1
|
Laviano HD, Gómez G, Núñez Y, García-Casco JM, Benítez RM, de Las Heras-Molina A, Gómez F, Sánchez-Esquiliche F, Martínez-Fernández B, González-Bulnes A, Rey AI, López-Bote CJ, Muñoz M, Óvilo C. Maternal dietary antioxidant supplementation regulates weaned piglets' adipose tissue transcriptome and morphology. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0310399. [PMID: 39264906 PMCID: PMC11392410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0310399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant supplementation in critical periods may be useful for improvement of piglet early viability and development. We have evaluated the effects of maternal perinatal diet inclusion of a high vitamin E level (VE, 100 mg all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate /kg), hydroxytyrosol (HT, 1.5 mg/kg), or their combination (VEHT), in comparison to a control diet (C, 30 mg all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate /kg), on the offspring homeostasis and metabolism, analysing the weaned piglets' adipose tissue transcriptome and adipocyte morphology. Diets were provided to pregnant Iberian sows (n = 48, 12 per treatment) from gestation day 85 to weaning (28 days postpartum) and 48 piglets (n = 12 per treatment) were sampled 5 days postweaning for dorsal subcutaneous adipose tissue analyses. RNA obtained from 6 animals for each diet was used for paired-end RNA sequencing. Results show that supplementation of sows' diet with either vitamin E or hydroxytyrosol had substantial effects on weaned piglet adipose transcriptome, with 664 and 587 genes being differentially expressed, in comparison to C, respectively (q-value<0.10, Fold Change>1.5). Genes upregulated in C were mainly involved in inflammatory and immune response, as well as oxidative stress, and relevant canonical pathways and upstream regulators involved in these processes were predicted as activated, such as TNF, IFNB or NFKB. Vitamin E, when supplemented alone at high dose, activated lipid biosynthesis functions, pathways and regulators, this finding being accompanied by increased adipocyte size. Results suggest an improved metabolic and antioxidant status of adipose tissue in animals born from sows supplemented with individual antioxidants, while the combined supplementation barely affected gene expression, with VEHT showing a prooxidant/proinflamatory functional profile similar to C animals. Different hypothesis are proposed to explain this unexpected result. Findings allow a deeper understanding of the processes taking place in adipose tissue of genetically fat animals and the role of antioxidants in the regulation of fat cells function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hernán D Laviano
- Departamento Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerardo Gómez
- Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal de Castilla-La Mancha (IRIAF), Toledo, Spain
| | - Yolanda Núñez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, INIA, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rita M Benítez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, INIA, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana de Las Heras-Molina
- Departamento Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Antonio González-Bulnes
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana I Rey
- Departamento Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clemente J López-Bote
- Departamento Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Muñoz
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, INIA, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Óvilo
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, INIA, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Global analysis of the association between pig muscle fatty acid composition and gene expression using RNA-Seq. Sci Rep 2023; 13:535. [PMID: 36631502 PMCID: PMC9834388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) play an essential role as mediators of cell signaling and signal transduction, affecting metabolic homeostasis and determining meat quality in pigs. However, FAs are transformed by the action of several genes, such as those encoding desaturases and elongases of FAs in lipogenic tissues. The aim of the current work was to identify candidate genes, biological processes, and pathways involved in the modulation of intramuscular FA profile from longissimus dorsi muscle. FA profile by gas chromatography of methyl esters and gene expression by RNA-Seq were determined in 129 Iberian × Duroc backcrossed pigs. An association analysis between the muscle transcriptome and its FA profile was performed, followed by a concordance and functional analysis. Overall, a list of well-known (e.g., PLIN1, LEP, ELOVL6, SC5D, NCOA2, ACSL1, MDH1, LPL, LGALS12, TFRC, GOT1, and FBP1) and novel (e.g., TRARG1, TANK, ENSSSCG00000011196, and ENSSSCG00000038429) candidate genes was identified, either in association with specific or several FA traits. Likewise, several of these genes belong to biological processes and pathways linked to energy, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism, which seem determinants in the modulation of FA compositions. This study can contribute to elucidate the complex relationship between gene expression and FA profile in pig muscle.
Collapse
|
3
|
Obesity and Metabolic Traits after High-Fat Diet in Iberian Pigs with Low Birth Weight of Placental Origin. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101533. [PMID: 36290436 PMCID: PMC9598994 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and later obesity and metabolic disorders have classically been associated with maternal malnutrition, but most cases of IUGR are related to placental insufficiency. The current study, using a swine model for IUGR and obesity, aimed to determine the interaction of birth weight (categorized as low birth weight [LBW] or normal birth-weight [NBW]) and postnatal diet (categorized as maintenance diet [MD] or fattening diet [FD]) on body weight, adiposity and metabolic traits. FD induced higher body weight and adiposity (both p < 0.0001), with higher fructosamine levels (p < 0.005) and a trend toward higher HOMA-β index (p = 0.05). NBW pigs remained heavier than LBW pigs during the early juvenile period (p < 0.005), but there were no differences at later stages. There were no differences in metabolic traits during juvenile development, but there were differences in adulthood, when LBW pigs showed higher glucose and lower insulin levels than NBW pigs (both p < 0.05). These results suggest that (a) FD allows LBW offspring to achieve similar obesity in adulthood as NBW offspring, and (b) glucose metabolism is more compromised in obese LBW than obese NBW pigs. The comparison of our data with previous studies highlights significant differences between offspring with LBW induced by maternal malnutrition or placental insufficiency, which should be considered when studying the condition.
Collapse
|
4
|
Yeste N, Pérez-Valle J, Heras-Molina A, Pesántez-Pacheco JL, Porrini E, González-Bulnes A, Bassols A. A High-Fat Diet Modifies Brain Neurotransmitter Profile and Hippocampal Proteome and Morphology in an IUGR Pig Model. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163440. [PMID: 36014946 PMCID: PMC9416793 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) hinders the correct growth of the fetus during pregnancy due to the lack of oxygen or nutrients. The developing fetus gives priority to brain development ("brain sparing"), but the risk exists of neurological and cognitive deficits at short or long term. On the other hand, diets rich in fat exert pernicious effects on brain function. Using a pig model of spontaneous IUGR, we have studied the effect on the adult of a long-term high-fat diet (HFD) on the neurotransmitter profile in several brain areas, and the morphology and the proteome of the hippocampus. Our hypothesis was that animals affected by IUGR (born with low birth weight) would present a different susceptibility to an HFD when they become adults, compared with normal birth-weight animals. Our results indicate that HFD affected the serotoninergic pathway, but it did not provoke relevant changes in the morphology of the hippocampus. Finally, the proteomic analysis revealed that, in some instances, NBW and LBW individuals respond to HFD in different ways. In particular, NBW animals presented changes in oxidative phosphorylation and the extracellular matrix, whereas LBW animals presented differences in RNA splicing, anterograde and retrograde transport and the mTOR pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Yeste
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Pérez-Valle
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Heras-Molina
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Pesántez-Pacheco
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Cuenca, Avda, Doce de Octubre, Cuenca 010220, Ecuador
| | - Esteban Porrini
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, 38320 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Antonio González-Bulnes
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Anna Bassols
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Heras-Molina A, Núñez Y, Benítez R, Pesántez-Pacheco JL, García-Contreras C, Vázquez-Gómez M, Astiz S, Isabel B, González-Bulnes A, Óvilo C. Hypothalamic transcriptome analysis reveals male-specific differences in molecular pathways related to oxidative phosphorylation between Iberian pig genotypes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272775. [PMID: 35972914 PMCID: PMC9380940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is implicated in controlling feeding and adiposity, besides many other physiological functions, and thus can be of great importance in explaining productive differences between lean and fatty pig breeds. The present study aimed to evaluate the hypothalamic transcriptome of pure Iberian (IBxIB) and Large White x Iberian crossbreds (IBxLW) at 60 days-old, produced in a single maternal environment. Results showed the implication of gender and genotype in the hypothalamic transcriptome, with 51 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between genotypes and 10 DEGs between genders. Fourteen genotype by sex interactions were found, due to a higher genotype effect on transcriptome found in males. In fact, just 31 DEGs were identified when using only females but 158 using only males. A higher expression of genes related to mitochondrial activity in IBxIB male animals (ND3, ND4, ND5, UQCRC2 and ATP6) was found, which was related to a higher oxidative phosphorylation and greater reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide production. IBxLW male animals showed higher expression of SIRT3 regulator, also related to mitochondrial function. When females were analysed, such differences were not found, since only some differences in genes related to the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Thus, the results indicate a significant effect and interaction of the breed and the sex on the hypothalamic transcriptome at this early age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Heras-Molina
- Department of Animal Breeding, INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Production, Veterinary Faculty, UCM, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Yolanda Núñez
- Department of Animal Breeding, INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rita Benítez
- Department of Animal Breeding, INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Pesántez-Pacheco
- Department of Animal Reproduction, INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, UC, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | | | - Marta Vázquez-Gómez
- Department of Animal Production, Veterinary Faculty, UCM, Madrid, Spain
- Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches Research Unit (NutriOmics), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Susana Astiz
- Department of Animal Reproduction, INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Isabel
- Department of Animal Production, Veterinary Faculty, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio González-Bulnes
- Department of Animal Reproduction, INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Production, Veterinary Faculty, UCH-CEU, Valencia, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cluzel GL, Ryan PM, Herisson FM, Caplice NM. High-fidelity porcine models of metabolic syndrome: a contemporary synthesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E366-E381. [PMID: 35224983 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00413.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to describe and compare porcine models of metabolic syndrome. This syndrome and its associated secondary comorbidities are set to become the greatest challenge to healthcare providers and policy makers in the coming century. However, an incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis has left significant knowledge gaps in terms of efficacious therapeutics. To further our comprehension and, in turn, management of metabolic syndrome, appropriate high-fidelity models of the disease complex are of great importance. In this context, our review aims to assess the most promising porcine models of metabolic syndrome currently available for their similarity to the human phenotype. In addition, we aim to highlight the strengths and shortcomings of each model in an attempt to identify the most appropriate application of each. Although no porcine model perfectly recapitulates the human metabolic syndrome, several pose satisfactory approximations. The Ossabaw miniature swine in particular represents a highly translatable model that develops each of the core parameters of the syndrome with many of the associated secondary comorbidities. Future high-fidelity porcine models of metabolic syndrome need to focus on secondary sequelae replication, which may require extended induction period to reveal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaston L Cluzel
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul M Ryan
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Florence M Herisson
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Noel M Caplice
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bressan MC, Belo AT, Amaral A, Cordeiro D, Boari CA, Bettencourt C, van Harten S, Moreira O, da Gama LT, Almeida JM. The impact of genetic groups (Alentejano and F1 Landrace x Large White pigs) and body weight (90, 120 and 160kg) on blood metabolites. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
8
|
Hanna AS, Hellenbrand DJ, Schomberg DT, Salamat SM, Loh M, Wheeler L, Hanna B, Ozaydin B, Meudt J, Shanmuganayagam D. Brachial plexus anatomy in the miniature swine as compared to human. J Anat 2022; 240:172-181. [PMID: 34355792 PMCID: PMC8655215 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachial plexus injury (BPI) occurs when the brachial plexus is compressed, stretched, or avulsed. Although rodents are commonly used to study BPI, these models poorly mimic human BPI due to the discrepancy in size. The objective of this study was to compare the brachial plexus between human and Wisconsin Miniature SwineTM (WMSTM ), which are approximately the weight of an average human (68-91 kg), to determine if swine would be a suitable model for studying BPI mechanisms and treatments. To analyze the gross anatomy, WMS brachial plexuses were dissected both anteriorly and posteriorly. For histological analysis, sections from various nerves of human and WMS brachial plexuses were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, and postfixed with 2% osmium tetroxide. Subsequently paraffin sections were counter-stained with Masson's Trichrome. Gross anatomy revealed that the separation into three trunks and three cords is significantly less developed in the swine than in human. In swine, it takes the form of upper, middle, and lower systems with ventral and dorsal components. Histological evaluation of selected nerves revealed differences in nerve trunk diameters and the number of myelinated axons in the two species. The WMS had significantly fewer myelinated axons than humans in median (p = 0.0049), ulnar (p = 0.0002), and musculocutaneous nerves (p = 0.0454). The higher number of myelinated axons in these nerves for humans is expected because there is a high demand of fine motor and sensory functions in the human hand. Due to the stronger shoulder girdle muscles in WMS, the WMS suprascapular and axillary nerves were larger than in human. Overall, the WMS brachial plexus is similar in size and origin to human making them a very good model to study BPI. Future studies analyzing the effects of BPI in WMS should be conducted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amgad S. Hanna
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH) – MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Daniel J. Hellenbrand
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH) – MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Dominic T. Schomberg
- Department of Animal and Dairy SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Shahriar M. Salamat
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH) – MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH)MadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Megan Loh
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH) – MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Lea Wheeler
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH) – MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Barbara Hanna
- University of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Burak Ozaydin
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH) – MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Jennifer Meudt
- Biomedical & Genomic Research GroupUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Dhanansayan Shanmuganayagam
- Department of Animal and Dairy SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH) – MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Benítez R, Núñez Y, Ayuso M, Isabel B, Fernández-Barroso MA, De Mercado E, Gómez-Izquierdo E, García-Casco JM, López-Bote C, Óvilo C. Changes in Biceps femoris Transcriptome along Growth in Iberian Pigs Fed Different Energy Sources and Comparative Analysis with Duroc Breed. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123505. [PMID: 34944282 PMCID: PMC8697974 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The genetic mechanisms that regulate biological processes, such as skeletal muscle development and growth, or intramuscular fat deposition, have attracted great interest, given their impact on production traits and meat quality. In this sense, a comparison of the transcriptome of skeletal muscle between phenotypically different pig breeds, or along growth, could be useful to improve the understanding of the molecular processes underlying the differences in muscle metabolism and phenotypic traits, potentially driving the identification of causal genes, regulators and metabolic pathways involved in their variability. Abstract This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of developmental stage, breed, and diet energy source on the genome-wide expression, meat quality traits, and tissue composition of biceps femoris muscle in growing pure Iberian and Duroc pigs. The study comprised 59 Iberian (IB) and 19 Duroc (DU) animals, who started the treatment at an average live weight (LW) of 19.9 kg. The animals were kept under identical management conditions and fed two diets with different energy sources (6% high oleic sunflower oil or carbohydrates). Twenty-nine IB animals were slaughtered after seven days of treatment at an average LW of 24.1 kg, and 30 IB animals plus all the DU animals were slaughtered after 47 days at an average LW of 50.7 kg. The main factors affecting the muscle transcriptome were age, with 1832 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and breed (1055 DEGs), while the effect of diet on the transcriptome was very small. The results indicated transcriptome changes along time in Iberian animals, being especially related to growth and tissue development, extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and cytoskeleton organization, with DEGs affecting relevant functions and biological pathways, such as myogenesis. The breed also affected functions related to muscle development and cytoskeleton organization, as well as functions related to solute transport and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Taking into account the results of the two main comparisons (age and breed effects), we can postulate that the Iberian breed is more precocious than the Duroc breed, regarding myogenesis and muscle development, in the studied growing stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Benítez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.B.); (Y.N.); (M.A.F.-B.); (J.M.G.-C.)
| | - Yolanda Núñez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.B.); (Y.N.); (M.A.F.-B.); (J.M.G.-C.)
| | - Miriam Ayuso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical, Pharmaceutical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | - Beatriz Isabel
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.I.); (C.L.-B.)
| | - Miguel A. Fernández-Barroso
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.B.); (Y.N.); (M.A.F.-B.); (J.M.G.-C.)
| | - Eduardo De Mercado
- Centro de Pruebas de Porcino ITACYL, Hontalbilla, 40353 Segovia, Spain; (E.D.M.); (E.G.-I.)
| | - Emilio Gómez-Izquierdo
- Centro de Pruebas de Porcino ITACYL, Hontalbilla, 40353 Segovia, Spain; (E.D.M.); (E.G.-I.)
| | - Juan M. García-Casco
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.B.); (Y.N.); (M.A.F.-B.); (J.M.G.-C.)
| | - Clemente López-Bote
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.I.); (C.L.-B.)
| | - Cristina Óvilo
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.B.); (Y.N.); (M.A.F.-B.); (J.M.G.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-3471492
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Feeding Crude Glycerin to Finishing Iberian Crossbred Pigs: Effects on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Blood Parameters. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082181. [PMID: 34438638 PMCID: PMC8388379 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 192 Iberian × Duroc pigs kept under intensive conditions were used to investigate the effects of feeding crude glycerin on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood parameters. Animals were blocked by initial body weight (96.0 ± 11.3 kg) and allotted to pens (16 pigs per pen). Pens were assigned randomly to one of three dietary treatments (four pens per treatment). Dietary treatments contained 0, 5, or 10% of crude glycerin proportionally substituting for wheat (G0, G5, and G10, respectively). Diets were formulated to be isoenergetic and isoaminoacidic. No significant effect of crude glycerin was observed on average daily gain, average feed intake, or feed conversion ratio. The apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein was no different between treatments. Total serum protein, albumin, glucose, insulin, and IGF-1 were not affected by glycerin inclusion. In conclusion, crude glycerin up to 100 g/kg can be included in the diets of finishing Iberian crossbred pigs without any negative effect on growth performance, digestibility, or serum metabolic parameters.
Collapse
|
11
|
Núñez Y, Radović Č, Savić R, García-Casco JM, Čandek-Potokar M, Benítez R, Radojković D, Lukić M, Gogić M, Muñoz M, Fontanesi L, Óvilo C. Muscle Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Molecular Pathways Related to Oxidative Phosphorylation, Antioxidant Defense, Fatness and Growth in Mangalitsa and Moravka Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030844. [PMID: 33809803 PMCID: PMC8002519 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This work was aimed at evaluating loin transcriptome and metabolic pathway differences between the two main Serbian local pig breeds with divergent characteristics regarding muscle growth and fatness, as well as exploring nutrigenomic effects of tannin supplementation in Mangalitsa (MA) pigs. The study comprised 24 Mangalitsa and 10 Moravka (MO) males, which were kept under identical management conditions. Mangalitsa animals were divided in two nutritional groups (n = 12) receiving a standard (control) or tannin-supplemented diet (1.5%; MAT). Moravka pigs were fed the standard mixture. All animals were slaughtered at a similar age; 120 kg of average live weight (LW) and loin tissue was used for RNA-seq analysis. Results showed 306 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) according to breed, enriched in genes involved in growth, lipid metabolism, protein metabolism and muscle development, such as PDK4, FABP4, MYOD1 and STAT3, as well as a relevant number of genes involved in mitochondrial respiratory activity (MT-NDs, NDUFAs among others). Oxidative phosphorylation was the most significantly affected pathway, activated in Mangalitsa muscle, revealing the basis of a different muscle metabolism. Also, many other relevant pathways were affected by breed and involved in oxidative stress response, fat accumulation and development of skeletal muscle. Results also allowed the identification of potential regulators and causal networks such as those controlled by FLCN, PPARGC1A or PRKAB1 with relevant regulatory roles on DEGs involved in mitochondrial and lipid metabolism, or IL3 and TRAF2 potentially controlling DEGs involved in muscle development. The Tannin effect on transcriptome was small, with only 23 DEGs, but included interesting ones involved in lipid deposition such as PPARGC1B. The results indicate a significant effect of the breed on muscle tissue gene expression, affecting relevant biological pathways and allowing the identification of strong regulatory candidate genes to underlie the gene expression and phenotypic differences between the compared groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Núñez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.N.); (J.M.G.-C.); (R.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Čedomir Radović
- Institute for Animal Husbandry, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (Č.R.); (M.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Radomir Savić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (R.S.); (D.R.)
| | - Juan M. García-Casco
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.N.); (J.M.G.-C.); (R.B.); (M.M.)
| | | | - Rita Benítez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.N.); (J.M.G.-C.); (R.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Dragan Radojković
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (R.S.); (D.R.)
| | - Miloš Lukić
- Institute for Animal Husbandry, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (Č.R.); (M.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Marija Gogić
- Institute for Animal Husbandry, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (Č.R.); (M.L.); (M.G.)
| | - María Muñoz
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.N.); (J.M.G.-C.); (R.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Luca Fontanesi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Cristina Óvilo
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.N.); (J.M.G.-C.); (R.B.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-913471492
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rodríguez-López JM, Lachica M, González-Valero L, Fernández-Fígares I. Determining insulin sensitivity from glucose tolerance tests in Iberian and landrace pigs. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11014. [PMID: 33854837 PMCID: PMC7955676 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As insulin sensitivity may help to explain divergences in growth and body composition between native and modern breeds, metabolic responses to glucose infusion were measured using an intra-arterial glucose tolerance test (IAGTT). Iberian (n = 4) and Landrace (n = 5) barrows (47.0 ± 1.2 kg body weight (BW)), fitted with a permanent carotid artery catheter were injected with glucose (500 mg/kg BW) and blood samples collected at -10, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min following glucose infusion. Plasma samples were analysed for insulin, glucose, lactate, triglycerides, cholesterol, creatinine, albumin and urea. Insulin sensitivity indices were calculated and analysed. Mean plasma glucose, creatinine and cholesterol concentrations were lower (P < 0.01) in Iberian (14, 68 and 22%, respectively) than in Landrace pigs during the IAGTT. However, mean plasma insulin, lactate, triglycerides and urea concentrations were greater (P < 0.001) in Iberian (50, 35, 18 and 23%, respectively) than in Landrace pigs. Iberian pigs had larger area under the curve (AUC) of insulin (P < 0.05) or tended to a greater AUC of lactate (P < 0.10), and a smaller (P < 0.05) AUC for glucose 0-60 min compared with Landrace pigs. Indices for estimating insulin sensitivity in fasting conditions indicated improved β-cell function in Iberian compared with Landrace pigs, but no difference (P > 0.10) in calculated insulin sensitivity index was found after IAGTT between breeds. A time response (P < 0.05) was obtained for insulin, glucose and lactate so that maximum concentration was achieved at 10 and 15 min post-infusion for insulin (Iberian and Landrace pigs, respectively), immediately post-infusion for glucose, and 20 min post-infusion for lactate, decreasing thereafter until basal levels. There was no time effect for the rest of metabolites evaluated. In conclusion, growing Iberian pigs challenged with an IAGTT showed changes in biochemical parameters and insulin response that may indicate an early stage of insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Lachica
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Animal Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Lucrecia González-Valero
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Animal Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Ignacio Fernández-Fígares
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Animal Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Maj M, Harbottle B, Thomas PA, Hernandez GV, Smith VA, Edwards MS, Fanter RK, Glanz HS, Immoos C, Burrin DG, Santiago-Rodriguez TM, La Frano MR, Manjarín R. Consumption of High-Fructose Corn Syrup Compared with Sucrose Promotes Adiposity and Increased Triglyceridemia but Comparable NAFLD Severity in Juvenile Iberian Pigs. J Nutr 2021; 151:1139-1149. [PMID: 33693900 PMCID: PMC8112773 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fructose consumption has been linked to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children. However, the effect of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) compared with sucrose in pediatric NAFLD has not been investigated. OBJECTIVES We tested whether the isocaloric substitution of dietary sucrose by HFCS would increase the severity of NAFLD in juvenile pigs, and whether this effect would be associated with changes in gut histology, SCFA production, and microbial diversity. METHODS Iberian pigs, 53-d-old and pair-housed in pens balanced for weight and sex, were randomly assigned to receive a mash diet top-dressed with increasing amounts of sucrose (SUC; n = 3 pens; 281.6-486.8 g/kg diet) or HFCS (n = 4; 444.3-724.8 g/kg diet) during 16 wk. Diets exceeded the animal's energy requirements by providing sugars in excess, but met the requirements for all other nutrients. Animals were killed at 165 d of age after blood sampling, and liver, muscle, and gut were collected for histology, metabolome, and microbiome analyses. Data were analyzed by multivariate and univariate statistics. RESULTS Compared with SUC, HFCS increased subcutaneous fat, triacylglycerides in plasma, and butyrate in colon (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, HFCS decreased UMP and short-chain acyl carnitines in liver, and urea nitrogen and creatinine in serum (P ≤ 0.05). Microbiome analysis showed a 24.8% average dissimilarity between HFCS and SUC associated with changes in SCFA-producing bacteria. Body weight gain, intramuscular fat, histological and serum markers of liver injury, and circulating hormones, glucose, and proinflammatory cytokines did not differ between diets. CONCLUSIONS Fructose consumption derived from HFCS promoted butyrate synthesis, triglyceridemia, and subcutaneous lipid deposition in juvenile Iberian pigs, but did not increase serum and histological markers of NAFLD compared with a sucrose-enriched diet. Longer studies could be needed to observe differences in liver injury among sugar types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Maj
- Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA,Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Brooke Harbottle
- Animal Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Payton A Thomas
- Animal Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Gabriella V Hernandez
- Animal Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Victoria A Smith
- Animal Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Edwards
- Animal Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Rob K Fanter
- College of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA,Center for Health Research, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Hunter S Glanz
- Statistics Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Chad Immoos
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Douglas G Burrin
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Michael R La Frano
- Center for Health Research, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA,Food Science and Nutrition Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
The Role of Offspring Genotype-By-Sex Interactions, Independently of Environmental Cues, on the Phenotype Traits of an Obese Swine Model. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120445. [PMID: 33291637 PMCID: PMC7761963 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The present study, comparing the postnatal development of purebred Iberian and crossbreds Iberian × Large White littermates born from purebred Iberian sows, allows us to discern phenotype traits driven by the genotype from features imposed by pre- and postnatal environment. The results obtained in this study support the well-known relevance of genotype but also evidence a paramount role of the interaction sex-by-genotype, with differential effects depending on the offspring genotype and sex. Abstract The present study aimed to assess the importance of offspring genotype on postnatal development, independently of confounding factors related to prenatal environment and postnatal lifestyle, using a translational model of obesity and metabolic syndrome (the Iberian pig). Hence, we compared two genotypes (purebred Iberian and crossbreds Iberian × Large White), produced in one single maternal environment (pure Iberian mothers) through artificial insemination of Iberian sows with Iberian and Large White heterospermic semen and maintained in the same conditions during postnatal development. The results indicate that, under same pre- and postnatal environments, the interaction genotype-by-sex has a determinant role on offspring phenotype (i.e., growth and development, metabolic and antioxidant status and fatty acid composition of different tissues). These results may set the basis for future preclinical and clinical research on the differences in the metabolic phenotype among genotypes.
Collapse
|
15
|
Heras-Molina A, Pesantez-Pacheco JL, Astiz S, Garcia-Contreras C, Vazquez-Gomez M, Encinas T, Óvilo C, Isabel B, Gonzalez-Bulnes A. Maternal Supplementation with Polyphenols and Omega-3 Fatty Acids during Pregnancy: Effects on Growth, Metabolism, and Body Composition of the Offspring. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10111946. [PMID: 33105758 PMCID: PMC7690598 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The present study aimed to determine benefits and risks of a dietary supplementation combining hydroxytyrosol and n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on developmental patterns and metabolic traits of offspring in swine, a model of intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) pregnancies. There were no deleterious effects on the reproductive traits of the sows and the postnatal features of the piglets. Piglets from the supplemented sows, in spite of a lower mean weight and corpulence at birth, showed higher average daily weight gain and fractional growth rate afterwards. Consequently, they reached higher weight and corpulence with increased muscle development and better lipidemic and fatty acids profiles than control offspring at juvenile stages. Abstract Maternal supplementation with antioxidants and n3 PUFAs may be a promising strategy to reduce the risk of intrauterine growth restriction and preterm delivery, which may diminish the appearance of low-birth-weight neonates. The present study aimed to determine benefits and risks of a dietary supplementation combining hydroxytyrosol, a polyphenol from olive leaves and fruits, and n3 PUFAs, from linseed oil, on developmental patterns and metabolic traits of offspring in swine, a model of IUGR pregnancies. The results obtained indicate that maternal supplementation with hydroxytyrosol and n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy has no deleterious effects on the reproductive traits of the sows (prolificacy, homogeneity of the litter, and percentage of stillborns and low-birth-weight, LBW, piglets) and the postnatal features of the piglets (growth patterns, adiposity, and metabolic traits). Conversely, in spite of a lower mean weight and corpulence at birth, piglets from the supplemented sows showed higher average daily weight gain and fractional growth rate. Thus, at juvenile stages afterwards, the offspring from the treated group reached higher weight and corpulence, with increased muscle development and better lipidemic and fatty acid profiles, in spite of similar adiposity, than offspring in the control group. However, much caution and more research are still needed before practical recommendation and use in human pregnancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Heras-Molina
- SGIT-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (J.L.P.-P.); (S.A.); (C.G.-C.); (C.Ó.)
| | - José Luis Pesantez-Pacheco
- SGIT-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (J.L.P.-P.); (S.A.); (C.G.-C.); (C.Ó.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Cuenca, Avda. Doce de Octubre, Cuenca 010220, Ecuador
| | - Susana Astiz
- SGIT-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (J.L.P.-P.); (S.A.); (C.G.-C.); (C.Ó.)
| | | | - Marta Vazquez-Gomez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UCM, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.-G.); (T.E.); (B.I.)
- Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Trav. dels Turons, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Teresa Encinas
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UCM, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.-G.); (T.E.); (B.I.)
| | - Cristina Óvilo
- SGIT-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (J.L.P.-P.); (S.A.); (C.G.-C.); (C.Ó.)
| | - Beatriz Isabel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UCM, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.-G.); (T.E.); (B.I.)
| | - Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes
- SGIT-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (J.L.P.-P.); (S.A.); (C.G.-C.); (C.Ó.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UCM, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.-G.); (T.E.); (B.I.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Short-Term Effects of Early Menopause on Adiposity, Fatty Acids Profile and Insulin Sensitivity of a Swine Model of Female Obesity. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9090284. [PMID: 32932852 PMCID: PMC7565410 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Menopause strongly increases incidence and consequences of obesity and non-communicable diseases in women, with recent research suggesting a very early onset of changes in lipid accumulation, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. However, there is a lack of adequate preclinical models for its study. The present trial evaluated the usefulness of an alternative method to surgical ovariectomy, the administration of two doses of a GnRH analogue-protein conjugate (Vacsincel®), for inducing ovarian inactivity in sows used as preclinical models of obesity and menopause. All the sows treated with the compound developed ovarian stoppage after the second dose and, when exposed to obesogenic diets during the following three months, showed changes in the patterns of fat deposition, in the fatty acids profiles at the different tissues and in the plasma concentrations of fructosamine, urea, β-hydroxibutirate, and haptoglobin when compared to obese fed with the same diet but maintaining ovarian activity. Altogether, these results indicate that menopause early augments the deleterious effects induced by overfeeding and obesity on metabolic traits, paving the way for future research on physiopathology of these conditions and possible therapeutic targets using the swine model.
Collapse
|
17
|
Metformin Alleviates Obesity and Systemic Oxidative Stress in Obese Young Swine. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13070142. [PMID: 32640543 PMCID: PMC7408130 DOI: 10.3390/ph13070142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study assessed the relationship between obesity induced by lifestyle and systemic oxidative stress and possible modulations by oral metformin treatments in young individuals, by using a translational swine model of obesity and associated cardiometabolic disorders (Iberian pig). The results indicate the existence of an age-related increase in both adiposity and systemic oxidative stress (using hydrogen peroxide as a marker), which is higher in individuals with obesogenic lifestyle and increased weight and obesity. Such effect was not found in individuals treated with metformin. The translation of these results suggests that childhood obesity increases production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and therefore systemic oxidative stress. Treatment with metformin would improve such oxidative status.
Collapse
|
18
|
Vázquez-Gómez M, Garcia-Contreras C, Pesantez-Pacheco JL, Torres-Rovira L, Heras-Molina A, Astiz S, Óvilo C, Isabel B, Gonzalez-Bulnes A. Differential Effects of Litter Size and Within-Litter Birthweight on Postnatal Traits of Fatty Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050870. [PMID: 32429595 PMCID: PMC7278408 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The current work evaluated the relative effects of the number of piglets in the litter of origin (high vs. low litter size) and the birthweight (low (LBW) vs. normal (NBW) in large litters) on postnatal performance and quality of carcasses and meat in purebred Iberian pigs. The results indicated that NBW piglets born in large litters had disparities in developmental patterns in weight and size, back-fat deposition, and fatty acid composition of viscerae compared to NBW piglets from small litters, which again were different from those found in LBW piglets when compared to their NBW counterparts. However, both growth patterns were altered and might indicate previous phases of metabolic disorders. Abstract Fatty pigs are characterized by a thrifty genotype, adapted to harsh environments based on changes in metabolism and energy saving. Thus, we hypothesized that feto-maternal energy partitioning in large litters might have postnatal effects that might be independent of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) processes. Hence, the current work reported the influence of two effects on postnatal performance and carcass and meat quality of purebred Iberian pigs: (a) the effects of the number of piglets in the litter (high vs. low litter size), and (b) the effects of birthweight (low (LBW) vs. normal (NBW)) in large litters. The results confirmed that NBW piglets born in large litters had differences in developmental patterns of weight, back-fat deposition, and fatty acid (FA) composition when compared to NBW piglets from small litters. These results were different from those found in LBW piglets when compared to their NBW counterparts, which showed an initial asymmetrical growth and altered muscle FA composition at slaughtering. The assessment of FA composition indicated better metabolic status in NBW piglets from large litters than in LBW piglets. These data support the concept that the prenatal environment, even when the individual may cope with it, inescapably affects postnatal life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vázquez-Gómez
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.-G.); (B.I.)
| | - Consolacion Garcia-Contreras
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Avda Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (C.Ó.)
| | - José Luis Pesantez-Pacheco
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Avda Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.P.-P.); (L.T.-R.); (A.H.-M.); (S.A.)
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Cuenca, Avda. Doce de Octubre, Cuenca 010220, Ecuador
| | - Laura Torres-Rovira
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Avda Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.P.-P.); (L.T.-R.); (A.H.-M.); (S.A.)
| | - Ana Heras-Molina
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Avda Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.P.-P.); (L.T.-R.); (A.H.-M.); (S.A.)
| | - Susana Astiz
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Avda Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.P.-P.); (L.T.-R.); (A.H.-M.); (S.A.)
| | - Cristina Óvilo
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Avda Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (C.Ó.)
| | - Beatriz Isabel
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.-G.); (B.I.)
| | - Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.-G.); (B.I.)
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Avda Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.P.-P.); (L.T.-R.); (A.H.-M.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Albuquerque A, Óvilo C, Núñez Y, Benítez R, López-Garcia A, García F, Félix MDR, Laranjo M, Charneca R, Martins JM. Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue from Local Pig Breeds. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E422. [PMID: 32326415 PMCID: PMC7231169 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When compared to modern lean-type breeds, Portuguese local Alentejano (AL) and Bísaro (BI) pig breeds present a high potential for subcutaneous and intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition which contributes for better meat quality. The aim of this work was to explore the genome function to better understand the underlying physiological mechanisms associated with body fat accretion. Dorsal subcutaneous fat samples were collected at slaughter from adult animals (n = 4 for each breed) with ~150 kg body weight. Total RNA was obtained and sequenced for transcriptome analysis using DESeq2. A total of 458 differentially expressed (DE) genes (q-value < 0.05) were identified, with 263 overexpressed in AL and 195 in BI. Key genes involved in de novo fatty acid biosynthesis, elongation and desaturation were upregulated in AL such as ACLY, FASN, ME1, ELOVL6 and SCD. A functional enrichment analysis of the DE genes was performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Cholesterol synthesis is suggested to be higher in AL via SREBF2, SCAP and PPARG, while lipolytic activity may be more active in BI through GH and AMPK signalling. Increased signalling of CD40 together with the predicted activation of INSIG1 and INSIG2 in BI suggests that this breed is more sensitive to insulin whereas the AL is less sensitive like the Iberian breed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Albuquerque
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada & Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal;
| | - Cristina Óvilo
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.Ó.); (Y.N.); (R.B.); (A.L.-G.); (F.G.)
| | - Yolanda Núñez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.Ó.); (Y.N.); (R.B.); (A.L.-G.); (F.G.)
| | - Rita Benítez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.Ó.); (Y.N.); (R.B.); (A.L.-G.); (F.G.)
| | - Adrián López-Garcia
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.Ó.); (Y.N.); (R.B.); (A.L.-G.); (F.G.)
| | - Fabián García
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.Ó.); (Y.N.); (R.B.); (A.L.-G.); (F.G.)
| | - Maria do Rosário Félix
- MED & Departamento de Fitotecnia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal;
| | - Marta Laranjo
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada & Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal;
| | - Rui Charneca
- MED & Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal;
| | - José Manuel Martins
- MED & Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
A Cross-Sectional Study of Obesity Effects on the Metabolomic Profile of a Leptin-Resistant Swine Model. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10030089. [PMID: 32150837 PMCID: PMC7143848 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10030089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying metabolite signatures associated with obesity and related diseases might represent a valuable preventive and therapeutic tool to predict subjects at risk, establish an accurate prognosis, and monitor treatment success. The current cross-sectional study is aimed to evaluate the metabolite profile of diet-induced obesity in a porcine model of leptin resistance. Six Iberian female pigs prone to develop obesity (OB) were ad libitum fed a fat-enriched diet (HFD) for 82 days. Five lean Iberian sows (CON) in a maintenance diet served as controls. At the end of the dietary treatments, all animals were sacrificed, and plasma, liver, and muscle samples were immediately collected for nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. In plasma, signals corresponding to betaine, glycerophosphocholine/phosphocholine, glycine, and glutamate were decreased; and the valine signal was increased in OB sows compared to controls. Similarly, the betaine signal was decreased in the liver. No differences were detected in muscle. The observed metabolite changes suggest alterations in branched chain amino-acid metabolism and the methionine-homocysteine cycle, which have been previously associated with obesity-related diseases and type 2 diabetes in human observational studies. The current study supports the utilization of the leptin resistant Iberian pig for further interventional research in the field.
Collapse
|
21
|
Poklukar K, Čandek-Potokar M, Batorek Lukač N, Tomažin U, Škrlep M. Lipid Deposition and Metabolism in Local and Modern Pig Breeds: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E424. [PMID: 32138208 PMCID: PMC7142902 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern pig breeds, which have been genetically improved to achieve fast growth and a lean meat deposition, differ from local pig breeds with respect to fat deposition, fat specific metabolic characteristics and various other properties. The present review aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the differences between fatty local and modern lean pig breeds in adipose tissue deposition and lipid metabolism, taking into consideration morphological, cellular, biochemical, transcriptomic and proteomic perspectives. Compared to modern breeds, local pig breeds accumulate larger amounts of fat, which generally contains more monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids; they exhibit a higher adipocyte size and higher activity of lipogenic enzymes. Studies using transcriptomic and proteomic approaches highlighted several processes like immune response, fatty-acid turn-over, oxidoreductase activity, mitochondrial function, etc. which differ between local and modern pig breeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klavdija Poklukar
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia; (K.P.); (M.Č.-P.); (N.B.L.); (U.T.)
| | - Marjeta Čandek-Potokar
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia; (K.P.); (M.Č.-P.); (N.B.L.); (U.T.)
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Hoče SI-2311, Slovenia
| | - Nina Batorek Lukač
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia; (K.P.); (M.Č.-P.); (N.B.L.); (U.T.)
| | - Urška Tomažin
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia; (K.P.); (M.Č.-P.); (N.B.L.); (U.T.)
| | - Martin Škrlep
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia; (K.P.); (M.Č.-P.); (N.B.L.); (U.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hernandez GV, Smith VA, Melnyk M, Burd MA, Sprayberry KA, Edwards MS, Peterson DG, Bennet DC, Fanter RK, Columbus DA, Steibel JP, Glanz H, Immoos C, Rice MS, Santiago-Rodriguez TM, Blank J, VanderKelen JJ, Kitts CL, Piccolo BD, La Frano MR, Burrin DG, Maj M, Manjarin R. Dysregulated FXR-FGF19 signaling and choline metabolism are associated with gut dysbiosis and hyperplasia in a novel pig model of pediatric NASH. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G582-G609. [PMID: 32003601 PMCID: PMC7099491 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00344.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of bile acids (BAs) in the pathogenesis of diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), we fed a "Western-style diet" [high fructose, high fat (HFF)] enriched with fructose, cholesterol, and saturated fat for 10 wk to juvenile Iberian pigs. We also supplemented probiotics with in vitro BA deconjugating activity to evaluate their potential therapeutic effect in NASH. Liver lipid and function, cytokines, and hormones were analyzed using commercially available kits. Metabolites, BAs, and fatty acids were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Histology and gene and protein expression analyses were performed using standard protocols. HFF-fed pigs developed NASH, cholestasis, and impaired enterohepatic Farnesoid-X receptor (FXR)-fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) signaling in the absence of obesity and insulin resistance. Choline depletion in HFF livers was associated with decreased lipoprotein and cholesterol in serum and an increase of choline-containing phospholipids in colon contents and trimethylamine-N-oxide in the liver. Additionally, gut dysbiosis and hyperplasia increased with the severity of NASH, and were correlated with increased colonic levels of choline metabolites and secondary BAs. Supplementation of probiotics in the HFF diet enhanced NASH, inhibited hepatic autophagy, increased excretion of taurine and choline, and decreased gut microbial diversity. In conclusion, dysregulation of BA homeostasis was associated with injury and choline depletion in the liver, as well as increased biliary secretion, gut metabolism and excretion of choline-based phospholipids. Choline depletion limited lipoprotein synthesis, resulting in hepatic steatosis, whereas secondary BAs and choline-containing phospholipids in colon may have promoted dysbiosis, hyperplasia, and trimethylamine synthesis, causing further damage to the liver.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Impaired Farnesoid-X receptor (FXR)-fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) signaling and cholestasis has been described in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. However, therapeutic interventions with FXR agonists have produced contradictory results. In a swine model of pediatric nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), we show that the uncoupling of intestinal FXR-FGF19 signaling and a decrease in FGF19 levels are associated with a choline-deficient phenotype of NASH and increased choline excretion in the gut, with the subsequent dysbiosis, colonic hyperplasia, and accumulation of trimethylamine-N-oxide in the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella V Hernandez
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Victoria A Smith
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Megan Melnyk
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Matthew A Burd
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Kimberly A Sprayberry
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Mark S Edwards
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Daniel G Peterson
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Darin C Bennet
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Rob K Fanter
- Center for Health Research, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | | | - Juan P Steibel
- Department of Animal Science and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Hunter Glanz
- Department of Statistics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Chad Immoos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Margaret S Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | | | - Jason Blank
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Jennifer J VanderKelen
- Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Christopher L Kitts
- Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Brian D Piccolo
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Michael R La Frano
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
- Center for Health Research, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Douglas G Burrin
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Magdalena Maj
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
- Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Rodrigo Manjarin
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rodríguez RR, González-Bulnes A, Garcia-Contreras C, Elena Rodriguez-Rodriguez A, Astiz S, Vazquez-Gomez M, Luis Pesantez J, Isabel B, Salido-Ruiz E, González J, Donate Correa J, Luis-Lima S, Porrini E. The Iberian pig fed with high-fat diet: a model of renal disease in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 44:457-465. [PMID: 31636376 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of renal disease in the context of overweight/obesity, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance is not completely understood. This may be due to the lack of a definitive animal model of disease, which limits our understanding of obesity-induced renal damage. We evaluated the changes in renal histology and lipid deposits induced by obesity in a model of insulin resistance: the Iberian swine fed with fat-enriched food. METHODS Twenty-eight female sows were randomized to standard (SD) or high-fat diet (HFD: 6.8% of saturated fat) for 100 days. Weight, adiposity, analytics, oral glucose tolerance tests, and measured renal function were determined. Renal histology and lipid deposits in renal tissue were analyzed. RESULTS Animals on HFD developed obesity, hypertension, high levels of LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin resistance, and glomerular hyperfiltration. No animal developed overt diabetes. Animals on HFD showed "diabetoid changes", including mesangial expansion [21.40% ± 4 vs.13.20% ± 4.0, p < 0.0001], nodular glomerulosclerosis [7.40% ± 7, 0.75 vs. 2.40% ± 4.7, p = 0.02], and glomerulomegaly (18% vs. 10%, p = 0.010) than those on SD. Tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, inflammation, arteriolar hyalinosis, or fibrointimal thickening were mild and similar between groups. Triglyceride content in renal tissue was higher in animals on HFD than in SD (15.4% ± 0.5 vs. 12.7% ± 0.7; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Iberian pigs fed with fat-enriched food showed diabetoid changes and glomerulomegaly as observed in obese humans making this model suitable to study obesity-induced renal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Rodríguez Rodríguez
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain.,University of La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Antonio González-Bulnes
- Comparative Physiology Group, SGIT-INIA, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Susana Astiz
- Comparative Physiology Group, SGIT-INIA, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Eduardo Salido-Ruiz
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain.,University of La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Javier Donate Correa
- Nephrology Department, Research Unit Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Sergio Luis-Lima
- Instituto Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Tenerife, Spain.,Nephrology Department, Research Unit Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Esteban Porrini
- University of La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain. .,Instituto Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Tenerife, Spain. .,Nephrology Department, Research Unit Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Breed, Diet, and Interaction Effects on Adipose Tissue Transcriptome in Iberian and Duroc Pigs Fed Different Energy Sources. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10080589. [PMID: 31382709 PMCID: PMC6723240 DOI: 10.3390/genes10080589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the effects of breed, diet energy source, and their interaction on adipose tissue transcriptome in growing Iberian and Duroc pigs. The study comprised 29 Iberian and 19 Duroc males, which were kept under identical management conditions except the nutritional treatment. Two isoenergetic diets were used with 6% high oleic sunflower oil (HO) or carbohydrates (CH) as energy sources. All animals were slaughtered after 47 days of treatment at an average live weight of 51.2 kg. Twelve animals from each breed (six fed each diet) were employed for ham subcutaneous adipose tissue RNA-Seq analysis. The data analysis was performed using two different bioinformatic pipelines. We detected 837 and 1456 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) according to breed, depending on the pipeline. Due to the strong effect of breed on transcriptome, the effect of the diet was separately evaluated in the two breeds. We identified 207 and 57 DEGs depending on diet in Iberian and Duroc pigs, respectively. A joint analysis of both effects allowed the detection of some breed–diet interactions on transcriptome, which were inferred from RNA-Seq and quantitative PCR data. The functional analysis showed the enrichment of functions related to growth and tissue development, inflammatory response, immune cell trafficking, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and allowed the identification of potential regulators. The results indicate different effects of diet on adipose tissue gene expression between breeds, affecting relevant biological pathways.
Collapse
|
25
|
Cheraghi Z, Nedjat S, Mirmiran P, Moslehi N, Mansournia N, Etminan M, Mansournia MA, McCandless LC. Effects of food items and related nutrients on metabolic syndrome using Bayesian multilevel modelling using the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS): a cohort study. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e020642. [PMID: 30567817 PMCID: PMC6303646 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diet and nutrition might play an important role in the aetiology of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Most studies that examine the effects of food intake on MetS have used conventional statistical analyses which usually investigate only a limited number of food items and are subject to sparse data bias. This study was undertaken with the goal of investigating the concurrent effect of numerous food items and related nutrients on the incidence of MetS using Bayesian multilevel modelling which can control for sparse data bias. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING This prospective study was a subcohort of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. We analysed dietary intake as well as pertinent covariates for cohort members in the fourth (2008-2011) and fifth (2011-2014) follow-up examinations. We fitted Bayesian multilevel model and compared the results with two logistic regression models: (1) full model which included all variables and (2) reduced model through backward selection of dietary variables. PARTICIPANTS 3616 healthy Iranian adults, aged ≥20 years. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Incident cases of MetS. RESULTS Bayesian multilevel approach produced results that were more precise and biologically plausible compared with conventional logistic regression models. The OR and 95% confidence limits for the effects of the four foods comparing the Bayesian multilevel with the full conventional model were as follows: (1) noodle soup (1.20 (0.67 to 2.14) vs 1.91 (0.65 to 5.64)), (2) beans (0.96 (0.5 to 1.85) vs 0.55 (0.03 to 11.41)), (3) turnip (1.23 (0.68 to 2.23) vs 2.48 (0.82 to 7.52)) and (4) eggplant (1.01 (0.51 to 2.00) vs 1 09 396 (0.152×10-6 to 768×1012)). For most food items, the Bayesian multilevel analysis gave narrower confidence limits than both logistic regression models, and hence provided the highest precision. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that conventional regression methods do not perform well and might even be biased when assessing highly correlated exposures such as food items in dietary epidemiological studies. Despite the complexity of the Bayesian multilevel models and their inherent assumptions, this approach performs superior to conventional statistical models in studies that examine multiple nutritional exposures that are highly correlated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Cheraghi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saharnaz Nedjat
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Moslehi
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Mansournia
- Department of Endocrinology, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyar Etminan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lawrence C McCandless
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shi YS, Li CB, Li XY, Wu J, Li Y, Fu X, Zhang Y, Hu WZ. Fisetin Attenuates Metabolic Dysfunction in Mice Challenged with a High-Fructose Diet. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8291-8298. [PMID: 30040414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Excess fructose consumption can lead to metabolic syndrome, including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hepatic injury, which are associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. The present study was to investigate whether fisetin improved multiple disturbances induced by fructose consumption. First, fisetin was found to be nontoxic to mice after an 8 week treatment. Second, the mice fed with a high-fructose (HFru)-diet for 8 weeks exhibited insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hepatic injury, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Fisetin supplementation effectively improved the undesirable results mentioned above when compared to the HFru group. Meanwhile, fisetin significantly suppressed the nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway and activated the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in mice fed with HFru. Our findings demonstrated that fisetin exerted the beneficial effects in HFru-feeding mice, which might be associated with suppression of NF-κB and activation of the Nrf2 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science , Dalian Nationalities University , Dalian , Liaoning 116600 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science , Dalian Nationalities University , Dalian , Liaoning 116600 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science , Dalian Nationalities University , Dalian , Liaoning 116600 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science , Dalian Nationalities University , Dalian , Liaoning 116600 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science , Dalian Nationalities University , Dalian , Liaoning 116600 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Fu
- Department of Pharmacognosy , Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150040 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Jiamusi College , Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine , Jiamusi , Heilongjiang 154007 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Zhong Hu
- Jiamusi College , Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine , Jiamusi , Heilongjiang 154007 , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gonzalez-Añover P, Torres-Rovira L, García-Contreras C, Vazquez-Gomez M, Pesantez JL, Sanz-Fernandez MV, Astiz S, Gonzalez-Bulnes A. Antioxidant homeostasis is disturbed in fetuses with leptin-resistant genotypes: A cross-sectional study. Int J Reprod Biomed 2018; 16:497-500. [PMID: 30288483 PMCID: PMC6163048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin resistance is associated with lower reproductive efficiency, with deficiencies in embryo viability and growth leading to low prolificacy and high incidence of intrauterine growth restriction. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the leptin-resistance, evaluating the antioxidant homeostasis of leptin-resistant and lean swine fetuses. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 70 plasma samples from fetuses at day 62 of gestation (mid-pregnancy), from breeds with (Iberian breed; n=35) and without leptin resistance (25% Large White x 25% Landrace x 50% Pietrain; n=35). The antioxidant status of the plasma samples was determined by photoinduced chemiluminescence whilst systemic oxidative stress was assessed determining plasma hydrogen peroxide concentration by enzimoimmunoassay. RESULTS Plasma total antioxidant capacity was significantly lower in leptin-resistant fetuses (p=0.003), whilst systemic oxidative stress was increased (p=0.02). CONCLUSION Our results indicate key differences in the antioxidant status in pregnancies affected by leptin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jose Luis Pesantez
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador.
| | | | - Susana Astiz
- Comparative Physiology Group, SGIT-INIA, Madrid, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cogollos L, Garcia-Contreras C, Vazquez-Gomez M, Astiz S, Sanchez-Sanchez R, Gomez-Fidalgo E, Ovilo C, Isabel B, Gonzalez-Bulnes A. Effects of fetal genotype and sex on developmental response to maternal malnutrition. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 29:1155-1168. [PMID: 27184893 DOI: 10.1071/rd15385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine whether developmental patterns, adiposity level and fatty-acid composition of fetuses exposed to maternal malnutrition are driven by their sex or their genotype, or both, as these may modulate the adaptive response to the intrauterine environment independently of the maternal genotype. We used a single maternal genotype (purebred Iberian (IB) sows), which was inseminated with heterospermic semen (obtained by mixing semen from Iberian and Large White (LW) boars), to obtain four different subsets of fetuses (male and female, purebred (IB×IB) and crossbred (IB×LW)) in Iberian purebred sows. Analysis of fetal phenotypes indicated a better adaptive response of the female offspring, which was modulated by their genotype. When faced with prenatal undernutrition, females prioritised the growth of vital organs (brain, liver, lungs, kidneys and intestine) at the expense of bone and muscle. Moreover, the analysis of fat composition showed a higher availability of essential fatty acids in the female sex than in their male counterparts and also in the Iberian genotype than in crossbred fetuses. These results are of high translational value for understanding ethnic differences in prenatal programming of postnatal health and disease status, and show evidence that prenatal development and metabolic traits are primarily determined by fetal sex and strongly modulated by fetal genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cogollos
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Marta Vazquez-Gomez
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, UCM, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Astiz
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raul Sanchez-Sanchez
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ernesto Gomez-Fidalgo
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Ovilo
- Department of Animal Genetics, INIA, Ctra. De A Coruña Km. 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Isabel
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, UCM, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Calle A, Barrajón-Masa C, Gómez-Fidalgo E, Martín-Lluch M, Cruz-Vigo P, Sánchez-Sánchez R, Ramírez MÁ. Iberian pig mesenchymal stem/stromal cells from dermal skin, abdominal and subcutaneous adipose tissues, and peripheral blood: in vitro characterization and migratory properties in inflammation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:178. [PMID: 29973295 PMCID: PMC6032775 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0933-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, the capacity of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) to migrate into damaged tissues has been reported. For MSCs to be a promising tool for tissue engineering and cell and gene therapy, it is essential to know their migration ability according to their tissue of origin. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating porcine MSC chemotaxis. The aim of this study was to examine the migratory properties in an inflammatory environment of porcine MSC lines from different tissue origins: subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCA-MSCs), abdominal adipose tissue (AA-MSCs), dermal skin tissue (DS-MSCs) and peripheral blood (PB-MSCs). Methods SCA-MSCs, AA-MSCs, DS-MSCs and PB-MSCs were isolated and analyzed in terms of morphological features, alkaline phosphatase activity, expression of cell surface and intracellular markers of pluripotency, proliferation, in vitro chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation capacities, as well as their ability to migrate in response to inflammatory cytokines. Results SCA-MSCs, AA-MSCs, DS-MSCs and PB-MSCs were isolated and showed plastic adhesion with a fibroblast-like morphology. All MSC lines were positive for CD44, CD105, CD90 and vimentin, characteristic markers of MSCs. The cytokeratin marker was also detected in DS-MSCs. No expression of MHCII or CD34 was detected in any of the four types of MSC. In terms of pluripotency features, all MSC lines expressed POU5F1 and showed alkaline phosphatase activity. SCA-MSCs had a higher growth rate compared to the rest of the cell lines, while the AA-MSC cell line had a longer population doubling time. All MSC lines cultured under adipogenic, chondrogenic and osteogenic conditions showed differentiation capacity to the previously mentioned mesodermal lineages. All MSC lines showed migration ability in an agarose drop assay. DS-MSCs migrated greater distances than the rest of the cell lines both in nonstimulated conditions and in the presence of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β. SCA-MSCs and DS-MSCs increased their migration capacity in the presence of IL-1β as compared to PBS control. Conclusions This study describes the isolation and characterization of porcine cell lines from different tissue origin, with clear MSC properties. We show for the first time a comparative study of the migration capacity induced by inflammatory mediators of porcine MSCs of different tissue origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Calle
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Avenida Puerta de Hierro 12, local 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Barrajón-Masa
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Avenida Puerta de Hierro 12, local 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ernesto Gómez-Fidalgo
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Avenida Puerta de Hierro 12, local 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Martín-Lluch
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Avenida Puerta de Hierro 12, local 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Cruz-Vigo
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Avenida Puerta de Hierro 12, local 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Sánchez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Avenida Puerta de Hierro 12, local 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Ramírez
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Avenida Puerta de Hierro 12, local 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Vázquez-Gómez M, García-Contreras C, Torres-Rovira L, Astiz S, Óvilo C, González-Bulnes A, Isabel B. Maternal undernutrition and offspring sex determine birth-weight, postnatal development and meat characteristics in traditional swine breeds. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:27. [PMID: 29560268 PMCID: PMC5858148 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0240-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to determine how maternal undernutrition during pregnancy and offspring birth-weight can affect the postnatal development of offspring under farm conditions, which may lead to consequences in its meat and carcass quality. The current study involved a total of 80 litters from Iberian sows fed a diet fulfilling daily requirements (n = 47; control) or providing 70% daily requirements (n = 33; underfed) from d 38 to d 90 of gestation when fetal tissue development begins. After birth, piglets born live were classified as low birth-weight (LBW; < 1 kg) and normal birth-weight (NBW; ≥1 kg). During the growing phase, 240 control and 230 underfed pigs (50% males and females) distributed by BW category and sex were studied until the slaughter. Results At birth and weaning, there were significant differences in all morphological measures and weight between NBW and LBW piglets as expected (P < 0.0005), but few effects of the gestational feed restriction. During the growing phase, NBW pigs continued with higher weight than LBW pigs on all the days of evaluation (P < 0.05), even though control-LBW-females and LBW-males showed a catch-up growth. However, underfed pigs showed slower growth and higher feed conversion ratio than control pigs (P < 0.0001) at 215 days old. Moreover, the average daily weight gain (ADWG) for the overall period was greater for NBW, male and control pigs than for their LBW, female and underfed pigs (P < 0.0001, P< 0.0005 and P< 0.05, respectively) and NBW pigs were slaughtered at a younger age than LBW pigs (P < 0.0001). After slaughtering, control pigs also had higher carcass yield and backfat depth than underfed pigs (P < 0.0005) and the maternal nutritional effect caused main changes in the polar lipid fraction of liver and loin. The fatty acid composition of loin in control pigs had higher C18:1n-9 and n-3 FA concentrations, as well as lower ∑n-6/∑n-3 ratio, than in underfed pigs (P < 0.005). Conclusions In brief, results showed that the effects of maternal nutritional restriction appeared and increased with offspring age, causing worse developmental patterns for underfed pigs than for control pigs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40104-018-0240-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - B Isabel
- 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Garcia-Contreras C, Vazquez-Gomez M, Torres-Rovira L, Gonzalez J, Porrini E, Gonzalez-Colaço M, Isabel B, Astiz S, Gonzalez-Bulnes A. Characterization of Ageing- and Diet-Related Swine Models of Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29534532 PMCID: PMC5877684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity are currently considered major global threats for health and well-being. However, there is a lack of adequate preclinical models for their study. The present trial evaluated the suitability of aged swine by determining changes in adiposity, fatty acids composition, antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation, development of metabolic disturbances and structural changes in tissues and organs. Iberian sows with clinical evidence of aging-related sarcopenia were fed a standard diet fulfilling their maintenance requirements or an obesogenic diet for 100 days. Aging and sarcopenia were related to increased lipid accumulation and cellular dysfunction at both adipose tissue and non-adipose ectopic tissues (liver and pancreas). Obesity concomitant to sarcopenia aggravates the condition by increasing visceral adiposity and causing dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and lipotoxicity in non-adipose tissues. These results support that the Iberian swine model represents certain features of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in humans, paving the way for future research on physiopathology of these conditions and possible therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Vazquez-Gomez
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Jorge Gonzalez
- Micros Veterinaria, Campus de Vegazana, 24007 Leon, Spain.
| | - Esteban Porrini
- Institute of Biomedical Technology (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Magali Gonzalez-Colaço
- Central Unit of Clinical Research and Clinical Assays (UCICEC), Universitary Hospital of Canary Island, 28010 Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Isabel
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Susana Astiz
- Comparative Physiology Group, SGIT-INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes
- Comparative Physiology Group, SGIT-INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Al-Mashhadi AL, Poulsen CB, von Wachenfeldt K, Robertson AK, Bentzon JF, Nielsen LB, Thygesen J, Tolbod LP, Larsen JR, Moestrup SK, Frendéus B, Mortensen B, Drouet L, Al-Mashhadi RH, Falk E. Diet-Induced Abdominal Obesity, Metabolic Changes, and Atherosclerosis in Hypercholesterolemic Minipigs. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:6823193. [PMID: 29682581 PMCID: PMC5845503 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6823193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are major risk factors for atherosclerotic diseases; however, a causal link remains elusive. Animal models resembling human MetS and its complications, while important, are scarce. We aimed at developing a porcine model of human MetS. METHODS Forty pigs with familial hypercholesterolemia were fed a high fat + fructose diet for 30 weeks. Metabolic assessments and subcutaneous fat biopsies were obtained at 18 and 30 weeks, and fat distribution was assessed by CT-scans. Postmortem, macrophage density, and phenotype in fat tissues were quantified along with atherosclerotic burden. RESULTS During the experiment, we observed a >4-fold in body weight, a significant but small increase in fasting glucose (4.1 mmol/L), insulin (3.1 mU/L), triglycerides (0.5 mmol/L), and HDL cholesterol (2.6 mmol/L). Subcutaneous fat correlated with insulin resistance, but intra-abdominal fat correlated inversely with insulin resistance and LDL cholesterol. More inflammatory macrophages were found in visceral versus subcutaneous fat, and inflammation decreased in subcutaneous fat over time. CONCLUSIONS MetS based on human criteria was not achieved. Surprisingly, visceral fat seemed part of a healthier metabolic and inflammatory profile. These results differ from human findings, and further research is needed to understand the relationship between obesity and MetS in porcine models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ludvigsen Al-Mashhadi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Bo Poulsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jacob Fog Bentzon
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Bo Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Thygesen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Poulsen Tolbod
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET-Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Rolighed Larsen
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Kragh Moestrup
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Brynjulf Mortensen
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Ludovic Drouet
- Institute of Vessels and Blood, Hospital Lariboisiere, Paris, France
| | - Rozh H. Al-Mashhadi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erling Falk
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Benítez R, Fernández A, Isabel B, Núñez Y, De Mercado E, Gómez-Izquierdo E, García-Casco J, López-Bote C, Óvilo C. Modulatory Effects of Breed, Feeding Status, and Diet on Adipogenic, Lipogenic, and Lipolytic Gene Expression in Growing Iberian and Duroc Pigs. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:E22. [PMID: 29271889 PMCID: PMC5795973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Meat quality depends on tissue composition which is in turn influenced by different factors, such as diet, genotype, age, or sex. We evaluated the effects of breed, 24 h fasting, and dietary energy source (HO: oleic acid versus CH: carbohydrates) on the expression of candidate genes involved in adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and lipolysis in the adipose tissue from Iberian and Duroc growing pigs. The Iberian pigs showed greater feed intake, backfat thickness, and saturated fatty acids (SFA) content in the subcutaneous fat, whereas the Duroc pigs had greater ham weight and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content. In both breeds, the diet induced changes in the fatty acid (FA) composition of subcutaneous fat samples. The HO group had higher monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and oleic acid, and lower SFA than the CH group. Regarding gene expression, breed and feeding status (fasting versus postprandial) had significant effects on gene expression, with quantitative interactions between them, while diet showed negligible effects. In general, adipogenic and lipogenic genes were upregulated in the Iberian pigs and in postprandial samples. In contrast, the expression of lipolytic genes showed complex interaction effects. Our results agree with the phenotypic differences between the Iberian and Duroc breeds and with the inhibition of lipogenesis by fasting. Quantitative interactions between breed and feeding status effects were observed, which indicates a different response to fasting of the two breeds, with the obese Iberian breed showing a more stable expression of lipogenic genes. These results highlight the complexity of lipid metabolism regulation, especially in relation to lipolysis processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Benítez
- Department of Animal Breeding, INIA, Ctra. De la Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Almudena Fernández
- Department of Animal Breeding, INIA, Ctra. De la Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Isabel
- Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Yolanda Núñez
- Department of Animal Breeding, INIA, Ctra. De la Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | - Juan García-Casco
- Department of Animal Breeding, INIA, Ctra. De la Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Clemente López-Bote
- Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristina Óvilo
- Department of Animal Breeding, INIA, Ctra. De la Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Myrie SB, McKnight LL, King JC, McGuire JJ, Van Vliet BN, Cheema SK, Bertolo RF. Intrauterine growth-restricted Yucatan miniature pigs experience early catch-up growth, leading to greater adiposity and impaired lipid metabolism as young adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:1322-1329. [PMID: 28813611 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2023]
Abstract
Early nutrition has critical influences on cardiovascular disease risk in adulthood. The study objectives were to evaluate the impact of low birth weight on fasting and postprandial lipid metabolism and endothelium function in Yucatan miniature pigs. Intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) piglets (n = 6; 3 days old, 0.73 ± 0.04 kg) were paired with normal-weight (NW) same-sex littermates (n = 6; 1.11 ± 0.05 kg) and fed milk replacer ad libitum for 4 weeks. Thereafter, all pigs were fed a standard diet ad libitum for 5 h/day with growth, intakes, and blood samples collected for 8 months. At 9 months old, pigs were surgically fitted with venous catheters and an oral fat tolerance test was performed. At 10 months old, pigs were killed and endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilations of isolated coronary arteries were measured using wire-myographs. IUGR pigs demonstrated catch-up growth (P < 0.05) in body weight and abdominal circumference prior to sexual maturity (<7 months old) and had more (P < 0.05) subcutaneous fat at 10 months old compared with NW pigs. IUGR pigs had consistently higher fasting plasma triglyceride concentrations from 5 to 10 months old and higher liver triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations at 10 months old (P < 0.05). The fat tolerance test revealed delayed postprandial triglyceride clearance in IUGR pigs, but no differences in plaque formation or vascular reactivity. To conclude, IUGR and early postnatal catch-up growth are associated with increased overall body fat deposition and altered triglyceride metabolism in adult Yucatan miniature swine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Semone B Myrie
- a Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Leslie L McKnight
- a Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - J Christopher King
- b Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - John J McGuire
- b Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Bruce N Van Vliet
- b Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Sukhinder K Cheema
- a Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Robert F Bertolo
- a Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Martínez-Montes AM, Fernández A, Pérez-Montarelo D, Alves E, Benítez RM, Nuñez Y, Óvilo C, Ibañez-Escriche N, Folch JM, Fernández AI. Using RNA-Seq SNP data to reveal potential causal mutations related to pig production traits and RNA editing. Anim Genet 2016; 48:151-165. [PMID: 27642173 DOI: 10.1111/age.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
RNA-Seq technology is widely used in quantitative gene expression studies and identification of non-annotated transcripts. However this technology also can be used for polymorphism detection and RNA editing in transcribed regions in an efficient and cost-effective way. This study used SNP data from an RNA-Seq assay to identify genes and mutations underlying production trait variations in an experimental pig population. The hypothalamic and hepatic transcriptomes of nine extreme animals for growth and fatness from an (Iberian × Landrace) × Landrace backcross were analyzed by RNA-Seq methodology, and SNP calling was conducted. More than 125 000 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were identified in each tissue, and 78% were considered to be potential SNPs, those SNVs segregating in the context of this study. Potential informative SNPs were detected by considering those showing a homozygous or heterozygous genotype in one extreme group and the alternative genotype in the other group. In this way, 4396 and 1862 informative SNPs were detected in hypothalamus and liver respectively. Out of the 32 SNPs selected for validation, 25 (80%) were confirmed as actual SNPs. Association analyses for growth, fatness and premium cut yields with 19 selected SNPs were carried out, and four potential causal genes (RETSAT, COPA, RNMT and PALMD) were identified. Interestingly, new RNA editing modifications were detected and validated for the NR3C1:g.102797 (ss1985401074) and ACSM2B:g.13374 (ss1985401075) positions and for the COG3:g3.4525 (ss1985401087) modification previously identified across vertebrates, which could lead to phenotypic variation and should be further investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Martínez-Montes
- Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Ctra. de la Coruña km. 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Fernández
- Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Ctra. de la Coruña km. 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Pérez-Montarelo
- Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Ctra. de la Coruña km. 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Alves
- Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Ctra. de la Coruña km. 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - R M Benítez
- Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Ctra. de la Coruña km. 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Y Nuñez
- Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Ctra. de la Coruña km. 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Óvilo
- Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Ctra. de la Coruña km. 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - N Ibañez-Escriche
- Genètica i Millora Animal, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - J M Folch
- Genètica Animal, Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (CRAG), Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A I Fernández
- Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Ctra. de la Coruña km. 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Renner S, Dobenecker B, Blutke A, Zöls S, Wanke R, Ritzmann M, Wolf E. Comparative aspects of rodent and nonrodent animal models for mechanistic and translational diabetes research. Theriogenology 2016; 86:406-21. [PMID: 27180329 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus, which currently affects 387 million people worldwide, is permanently rising in both adults and adolescents. Despite numerous treatment options, diabetes mellitus is a progressive disease with severe comorbidities, such as nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy, as well as cardiovascular disease. Therefore, animal models predictive of the efficacy and safety of novel compounds in humans are of great value to address the unmet need for improved therapeutics. Although rodent models provide important mechanistic insights, their predictive value for therapeutic outcomes in humans is limited. In recent years, the pig has gained importance for biomedical research because of its close similarity to human anatomy, physiology, size, and, in contrast to non-human primates, better ethical acceptance. In this review, anatomic, biochemical, physiological, and morphologic aspects relevant to diabetes research will be compared between different animal species, that is, mouse, rat, rabbit, pig, and non-human primates. The value of the pig as a model organism for diabetes research will be highlighted, and (dis)advantages of the currently available approaches for the generation of pig models exhibiting characteristics of metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes mellitus will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Renner
- Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Britta Dobenecker
- Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Veterinary Science, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Zöls
- Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Wanke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gonzalez-Bulnes A, Astiz S, Ovilo C, Lopez-Bote CJ, Torres-Rovira L, Barbero A, Ayuso M, Garcia-Contreras C, Vazquez-Gomez M. Developmental Origins of Health and Disease in swine: implications for animal production and biomedical research. Theriogenology 2016; 86:110-9. [PMID: 27238437 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The concept of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) addresses, from a large set of epidemiological evidences in human beings and translational studies in animal models, both the importance of genetic predisposition and the determinant role of maternal nutrition during pregnancy on adult morphomics and homeostasis. Compelling evidences suggest that both overnutrition and undernutrition may modify the intrauterine environment of the conceptus and may alter the expression of its genome and therefore its phenotype during prenatal and postnatal life. In fact, the DOHaD concept is an extreme shift in the vision of the factors conditioning adult phenotype and supposes a drastic change from a gene-centric perspective, only modified by lifestyle and nutritional strategies during juvenile development and adulthood, to a more holistic approach in which environmental, parental, and prenatal conditions are strongly determining postnatal development and homeostasis. The implications of DOHaD are profound in all the mammalian species and the present review summarizes current knowledge on causes and consequences of DOHaD in pigs, both for meat production and as a well-recognized model for biomedicine research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gonzalez-Bulnes
- Comparative Physiology Lab-RA, SGIT-INIA, Madrid, Spain; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - S Astiz
- Comparative Physiology Lab-RA, SGIT-INIA, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Ovilo
- Department of Animal Genetics, SGIT-INIA, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - L Torres-Rovira
- Comparative Physiology Lab-RA, SGIT-INIA, Madrid, Spain; INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - A Barbero
- Faculty of Veterinary, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Ayuso
- Faculty of Veterinary, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Li D, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Li D, Yang D, Wei S, Su L, Ye T, Zheng X, Peng K, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Ma S. A Novel Swine Model of Spontaneous Hypertension With Sympathetic Hyperactivity Responds Well to Renal Denervation. Am J Hypertens 2016; 29:63-72. [PMID: 25958303 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpv066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The large animal model of arterial hypertension is very valuable to test the antihypertensive drugs and devices. We characterized a novel swine model of spontaneous hypertension and investigated its response to renal denervation (RDN). METHODS The blood pressure (BP), levels of plasma catecholamines and urine vanillylmandelic acid, and the protein expressions of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II type 1 (AT1), and type 2 (AT2) receptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) were compared between domestic pigs and Guizhou mini-pigs. Twelve-month-old Guizhou mini-pigs were divided into sham (n = 7) and ablation (n = 7) groups. The mini-pigs in ablation group received bilateral percutaneous RDN with a saline-irrigated Sniper ablation catheter. Three months after the procedure, the BP was measured and the histology of renal nerves and arteries was analyzed. RESULTS The mini-pigs spontaneously developed hypertension by the age of 6 months and the BP (162.2 ± 11.4/111.8 ± 9.2mm Hg) was significantly higher than age-matched domestic pigs (137.5 ± 1.9/80.2 ± 4.1mm Hg, P < 0.05). The levels of plasma catecholamines and urine vanillylmandelic acid were higher in mini-pigs than domestic pigs. The expressions of ACE and AT1 were increased, but the AT2 was decreased, in RVLM from mini-pigs compared with domestic pigs. Three months after the procedure, the BP was sharply reduced in ablation group (113.8 ± 14.4/79.4 ± 11.7 mm Hg) compared with sham group (192.4 ± 10.5/141.2 ± 5.9 mm Hg, P < 0.01). Renal nerves were substantially destroyed, while renal arteries and function were not significantly affected by ablation. CONCLUSIONS The Guizhou mini-pig is a novel spontaneous hypertensive animal model with sympathetic hyperactivity and responds well to RDN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - De Li
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dachun Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shujie Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Linan Su
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tingqiao Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xi Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ke Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunrong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongjian Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuangtao Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ayuso M, Fernández A, Núñez Y, Benítez R, Isabel B, Barragán C, Fernández AI, Rey AI, Medrano JF, Cánovas Á, González-Bulnes A, López-Bote C, Ovilo C. Comparative Analysis of Muscle Transcriptome between Pig Genotypes Identifies Genes and Regulatory Mechanisms Associated to Growth, Fatness and Metabolism. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145162. [PMID: 26695515 PMCID: PMC4687939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Iberian ham production includes both purebred (IB) and Duroc-crossbred (IBxDU) Iberian pigs, which show important differences in meat quality and production traits, such as muscle growth and fatness. This experiment was conducted to investigate gene expression differences, transcriptional regulation and genetic polymorphisms that could be associated with the observed phenotypic differences between IB and IBxDU pigs. Nine IB and 10 IBxDU pigs were slaughtered at birth. Morphometric measures and blood samples were obtained and samples from Biceps femoris muscle were employed for compositional and transcriptome analysis by RNA-Seq technology. Phenotypic differences were evident at this early age, including greater body size and weight in IBxDU and greater Biceps femoris intramuscular fat and plasma cholesterol content in IB newborns. We detected 149 differentially expressed genes between IB and IBxDU neonates (p < 0.01 and Fold-Change > 1. 5). Several were related to adipose and muscle tissues development (DLK1, FGF21 or UBC). The functional interpretation of the transcriptomic differences revealed enrichment of functions and pathways related to lipid metabolism in IB and to cellular and muscle growth in IBxDU pigs. Protein catabolism, cholesterol biosynthesis and immune system were functions enriched in both genotypes. We identified transcription factors potentially affecting the observed gene expression differences. Some of them have known functions on adipogenesis (CEBPA, EGRs), lipid metabolism (PPARGC1B) and myogenesis (FOXOs, MEF2D, MYOD1), which suggest a key role in the meat quality differences existing between IB and IBxDU hams. We also identified several polymorphisms showing differential segregation between IB and IBxDU pigs. Among them, non-synonymous variants were detected in several transcription factors as PPARGC1B and TRIM63 genes, which could be associated to altered gene function. Taken together, these results provide information about candidate genes, metabolic pathways and genetic polymorphisms potentially involved in phenotypic differences between IB and IBxDU pigs associated to meat quality and production traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ayuso
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Yolanda Núñez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, INIA, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rita Benítez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, INIA, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Isabel
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana Isabel Rey
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F. Medrano
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ángela Cánovas
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | | | - Clemente López-Bote
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Ovilo
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, INIA, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gonzalez-Bulnes A, Torres-Rovira L, Astiz S, Ovilo C, Sanchez-Sanchez R, Gomez-Fidalgo E, Perez-Solana M, Martin-Lluch M, Garcia-Contreras C, Vazquez-Gomez M. Fetal Sex Modulates Developmental Response to Maternal Malnutrition. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142158. [PMID: 26544862 PMCID: PMC4636307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of obesity and metabolic diseases is dramatically high in rapidly developing countries. Causes have been related to intrinsic ethnic features with development of a thrifty genotype for adapting to food scarcity, prenatal programming by undernutrition, and postnatal exposure to obesogenic lifestyle. Observational studies in humans and experimental studies in animal models evidence that the adaptive responses of the offspring may be modulated by their sex. In the contemporary context of world globalization, the new question arising is the existence and extent of sex-related differences in developmental and metabolic traits in case of mixed-race. Hence, in the current study, using a swine model, we compared male and female fetuses that were crossbred from mothers with thrifty genotype and fathers without thrifty genotype. Female conceptuses evidence stronger protective strategies for their adequate growth and postnatal survival. In brief, both male and female fetuses developed a brain-sparing effect but female fetuses were still able to maintain the development of other viscerae than the brain (mainly liver, intestine and kidneys) at the expense of carcass development. Furthermore, these morphometric differences were reinforced by differences in nutrient availability (glucose and cholesterol) favoring female fetuses with severe developmental predicament. These findings set the basis for further studies aiming to increase the knowledge on the interaction between genetic and environmental factors in the determination of adult phenotype
Collapse
|
41
|
Li L, Liao G, Yang G, Lu Y, Du X, Liu J, Li L, Wang C, Li L, Ren Y, Zhong Z, Cheng J, Chen Y. High-fat diet combined with low-dose streptozotocin injections induces metabolic syndrome in Macaca mulatta. Endocrine 2015; 49:659-68. [PMID: 25672777 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with abdominal obesity, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Given the complex multifactorial pathogenesis of MetS, qualified animal models are currently seriously limited for researchers. The aim of our study was to develop a MetS model in juvenile rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Rhesus monkeys (1-year-old) fed a high-fat diet (15 % fat, 2 % cholesterol) were used as the HF group (n = 6), and those on a normal diet (5 % fat) were used as the control group (n = 4). After being fed a high-fat diet for approximately 12 months, 2 monkeys (HF + STZ group) were injected with low-dose streptozotocin (STZ, 25 mg/kg) twice, with a 7 days interval, and were then fed the same diet continuously for another 24 months. After 36 months of treatment, the high-fat diet monkeys, including the HF and HF + STZ groups, had acquired increased body weights, abnormal serum lipids, and impaired glucose tolerance compared to the control group. In addition, much more marked metabolic changes were observed in the two monkeys of the HF + STZ group, particularly in terms of high-blood glucose level and insulin resistance. Morphological observation of biopsies of liver and pancreatic tissues showed decreased islet number and mass and decreased insulin staining in the monkeys of the HF + STZ group. In addition, Oil red O staining suggested remarkable accumulation of lipid droplets in the hepatocytes. Our study suggested that a long-term high-fat diet followed with a low-dose STZ was able to induce MetS in juvenile rhesus monkeys with faster pathophysiological progress compared with high-fat diet induction alone. Our primary data showed that this method may have potentials to develop MetS animal model in non-human primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linzhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 1, Ke yuan 4th Road, Gao Peng Street, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Aguirre M, Venema K. Does the Gut Microbiota Contribute to Obesity? Going beyond the Gut Feeling. Microorganisms 2015; 3:213-35. [PMID: 27682087 PMCID: PMC5023237 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms3020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that gut microbiota is an environmental factor that plays a crucial role in obesity. However, the aetiology of obesity is rather complex and depends on different factors. Furthermore, there is a lack of consensus about the exact role that this microbial community plays in the host. The aim of this review is to present evidence about what has been characterized, compositionally and functionally, as obese gut microbiota. In addition, the different reasons explaining the so-far unclear role are discussed considering evidence from in vitro, animal and human studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Aguirre
- Top Institute of Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands.
| | - Koen Venema
- Top Institute of Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Beneficial Microbes Consultancy, Johan Karschstraat 3, 6709 TN Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Astiz S, Gonzalez-Bulnes A, Astiz I, Barbero A, Perez-Solana M, Garcia-Real I. Advanced onset of puberty after metformin therapy in swine with thrifty genotype. Exp Physiol 2014; 99:1241-52. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.081455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Astiz
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal; INIA, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n. 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - A. Gonzalez-Bulnes
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal; INIA, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n. 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - I. Astiz
- Unidad de Pediatría; Atención Primaria; Centro de Salud Ciudad San Pablo; Avenida de Madrid; 13 Coslada 28022 Madrid Spain
| | - A. Barbero
- Departamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Ciudad Universitaria s/n; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - M.L. Perez-Solana
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal; INIA, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n. 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - I. Garcia-Real
- Departamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Ciudad Universitaria s/n; 28040 Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Barbero A, Garcia-Real I, Astiz S, Ayuso M, Lopez-Bote CJ, Gonzalez-Bulnes A. Feasibility of MRI and selection of adequate region of interest for longitudinal studies of growth and fatness in swine models of obesity. Diagn Interv Imaging 2014; 95:839-47. [PMID: 24746864 DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES To determine the feasibility of MRI for imaging subcutaneous and visceral adiposity in longitudinal studies in obese swine models (Iberian pig). To establish the anatomical regions of interest (ROIs) and measurement points (MPs) adequate for their evaluation through analyses on the inter-individual variability and over-time reproducibility and through the assessment of their reliability and validity by comparison with in vivo and ex vivo zoometric data. MATERIAL AND METHODS Five male and five female pigs were used from four (live weight around 48 kg and back-fat depth around 18 mm) to eight months old (live weight 134 kg and back-fat depth around 48 mm). MRI was carried out with a Panorama 0.23T scanner (Philips Medical Systems, Best, Netherlands), using a body/spine XL coil. RESULTS The ROIs of election for visualization of subcutaneous data are located from the cranial margin of left diaphragmatic crura to the lumbar vertebrae L3. Visceral adiposity may be equally evaluated from the vertebrae L1 to L3. CONCLUSIONS MRI allows the evaluation of subcutaneous and visceral fatness in a single acquisition, which improves animal welfare and time- and cost-efficiency and provides an accurate, consistent and repeatable procedure for sequential studies of adiposity in obese swine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Barbero
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - I Garcia-Real
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S Astiz
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, INIA, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Ayuso
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C J Lopez-Bote
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Gonzalez-Bulnes
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, INIA, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Prenatal programming in an obese swine model: sex-related effects of maternal energy restriction on morphology, metabolism and hypothalamic gene expression. Br J Nutr 2014; 111:735-46. [PMID: 24528940 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513002948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Maternal energy restriction during pregnancy predisposes to metabolic alterations in the offspring. The present study was designed to evaluate phenotypic and metabolic consequences following maternal undernutrition in an obese pig model and to define the potential role of hypothalamic gene expression in programming effects. Iberian sows were fed a control or a 50 % restricted diet for the last two-thirds of gestation. Newborns were assessed for body and organ weights, hormonal and metabolic status, and hypothalamic expression of genes implicated in energy homeostasis, glucocorticoid function and methylation. Weight and adiposity were measured in adult littermates. Newborns of the restricted sows were lighter (P <0·01), but brain growth was spared. The plasma concentration of TAG was lower in the restricted newborns than in the control newborns of both the sexes (P <0·01), while the concentration of cortisol was higher in females born to the restricted sows (P <0·04), reflecting a situation of metabolic stress by nutrient insufficiency. A lower hypothalamic expression of anorexigenic peptides (LEPR and POMC, P <0·01 and P <0·04, respectively) was observed in females born to the restricted sows, but no effect was observed in the males. The expression of HSD11B1 gene was down-regulated in the restricted animals (P <0·05), suggesting an adaptive mechanism for reducing the harmful effects of elevated concentrations of cortisol. At 4 and 7 months of age, the restricted females were heavier and fatter than the controls (P< 0·01). Maternal feed restriction induces asymmetrical growth retardation and metabolic alterations in the offspring. Differences in gene expression at birth and higher growth and adiposity in adulthood suggest a female-specific programming effect for a positive energy balance, possibly due to overexposure to endogenous stress-induced glucocorticoids.
Collapse
|
46
|
Prenatal programming of obesity in a swine model of leptin resistance: modulatory effects of controlled postnatal nutrition and exercise. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2014; 5:248-58. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174414000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The main role of early nutritional programming in the current rise of obesity and associated diseases is well known. However, translational studies are mostly based in postnatal food excess and, thus, there is a paucity of information on the phenotype of individuals with prenatal deficiencies but adequate postnatal conditions. Thus, we assessed the effects of prenatal programming (comparing descendants from females fed with a diet fulfilling 100 or only 50% of their nutritional requirements for pregnancy) on gene expression, patterns of growth and fattening, metabolic status and puberty attainment of a swine model of obesity/leptin resistance with controlled postnatal nutrition and opportunity of exercise. Maternal restriction was related to changes in the relationships among gene expression of positive (insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2) and negative (myostatin) regulators of muscle growth, with negative correlations in gilts from restricted pregnancies and positive relationships in the control group. In spite of these differences, the patterns of growth and fattening and the metabolic features during juvenile growth were similar in control gilts and gilts from restricted pregnancies. Concomitantly, there was a lack of differences in the timing of puberty attainment. However, after reaching puberty and adulthood, females from restricted pregnancies were heavier and more corpulent than control gilts, though such increases in weight and size were not accompanied by increases in adiposity. In conclusion, in spite of changes in gene expression induced by developmental programming, the propensity for higher weight and adiposity of individuals exposed to prenatal malnutrition may be modulated by controlled food intake and opportunity of physical exercise during infant and juvenile development.
Collapse
|
47
|
Barbero A, Astiz S, Lopez-Bote CJ, Perez-Solana ML, Ayuso M, Garcia-Real I, Gonzalez-Bulnes A. Maternal malnutrition and offspring sex determine juvenile obesity and metabolic disorders in a swine model of leptin resistance. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78424. [PMID: 24205230 PMCID: PMC3813450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine, in a swine model of leptin resistance, the effects of type and timing of maternal malnutrition on growth patterns, adiposity and metabolic features of the progeny when exposed to an obesogenic diet during their juvenile development and possible concomitant effects of the offspring sex. Thus, four groups were considered. A CONTROL group involved pigs born from sows fed with a diet fulfilling their daily maintenance requirements for pregnancy. The treated groups involved the progeny of females fed with the same diet but fulfilling either 160% or 50% of pregnancy requirements during the entire gestation (OVERFED and UNDERFED, respectively) or 100% of requirements until Day 35 of pregnancy and 50% of such amount from Day 36 onwards (LATE-UNDERFED). OVERFED and UNDERFED offspring were more prone to higher corpulence and fat deposition from early postnatal stages, during breast-feeding; adiposity increased significantly when exposed to obesogenic diets, especially in females. The effects of sex were even more remarkable in LATE-UNDERFED offspring, which had similar corpulence to CONTROL piglets; however, females showed a clear predisposition to obesity. Furthermore, the three groups of pigs with maternal malnutrition showed evidences of metabolic syndrome and, in the case of individuals born from OVERFED sows, even of insulin resistance and the prodrome of type-2 diabetes. These findings support the main role of early nutritional programming in the current rise of obesity and associated diseases in ethnics with leptin resistance.
Collapse
|
48
|
Use of pigs as a potential model for research into dietary modulation of the human gut microbiota. Nutr Res Rev 2013; 26:191-209. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954422413000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The human intestinal microbial ecosystem plays an important role in maintaining health. A multitude of diseases including diarrhoea, gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders, such as necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) of neonates, and obesity are linked to microbial composition and metabolic activity. Therefore, research on possible dietary strategies influencing microbial composition and activity, both preventive and curative, is being accomplished. Interest has focused on pre- and probiotics that stimulate the intestinal production of beneficial bacterial metabolites such as butyrate, and beneficially affect microbial composition. The suitability of an animal model to study dietary linked diseases is of much concern. The physiological similarity between humans and pigs in terms of digestive and associated metabolic processes places the pig in a superior position over other non-primate models. Furthermore, the pig is a human-sized omnivorous animal with comparable nutritional requirements, and shows similarities to the human intestinal microbial ecosystem. Also, the pig has been used as a model to assess microbiota–health interactions, since pigs exhibit similar syndromes to humans, such as NEC and partly weanling diarrhoea. In contrast, when using rodent models to study diet–microbiota–health interactions, differences between rodents and humans have to be considered. For example, studies with mice and human subjects assessing possible relationships between the composition and metabolic activity of the gut microbiota and the development of obesity have shown inconsistencies in results between studies. The present review displays the similarities and differences in intestinal microbial ecology between humans and pigs, scrutinising the pig as a potential animal model, with regard to possible health effects.
Collapse
|
49
|
Fisher KD, Scheffler TL, Kasten SC, Reinholt BM, van Eyk GR, Escobar J, Scheffler JM, Gerrard DE. Energy dense, protein restricted diet increases adiposity and perturbs metabolism in young, genetically lean pigs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72320. [PMID: 23991090 PMCID: PMC3753342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models of obesity and metabolic dysregulation during growth (or childhood) are lacking. Our objective was to increase adiposity and induce metabolic syndrome in young, genetically lean pigs. Pre-pubertal female pigs, age 35 d, were fed a high-energy diet (HED; n = 12), containing 15% tallow, 35% refined sugars and 9.1–12.9% crude protein, or a control corn-based diet (n = 11) with 12.2–19.2% crude protein for 16 wk. Initially, HED pigs self-regulated energy intake similar to controls, but by wk 5, consumed more (P<0.001) energy per kg body weight. At wk 15, pigs were subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); blood glucose increased (P<0.05) in control pigs and returned to baseline levels within 60 min. HED pigs were hyperglycemic at time 0, and blood glucose did not return to baseline (P = 0.01), even 4 h post-challenge. During OGTT, glucose area under the curve (AUC) was higher and insulin AUC was lower in HED pigs compared to controls (P = 0.001). Chronic HED intake increased (P<0.05) subcutaneous, intramuscular, and perirenal fat deposition, and induced hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, and low-density lipoprotein hypercholesterolemia. A subset of HED pigs (n = 7) was transitioned back to a control diet for an additional six weeks. These pigs were subjected to an additional OGTT at 22 wk. Glucose AUC and insulin AUC did not improve, supporting that dietary intervention was not sufficient to recover glucose tolerance or insulin production. These data suggest a HED may be used to increase adiposity and disrupt glucose homeostasis in young, growing pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D. Fisher
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Tracy L. Scheffler
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Steven C. Kasten
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Brad M. Reinholt
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Gregory R. van Eyk
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jeffery Escobar
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jason M. Scheffler
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - David E. Gerrard
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Torres-Rovira L, Tarrade A, Astiz S, Mourier E, Perez-Solana M, de la Cruz P, Gomez-Fidalgo E, Sanchez-Sanchez R, Chavatte-Palmer P, Gonzalez-Bulnes A. Sex and breed-dependent organ development and metabolic responses in foetuses from lean and obese/leptin resistant swine. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66728. [PMID: 23935823 PMCID: PMC3720837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the effects of breed and sex on growth patterns and metabolic features of advanced-pregnancy foetuses exposed to the same environmental conditions. Thus, at Day 62 of pregnancy, swine foetuses from an obese breed with leptin resistance (Iberian breed) were compared to lean crossbred foetuses (25% Large White ×25% Landrace ×50% Pietrain). There were differential developmental patterns in foetuses with leptin resistance, mainly a higher relative weight of the brain resembling “brain-sparing effect”. Prioritization of brain growth may be protective for the adequate growth and postnatal survival of the Iberian individuals, an ancient breed reared in extensive semi-feral conditions for centuries. There were also clear sex-related differences in foetal development and metabolism in the Iberian breed. Female Iberian foetuses were similar in size and weight to male littermates but had a significantly higher relative liver to body weight ratio resembling “liver-sparing effect” and a trend for a higher relative intestine to body ratio. Moreover, the availability of triglycerides, cholesterol and IL-6 in female Iberian foetuses was similar to that of lean crossbred foetuses. Overall, these features may favour a better postnatal survival and development of females, the sex more critical for the species survival. These findings set the basis for future translational studies aimed at increasing the knowledge on the interaction between genetic and environmental factors in the early programming of the adult phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Tarrade
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du développement et reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Eve Mourier
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du développement et reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|