novel viruses, designated as barley aphid RNA viruses 5 to 10. Interestingly, we also discovered that some aphid-associated viruses, including nege/kita-like viruses, were present in different aphid species, raising a speculation that these viruses might be distributed across different aphid species with plants being the reservoirs. This study provides novel information on the diversity and spread of nege/kitavirus-related viruses and other RNA viruses that are associated with aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Kondo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Miki Fujita
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hisano
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Hyodo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Ida Bagus Andika
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Nobuhiro Suzuki
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
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17
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Ramos-González PL, Dos Santos GF, Chabi-Jesus C, Harakava R, Kitajima EW, Freitas-Astúa J. Passion Fruit Green Spot Virus Genome Harbors a New Orphan ORF and Highlights the Flexibility of the 5'-End of the RNA2 Segment Across Cileviruses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:206. [PMID: 32117189 PMCID: PMC7033587 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Passion fruit green spot and passion fruit sudden death are two reportedly distinct viral diseases that recurrently affect passion fruit (Passiflora spp.) groves in Brazil. Here we used a systematic approach that interconnects symptoms, transmission electron microscopy, RT-PCR detection assays followed by Sanger sequencing, and high-throughput sequencing of the RNA of affected passion fruit plants to gain insights about these diseases. Our data confirmed not only the involvement of cileviruses in these two pathologies, as previously suggested, but also that these viruses belong to the same tentative species: passion fruit green spot virus (PfGSV). Results revealed that PfGSV has a positive-sense RNA genome split into two molecules of approximately 9 kb (RNA1) and 5 kb (RNA2), which share about 50–70% nucleotide sequence identity with other viruses in the genus Cilevirus. Genome sequences of five PfGSV isolates suggest that they have more conserved RNA1 (<5% of nucleotide sequence variability) compared to RNA2 (up to 7% of variability) molecules. The highest nucleotide sequence divergence among PfGSV isolates and other cileviruses is in the genomic segment covering from the 5′-end of the RNA2 until the 5′-end of the open reading frame (ORF) p61, which includes the ORF p15 and the intergenic region. This genomic stretch also harbors a novel orphan ORF encoding a 13 kDa protein presenting a cysteine-rich domain. High variability of 5′-end of the RNA2 in cileviruses is discussed in an evolutionary context assuming that they share putative common ancestors with unclassified arthropod-infecting single-strand positive RNA viruses, including mosquito-specific viruses of the group Negevirus (clades Nelorpivirus and Sandwavirus), and other viruses in the family Kitaviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Luis Ramos-González
- Instituto Biológico, Unidade Laboratorial de Referência em Biologia Molecular Aplicada, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Chabi-Jesus
- Instituto Biológico, Unidade Laboratorial de Referência em Biologia Molecular Aplicada, São Paulo, Brazil.,PPG Microbiologia Agrícola Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Harakava
- Instituto Biológico, Unidade Laboratorial de Referência em Biologia Molecular Aplicada, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elliot W Kitajima
- Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Microscopia Eletrônica Aplicada a Agricultura, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Instituto Biológico, Unidade Laboratorial de Referência em Biologia Molecular Aplicada, São Paulo, Brazil.,Embrapa Cassava and Fruits, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
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18
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Arena GD, Ramos-González PL, Falk BW, Casteel CL, Freitas-Astúa J, Machado MA. Plant Immune System Activation Upon Citrus Leprosis Virus C Infection Is Mimicked by the Ectopic Expression of the P61 Viral Protein. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1188. [PMID: 32849736 PMCID: PMC7427430 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C, genus Cilevirus, family Kitaviridae) is an atypical virus that does not spread systemically in its plant hosts. Upon its inoculation by Brevipalpus mites, only localized lesions occur, and the infection remains limited to cells around mite feeding sites. Here, we aimed to gain insights into the putative causes of viral unfitness in plants by expanding the limited knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying plant/kitavirid interactions. Firstly, we quantified the CiLV-C viral RNAs during the infection in Arabidopsis thaliana plants using RT-qPCR and systematized it by defining three stages of distinguishing subgenomic and genomic RNA accumulation: i) 0-24 h after infestation, ii) 2-4 days after infestation (dai), and iii) 6-10 dai. Accordingly, the global plant response to CiLV-C infection was assessed by RNA-Seq at each period. Results indicated a progressive reprogramming of the plant transcriptome in parallel to the increasing viral loads. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed the induction of cell growth-related processes at the early stages of the infection and the triggering of the SA-mediated pathway, ROS burst and hypersensitive response (HR) at the presymptomatic stage. Conversely, infected plants downregulated JA/ET-mediated pathways and processes involved in the primary metabolism including photosynthesis. Marker genes of unfolded protein response were also induced, suggesting a contribution of the endoplasmic reticulum stress to the cell death caused by the viral infection. Finally, we transiently expressed CiLV-C proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana plants to undertake their roles in the elicited plant responses. Expression of the CiLV-C P61 protein consistently triggered ROS burst, upregulated SA- and HR-related genes, increased SA levels, reduced JA levels, and caused cell death. Mimicry of responses typically observed during CiLV-C-plant interaction indicates P61 as a putative viral effector causing the HR-like symptoms associated with the infection. Our data strengthen the hypothesis that symptoms of CiLV-C infection might be the outcome of a hypersensitive-like response during an incompatible interaction. Consequently, the locally restricted infection of CiLV-C, commonly observed across infections by kitavirids, supports the thesis that these viruses, likely arising from an ancestral arthropod-infecting virus, are unable to fully circumvent plant defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella D. Arena
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Luis Ramos-González
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Pedro Luis Ramos-González, ; Juliana Freitas-Astúa,
| | - Bryce W. Falk
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Clare L. Casteel
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Virologia Vegetal, Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Pedro Luis Ramos-González, ; Juliana Freitas-Astúa,
| | - Marcos A. Machado
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, Brazil
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19
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Andrade DJD, Ribeiro EB, de Morais MR, Zanardi OZ. Bioactivity of an oxymatrine-based commercial formulation against Brevipalpus yothersi Baker and its effects on predatory mites in citrus groves. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 176:339-345. [PMID: 30953999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The acaricidal bioactivity of an oxymatrine-based commercial formulation against Brevipalpus yothersi Baker (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), a vector mite of the Citrus leprosis virus (CiLV), and its impact on predatory mites were assessed. For this purpose, laboratory and field assays using bioacaricide concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 mg L-1 of oxymatrine were performed during the years from 2015 to 2016. Laboratory results showed that the oxymatrine-based commercial formulation does not cause deleterious effects on B. yothersi eggs; however, it causes high larval mortality. For adult females, the bioacaricide caused high acute toxicity and residual effect for at least 5 days after application. In the field, the bioacaricide exhibited high acaricidal activity against B. yothersi, with efficacy levels similar to that of synthetic acaricide spirodiclofen (48 mg L-1) until 49 days after the application. The application of the bioacaricide did not negatively affect the population levels of phytoseiid predatory mites. Therefore, our results suggest that the oxymatrine-based commercial formulation is an important tool for management of the citrus leprosis mite in citrus groves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Júnior de Andrade
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP/FCAV), 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Edenilson Batista Ribeiro
- Department of Plant Science and Animal Science, State University of the Southwest of Bahia (UESB), 45700-000, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Matheus Rovere de Morais
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP/FCAV), 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Odimar Zanuzo Zanardi
- Department of Entomology, Fund for Citrus Protection (FUNDECITRUS), 14807-040, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Leastro MO, Kitajima EW, Silva MS, Resende RO, Freitas-Astúa J. Dissecting the Subcellular Localization, Intracellular Trafficking, Interactions, Membrane Association, and Topology of Citrus Leprosis Virus C Proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1299. [PMID: 30254655 PMCID: PMC6141925 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Citrus leprosis (CL) is a re-emergent viral disease affecting citrus crops in the Americas, and citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C), belonging to the genus Cilevirus, is the main pathogen responsible for the disease. Despite the economic importance of CL to the citrus industry, very little is known about the performance of viral proteins. Here, we present a robust in vivo study around functionality of p29, p15, p61, MP, and p24 CiLV-C proteins in the host cells. The intracellular sub-localization of all those viral proteins in plant cells are shown, and their co-localization with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi complex (GC) (p15, MP, p61 and p24), actin filaments (p29, p15 and p24), nucleus (p15), and plasmodesmata (MP) are described. Several features are disclosed, including i) ER remodeling and redistribution of GC apparatus, ii) trafficking of the p29 and MP along the ER network system, iii) self-interaction of the p29, p15, and p24 and hetero-association between p29-p15, p29-MP, p29-p24, and p15-MP proteins in vivo. We also showed that all proteins are associated with biological membranes; whilst p15 is peripherally associated, p29, p24, and MP are integrally bound to cell membranes. Furthermore, while p24 exposes an N-cytoplasm-C-lumen topology, p29, and p15 are oriented toward the cytoplasmic face of the biological membrane. Based on our findings, we discuss the possible performance of each protein in the context of infection and a hypothetical model encompassing the virus spread and sites for replication and particle assembly is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elliot Watanabe Kitajima
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Marilia Santos Silva
- Laboratório de Bioimagem, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Departamento de Bioquímica Fitopatológica, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, Brazil
- Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
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21
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Freitas-Astúa J, Ramos-González PL, Arena GD, Tassi AD, Kitajima EW. Brevipalpus-transmitted viruses: parallelism beyond a common vector or convergent evolution of distantly related pathogens? Curr Opin Virol 2018; 33:66-73. [PMID: 30081359 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although diseases caused by Brevipalpus-transmitted viruses (BTV) became relevant for agriculture a century ago, their causal agents have been only recently characterized and classified in two new genera of plant-infecting viruses: Cilevirus and Dichorhavirus. In this review, we highlight both similarities and differences between these viruses emphasizing their current taxonomy and historical classification, phylogeny, genomic organization, gene expression, and the latest research developments on BTVs. Additionally, we stress particular features of interactions with their mite vectors and plant hosts that support, from an evolutionary perspective, the potential convergence of both viral groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Embrapa Cassava and Fruits, 44380-000 Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil; Instituto Biológico, 04014-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Gabriella Dias Arena
- Centro Apta Citros Sylvio Moreira, IAC, 13490-000 Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Biologia, Unicamp, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Daniele Tassi
- Departmento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, ESALQ/USP, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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22
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Chabi-Jesus C, Ramos-González PL, Tassi AD, Guerra-Peraza O, Kitajima EW, Harakava R, Beserra JEA, Salaroli RB, Freitas-Astúa J. Identification and Characterization of Citrus Chlorotic Spot Virus, a New Dichorhavirus Associated with Citrus Leprosis-Like Symptoms. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:1588-1598. [PMID: 30673423 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-17-1425-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Local chlorotic spots resembling early lesions characteristic of citrus leprosis (CL) were observed in leaves of two sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) trees in Teresina, State of Piauí, Brazil, in early 2017. However, despite the similarities, these spots were generally larger than those of a typical CL and showed rare or no necrosis symptoms. In symptomatic tissues, transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of viroplasms in the nuclei of the infected parenchymal cells and rod-shaped particles with an average size of approximately 40 × 100 nm, resembling those typically observed during infection by dichorhaviruses. A bipartite genome of the putative novel virus, tentatively named citrus chlorotic spot virus (CiCSV) (RNA1 = 6,518 nucleotides [nt] and RNA2 = 5,987 nt), revealed the highest nucleotide sequence identity values with the dichorhaviruses coffee ringspot virus strain Lavras (73.8%), citrus leprosis virus N strain Ibi1 (58.6%), and orchid fleck virus strain So (56.9%). In addition to citrus, CiCSV was also found in local chlorotic lesions on leaves of the ornamental plant beach hibiscus (Talipariti tiliaceum (L.) Fryxell). Morphological characterization of mites recovered from the infected plants revealed at least two different types of Brevipalpus. One of them corresponds to Brevipalpus yothersi. The other is slightly different from B. yothersi mites but comprises traits that possibly place it as another species. A mix of the two mite types collected on beach hibiscus successfully transmitted CiCSV to arabidopsis plants but additional work is required to verify whether both types of flat mite may act as viral vectors. The current study reveals a newly described dichorhavirus associated with a citrus disease in the northeastern region of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chabi-Jesus
- Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; and PPG Microbiologia Agrícola ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - A D Tassi
- LFN/ESALQ/USP, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - O Guerra-Peraza
- Instituto Biológico, São Paulo; and Citrus Research & Education Center, University of Florida
| | | | | | | | | | - J Freitas-Astúa
- Instituto Biológico, São Paulo; and Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil
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23
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Andrade DJ, Lorençon JR, Siqueira DS, Novelli VM, Bassanezi RB. Space-time variability of citrus leprosis as strategic planning for crop management. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1798-1803. [PMID: 29385318 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrus leprosis is the most important viral disease of citrus. Knowledge of its spatiotemporal structure is fundamental to a representative sampling plan focused on the disease control approach. Such a well-crafted sampling design helps to reduce pesticide use in agriculture to control pests and diseases. RESULTS Despite the use of acaricides to control citrus leprosis vector (Brevipalpus spp.) populations, the disease has spread rapidly through experimental areas. Citrus leprosis has an aggregate spatial distribution, with high dependence among symptomatic plants. Temporal variation in disease incidence increased among symptomatic plants by 4% per month. CONCLUSIONS Use of acaricides alone to control the vector of leprosis is insufficient to avoid its incidence in healthy plants. Preliminary investigation into the time and space variation in the incidence of the disease is fundamental to select a sampling plan and determine effective strategies for disease management. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Andrade
- UNESP-São Paulo State University, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - José R Lorençon
- UNESP-São Paulo State University, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Diego S Siqueira
- UNESP-São Paulo State University, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
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24
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Calisher CH, Higgs S. The Discovery of Arthropod-Specific Viruses in Hematophagous Arthropods: An Open Door to Understanding the Mechanisms of Arbovirus and Arthropod Evolution? ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 63:87-103. [PMID: 29324047 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of an odd virus from hematophagous arthropods 40 years ago by Stollar and Thomas described cell fusing agent virus in cells derived from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Then came the report of Kamiti River virus from Ae. macintoshi in 1999, followed by worldwide reports of the discovery of other viruses of mosquitoes, ticks, and midges that replicate only in arthropods and not in vertebrates or in vertebrate cells. These viruses (now totaling at least 64 published) have genomes analogous to viruses in various families that include arboviruses and nonarboviruses. It is likely that some of these viruses have been insufficiently studied and may yet be shown to infect vertebrates. However, there is no doubt that the vast majority are restricted to arthropods alone and that they represent a recently recognized clade. Their biology, modes of transmission, worldwide distribution (some have been detected in wild-caught mosquitoes in both Asia and the United States, for example), molecular characteristics of their genomes, and potential for becoming vertebrate pathogens, or at least serving as virus reservoirs, are fascinating and may provide evidence useful in understanding virus evolution. Because metagenomics studies of arthropods have shown that arthropod genomes are the sources of arthropod virus genomes, further studies may also provide insights into the evolution of arthropods. More recently, others have published excellent papers that briefly review discoveries of arthropod viruses and that characterize certain genomic peculiarities, but, to now, there have been no reviews that encompass all these facets. We therefore anticipate that this review is published at a time and in a manner that is helpful for both virologists and entomologists to make more sense and understanding of this recently recognized and obviously important virus group. This review focuses specifically on arthropod viruses in hematophagous arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Calisher
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1690;
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-7600;
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25
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Abstract
A group of related bacilliform, nuclear viruses with a bisegmented negative-sense RNA genome that are transmitted by Brevipalpus mites likely in a circulative-propagative manner were recently classified in the new genus Dichorhavirus, family Rhabdoviridae. These viruses cause localized lesions on leaves, stems, and fruits of economically significant horticultural and ornamental plant species. Among its members, orchid fleck virus, citrus leprosis virus N, and coffee ringspot virus are most prominent. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge about these viruses, available detection techniques, and their interactions with their plant hosts and mite vectors.
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26
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Jeger M, Bragard C, Caffier D, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Gilioli G, Gregoire JC, Jaques Miret JA, MacLeod A, Navajas Navarro M, Niere B, Parnell S, Potting R, Rafoss T, Rossi V, Urek G, Van Bruggen A, Van der Werf W, West J, Chatzivassiliou E, Winter S, Catara A, Duran-Vila N, Hollo G, Candresse T. Pest categorisation of Citrus leprosis viruses. EFSA J 2017; 15:e05110. [PMID: 32625390 PMCID: PMC7009949 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of the Citrus leprosis viruses for the EU territory and identified five distinct viruses, Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV‐C), Citrus leprosis virus C2 (CiLV‐C2), Hibiscus green spot virus 2 (HGSV‐2), the Citrus strain of Orchid fleck virus (OFV) and Citrus leprosis virus N sensu novo (CiLV‐N) as causing this severe disease, most significantly in sweet orange and mandarin. These viruses have in common that they do not cause systemic infections in their hosts and that they all are transmitted by Brevipalpus spp. mites (likely but not confirmed for HGSV‐2). Mites represent the most important means of virus spread, while plants for planting of Citrus are only considered of minor significance. These well characterised viruses occur in South and Central America. Leprosis is currently regulated in directive 2000/29 EC and, together with its associated viruses, has never been recorded in the EU. All five viruses have the potential to enter into, establish in and spread within the EU territory, with plants for planting of non‐regulated hosts, fruits of Citrus and hitch‐hiking of viruliferous mites identified as the most significant pathways. Given the severity of the leprosis disease, the introduction and spread of the various viruses would have negative consequences on the EU citrus industry, the magnitude of which is difficult to evaluate given the uncertainties affecting the Brevipalpus spp. vectors (identity, distribution, density, transmission specificity and efficiency). Overall, leprosis and its five associated viruses meet all the criteria evaluated by EFSA to qualify as Union quarantine pests, but do not fulfil those of being present in the EU or of plants for planting being the main spread mechanism to qualify as Union regulated non‐quarantine pests. The main uncertainties affecting this categorisation concern the Brevipalpus spp. mite vectors.
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27
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Kondo H, Chiba S, Maruyama K, Andika IB, Suzuki N. A novel insect-infecting virga/nege-like virus group and its pervasive endogenization into insect genomes. Virus Res 2017; 262:37-47. [PMID: 29169832 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Insects are the host and vector of diverse viruses including those that infect vertebrates, plants, and fungi. Recent wide-scale transcriptomic analyses have uncovered the existence of a number of novel insect viruses belonging to an alphavirus-like superfamily (virgavirus/negevirus-related lineage). In this study, through an in silico search using publicly available insect transcriptomic data, we found numerous virus-like sequences related to insect virga/nege-like viruses. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these novel viruses and related virus-like sequences fill the major phylogenetic gaps between insect and plant virga/negevirus lineages. Interestingly, one of the phylogenetic clades represents a unique insect-infecting virus group. Its members encode putative coat proteins which contained a conserved domain similar to that usually found in the coat protein of plant viruses in the family Virgaviridae. Furthermore, we discovered endogenous viral elements (EVEs) related to virga/nege-like viruses in the insect genomes, which enhances our understanding on their evolution. Database searches using the sequence of one member from this group revealed the presence of EVEs in a wide range of insect species, suggesting that there has been prevalent infection by this virus group since ancient times. Besides, we present detailed EVE integration profiles of this virus group in some species of the Bombus genus of bee families. A large variation in EVE patterns among Bombus species suggested that while some integration events occurred after the species divergence, others occurred before it. Our analyses support the view that insect and plant virga/nege-related viruses might share common virus origin(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Kondo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan.
| | - Sotaro Chiba
- Asian Satellite Campuses Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Maruyama
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Ida Bagus Andika
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Suzuki
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
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28
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Metagenomics reshapes the concepts of RNA virus evolution by revealing extensive horizontal virus transfer. Virus Res 2017; 244:36-52. [PMID: 29103997 PMCID: PMC5801114 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Virus metagenomics is a young research filed but it has already transformed our understanding of virus diversity and evolution, and illuminated at a new level the connections between virus evolution and the evolution and ecology of the hosts. In this review article, we examine the new picture of the evolution of RNA viruses, the dominant component of the eukaryotic virome, that is emerging from metagenomic data analysis. The major expansion of many groups of RNA viruses through metagenomics allowed the construction of substantially improved phylogenetic trees for the conserved virus genes, primarily, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRp). In particular, a new superfamily of widespread, small positive-strand RNA viruses was delineated that unites tombus-like and noda-like viruses. Comparison of the genome architectures of RNA viruses discovered by metagenomics and by traditional methods reveals an extent of gene module shuffling among diverse virus genomes that far exceeds the previous appreciation of this evolutionary phenomenon. Most dramatically, inclusion of the metagenomic data in phylogenetic analyses of the RdRp resulted in the identification of numerous, strongly supported groups that encompass RNA viruses from diverse hosts including different groups of protists, animals and plants. Notwithstanding potential caveats, in particular, incomplete and uneven sampling of eukaryotic taxa, these highly unexpected findings reveal horizontal virus transfer (HVT) between diverse hosts as the central aspect of RNA virus evolution. The vast and diverse virome of invertebrates, particularly nematodes and arthropods, appears to be the reservoir, from which the viromes of plants and vertebrates evolved via multiple HVT events.
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29
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Krishnamurthy SR, Wang D. Origins and challenges of viral dark matter. Virus Res 2017; 239:136-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Tassi AD, Garita-Salazar LC, Amorim L, Novelli VM, Freitas-Astúa J, Childers CC, Kitajima EW. Virus-vector relationship in the Citrus leprosis pathosystem. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2017; 71:227-241. [PMID: 28417249 PMCID: PMC5403852 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-017-0123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Citrus leprosis has been one of the most destructive diseases of citrus in the Americas. In the last decade important progress has been achieved such as the complete genome sequencing of its main causal agent, Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C), belonging to a new genus Cilevirus. It is transmitted by Brevipalpus yothersi Baker (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), and is characterized by the localized symptoms it induces on the leaves, fruits and stems. It occurs in the American continents from Mexico to Argentina. The virus was until recently considered restricted to Citrus spp. However, it was found naturally infecting other plants species as Swinglea glutinosa Merrill and Commelina benghalensis L., and has been experimentally transmitted by B. yothersi to a large number of plant species. Despite these advances little is known about the virus-vector relationship that is a key to understanding the epidemiology of the disease. Some components of the CiLV-C/B. yothersi relationship were determined using the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. 'IAC Una') as a test plant. They included: (a) the virus acquisition access period was 4 h; (b) the virus inoculation access period was 2 h; (c) the latent period between acquisition and inoculation was 7 h; (d) the period of retention of the virus by a single viruliferous mite was at least 12 days; (d) the percentage of viruliferous individuals from mite colonies on infected tissues ranged from 25 to 60%. The experiments confirmed previous data that all developmental stages of B. yothersi (larva, protonymph and deutonymph, adult female and male) were able to transmit CiLV-C and that transovarial transmission of the virus did not occur. CiLV-C can be acquired from lesions on leaves, fruits and stems by B. yothersi. Based on the distribution of lesions produced by single viruliferous B. yothersi on bean leaves, it is concluded that they tend to feed in restricted areas, usually near the veins. The short latent and transmission periods during the larval stage suggest that the CiLV-C/B. yothersi relationship is of the persistent circulative type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Daniele Tassi
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 9, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900 Brazil
| | - Laura Cristina Garita-Salazar
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 9, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900 Brazil
| | - Lilian Amorim
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 9, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900 Brazil
| | - Valdenice Moreira Novelli
- Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, CP 4, Cordeirópolis, SP 13490-900 Brazil
| | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, BA 44380-000 Brazil
- Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, SP 04014-900 Brazil
| | - Carl C. Childers
- Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA
| | - Elliot W. Kitajima
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 9, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900 Brazil
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31
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Arena GD, Ramos-González PL, Nunes MA, Ribeiro-Alves M, Camargo LEA, Kitajima EW, Machado MA, Freitas-Astúa J. Citrus leprosis virus C Infection Results in Hypersensitive-Like Response, Suppression of the JA/ET Plant Defense Pathway and Promotion of the Colonization of Its Mite Vector. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1757. [PMID: 27933078 PMCID: PMC5122717 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leprosis is a serious disease of citrus caused by Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C, genus Cilevirus) whose transmission is mediated by false spider mites of the genus Brevipalpus. CiLV-C infection does not systemically spread in any of its known host plants, thus remaining restricted to local lesions around the feeding sites of viruliferous mites. To get insight into this unusual pathosystem, we evaluated the expression profiles of genes involved in defense mechanisms of Arabidopsis thaliana and Citrus sinensis upon infestation with non-viruliferous and viruliferous mites by using reverse-transcription qPCR. These results were analyzed together with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the appearance of dead cells as assessed by histochemical assays. After interaction with non-viruliferous mites, plants locally accumulated ROS and triggered the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonate/ethylene (JA/ET) pathways. ERF branch of the JA/ET pathways was highly activated. In contrast, JA pathway genes were markedly suppressed upon the CiLV-C infection mediated by viruliferous mites. Viral infection also intensified the ROS burst and cell death, and enhanced the expression of genes involved in the RNA silencing mechanism and SA pathway. After 13 days of infestation of two sets of Arabidopsis plants with non-viruliferous and viruliferous mites, the number of mites in the CiLV-C infected Arabidopsis plants was significantly higher than in those infested with the non-viruliferous ones. Oviposition of the viruliferous mites occurred preferentially in the CiLV-C infected leaves. Based on these results, we postulated the first model of plant/Brevipalpus mite/cilevirus interaction in which cells surrounding the feeding sites of viruliferous mites typify the outcome of a hypersensitive-like response, whereas viral infection induces changes in the behavior of its vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella D. Arena
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Citros, Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de CampinasSão Paulo, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de CampinasSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro L. Ramos-González
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Citros, Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de CampinasSão Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Fitopatológica, Instituto BiológicoSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria A. Nunes
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Citros, Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de CampinasSão Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luis E. A. Camargo
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elliot W. Kitajima
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos A. Machado
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Citros, Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de CampinasSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Fitopatológica, Instituto BiológicoSão Paulo, Brazil
- Embrapa Mandioca e FruticulturaCruz das Almas, Brazil
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32
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Ramos-González PL, Chabi-Jesus C, Guerra-Peraza O, Breton MC, Arena GD, Nunes MA, Kitajima EW, Machado MA, Freitas-Astúa J. Phylogenetic and Molecular Variability Studies Reveal a New Genetic Clade of Citrus leprosis virus C. Viruses 2016; 8:E153. [PMID: 27275832 PMCID: PMC4926173 DOI: 10.3390/v8060153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C) causes a severe disease affecting citrus orchards in the Western hemisphere. This study reveals the molecular variability of the virus by analyzing four genomic regions (p29, p15, MP and RNA2-intergenic region) distributed over its two RNAs. Nucleotide diversity (π) values were relatively low but statistically different over the analyzed genes and subpopulations, indicating their distinct evolutionary history. Values of πp29 and πMP were higher than those of πp15 and πRNA2-IR, whereas πMP was increased due to novel discovered isolates phylogenetically clustered in a divergent clade that we called SJP. Isolate BR_SP_SJP_01 RNA1 and RNA2 sequences, clade SJP, showed an identity of 85.6% and 88.4%, respectively, with those corresponding to CiLV-C, the type member of the genus Cilevirus, and its RNA2 5'-proximal region was revealed as a minor donor in a putative inter-clade recombination event. In addition to citrus, BR_SP_SJP_01 naturally infects the weed Commelina benghalensis and is efficiently transmitted by Brevipalpus yothersi mites. Our data demonstrated that negative selection was the major force operating in the evaluated viral coding regions and defined amino acids putatively relevant for the biological function of cilevirus proteins. This work provides molecular tools and sets up a framework for further epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Luis Ramos-González
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo 13490-970, Brazil.
- Departamento de Bioquímica Fitopatológica, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo 04014-002, Brazil.
| | - Camila Chabi-Jesus
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo 13490-970, Brazil.
- Departamento de Bioquímica Fitopatológica, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo 04014-002, Brazil.
- Departamento de Microbiologia Agrícola, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Orlene Guerra-Peraza
- Departamento de Bioquímica Fitopatológica, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo 04014-002, Brazil.
| | - Michèle Claire Breton
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo 13490-970, Brazil.
| | - Gabriella Dias Arena
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo 13490-970, Brazil.
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Maria Andreia Nunes
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo 13490-970, Brazil.
| | - Elliot Watanabe Kitajima
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Antonio Machado
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo 13490-970, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Departamento de Bioquímica Fitopatológica, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo 04014-002, Brazil.
- Embrapa Cassava and Fruits, Cruz das Almas, Bahia 44380-000, Brazil.
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Kawakami K, Kurnia YW, Fujita R, Ito T, Isawa H, Asano SI, Binh ND, Bando H. Characterization of a novel negevirus isolated from Aedes larvae collected in a subarctic region of Japan. Arch Virol 2015; 161:801-9. [PMID: 26687585 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2711-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We isolated and characterized a novel positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus from Aedes larvae collected on Okushiri Island, Hokkaido, Japan. This virus, designated Okushiri virus (OKV), replicated in the Aedes albopictus cell line C6/36 with severe cytopathic effects and produced a large number of spherical viral particles that were 50-70 nm in diameter and released into the cell culture medium. The OKV genome consisted of 9,704 nucleotides, excluding the poly(A) tail at the 3'-terminus, and contained three major open reading frames (ORF1, ORF2, and ORF3). ORF1 encoded a putative protein of approximately 268 kDa that included a methyltransferase domain, FtsJ-like methyltransferase domain, helicase domain, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domain. The genome organization and results of a phylogenetic analysis based on the amino acid sequence predicted from the nucleotide sequence indicated that OKV is a member of a new insect virus group of negeviruses with a possible evolutionary relationship to some plant viruses. ORF2 and ORF3 were suggested to encode hypothetical membrane-associated proteins of approximately 45 kDa and 22 kDa, respectively. This is the first study on a novel negevirus isolated from mosquito larvae in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Kawakami
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Entomology, Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yudistira Wahyu Kurnia
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Entomology, Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Fujita
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Entomology, Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ito
- Electron microscope Laboratory, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Isawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Asano
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Entomology, Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ngo Dinh Binh
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hisanori Bando
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Entomology, Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Hartung JS, Roy A, Fu S, Shao J, Schneider WL, Brlansky RH. History and Diversity of Citrus leprosis virus Recorded in Herbarium Specimens. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:1277-84. [PMID: 25961338 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-15-0064-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Leprosis refers to two diseases of citrus that present similar necrotic local lesions, often surrounded by chlorotic haloes on citrus. Two distinct viruses are associated with this disease, one that produces particles primarily in the nucleus of infected plant cells (Citrus leprosis virus nuclear type [CiLV-N]; Dichorhavirus) and another type that produces particles in the cytoplasm of infected plant cells (Citrus leprosis virus cytoplasmic type [CiLV-C]; Cilevirus). Both forms are transmitted by Brevipalpid mites and have bipartite, single-stranded, RNA genomes. CiLV-C and CiLV-N are present in South and Central America and as far north as parts of Mexico. Although leprosis disease was originally described from Florida, it disappeared from there in the 1960s. The United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service maintains preserved citrus specimens identified at inspection stations 50 or more years ago with symptoms of citrus leprosis. We isolated RNA from these samples and performed degradome sequencing. We obtained nearly full-length genome sequences of both a typical CiLV-C isolate intercepted from Argentina in 1967 and a distinct CiLV-N isolate obtained in Florida in 1948. The latter is a novel form of CiLV-N, not known to exist anywhere in the world today. We have also documented the previously unreported presence of CiLV-N in Mexico in the mid-20th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Hartung
- First and fourth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705; second and fifth authors: USDA-ARS Foreign Diseases and Weed Sciences Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; third author: USDA-ARS Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory and Southwest University, Citrus Research Institute, Chongqing, China 400715; and sixth author: University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred 33850
| | - Avijit Roy
- First and fourth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705; second and fifth authors: USDA-ARS Foreign Diseases and Weed Sciences Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; third author: USDA-ARS Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory and Southwest University, Citrus Research Institute, Chongqing, China 400715; and sixth author: University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred 33850
| | - Shimin Fu
- First and fourth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705; second and fifth authors: USDA-ARS Foreign Diseases and Weed Sciences Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; third author: USDA-ARS Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory and Southwest University, Citrus Research Institute, Chongqing, China 400715; and sixth author: University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred 33850
| | - Jonathan Shao
- First and fourth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705; second and fifth authors: USDA-ARS Foreign Diseases and Weed Sciences Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; third author: USDA-ARS Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory and Southwest University, Citrus Research Institute, Chongqing, China 400715; and sixth author: University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred 33850
| | - William L Schneider
- First and fourth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705; second and fifth authors: USDA-ARS Foreign Diseases and Weed Sciences Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; third author: USDA-ARS Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory and Southwest University, Citrus Research Institute, Chongqing, China 400715; and sixth author: University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred 33850
| | - Ronald H Brlansky
- First and fourth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705; second and fifth authors: USDA-ARS Foreign Diseases and Weed Sciences Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; third author: USDA-ARS Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory and Southwest University, Citrus Research Institute, Chongqing, China 400715; and sixth author: University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred 33850
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Choudhary N, Wei G, Govindarajulu A, Roy A, Li W, Picton DD, Nakhla MK, Levy L, Brlansky RH. Detection of Citrus leprosis virus C using specific primers and TaqMan probe in one-step real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. J Virol Methods 2015; 224:105-9. [PMID: 26341059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C), a causal agent of the leprosis disease in citrus, is mostly present in the South and Central America and spreading toward the North America. To enable better diagnosis and inhibit the further spread of this re-emerging virus a quantitative (q) real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay is needed for early detection of CiLV-C when the virus is present in low titer in citrus leprosis samples. Using the genomic sequence of CiLV-C, specific primers and probe were designed and synthesized to amplify a 73 nt amplicon from the movement protein (MP) gene. A standard curve of the 73 nt amplicon MP gene was developed using known 10(10)-10(1) copies of in vitro synthesized RNA transcript to estimate the copy number of RNA transcript in the citrus leprosis samples. The one-step qRT-PCR detection assays for CiLV-C were determined to be 1000 times more sensitive when compared to the one-step conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) CiLV-C detection method. To evaluate the quality of the total RNA extracts, NADH dehydrogenase gene specific primers (nad5) and probe were included in reactions as an internal control. The one-step qRT-PCR specificity was successfully validated by testing for the presence of CiLV-C in the total RNA extracts of the citrus leprosis samples collected from Belize, Costa Rica, Mexico and Panama. Implementation of the one-step qRT-PCR assays for CiLV-C diagnosis should assist regulatory agencies in surveillance activities to monitor the distribution pattern of CiLV-C in countries where it is present and to prevent further dissemination into citrus growing countries where there is no report of CiLV-C presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandlal Choudhary
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; Amity Institute of Virology & Immunology, Amity University, Noida 201303, UP, India
| | - G Wei
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Beltsville Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - A Govindarajulu
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Avijit Roy
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Wenbin Li
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Beltsville Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Deric D Picton
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Beltsville Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - M K Nakhla
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Beltsville Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - L Levy
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Executive Director's Office, Riverdale, MD 20737, USA
| | - R H Brlansky
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA.
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Laranjeira FF, Silva SXDB, de Andrade EC, Almeida DDO, da Silva TSM, Soares ACF, Freitas-Astúa J. Infestation dynamics of Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) in citrus orchards as affected by edaphic and climatic variables. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2015; 66:491-508. [PMID: 26021609 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-015-9921-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) is a cosmopolitan and polyphagous mite that transmits important phytoviruses, such as coffee ringspot virus, passion fruit green spot virus and Citrus leprosis virus C. To characterise the dynamics of the probability and the rate of B. phoenicis infestation in response to edaphic and climatic factors, monthly inspections were performed in nine orchards in a citrus region of the State of Bahia, Brazil, for 35 months. Three fruits per plant were examined using a magnifying glass (10×) on 21 plants distributed along a "W"-shaped path in each orchard. Meteorological data were collected from a conventional station. To determine the correlations among the climatic variables, the data were analysed using Spearman correlations. Variables were selected by principal component analysis, and those that contributed the most to differentiate the groups were evaluated via a Mann-Whitney test. Using the quantile-quantile method, the limit values for the following climatic variables were determined: temperature (24.5 °C), photoperiod (12 h), relative humidity (83%), evapotranspiration (71 mm) and rainy days (14 days). The combination of longer days, higher temperatures, lower relative humidity levels and lower evapotranspiration increased the probability of B. phoenicis infestation, whereas successive rain events decreased that risk. Infestation rates were negatively affected by relative humidity levels above 83% and were positively affected by a decreasing available soil-water fraction and increasing insolation and photoperiod.
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Roy A, Hartung JS, Schneider WL, Shao J, Leon G, Melzer MJ, Beard JJ, Otero-Colina G, Bauchan GR, Ochoa R, Brlansky RH. Role Bending: Complex Relationships Between Viruses, Hosts, and Vectors Related to Citrus Leprosis, an Emerging Disease. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:1013-1025. [PMID: 25775106 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-14-0375-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Citrus leprosis complex is an emerging disease in the Americas, associated with two unrelated taxa of viruses distributed in South, Central, and North America. The cytoplasmic viruses are Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C), Citrus leprosis virus C2 (CiLV-C2), and Hibiscus green spot virus 2, and the nuclear viruses are Citrus leprosis virus N (CiLV-N) and Citrus necrotic spot virus. These viruses cause local lesion infections in all known hosts, with no natural systemic host identified to date. All leprosis viruses were believed to be transmitted by one species of mite, Brevipalpus phoenicis. However, mites collected from CiLV-C and CiLV-N infected citrus groves in Mexico were identified as B. yothersi and B. californicus sensu lato, respectively, and only B. yothersi was detected from CiLV-C2 and CiLV-N mixed infections in the Orinoco regions of Colombia. Phylogenetic analysis of the helicase, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 2 domains and p24 gene amino acid sequences of cytoplasmic leprosis viruses showed a close relationship with recently deposited mosquito-borne negevirus sequences. Here, we present evidence that both cytoplasmic and nuclear viruses seem to replicate in viruliferous Brevipalpus species. The possible replication in the mite vector and the close relationship with mosquito borne negeviruses are consistent with the concept that members of the genus Cilevirus and Higrevirus originated in mites and citrus may play the role of mite virus vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Roy
- First and eleventh authors: University of Florida, IFAS, Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL; second and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD; first and third author: USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; fifth author: Centro de Investigación La Libertad, CORPOICA, Villavicencio, Colombia; sixth author: Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 205, Honolulu 96822; seventh author: Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; eighth author: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. De Mex., CP 56230, México; ninth author: Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; and tenth author: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD
| | - John S Hartung
- First and eleventh authors: University of Florida, IFAS, Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL; second and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD; first and third author: USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; fifth author: Centro de Investigación La Libertad, CORPOICA, Villavicencio, Colombia; sixth author: Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 205, Honolulu 96822; seventh author: Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; eighth author: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. De Mex., CP 56230, México; ninth author: Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; and tenth author: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD
| | - William L Schneider
- First and eleventh authors: University of Florida, IFAS, Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL; second and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD; first and third author: USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; fifth author: Centro de Investigación La Libertad, CORPOICA, Villavicencio, Colombia; sixth author: Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 205, Honolulu 96822; seventh author: Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; eighth author: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. De Mex., CP 56230, México; ninth author: Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; and tenth author: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD
| | - Jonathan Shao
- First and eleventh authors: University of Florida, IFAS, Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL; second and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD; first and third author: USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; fifth author: Centro de Investigación La Libertad, CORPOICA, Villavicencio, Colombia; sixth author: Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 205, Honolulu 96822; seventh author: Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; eighth author: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. De Mex., CP 56230, México; ninth author: Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; and tenth author: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD
| | - Guillermo Leon
- First and eleventh authors: University of Florida, IFAS, Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL; second and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD; first and third author: USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; fifth author: Centro de Investigación La Libertad, CORPOICA, Villavicencio, Colombia; sixth author: Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 205, Honolulu 96822; seventh author: Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; eighth author: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. De Mex., CP 56230, México; ninth author: Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; and tenth author: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD
| | - Michael J Melzer
- First and eleventh authors: University of Florida, IFAS, Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL; second and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD; first and third author: USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; fifth author: Centro de Investigación La Libertad, CORPOICA, Villavicencio, Colombia; sixth author: Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 205, Honolulu 96822; seventh author: Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; eighth author: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. De Mex., CP 56230, México; ninth author: Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; and tenth author: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD
| | - Jennifer J Beard
- First and eleventh authors: University of Florida, IFAS, Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL; second and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD; first and third author: USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; fifth author: Centro de Investigación La Libertad, CORPOICA, Villavicencio, Colombia; sixth author: Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 205, Honolulu 96822; seventh author: Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; eighth author: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. De Mex., CP 56230, México; ninth author: Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; and tenth author: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD
| | - Gabriel Otero-Colina
- First and eleventh authors: University of Florida, IFAS, Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL; second and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD; first and third author: USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; fifth author: Centro de Investigación La Libertad, CORPOICA, Villavicencio, Colombia; sixth author: Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 205, Honolulu 96822; seventh author: Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; eighth author: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. De Mex., CP 56230, México; ninth author: Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; and tenth author: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD
| | - Gary R Bauchan
- First and eleventh authors: University of Florida, IFAS, Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL; second and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD; first and third author: USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; fifth author: Centro de Investigación La Libertad, CORPOICA, Villavicencio, Colombia; sixth author: Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 205, Honolulu 96822; seventh author: Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; eighth author: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. De Mex., CP 56230, México; ninth author: Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; and tenth author: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD
| | - Ronald Ochoa
- First and eleventh authors: University of Florida, IFAS, Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL; second and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD; first and third author: USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; fifth author: Centro de Investigación La Libertad, CORPOICA, Villavicencio, Colombia; sixth author: Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 205, Honolulu 96822; seventh author: Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; eighth author: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. De Mex., CP 56230, México; ninth author: Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; and tenth author: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD
| | - Ronald H Brlansky
- First and eleventh authors: University of Florida, IFAS, Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL; second and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD; first and third author: USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD; fifth author: Centro de Investigación La Libertad, CORPOICA, Villavicencio, Colombia; sixth author: Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 205, Honolulu 96822; seventh author: Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia; eighth author: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. De Mex., CP 56230, México; ninth author: Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; and tenth author: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD
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Roy A, Stone AL, Shao J, Otero-Colina G, Wei G, Choudhary N, Achor D, Levy L, Nakhla MK, Hartung JS, Schneider WL, Brlansky RH. Identification and Molecular Characterization of Nuclear Citrus leprosis virus, a Member of the Proposed Dichorhavirus Genus Infecting Multiple Citrus Species in Mexico. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:564-75. [PMID: 25423071 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-14-0245-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Citrus leprosis is one of the most destructive diseases of Citrus spp. and is associated with two unrelated virus groups that produce particles primarily in either the cytoplasm or nucleus of infected plant cells. Symptoms of leprosis, including chlorotic spots surrounded by yellow haloes on leaves and necrotic spots on twigs and fruit, were observed on leprosis-affected mandarin and navel sweet orange trees in the state of Querétaro, Mexico. Serological and molecular assays showed that the cytoplasmic types of Citrus leprosis virus (CiLV-C) often associated with leprosis symptomatic tissues were absent. However, using transmission electron microscopy, bullet-shaped rhabdovirus-like virions were observed in the nuclei and cytoplasm of the citrus leprosis-infected leaf tissues. An analysis of small RNA populations from symptomatic tissue was carried out to determine the genome sequence of the rhabdovirus-like particles observed in the citrus leprosis samples. The complete genome sequence showed that the nuclear type of CiLV (CiLV-N) present in the samples consisted of two negative-sense RNAs: 6,268-nucleotide (nt)-long RNA1 and 5,847-nt-long RNA2, excluding the poly(A) tails. CiLV-N had a genome organization identical to that of Orchid fleck virus (OFV), with the exception of shorter 5' untranslated regions in RNA1 (53 versus 205 nt) and RNA2 (34 versus 182 nt). Phylogenetic trees constructed with the amino acid sequences of the nucleocapsid (N) and glycoproteins (G) and the RNA polymerase (L protein) showed that CiLV-N clusters with OFV. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses of N protein established CiLV-N as a member of the proposed genus Dichorhavirus. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction primers for the detection of CiLV-N were designed based on the sequence of the N gene and the assay was optimized and tested to detect the presence of CiLV-N in both diseased and symptom-free plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Roy
- First, sixth, seventh, and twelfth authors: University of Florida, IFAS, Plant Pathology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL; second and eleventh authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit (FDWSRU), Fort Detrick, MD; third and tenth authors: USDA-ARS, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory (MPPL), Beltsville, MD; fourth author: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. De Mex., CP 56230, México; fifth and ninth authors: USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ)-Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CSIRO), Beltsville, MD; and eighth author: USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST, Riverdale, MD
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Abstract
Citrus is thought to have originated in Southeast Asia and horticulturally desirable clonal selections have been clonally cultivated for hundreds of years. While some citrus species have nucellar embryony, most cultivation of citrus has been by clonal propagation to ensure that propagated plants have the same traits as the parent selection. Clonal propagation also avoids juvenility, and the propagated plants produce fruit sooner. Because of the clonal propagation of citrus, citrus has accumulated a large number of viruses; many of these viruses are asymptomatic until a susceptible rootstock and/or scion is encountered. The viruses reported to occur in citrus will be summarized in this review. Methods of therapy to clean selected clones from viruses will be reviewed; the use of quarantine, clean stock, and certification programs for control of citrus viruses and other strategies to control insect spread citrus viruses, such as mild strain cross-protection and the use of pest management areas will be discussed.
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Kallies R, Kopp A, Zirkel F, Estrada A, Gillespie TR, Drosten C, Junglen S. Genetic characterization of goutanap virus, a novel virus related to negeviruses, cileviruses and higreviruses. Viruses 2014; 6:4346-57. [PMID: 25398046 PMCID: PMC4246226 DOI: 10.3390/v6114346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pools of mosquitoes collected in Côte d’Ivoire and Mexico were tested for cytopathic effects on the mosquito cell line C6/36. Seven pools induced strong cytopathic effects after one to five days post infection and were further investigated by deep sequencing. The genomes of six virus isolates from Côte d’Ivoire showed pairwise nucleotide identities of ~99% among each other and of 56%–60% to Dezidougou virus and Wallerfield virus, two insect-specific viruses belonging to the proposed new taxon Negevirus. The novel virus was tentatively named Goutanap virus. The isolate derived from the Mexican mosquitoes showed 95% pairwise identity to Piura virus and was suggested to be a strain of Piura virus, named C6.7-MX-2008. Phylogenetic inferences based on a concatenated alignment of the methyltransferase, helicase, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domains showed that the new taxon Negevirus formed two monophyletic clades, named Nelorpivirus and Sandewavirus after the viruses grouping in these clades. Branch lengths separating these clades were equivalent to those of the related genera Cilevirus, Higrevirus and Blunervirus, as well as to those within the family Virgaviridae. Genetic distances and phylogenetic analyses suggest that Nelorpivirus and Sandewavirus might form taxonomic groups on genus level that may define alone or together with Cilevirus, Higrevirus and Blunervirus a viral family.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Kallies
- Institute of Virology, Medical Centre, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Anne Kopp
- Institute of Virology, Medical Centre, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Florian Zirkel
- Institute of Virology, Medical Centre, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Alejandro Estrada
- Estación de Biología Tropical Los Tuxtlas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo 176, San Andres Tuxtla, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Medical Centre, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, Medical Centre, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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Choudhary N, Roy A, Govindarajulu A, Nakhla M, Levy L, Brlansky R. Production of monoclonal antibodies for detection of Citrus leprosis virus C in enzyme-linked immuno-assays and immunocapture reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Methods 2014; 206:144-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cruz-Jaramillo JL, Ruiz-Medrano R, Rojas-Morales L, López-Buenfil JA, Morales-Galván O, Chavarín-Palacio C, Ramírez-Pool JA, Xoconostle-Cázares B. Characterization of a proposed dichorhavirus associated with the citrus leprosis disease and analysis of the host response. Viruses 2014; 6:2602-22. [PMID: 25004279 PMCID: PMC4113785 DOI: 10.3390/v6072602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The causal agents of Citrus leprosis are viruses; however, extant diagnostic methods to identify them have failed to detect known viruses in orange, mandarin, lime and bitter orange trees with severe leprosis symptoms in Mexico, an important citrus producer. Using high throughput sequencing, a virus associated with citrus leprosis was identified, belonging to the proposed Dichorhavirus genus. The virus was termed Citrus Necrotic Spot Virus (CNSV) and contains two negative-strand RNA components; virions accumulate in the cytoplasm and are associated with plasmodesmata-channels interconnecting neighboring cells-suggesting a mode of spread within the plant. The present study provides insights into the nature of this pathogen and the corresponding plant response, which is likely similar to other pathogens that do not spread systemically in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Cruz-Jaramillo
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Av. IPN 2508, Zacatenco 07360, México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Roberto Ruiz-Medrano
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Av. IPN 2508, Zacatenco 07360, México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Lourdes Rojas-Morales
- LaNSE, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Av. IPN 2508, Zacatenco 07360, México D.F., Mexico.
| | - José Abel López-Buenfil
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Av. IPN 2508, Zacatenco 07360, México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Oscar Morales-Galván
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Guillermo Pérez Valenzuela 127, Coyoacán 04100, México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Claudio Chavarín-Palacio
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Guillermo Pérez Valenzuela 127, Coyoacán 04100, México D.F., Mexico.
| | - José Abrahán Ramírez-Pool
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Av. IPN 2508, Zacatenco 07360, México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Beatriz Xoconostle-Cázares
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Av. IPN 2508, Zacatenco 07360, México D.F., Mexico.
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43
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Gorchakov RV, Tesh RB, Weaver SC, Nasar F. Generation of an infectious Negev virus cDNA clone. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2071-2074. [PMID: 24878640 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.066019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Negevirus consists of insect-only viruses isolated from mosquitoes and sandflies. Here, we report the successful construction of a full-length infectious cDNA clone of Negev virus (NEGV) strain M30957. Viral RNA was transcribed in vitro and virus was readily rescued with or without the use of a cap analogue. These results strongly suggest that NEGV, and likely other members within the genus, is a non-segmented, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodion V Gorchakov
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Farooq Nasar
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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44
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Nabeshima T, Inoue S, Okamoto K, Posadas-Herrera G, Yu F, Uchida L, Ichinose A, Sakaguchi M, Sunahara T, Buerano CC, Tadena FP, Orbita IB, Natividad FF, Morita K. Tanay virus, a new species of virus isolated from mosquitoes in the Philippines. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1390-1395. [PMID: 24646751 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.061887-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2005, we isolated a new species of virus from mosquitoes in the Philippines. The virion was elliptical in shape and had a short single projection. The virus was named Tanay virus (TANAV) after the locality in which it was found. TANAV genomic RNA was a 9562 nt+poly-A positive strand, and polycistronic. The longest ORF contained putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP); however, conserved short motifs in the RdRP were permuted. TANAV was phylogenetically close to Negevirus, a recently proposed taxon of viruses isolated from haemophagic insects, and to some plant viruses, such as citrus leprosis virus C, hibiscus green spot virus and blueberry necrotic ring blotch virus. In this paper, we describe TANAV and the permuted structure of its RdRP, and discuss its phylogeny together with those of plant viruses and negevirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nabeshima
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto-machi 1-12-4, Nagasaki City 852-8523, Japan
| | - Shingo Inoue
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto-machi 1-12-4, Nagasaki City 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kenta Okamoto
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto-machi 1-12-4, Nagasaki City 852-8523, Japan
| | - Guillermo Posadas-Herrera
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto-machi 1-12-4, Nagasaki City 852-8523, Japan
| | - Fuxun Yu
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto-machi 1-12-4, Nagasaki City 852-8523, Japan
| | - Leo Uchida
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto-machi 1-12-4, Nagasaki City 852-8523, Japan
| | - Akitoyo Ichinose
- Central Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto-machi 1-12-4, Nagasaki City 852-8523, Japan
| | - Miako Sakaguchi
- Central Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto-machi 1-12-4, Nagasaki City 852-8523, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Sunahara
- Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto-machi 1-12-4, Nagasaki City 852-8523, Japan
| | - Corazon C Buerano
- Research and Biotechnology, St. Luke's Medical Center, 279 E. Rodriguez Sr. Blvd, Quezon City 1102, Philippines.,Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto-machi 1-12-4, Nagasaki City 852-8523, Japan
| | - Florencio P Tadena
- Research and Biotechnology, St. Luke's Medical Center, 279 E. Rodriguez Sr. Blvd, Quezon City 1102, Philippines
| | - Ildefonso B Orbita
- Research and Biotechnology, St. Luke's Medical Center, 279 E. Rodriguez Sr. Blvd, Quezon City 1102, Philippines
| | - Filipinas F Natividad
- Research and Biotechnology, St. Luke's Medical Center, 279 E. Rodriguez Sr. Blvd, Quezon City 1102, Philippines
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto-machi 1-12-4, Nagasaki City 852-8523, Japan
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Mendoza-Figueroa JS, Soriano-García M, Valle-Castillo LB, Méndez-Lozano J. Peptides and Peptidomics: A Tool with Potential in Control of Plant Viral Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2014.49060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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46
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Auguste AJ, Carrington CVF, Forrester NL, Popov VL, Guzman H, Widen SG, Wood TG, Weaver SC, Tesh RB. Characterization of a novel Negevirus and a novel Bunyavirus isolated from Culex (Culex) declarator mosquitoes in Trinidad. J Gen Virol 2013; 95:481-485. [PMID: 24262627 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.058412-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pools of mosquitoes were tested for insect-specific viruses using cytopathic effect (CPE) assays on Aedes albopictus (C6/36) cells. Illumina sequencing of RNA from pool TR7094, which produced extensive CPE 2 days post-infection, yielded the complete genome sequences of a previously unknown Bunyavirus, designated Cumuto virus (CUMV), and a second virus designated Wallerfield virus (WALV). WALV shared highest amino acid identity (60.1 %) with Dezidougou virus from Côte d'Ivoire, a positive-sense, single-strand RNA, insect-specific virus belonging to the newly proposed genus Negevirus associated with mosquitoes and phlebotomine sandflies. The S, M and L segments of CUMV were most closely related to those of Gouleako virus, also from Côte d'Ivoire (amino acid identities of 36 %, 38% and 54 % respectively). Neither virus produced CPE on vertebrate cells, or illness in newborn mice. Isolation and characterization of these viruses increase our knowledge of the geographical distribution, diversity and host range of mosquito-specific bunyaviruses and negeviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Auguste
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Christine V F Carrington
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Naomi L Forrester
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Vsevolod L Popov
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Hilda Guzman
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Steven G Widen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Thomas G Wood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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47
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Melzer MJ, Simbajon N, Carillo J, Borth WB, Freitas-Astúa J, Kitajima EW, Neupane KR, Hu JS. A cilevirus infects ornamental hibiscus in Hawaii. Arch Virol 2013; 158:2421-4. [PMID: 23732930 PMCID: PMC3812299 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1745-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of a virus infecting ornamental hibiscus (Hibiscus sp.) in Hawaii with symptoms of green ringspots on senescing leaves was determined from double-stranded RNA isolated from symptomatic tissue. Excluding polyadenylated regions at the 3' termini, the bipartite RNA genome was 8748 and 5019 nt in length for RNA1 and RNA2, respectively. The genome organization was typical of a cilevirus: RNA1 encoded a large replication-associated protein with methyltransferase, protease, helicase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domains as well as a 29-kDa protein of unknown function. RNA2 possessed five open reading frames that potentially encoded proteins with molecular masses of 15, 7, 62, 32, and 24 kDa. The 32-kDa protein is homologous to 3A movement proteins of RNA viruses; the other proteins are of unknown function. A proteome comparison revealed that this virus was 92 % identical to citrus leprosis virus cytoplasmic type 2 (CiLV-C2), a recently characterized cilevirus infecting citrus with leprosis-like symptoms in Colombia. The high sequence similarity suggests that the virus described in this study could be a strain of CiLV-C2, but since the new genus Cilevirus does not have species demarcation criteria established at present, the classification of this virus infecting hibiscus is open to interpretation. This study represents the first documented case of a cilevirus established in the United States and provides insight into the diversity within the genus Cilevirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Melzer
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 310, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA,
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48
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Choudhary N, Roy A, Guillermo LM, Picton D, Wei G, Nakhla M, Levy L, Brlansky R. Immunodiagnosis of Citrus leprosis virus C using a polyclonal antibody to an expressed putative coat protein. J Virol Methods 2013; 193:548-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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49
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Powerful sequence similarity search methods and in-depth manual analyses can identify remote homologs in many apparently "orphan" viral proteins. J Virol 2013; 88:10-20. [PMID: 24155369 PMCID: PMC3911697 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02595-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome sequences of new viruses often contain many "orphan" or "taxon-specific" proteins apparently lacking homologs. However, because viral proteins evolve very fast, commonly used sequence similarity detection methods such as BLAST may overlook homologs. We analyzed a data set of proteins from RNA viruses characterized as "genus specific" by BLAST. More powerful methods developed recently, such as HHblits or HHpred (available through web-based, user-friendly interfaces), could detect distant homologs of a quarter of these proteins, suggesting that these methods should be used to annotate viral genomes. In-depth manual analyses of a subset of the remaining sequences, guided by contextual information such as taxonomy, gene order, or domain cooccurrence, identified distant homologs of another third. Thus, a combination of powerful automated methods and manual analyses can uncover distant homologs of many proteins thought to be orphans. We expect these methodological results to be also applicable to cellular organisms, since they generally evolve much more slowly than RNA viruses. As an application, we reanalyzed the genome of a bee pathogen, Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV). We could identify homologs of most of its proteins thought to be orphans; in each case, identifying homologs provided functional clues. We discovered that CBPV encodes a domain homologous to the Alphavirus methyltransferase-guanylyltransferase; a putative membrane protein, SP24, with homologs in unrelated insect viruses and insect-transmitted plant viruses having different morphologies (cileviruses, higreviruses, blunerviruses, negeviruses); and a putative virion glycoprotein, ORF2, also found in negeviruses. SP24 and ORF2 are probably major structural components of the virions.
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50
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Garita LC, Tassi AD, Calegario RF, Kitajima EW, Carbonell SAM, Freitas-Astúa J. Common Bean: Experimental Indicator Plant for Citrus leprosis virus C and Some Other Cytoplasmic-Type Brevipalpus-Transmitted Viruses. PLANT DISEASE 2013; 97:1346-1351. [PMID: 30722150 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-12-1143-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Citrus leprosis (CL) caused by Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C) is present in Latin America from Mexico to Argentina, where citrus plants are grown. CiLV-C is transmitted by the tenuipalpid mite, Brevipalpus phoenicis, causing localized lesions on citrus leaves, fruit, and stems. One limitation to study of the virus-vector-host relationship in this pathosystem is the lack of a suitable assay plant. On Citrus spp. used as susceptible hosts, symptoms may take weeks or months to appear after experimental inoculation by viruliferous mites. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) was found to respond with localized necrotic lesions after inoculation with viruliferous B. phoenicis in 5 days. Thus far, 113 tested common bean varieties and lines and some recent accessions of varied genetic background behaved in a similar way. Black bean 'IAC Una' was adopted as a standard test variety. When inoculated leaves were left at 28 to 30°C, the period for the lesion appearance was reduced to only 2 days. Confirmation that the lesions on common bean leaves are caused by CiLV-C were made by transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction specific for CiLV-C. Common bean plants mite-inoculated with some other cytoplasmic-type Brevipalpus-transmitted viruses (BrTVs) (Passion fruit green spot virus, Solanum violaefolium ringspot virus, Ligustrum ringspot virus, and Hibiscus green spot virus) also responded with necrotic local lesions and may serve as test plants for these viruses. Two nuclear types of BrTV (Coffee ringspot virus and Clerodendrum chlorotic spot virus) were unable to produce symptoms on common bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Garita
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 9, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - A D Tassi
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 9, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - R F Calegario
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 9, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - E W Kitajima
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 9, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - S A M Carbonell
- Centro de Grãos e Fibras, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Caixa Postal 28, 12020-902, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - J Freitas-Astúa
- Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Caixa Postal 7, 44380-000 Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil, and Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Caixa Postal 4, 13490-970 Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil
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