1
|
Isa HM, Alkharsi FA, Khamis JK, Hasan SA, Naser ZA, Mohamed ZN, Mohamed AM, Altamimi SA. Pediatric and adult liver transplantation in Bahrain: The experiences in a country with no available liver transplant facilities. World J Transplant 2024; 14:87752. [PMID: 38576753 PMCID: PMC10989476 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v14.i1.87752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver transplantation (LT) is a life-saving procedure for patients with end-stage liver disease and has become the standard and most effective treatment method for these patients. There are many indications for LT that vary between countries and settings. The outcome of LT depends on the available facilities and surgical expertise, as well as the types of liver graft donors available. AIM To assess the clinical characteristics of patients from Bahrain who underwent LT overseas, and analyze factors affecting their survival. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, we reviewed the medical records and overseas committee registry information of all pediatric and adult patients who were sent overseas to undergo LT by the Pediatric and Medical Departments of Salmaniya Medical Complex and Bahrain Defence Force Hospital via the Overseas Treatment Office, Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Bahrain, between 1997 and 2023. Demo graphic data, LT indication, donor-recipient relationship, overseas LT center, graft type, post-LT medications, and LT complications, were collected. Outcomes measured included the overall and 5-year LT survival rate. Fisher's exact, Pearson χ2, and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare the pediatric and the adults' group in terms of clinical characteristics, donor-recipient relationship, medication, complications, and outcome. Survival analysis was estimated via the Kaplan-Meier's method. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to detect predictors of survival. RESULTS Of the 208 eligible patients, 170 (81.7%) were sent overseas to undergo LT while 38 (18.3%) remained on the waiting list. Of the 170 patients, 167 (80.3%) underwent LT and were included in the study. The majority of the patients were Bahraini (91.0%), and most were males (57.5%). One-hundred-and-twenty (71.8%) were adults and 47 (28.3%) were children. The median age at transplant was 50.0 [interquartile range (IQR): 14.9-58.4] years. The main indication for pediatric LT was biliary atresia (31.9%), while that of adult LT was hepatitis C-related cirrhosis (35.0%). Six (3.6%) patients required re-transplantation. Most patients received a living-related liver graft (82%). Pediatric patients received more living and related grafts than adults (P = 0.038 and P = 0.041, respectively), while adult patients received more cadaveric and unrelated grafts. Most patients required long-term immunosuppressive therapy after LT (94.7%), of which tacrolimus was the most prescribed (84.0%), followed by prednisolone (50.7%), which was prescribed more frequently for pediatric patients (P = 0.001). Most patients developed complications (62.4%) with infectious episodes being the most common (38.9%), followed by biliary stricture (19.5%). Tonsilitis and sepsis (n = 12, 8.1% for each) were the most frequent infections. Pediatric patients experienced higher rates of infection, rejection, and early poor graft function than adult patients (P < 0.001, P = 0.003, and P = 0.025, respectively). The median follow-up time was 6.5 (IQR: 2.6-10.6) years. The overall survival rate was 84.4%, the 5-year survival rate, 86.2%, and the mortality rate, 15.6%. Younger patients had significantly better odds of survival (P = 0.019) and patients who survived had significantly longer follow-up periods (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Patients with end-stage liver disease in Bahrain shared characteristics with those from other countries. Since LT facilities are not available, an overseas LT has offered them great hope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hasan M Isa
- Department of Pediatrics, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama 26671, Bahrain
- Department of Pediatrics, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 26671, Bahrain
| | - Fatema A Alkharsi
- Department of Pediatrics, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama 26671, Bahrain
| | - Jawad K Khamis
- Department of Medicine, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama 26671, Bahrain
| | - Sawsan A Hasan
- Department of Pediatrics, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama 26671, Bahrain
| | - Zainab A Naser
- Department of Pediatrics, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama 26671, Bahrain
| | - Zainab N Mohamed
- Department of Pediatrics, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama 26671, Bahrain
| | - Afaf M Mohamed
- Public Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Manama 26671, Bahrain
| | - Shaikha A Altamimi
- The Overseas Office, Supreme Committee for Treatment Abroad, Ministry of Health, Manama 26671, Bahrain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Beykaso G, Mulu A, Giday M, Berhe N, Selamu M, Mihret A, Teklehaymanot T. Burden and Transmission Risks of Viral Hepatitis in Southern Ethiopia: Evidence Needed for Prevention and Control Measures. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:4843-4852. [PMID: 34880693 PMCID: PMC8646867 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s336776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are significant causes of liver-associated morbidity and mortality for millions of people globally. Ethiopia is one of the viral hepatitis-endemic countries with no national strategy for surveillance and limited data. As such, this study aimed to investigated the extent and associated risk factors of HBV and HCV among community members in southern Ethiopia. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2020 to August 2020. A structured questionnaire was used to collect behavioral and sociodemographic data. Serum samples were collected and assayed for seromarkers of HBV (HBsAg, anti-HBc, and anti-HBs) and HCV (anti-HCV) using ELISAs. In HBsAg-positive samples, HBV DNA was further quantified using RT-PCR. Data were entered into EpiData 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS 21.0. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were employed. RESULTS The study included 693 participants. Seromarkers for HBsAg, anti-HCV, anti-HBc, and anti-HBs were found to be 9.5%, 1.4%, 31.1%, and 14.3%, respectively. In 66 HBsAg positives, 57 (86.4%) had quantifiable HBV DNA. Prevalence of current HBV infection (HBsAg+, anti-HBc+, anti-HBs-) and lifetime exposure (positive for either HBsAg or anti-HBc) to HBV were 8.7% and 31.9%, respectively, and 63.1% of participants were vulnerable or had no evidence of prior HBV infection (HBsAg-, anti-HBc-, anti-HBs-). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, multiple sexual contacts, family history of hepatitis infection, alcohol consumption, and khat chewing were significantly associated with HBV. The seroprevalence of HBV was relatively high in this study area. CONCLUSION This study showed high prevalence of HBV infection, but low prevalence of HCV. This indicates that HBV is a major health problem in this community. Population-based surveillance, care, and treatment, as well as behavioral change and education programs, should be enhanced to minimize risk exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gizachew Beykaso
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | - Andargachew Mulu
- Department of Virology, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mirutse Giday
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nega Berhe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Markos Selamu
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Mihret
- Department of Virology, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tilahun Teklehaymanot
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Asghar MS, Rasheed U, Hassan M, Akram M, Yaseen R, Fayaz B. A CROSS-SECTIONAL SCREENING SURVEY ON THE SEROPREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS B AND HEPATITIS C AMONGST THE GENERAL POPULATION OF RURAL DISTRICTS OF SINDH, PAKISTAN. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2021; 58:150-156. [PMID: 34231661 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-2803.202100000-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral hepatitis is a global phenomenon, with the disease burden varying on a daily basis. Amongst chronic infections, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are egregiously linked to severe health-related complications, with a worldwide prevalence of 248 million and 71 million respectively. Amongst the developing world, a hand full of countries are exhibiting a gross decline in chronic viral infection prevalence, like Bangladesh. While countries such as India have a consistent prevalence, Pakistan bears one of the largest proportions of chronic viral hepatitis globally with increasing trends shown year-by-year. Various old literature texts have stated an approximate national prevalence rate around 2.6% and 5.3% of hepatitis B and C respectively. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the current seroprevalence rates of chronic viral hepatitis amongst the general population of rural Sindh using a screening program to determine the current disease burden. METHODS An observational, cross-sectional survey based on a screening program was conducted in 5 districts with a combined population of over 6.5 million. The screening was carried out via the administration of various camps with the assistance of local social workers and welfare organizations. A total of 24,322 individuals met the inclusion criteria and were screened through (HBsAg/HCV) rapid test cassette (WC) Imu-Med one-step diagnostic test. RESULTS Hepatitis B was found positive in 964 (3.96%) individuals including 421 (43.67%) males and 543 (56.32%) females, while hepatitis C was positive in 2872 (11.80%) individuals including 1474 (51.32%) males and 1398 (48.67%) females. The prevalence amongst the districts varied between 0.97% and 9.06% for hepatitis B, and 1.61% and 29.50% for hepatitis C, respectively. Umerkot was found to be the most prevalent district amongst rural Sindh, while Badin had the least number of seropositive people. The second most prevalent district of the study population was found to be Tando Allahyar followed by Mirpur Khas. The combined seroprevalence of 15.76% was calculated for hepatitis B and C together amongst the five studied districts of rural and peri-urban Sindh. CONCLUSION The alarmingly high prevalence rates revealed in our study warrant the urgent need to generate multiple effective strategies in the region to enhance awareness amongst the general population regarding screening, prevention, and prompt treatment of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Uzma Rasheed
- Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Maira Hassan
- Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed Akram
- Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rabail Yaseen
- Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Basmah Fayaz
- Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hassanien KS, El-Sayed ESM, Ismail RS, Zakarya ZM, Helal GK. Association between interleukin 28B polymorphism and sustained virological response to sofosbuvir plus daclatasvir in chronic hepatitis C genotype 4 Egyptian patients. J Clin Pharm Ther 2021; 46:942-949. [PMID: 33768560 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Sofosbuvir has been approved as the first nonstructural protein 5B polymerase inhibitor with pan-genotypic activity against the hepatitis C (HCV) virus. Daclatasvir is a first-in-class hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A replication complex inhibitor. We aimed to evaluate the usefulness of the reference single nucleotide polymorphism (rs12979860) interleukin 28B (CC genotype) for predicting sustained virological response to sofosbuvir plus daclatasvir in Egyptian patients infected with HCV-4. METHODS Samples were collected at week zero. One hundred and thirty-one patients who reached the end of treatment (at week 12) were divided into three groups, according to their interleukin 28B genotype: Group A included 31 patients (CC genotype), group B included 79 patients (CT genotype) and group C had 21 patients (TT genotype). All patients received treatment for 3 months in the form of sofosbuvir plus daclatasvir with ribavirin (in case of cirrhotic patients) or without ribavirin (in case of non-cirrhotic patients). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Sustained virological response rate was significantly higher in patients with IL28B (CC genotype) vs. (non-CC genotype) (100 vs.88%) (p < 0.0001).These patients also showed lower rates of post-treatment relapse and non-response, compared with the CT and TT patients (0% vs. (7.59% and 28.5%, respectively) (p < 0.0001). Also, patients with CC genotype showed higher sustained virological response than non-CC genotypes on both cirrhotic (100% vs. 68.75%) and non-cirrhotic patients (100% vs. 91.66%) (p ≤ 0.0001). WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION Our results suggest that IL28B genotype contributes to the prediction of response to sofosbuvir plus daclatasvir.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raed S Ismail
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Gouda K Helal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tarzi S, Mansouri M, Sarand SP, Shomali N, Tamjidifar R, Ahmadizadeh C. Frequency of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in Patients Who Had Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Gastroenterological Hospitals of Tabriz. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 52:145-149. [PMID: 32016662 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-020-00367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generally, hepatitis C has been identified as one of the major health issues that about 3% of the world's population have been threatened and affected by it (about 170 million people), and also, it can be considered a factor in acute and chronic hepatitis. METHODS The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of HCV genotypes in Azerbaijan patients. In this study, sampling was done on the referred patients to the hospitals (Mahallati and Behbud Hospital). RNA was extracted after isolation of plasma, and then, after the synthesizing of cDNA, the sample was carried out to the laboratory for performing the real-time PCR in order to determine the genotypes. RESULTS The evaluation of HCV genotypes in positive plasma samples showed that dominant subsets were remarkable and the mean age of the patients was 37/3 ± 11/8 (in the age range of 2-63). Among the 235 patients,139 of them (59%) were male. Statistically, the average number of women was more than men (T test, P < 0/05). 1b genotype was reported 70% in the patients above 40 years old, and also, it was reported as 71/6% in the patients under 40 years old that was not statistically significant. The incidence of serotype 3a was higher among the patients younger than 40 years old (3a was 18.1% vs. 15%), and this serotype was prevalent among men (3a was 18.7% vs. 14.6%), which was statistically significant. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that among Azerbaijan's patients with chronic hepatitis C, genotypes 1b (71.1%) and 3a (17%) were dominant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Tarzi
- Department of Biology Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mansouri
- The University of Tehran, Department of Applied Chemistry, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Pashaei Sarand
- Amirkabir University of Technology (Polytechnic of Tehran), Department of Applied Chemistry, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Shomali
- Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rozita Tamjidifar
- Department of Biology Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ahmed HR, Waly NGFM, Abd El-Baky RM, Yahia R, Hetta HF, Elsayed AM, Ibrahem RA. Distribution of naturally -occurring NS5B resistance-associated substitutions in Egyptian patients with chronic Hepatitis C. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249770. [PMID: 33857212 PMCID: PMC8049381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NS5B polymerase inhibitors represent the cornerstone of the present treatment of Hepatitis C virus infection (HCV). Naturally occurring substitution mutations to NS5B inhibitors have been recorded. The current study intended to demonstrate possible natural direct acting antiviral (DAA)—mutations of the HCV NS5B region in HCV patients in Minia governorate, Egypt. Methods Samples were collected from 27 treatment-naïve HCV patients and 8 non-responders. Out of 27 treatment-naïve patients, 17 NS5B sequences (amino acids 221–345) from treatment-naïve patients and one sample of non-responders were successfully amplified. Nucleotide sequences have been aligned, translated into amino acids, and compared to drug resistance mutations reported in the literature. Results NS5B amino acid sequence analysis ensures several novel NS5B mutations existence (more than 40 substitution mutations) that have not been previously documented to be correlated with a resistant phenotype. It was found that K304R (82.4%), E327D and P300T (76.5% each) substitutions were the most distributed in the tested samples, respectively. S282T, the major resistance mutation that induces high sofosbuvir-resistance level in addition to other reported mutations (L320F/C) and (C316Y/N) were not recognized. Q309R mutation is a ribavirin-associated resistance, which was recognized in one strain (5.9%) of genotype 1g sequences. Besides, one substitution mutation (E237G) was identified in the successfully amplified non-responder sample. Conclusion Our study showed various combinations of mutations in the analyzed NS5B genes which could enhance the possibility of therapy failure in patients administered regimens including multiple DAA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hala Rady Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Nancy G. F. M. Waly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Rehab Mahmoud Abd El-Baky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia, Egypt
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Ramadan Yahia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Merit University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Amr M. Elsayed
- Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Reham Ali Ibrahem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
El-Garawani I, Hassab El-Nabi S, Gadallah M, Abdelsameea E. Association between IFN-λ 3 Gene Polymorphisms and Outcome of Treatment with Direct Acting Antivirals in Chronic HCV-Infected Egyptian Patients. Immunol Invest 2021; 50:12-22. [PMID: 32024403 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2020.1722158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the interferon lambda 3 (IFN-λ 3) gene are associated with viral clearance and treatment response in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Aim: to assess whether specific IFN-λ 3 gene SNP, known as rs12979860 (C > T), could predict the outcome of treatment with direct acting antivirals (DAAs) among Egyptian patients with chronic HCV genotype 4 infection. Methods: Tetra-primer (ARMS-PCR) and PCR-RFLP methods were used for SNP genotyping in 100 chronic HCV-infected patients and 50 healthy subjects as control group. Results: The CC (wild type) genotype of rs12979860 was identified in 20 patients, 50% of them achieved sustained virological response (SVR). SNP genotype TT was found in 17 patients and only 2 of them (11.76%) were responders. The frequency of CT genotypes was significantly higher in responders than in non-responders (p= .021). In contrast, the frequency of TT genotypes was significantly higher in non-responders (42.85%, p< .001). On univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of the significant predictors of SVR, there were six predictive factors (Age, diabetes mellitus, AST, albumin, type of therapy and IFN-λ 3 genotype). Conclusion: The TT genotype and T allele were significantly associated with failure to achieve SVR. However, CT genotype of IFN-λ 3 (rs12979860) may be considered as a predictor for SVR in patients who received DAAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Islam El-Garawani
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University , Shibin Al Kawm, Egypt
| | - Sobhy Hassab El-Nabi
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University , Shibin Al Kawm, Egypt
| | - Marwa Gadallah
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University , Shibin Al Kawm, Egypt
| | - Eman Abdelsameea
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University , Shibin Al Kawm, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Al Abri MZ, Farag MA, Al Mosawi AS, Al Awaidy ST. Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Patterns of Substance Use Disorder in Oman: A retrospective study of the National Registry Surveillance Programme between 2004 and 2018. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2020; 20:e296-e303. [PMID: 33414933 PMCID: PMC7757916 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2020.20.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Substance use disorder is a global challenge. Therefore, this study aimed to provide an updated view of socio-demographic characteristics and patterns of substance use in Oman. METHODS This retrospective descriptive study was conducted between 2004 and 2018. Data were retrieved from Oman's National Drug Addict Registry. The data collected included the socio-demographic characteristics of registered cases, the proportion of various psychoactive substances' consumption and their routes of administration, the associated sociodemographic determinants as well as comorbid conditions. RESULTS A total of 6,453 cases were registered during the study's timeframe. The majority of which were Omani (97.9%), male (98.7%), single (57.9%), unemployed (50.2%), had an education level below university (81.0%) and were adolescents and young adults (77.0%). Opiates were the most common substance used (66.6%) and more than half of the sample were polydrug users (51.0%). Injecting-drug users constituted 53.4% of the total registered cases. The proportion of people with hepatitis virus C, hepatits virus B and HIV among the registered cases were 46.9%, 5.1% and 3.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION The findings are in favour of rapidly escalating the introduction of a substance use preventive programme at all school levels as well as making opioid substitution therapy and other harm reduction programmes available in Oman.
Collapse
|
9
|
Namayandeh M, Jamalidoust M, Heydari Marandi N, Aliabadi N, Ziyaeyan A, Pouladfar G, Ziyaeyan M. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection in southern Iran from 2016 to 2019. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:762-767. [PMID: 32902892 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The treatment of HCV infection has become more complicated due to various genotypes and subtypes of HCV. The treatment of HCV has made significant advances with direct-acting antivirals. However, for the choice of medicine or the combination of drugs for hepatitis C, it is imperative to detect and discriminate the crucial HCV genotypes. The main objective of this study was to determine the pattern of circulating HCV genotypes in southern Iran, from 2016 until 2019. The other aim of the study was to determine possible associations of patients' risk factors with HCV genotypes. A total of 803 serum samples were collected in 4 years (2016-2019) from patients with HCV antibody positive results. A total of 728 serum samples were HCV-RNA positive. The prevalence of HCV genotypes was detected using the genotype-specific RT-PCR test for serum samples obtained from 615 patients. The HCV genotype 1 (G1) was the most prevalent (48.8%) genotype in the area, with G1a, G1b, and mixed G1a/b representing 38.4%, 10.1%, and 0.3%, respectively. Genotype 3a was the next most prevalent (47.2%). Mixed genotypes 1a/3a were detected in 22 (3.6%) and finally G4 was found in 3 (0.5%) patients. The other HCV genotypes were not detected in any patient. Genotype 1 (1a and 1b alone, 1a/1b and 1a/3a coinfections) is the most prevalent HCV genotype in southern Iran. HCV G1 shows a significantly higher rate in people under 40 years old.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Namayandeh
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| | - Marzieh Jamalidoust
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| | - Nahid Heydari Marandi
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| | - Nasrin Aliabadi
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| | - Atoosa Ziyaeyan
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gholamreza Pouladfar
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| | - Mazyar Ziyaeyan
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
HCV Infection in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and Its Role of Genotypes in Clinical Outcomes of the Disease. ACTA BIOMEDICA SCIENTIFICA 2020. [DOI: 10.29413/abs.2020-5.4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the research. To study the epidemic manifestations of HCV infection in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in order to develop recommendations for improving the effectiveness and quality of treatment and prevention measures. Materials and methods. The paper uses materials from the official statistics of the Territorial Department of Rospotrebnadzor of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) for 1994–2018, and data from the electronic register «Chronic viral hepatitis in the RS (Ya)» (2019). Molecular and biological studies of the genotype of the hepatitis C virus were performed jointly on the basis of the Federal state budgetary Institution «Central research Institute of epidemiology» of Rospotrebnadzor (2007–2011, n = 75). To assess the epidemiological situation, the rate of increase in morbidity is calculated on the basis of data equalized by the method of least squares. Statistical processing was performed using the SPSS 17 program. The critical significance level is assumed to be 0.05. Results. Thus, the study of long-term dynamics of the incidence of viral hepatitis shows that in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) a consistently high level of incidence of HCV with adverse trends in the development of the epidemic process remains. Analysis of the distribution of different variants of HCV genotypes allowed us to establish the prevalence of genotype 1b, which can determine the high frequency of cirrhosis and primary liver cancer. The current situation in the Republic regarding the incidence of viral hepatitis requires detailed monitoring, improvement of epidemiological surveillance and introduction of modern treatment methods. It is also necessary to improve the quality of health education among the population of the Republic.
Collapse
|
11
|
The Cost-Effectiveness of Hepatitis C Virus Screening Strategies among Recently Arrived Migrants in the Netherlands. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176091. [PMID: 32825680 PMCID: PMC7503411 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: We aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening strategies among recently arrived migrants in the Netherlands. Methods: A Markov model was used to estimate the health effects and costs of HCV screening from the healthcare perspective. A cohort of 50,000 recently arrived migrants was used. In this cohort, three HCV screening strategies were evaluated: (i) no screening, (ii) screening of migrants from HCV-endemic countries and (iii) screening of all migrants. Results: Strategy (ii) screening of migrants from HCV-endemic countries compared to strategy (i) no screening, yielded an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of €971 per quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained. Strategy (iii) screening of all migrants compared with strategy (ii) screening of migrants from HCV-endemic countries yielded an ICER of €1005 per QALY gained. The budget impact of strategy (ii) screening of migrants from HCV-endemic countries and strategy (iii) screening of all migrants was €13,752,039 and €20,786,683, respectively. Conclusion: HCV screening is cost-effective. However, the budget impact may have a strong influence on decision making.
Collapse
|
12
|
El-Shabrawi MH, Kamal NM, Mogahed EA, Elhusseini MA, Aljabri MF. Perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus: an update. Arch Med Sci 2020; 16:1360-1369. [PMID: 33224335 PMCID: PMC7667440 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.83644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major health problem worldwide. A large proportion of perinatal HCV infections are silent and may present later in adulthood with long-term complications. HCV has no effective immune prophylaxis and hence appropriate follow-up of all infants born to HCV-infected mothers is necessary. Universal antenatal screening for HCV is largely debatable. Intrauterine and partum transmission of HCV are both possible and higher rates are associated with a high maternal serum viral load (> 106 copies per milliliter), concomitant HIV infection, prolonged or difficult delivery, and invasive fetal monitoring during delivery. Infection during pregnancy and infancy needs to be investigated more in order to design management strategies for perinatal transmission of HCV most effectively. The recently approved new-generation, oral, direct-acting antiviral drugs may open a new era in HCV therapy for pregnant women and infected infants if proved to be safe during conception and infancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Naglaa M. Kamal
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Engy A. Mogahed
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mona A. Elhusseini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Red Crescent Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F. Aljabri
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology, Alhada Armed Forces Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ramezani A, Baesi K, Banifazl M, Mohraz M, Khorvash F, Yaran M, Tabarsi P, Dalirrooyfard AH, Motevalli F, Bavand A, Aghakhani A. Naturally occurring NS5A and NS5B resistant associated substitutions in HCV and HCV/HIV patients in iranian population. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2019; 43:594-602. [PMID: 31080115 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The introduction of direct acting antivirals (DAAs) for hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment promises shorter treatment duration, higher cure rates and fewer side effects. Naturally, occurring Resistance Associated Substitutions (RASs) are major challenge to the success of the HCV antiviral therapy. AIM To determine the naturally occurring NS5A and NS5B RASs in Iranian HCV and HCV/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. METHODS A total of 209 DAA-naïve chronic HCV patients including 104 HCV mono-infected and 105 HCV/HIV co-infected cases were enrolled. Amplification and Sanger population sequencing of NS5A and NS5B regions of HCV genome were carried out. The amino acid sequence diversity of the NS5A and NS5B regions were analyzed using geno2pheno HCV. RESULTS NS5A RASs were detected in 25.5% of HCV and 16.9% of HCV/HIV subjects. In HCV cases, clinically relevant RASs were L28M followed by M28Vand Q30H and Y93H/N. In HCV/HIV subjects, clinically relevant RASs were Y93H/N followed by L28M and P58T and M28V/T and Q30R. NS5B RASs were observed in 11.8% of HCV and 5.9% of HCV/HIV subjects. Clinically relevant substitutions were included V321A/I, C316Y, S282R and L159F. The major S282T mutation was not observed. CONCLUSION The emergence of RASs is a growing issue in the setting of current treatment with DAAs. Although currently, screening of RASs is recommended before specific DAA regimens, it should be consider in patients with therapeutic failure and in the cases of retreatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amitis Ramezani
- Clinical Research Dept, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kazem Baesi
- Hepatitis and AIDS Dept, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Banifazl
- Iranian Society for Support of Patients with Infectious Disease, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Minoo Mohraz
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farzin Khorvash
- Nosocomial Infection Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Majid Yaran
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Payam Tabarsi
- Clinical TB and Epidemiology Research Center, NRITLd, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Hosein Dalirrooyfard
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Anahita Bavand
- Clinical Research Dept, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Arezoo Aghakhani
- Clinical Research Dept, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Daw MA, Buktir Ali LA, Daw AM, Sifennasr NEM, Dau AA, Agnan MM, El-Bouzedi A. The geographic variation and spatiotemporal distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in Libya: 2007-2016. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:594. [PMID: 30466399 PMCID: PMC6251168 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3471-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C Virus infection has been considered an important hidden pandemic in developing countries, particularly in Africa. It varies greatly from one region to another and even within districts of the same region. Macroscopic geospatial analysis has become an important scientific tool for identifying the density and clustering of HCV infection and provides epidemiological information for planning interventions and control strategies. The application of these parameters provides a better knowledge of the hepatitis C virus infection prevalence at the national level and can help to implement pertinent strategies to address the HCV-related burdens. This study aims to determine the geographical variability of HCV infection in Libya and to identify the hot spots within regions and districts of the country, and to analyze the population-based demographic determinants involved and outline the intervention programs needed. METHODS Disease mapping and spatial analysis were conducted using geographic information data available on all documented cases of HCV infections in Libya between 2007 and 2016. Spatial autocorrelation was tested using Moran's Index, which determines and measures the degree of clustering and dispersion of HCV infection in a country. RESULTS A total 114,928 HCV infection cases during a ten-year period with accurate geographic information were studied. Ages ranged between 16 and 50 years and the male to female ratio was 2:1. HCV infection was unevenly distributed in Libya, and its incidence increased steadily over the study period. Several hot spots and cold spots were found mainly in the southern and eastern regions of the country. CONCLUSION HCV infection in Libya was geographically variable, with several hot spots particularly in eastern and southern Libya associated with different demographic determinants. Future intervention planning should consider the geospatial variability and risk factors involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Daw
- Department of Medical Microbiology &Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya
| | - Lutfi A. Buktir Ali
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tripoli Medical Centre, Tripoli, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya
| | - Amina M. Daw
- Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya
| | - Nadia E. M. Sifennasr
- Department of Medical Microbiology &Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya
| | - Aghnyia A. Dau
- Department of Surgery, Tripoli Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya
| | - Mohamed M. Agnan
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Technology, AlgabalAl-garbi University, Nalut, Libya
| | - Abdallah El-Bouzedi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Biotechnology, Tripoli University, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya
| | - In association with the Libyan Study Group of Hepatitis & HIV
- Department of Medical Microbiology &Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tripoli Medical Centre, Tripoli, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya
- Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya
- Department of Surgery, Tripoli Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Technology, AlgabalAl-garbi University, Nalut, Libya
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Biotechnology, Tripoli University, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Alkaaby BA, Al-Ethawi AES. The effectiveness of oral antiviral (Sofosbuvir/Ledipasvir) in treating children with HCV infection. Pak J Med Sci 2018; 34:1353-1356. [PMID: 30559784 PMCID: PMC6290209 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.346.15722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the efficacy of (Sofosbuvir/ledipasvir) in treating children with HCV infection. METHODS This study was conducted at Gastroenterology, Hepatology Center /Pediatrics department and the Central Child Teaching Hospital, Baghdad / Iraq from April 2017 to January 2018. Patients with positive HCV PCR, aged 7 to 18 years were enrolled. History, clinical examinations and investigations were conducted. HCV genotyping was done (if affordable). Sofosbuvir/Ledipasvir was given to all patients once daily. Ribavirin was added for INF-experienced patients or with established cirrhosis. Follow up with liver function and renal function and PCR was done at 12 weeks (end of treatment); then after 12 weeks post treatment (SVR12). Total duration of therapy was 12 weeks, extended to 24 in cases with established cirrhosis. Computer program SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis. RESULTS The number of patients was 22, with mean age of 12.5 years, 14 boys (63.6%), and 8 girls (36.4%). Genotype 1 was the dominant type (75%). SVR 12 was achieved in 20 patients (90.9%), the remaining two (9.1%) had partial virological response. HBV co-infection was found in five cases; they were kept on Entecavir during the course of treatment. All achieved SVR12 for HCV with decrease in titer of HBV. Even INF-experienced patients (7 patients 31.8%) were responsive with SVR12. The treatment was well tolerated. CONCLUSION Sofosbuvir/ledipasvir is effective in treating HCV in children, and is well tolerated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ban Adil Alkaaby
- Ban Adil Al-Kaaby, MRCPCh, FICMS-Ped., Senior Lecturer, Paediatrics Department, Al-Mustansiryah Medical College, Specialist Pediatrician at Central Child Teaching Hospital & Gastroenterology and Hepatology Center, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Abd El-Salam Al-Ethawi
- Abd El-Salam Al-Ethawi, Senior Lecturer, Pediatrics Department, Al-Mustansiryah Medical College, Paediatrics Cardiologist at Ibn Al-Bittar Center for Cardiac Surgery and Central Child Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of death, especially in immunocompromised patients. The lack of clear prevalence data in the Middle East makes it difficult to estimate the true morbidity and mortality burden of HCV. In Kuwait, estimating the burden of disease is complicated by the constant flow of expatriates, many of whom are from HCV-endemic areas. The development of new and revolutionary treatments for HCV necessitates the standardization of clinical practice across all healthcare institutions. While international guidelines from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) and European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) do address this evolving treatment landscape, the cost-driven treatment prioritization of patients by these guidelines and unique HCV genotype presentation in the Kuwaiti population prompted the development of a more tailored approach. The predominant HCV genotypes prevalent in Kuwait are genotypes 4 and 1. The Kuwait Hepatology Club (KHC), comprising hepatologists across all major institutions in Kuwait, conducted several consensus meetings to develop the scoring criteria, evaluate all current evidence, and propose screening, diagnosis, and treatment suggestions for the management of HCV in this population. While these treatment suggestions were largely consistent with the 2016 AASLD and 2015 EASL guidelines, they also addressed gaps in the unmet needs of the Kuwaiti population with HCV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motaz Fathy Saad
- Haya Al-Habib Gastroenterology and Hepatology Center, Mubarak Alkabir Hospital, Hawaly, Kuwait,
| | - Saleh Alenezi
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Farwaniya Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Haifaa Asker
- Thunayan Al-Ghanim Gastroenterology and Hepatology Center, Al-Amiri Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nasser SC, Mansour H, Abi Nader T, Metni M. Cost-effectiveness of novel treatment of hepatitis C virus in Lebanese patients. Int J Clin Pharm 2018; 40:693-699. [PMID: 29611014 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-018-0628-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Limited data is available on Hepatitis C disease prevalence, treatment initiation and its cost-effectiveness in Lebanon and the whole Middle East. Objective The aim of the study is to assess whether initiation of novel Direct Acting Antiviral agents (DAAs) at early stage of hepatitis C is cost-effective in Lebanese patients. Setting Lebanon. Methods This modeling study was conducted from the perspective of Lebanese third party payers, where existing practice is based on international guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The model assessed cost-effectiveness of early versus delayed DAAs treatment in a standard patient upon HCV diagnosis. Medical costs were valued using in-house database. Main outcome measures Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) per QALY and per life-year extended. Results Treatment at early HCV disease stage has led to an ICER of 587 euro per QALY gained throughout the course of the disease. Outcomes of early treatment with DAAs upon HCV diagnosis led to an incremental cost of 27,268 euro per QALY gained at first year of treatment, and of 1527 euro per additional life-year extended. Sensitivity analysis showed that a 25% decrease in the cost of dual drug option resulted in a decrease of incremental cost to 16,982 euro per QALY gained at first year of treatment with DAAs upon early HCV diagnosis. Conclusion Decision makers are encouraged to reinforce the need to screen for HCV and initiate novel treatment at early disease stage in the Lebanese healthcare system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumana C Nasser
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.
| | - Hanine Mansour
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | | | - Mirna Metni
- Medical Control Department, Lebanese National Security Social Fund, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bawazir A, AlGusheri F, Jradi H, AlBalwi M, Abdel-Gader AG. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in Saudi Arabia: a future prediction and laboratory profile. Virol J 2017; 14:208. [PMID: 29096662 PMCID: PMC5667522 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0873-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes and subtypes are considered an important tool for epidemiological and clinical studies and valuable markers for disease progression and response to antiviral therapy. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of HCV genotypes and their relation to socio-demographic factors particularly age and sex, various biochemical profiles and viral load. METHODS The records (630) of Saudi patients positive for HCV (2007-2011) reported in the system of the Molecular Pathology Laboratory at a tertiary reference hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia were analyzed. Socio-demographic characteristics, liver biochemical profile, viral load and co-infection with HBV and HIV were retrieved from the hospital database. The associations of continuous and categorical variables with genotypes were analyzed. RESULT The overall mean age of the surveyed patients was 59 years ±0.5 years (21% were <50 years (p = 0.02). The rate of infection is lower in males than in females (47.6% vs. 52.4%). HCV genotype 4 was the most prevalent (60.7%), followed by genotype 1 (24.8%). However, genotype 1 and 3 were found more in males (29.7% vs. 20.3% and 6% vs. 2.1%, respectively, p = 0.001), while genotype 2 and 4 were more among females (4.8% vs. 2% and 68.5% vs. 52.3%, respectively). In addition, genotype 1 was found dominant in younger males (33.8%). Biochemical parameters across gender showed significant variation in particular for the ALT (p = 0.007). The mean viral load was significantly higher in genotype 1 than genotype 4 (4,757,532 vs. 1,435,012, p = <001). There is a very low overall percentage of co-infection of HBV or HIV in this study (around 2% for each). CONCLUSION Although HCV genotype 4 shows an overall high prevalence in this study, a clear decline in the rate of this genotype was also demonstrated in particular among the younger age group who displayed increasing trends toward the global trend of genotype 1, rather than genotype 4. This finding would be of clinical interest in relation to future planning of the therapy for HCV infected patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amen Bawazir
- The King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Community and environmental Health,College of Public Health & Health Informatics. King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 11481 Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad AlGusheri
- Division of Molecular Pathology and Genetics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hoda Jradi
- The King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Community and environmental Health,College of Public Health & Health Informatics. King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 11481 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed AlBalwi
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, 3660, Riyadh, 11481 Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdel-Galil Abdel-Gader
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus among hemodialysis patients in the Middle East and North Africa: systematic syntheses, meta-analyses, and meta-regressions. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:3243-3263. [PMID: 28988562 PMCID: PMC9148758 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817002242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemiology among hemodialysis (HD) patients in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Our data source was an HCV biological measures database populated through systematic literature searches. Descriptive epidemiologic syntheses, effects meta-analyses and meta-regressions, and genotype analyses were conducted. We analyzed 289 studies, including 106 463 HD patients. HCV incidence ranged between 0 and 100% as seroconversion risk, and between 0 and 14·7 per 1000 person-years as incidence rate. The regional pooled mean estimate was 29·2% (95% CI: 25·6–32·8%) for HCV antibody positive prevalence and 63·0% (95% CI: 55·4–70·3%) for the viremic rate. Region within MENA, country income group, and year of data collection were associated with HCV prevalence; year of data collection adjusted odds ratio was 0·92 (95% CI: 0·90–0·95). Genotype diversity varied across countries with four genotypes documented regionally: genotype 1 (39·3%), genotype 2 (5·7%), genotype 3 (29·6%), and genotype 4 (25·4%). Our findings showed that one-third of HD patients are HCV antibody positive and one-fifth are chronic carriers and can transmit the infection. However, HCV prevalence is declining. In context of growing HD patient population and increasing HCV treatment availability, it is critical to improve standards of infection control in dialysis and expand treatment coverage.
Collapse
|
20
|
Maaroufi A, Vince A, Himatt SM, Mohamed R, Fung J, Opare-Sem O, Workneh A, Njouom R, Al Ghazzawi I, Abdulla M, Kaliaskarova KS, Owusu-Ofori S, Abdelmageed MK, Adda D, Akin O, Al Baqali A, Al Dweik N, Al Ejji K, Al Kaabi S, Al Naamani K, Al Qamish J, Al Sadadi M, Al Salman J, AlBadri M, Al-Busafi SA, Al-Romaihi HE, Ampofo W, Antonov K, Anyaike C, Arome F, Bane A, Blach S, Borodo MM, Brandon SM, Bright B, Butt MT, Cardenas I, Chan HLY, Chen CJ, Chen DS, Chen PJ, Chien RN, Chuang WL, Cuellar D, Derbala M, Elbardiny AA, Estes C, Farag E, Gamkrelidze I, Garcia V, Genov J, Ghandour Z, Ghuloom M, Gomez B, Gunter J, Habeeb J, Hajelssedig O, Hamoudi W, Hrstic I, Hu CC, Huang CF, Hui YT, Jahis R, Jelev D, John AK, Kamel Y, Kao JH, Khamis J, Khattabi H, Khoudri I, Konysbekova A, Kotzev I, Lai MS, Lao WC, Layden J, Lee MH, Lesi O, Li M, Lo A, Loo CK, Lukšić B, Malu AO, Mateva L, Mitova R, Morović M, Murphy K, Mustapha B, Nde H, Nersesov A, Ngige E, Njoya O, Nonković D, Obekpa S, Oguche S, Okolo EE, Omede O, Omuemu C, Ondoa P, Phillips RO, Prokopenko YN, Razavi H, Razavi-Shearer D, Redae B, Reic T, Rinke de Wit T, Rios C, Robbins S, Roberts LR, Sanad SJ, Schmelzer JD, Sharma M, Simonova M, Su TH, Sultan K, Tan SS, Tchernev K, Tsang OTY, Tsang S, Tzeuton C, Ugoeze S, Uzochukwu B, Vi R, Wani HU, Wong VWS, Yacoub R, Yesmembetov KI, Youbi M, Yuen MF, Razavi-Shearer K. Historical epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in select countries-volume 4. J Viral Hepat 2017; 24 Suppl 2:8-24. [PMID: 29105285 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Due to the introduction of newer, more efficacious treatment options, there is a pressing need for policy makers and public health officials to develop or adapt national hepatitis C virus (HCV) control strategies to the changing epidemiological landscape. To do so, detailed, country-specific data are needed to characterize the burden of chronic HCV infection. In this study of 17 countries, a literature review of published and unpublished data on HCV prevalence, viraemia, genotype, age and gender distribution, liver transplants and diagnosis and treatment rates was conducted, and inputs were validated by expert consensus in each country. Viraemic prevalence in this study ranged from 0.2% in Hong Kong to 2.4% in Taiwan, while the largest viraemic populations were in Nigeria (2 597 000 cases) and Taiwan (569 000 cases). Diagnosis, treatment and liver transplant rates varied widely across the countries included in this analysis, as did the availability of reliable data. Addressing data gaps will be critical for the development of future strategies to manage and minimize the disease burden of hepatitis C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Maaroufi
- National Institute of Health Administration, Rabat, Morocco
| | - A Vince
- Medical School University of Zagreb, University Hospital of Infectious Diseases Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - S M Himatt
- Ministry of Public Health Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - R Mohamed
- University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - J Fung
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - O Opare-Sem
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - A Workneh
- Non-Communicable Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - R Njouom
- Virology Department, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - I Al Ghazzawi
- GI and Hepatology Department, Jordan Royal Medical Services, Amman, Jordan
| | - M Abdulla
- Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama, Bahrain
| | - K S Kaliaskarova
- Ministry of Healthcare and Social Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana, Kazakhstan.,Republican Coordination Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | - D Adda
- Civil Society Network on Hepatitis, Abuja, Nigeria.,Chagro-Care Trust (CCT), Jalingo, Nigeria
| | - O Akin
- Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - A Al Baqali
- Al Kindi Specialised Hospital, Manama, Bahrain
| | - N Al Dweik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - K Al Ejji
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - S Al Kaabi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - K Al Naamani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Armed Forces Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - J Al Qamish
- Gastroenterolgy Clinic, IBN Al-Nafees Hospital, Manama, Bahrain
| | | | | | - M AlBadri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - S A Al-Busafi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | | | - W Ampofo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - K Antonov
- University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - C Anyaike
- Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - F Arome
- Advocacy for the Prevention of Hepatitis in Nigeria, Jos, Nigeria
| | - A Bane
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Addis Ababa University Medical School, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Ethiopian Gastroenterological Association, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - S Blach
- Center for Disease Analysis (CDA), Lafayette, CO, USA
| | - M M Borodo
- Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.,Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - S M Brandon
- Center for Disease Analysis (CDA), Lafayette, CO, USA
| | - B Bright
- LiveWell Initiative (LWI), Lagos, Nigeria
| | - M T Butt
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - I Cardenas
- Communicable Diseases Division, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Bogota, Colombia
| | - H L Y Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | | | - D S Chen
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - P J Chen
- National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - R N Chien
- Liver Research Unit, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - W L Chuang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - D Cuellar
- Department of Epidemiology and Demography, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Bogota, Colombia
| | - M Derbala
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - C Estes
- Center for Disease Analysis (CDA), Lafayette, CO, USA
| | - E Farag
- Ministry of Public Health Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - I Gamkrelidze
- Center for Disease Analysis (CDA), Lafayette, CO, USA
| | - V Garcia
- Ministry of Public Health, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - J Genov
- University Hospital "Queen Joanna", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Z Ghandour
- BDF Hospital, Royal Medical Services, Riffa, Bahrain
| | - M Ghuloom
- Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama, Bahrain
| | - B Gomez
- Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA
| | - J Gunter
- Center for Disease Analysis (CDA), Lafayette, CO, USA
| | - J Habeeb
- Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama, Bahrain
| | - O Hajelssedig
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - W Hamoudi
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Al Bashir Hospital, Amman, Jordan.,Jordan Ministry of Health, Amman, Jordan
| | - I Hrstic
- General Hospital Pula, Pula, Croatia
| | - C C Hu
- Liver Research Unit, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - C F Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Y T Hui
- Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - R Jahis
- Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - D Jelev
- University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - A K John
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Y Kamel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Medicine, Miniya University, Minya, Egypt
| | - J H Kao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - J Khamis
- Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama, Bahrain
| | - H Khattabi
- Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt
| | - I Khoudri
- National Institute of Health Administration, Rabat, Morocco
| | - A Konysbekova
- Republican Diagnostic Center, Astana, Kazakhstan.,University Medical Center, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - I Kotzev
- University Hospital "St. Marina", Varna, Bulgaria
| | - M S Lai
- Department of Medicine, North District Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - W C Lao
- Department of Medicine, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - J Layden
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M H Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - O Lesi
- University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.,Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - M Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - A Lo
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - C K Loo
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - B Lukšić
- Clinical Department of Infectious Diseases, Split University Hospital and Split University Medical School, Split, Croatia
| | - A O Malu
- Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - L Mateva
- University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - R Mitova
- University Hospital "Queen Joanna", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - M Morović
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zadar General Hospital, Zadar, Croatia
| | - K Murphy
- Center for Disease Analysis (CDA), Lafayette, CO, USA
| | | | - H Nde
- Center for Disease Analysis (CDA), Lafayette, CO, USA
| | - A Nersesov
- National Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - E Ngige
- Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - O Njoya
- Research Laboratory on Viral Hepatitis & Health Communication, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - D Nonković
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, County of Dalmatia, Split, Croatia
| | - S Obekpa
- Advocacy for the Prevention of Hepatitis in Nigeria, Jos, Nigeria.,Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - S Oguche
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria.,Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria.,Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - E E Okolo
- Beacon Youth Initiative, Lafia, Nigeria
| | - O Omede
- Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - C Omuemu
- University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - P Ondoa
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,African Society of Laboratory Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - R O Phillips
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Y N Prokopenko
- Republican Coordination Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - H Razavi
- Center for Disease Analysis (CDA), Lafayette, CO, USA
| | | | - B Redae
- Ethiopian Gastroenterological Association, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,St. Paul's Hospital Millennium College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - T Reic
- European Liver Patients Association, Sint-Truiden, Belgium
| | - T Rinke de Wit
- PharmAccess Foundation, Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Rios
- Department of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Bogota, Colombia
| | - S Robbins
- Center for Disease Analysis (CDA), Lafayette, CO, USA
| | - L R Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - S J Sanad
- BDF Hospital, Royal Medical Services, Riffa, Bahrain
| | - J D Schmelzer
- Center for Disease Analysis (CDA), Lafayette, CO, USA
| | - M Sharma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - M Simonova
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - T H Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - K Sultan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - S S Tan
- Department of Hepatology, Selayang Hospital, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - O T Y Tsang
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital Authority, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - S Tsang
- Department of Medicine, Tseung Kwan O Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - C Tzeuton
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - S Ugoeze
- Federal Medical Centre, Jalingo, Nigeria
| | - B Uzochukwu
- Institute of Public Health, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - R Vi
- Republican Coordination Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Astana, Kazakhstan.,International HepatoTransplant Group, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - H U Wani
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - V W S Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - R Yacoub
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - K I Yesmembetov
- National Scientific Center of Oncology and Transplantology, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - M Youbi
- National Institute of Health Administration, Rabat, Morocco
| | - M F Yuen
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Daw MA, El-Bouzedi A, Ahmed MO, Dau AA. Molecular and epidemiological characterization of HIV-1 subtypes among Libyan patients. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:170. [PMID: 28454556 PMCID: PMC5410017 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2491-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The epidemiological and clinical aspects of human immunodeficiency virus subtypes are of great interest worldwide. These subtypes are rarely studied in North African countries. Libya is a large country with the longest coast on the Mediterranean Sea, facing the Southern European countries. Studies on the characterization of HIV-1 subtypes are limited in Libya. This study aimed to determine the magnitude of the HIV problem among the Libyan population and to better understand the genetic diversity and the epidemiologic dynamics of HIV 1, as well as to correlate that with the risk factors involved. Methods A total of 159 HIV-1 strains were collected from 814 HIV positive patients from the four Libyan regions during a 16-year period (1995–2010). To determine the HIV-1 subtypes, genetic analysis and molecular sequencing were carried out using provirus polygene. Epidemiologic and demographic information was obtained from each participant and correlated with HIV-1 subtypes using logistic regression. Results The overall prevalence of HIV among Libyans ranged from 5 to 10 per 100,000 during the study period. It was higher among intravenous drug users (IVDUs) (53.9%), blood recipients (25.9%) and heterosexuals (17.6%) than by vertical transmission (2.6%). Prevalence was higher among males aged 20–40 years (M:F 1:6, P > 0.001). Among the 159 strains of HIV-1 available for typing, 117 strains (73.6%) were subtype B, 29 (18.2%) were CRF02_AG, and 13 (8.2%) were subtype A. HIV-1 subtype B was the most prevalent all over the country, and it was more prevalent in the Northern region, particularly among IVDUs (P < 0.001). GRF02_AG was common in the Eastern region, particularly among blood recipients while subtype A emerged in the Western region, particularly among IVDUs. Conclusions HIV-1 infection is emerging in Libya with a shifting prevalence of subtypes associated with the changing epidemiology of HIV-1 among risk groups. A genetic analysis of HIV-1 strains demonstrated low subtype heterogeneity with the evolution of subtype B, and CRF_20 AG, as well as HIV-1 subtype A. Our study highlights the importance of expanded surveillance programs to control HIV infection and the necessity of introducing public health strategies to target the risk groups, particularly IVDUs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Daw
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, CC 82668, Tripoli, Libya. .,, Tripoli, Libya. .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya.
| | - Abdallah El-Bouzedi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Tripoli, CC 82668, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Mohamed O Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Tripoli, CC 82668, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Aghnyia A Dau
- Department of Surgery, Tripoli Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, CC 82668, Tripoli, Libya
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Epidemiology of hepatitis C in Islamic Republic of Iran. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(16)61166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
23
|
Daw MA, El-Bouzedi A, Ahmed MO, Dau AA, Agnan MM, Drah AM, Deake AO. Prevalence of human immune deficiency virus in immigrants crossing to Europe from North and Sub-Saharan Africa. Travel Med Infect Dis 2016; 14:637-638. [PMID: 27777089 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Daw
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tripoli University, CC 82668, Tripoli, Libya.
| | - Abdallah El-Bouzedi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Biotechnology, Tripoli University, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya.
| | - Mohamed O Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya.
| | - Aghnyia A Dau
- Department of Surgery, Tripoli Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Tripoli University, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya.
| | - Mohamed M Agnan
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Alga-bal Algarbi University, Libya.
| | - Aisha M Drah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tripoli University, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya.
| | - Ali O Deake
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tripoli University, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya.
| | -
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tripoli University, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hepatitis C Virus in North Africa: An Emerging Threat. ScientificWorldJournal 2016; 2016:7370524. [PMID: 27610403 PMCID: PMC5004010 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7370524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus is a major public health threat associated with serious clinical consequences worldwide. North Africa is a unique region composed of seven countries that vary considerably in the predisposing factors to microbial diseases both historically and at the present time. The dynamics of HCV in the region are not well documented. The data are both limited and controversial in most of the countries in the region. In North Africa, the epidemiology of HCV is disparate and understanding it has been hampered by regional "epidemiological homogeneity" concepts. As the dynamics of HCV vary from country to country, context-specific research is needed. In this review, we assess studies performed in each country in the general populations as well as among blood donors and groups exposed to the HCV infection. The reported prevalence of HCV ranges from 0.6% to 8.4% in the Maghreb countries and is predominated by genotype 1. In the Nile valley region, it ranges from 2.2% to 18.9% and is dominated by genotype 4. In North African countries, HCV seems to be a serious problem that is driven by different vectors even in different geographical locations within the same country. Efforts should be combined at both the national and regional levels to implement efficient preventive and treatment strategies.
Collapse
|
25
|
Alavian SM, Hajarizadeh B, Bagheri Lankarani K, Sharafi H, Ebrahimi Daryani N, Merat S, Mohraz M, Mardani M, Fattahi MR, Poustchi H, Nikbin M, Nabavi M, Adibi P, Ziaee M, Behnava B, Rezaee-Zavareh MS, Colombo M, Massoumi H, Bizri AR, Eghtesad B, Amiri M, Namvar A, Hesamizadeh K, Malekzadeh R. Recommendations for the Clinical Management of Hepatitis C in Iran: A Consensus-Based National Guideline. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2016; 16:e40959. [PMID: 27799966 PMCID: PMC5075356 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.guideline] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major public health issue worldwide, including Iran. The new direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) with high efficacy have changed the landscape of HCV treatment. This guideline provides updated recommendations for clinical management of HCV infection in Iran. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The recommendations of this guideline are based on international and national scientific evidences and consensus-based expert opinion. Scientific evidences were collected through a systematic review of studies that evaluated efficacy and safety of DAA regimens, using PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. Expert opinion was based on the consensus of Iran Hepatitis Scientific Board (IHSB) in the 3rd national consensus on management of Hepatitis C in Iran, held on 22nd of July 2016. RESULTS Pegylated Interferon alpha (PegIFN), Ribavirin (RBV), Sofosbuvir (SOF), Ledipasvir (LDV) and Daclatasvir (DCV) are currently available in Iran. Pre-treatment assessments include HCV RNA level, HCV genotype and resistance testing, assessment of liver fibrosis, and underlying diseases. In HCV genotype 1 and 4, DCV/SOF and LDV/SOF are recommended. In HCV genotype 2, SOF plus RBV and in HCV genotype 3, DCV/SOF is recommended. Additional care for underlying diseases should be considered. CONCLUSIONS Affordable new HCV treatment regimens are available in Iran, providing an opportunity for HCV elimination. Recommendations provided in this current national guideline can facilitate evidence-based management of HCV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Moayed Alavian
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases (BRCGL), Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Middle East Liver Diseases (MELD) Center, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Seyed Moayed Alavian, Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases (BRCGL), Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2181264070, E-mail:
| | - Behzad Hajarizadeh
- Viral Hepatitis Clinical Research Program, The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales (UNSW Australia), Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Heidar Sharafi
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases (BRCGL), Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Middle East Liver Diseases (MELD) Center, Tehran, IR Iran
| | | | - Shahin Merat
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Minoo Mohraz
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Masoud Mardani
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mohamad Reza Fattahi
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Hossein Poustchi
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mehri Nikbin
- Middle East Liver Diseases (MELD) Center, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mahmood Nabavi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Peyman Adibi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Masood Ziaee
- Hepatitis Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, IR Iran
| | - Bita Behnava
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases (BRCGL), Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Middle East Liver Diseases (MELD) Center, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Saeid Rezaee-Zavareh
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases (BRCGL), Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Middle East Liver Diseases (MELD) Center, Tehran, IR Iran
- Student’s Research Committee, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Massimo Colombo
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division 1, AM and A Migliavacca Center for the Study of Liver Disease, Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Hatef Massoumi
- New York Associates in Gastroenterology, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Abdul Rahman Bizri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Majid Amiri
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Gouin Hospital, Clichy, France
| | - Ali Namvar
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Khashayar Hesamizadeh
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases (BRCGL), Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Middle East Liver Diseases (MELD) Center, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus and genotype distribution in immigrants crossing to Europe from North and sub-Saharan Africa. Travel Med Infect Dis 2016; 14:517-526. [PMID: 27502972 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and immigration is rarely studied, particularly for the immigrants crossing to the resettlement countries. Most of the published data are confined to those immigrants who were resident in European countries and rarely immigrated before they reach the final destination. Libya is a large country in North Africa with the longest coast of the Mediterranean Sea facing the European Union. It has been considered as the main transient station for African immigrants to Europe. The objectives of this study were to determine: (1) the prevalence of HCV in African immigrants gathered in Libya from different African countries on their way to Europe and (2) HCV genotype distribution in these immigrants and its correlation with different demographic factors. METHODS A total of 14 205 serum samples were collected in a 3-year period (2013-2015) from different immigrants from North and sub-Saharan Africa who resided in the African immigrant campus, Tripoli, Libya. The participants were interviewed, and relevant information was collected, including socio-demographic, ethnic, and geographic variables. Each serum sample was tested for anti-HCV antibody using ELISA. The genotypes were determined and assigned using a specific genotyping assay and correlated with demographic and potential risk factors of the recruited individuals. RESULTS Of the immigrants studied, 1078 (7.6%) were positive for HCV. The prevalence of HCV infection ranged from 1.4% to 18.7%; it was higher among individuals arriving from Nile river (3.6-18.7%) of North Africa, followed by those who arrived from the West African region (2.1-14.1%), Horn of Africa (HOA, 6.8-9.9%), and Maghreb countries (1.4-2.7%). The relative risk factor attributable to gender variation was not significant (95% Cl: 0.8513-1.2381). Five genotypes were detected in 911 African immigrants. Genotypic analysis showed that the predominant HCV genotypes in this group were genotypes 4, 1, and 2 that accounted for 329 (36.1%), 326 (35.8%), and 131 (14.4%) strains, respectively, followed by genotype 3 that accounted for 87 (9.5%) strains. Genotype 5 was isolated mainly from 18 HOA (2%) and 20 West African (2.2%) individuals. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of HCV is considered high with a unique disparate distribution among African immigrants crossing to Europe. This indicated that the prevalence of HCV is high among these immigrants and thus may be reflected on the HCV prevalence in the guest countries. The broad genetic heterogeneity of HCV genotypes detected here may impact the efficacy of prevention and control efforts for HCV in both Europe and North and sub-Saharan Africa; hence, an integrated global policy of actions is needed.
Collapse
|
27
|
Rajhi M, Ghedira K, Chouikha A, Djebbi A, Cheikh I, Ben Yahia A, Sadraoui A, Hammami W, Azouz M, Ben Mami N, Triki H. Phylogenetic Analysis and Epidemic History of Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 2 in Tunisia, North Africa. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153761. [PMID: 27100294 PMCID: PMC4839596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HCV genotype 2 (HCV-2) has a worldwide distribution with prevalence rates that vary from country to country. High genetic diversity and long-term endemicity were suggested in West African countries. A global dispersal of HCV-2 would have occurred during the 20th century, especially in European countries. In Tunisia, genotype 2 was the second prevalent genotype after genotype 1 and most isolates belong to subtypes 2c and 2k. In this study, phylogenetic analyses based on the NS5B genomic sequences of 113 Tunisian HCV isolates from subtypes 2c and 2k were carried out. A Bayesian coalescent-based framework was used to estimate the origin and the spread of these subtypes circulating in Tunisia. Phylogenetic analyses of HCV-2c sequences suggest the absence of country-specific or time-specific variants. In contrast, the phylogenetic grouping of HCV-2k sequences shows the existence of two major genetic clusters that may represent two distinct circulating variants. Coalescent analysis indicated a most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of Tunisian HCV-2c around 1886 (1869-1902) before the introduction of HCV-2k in 1901 (1867-1931). Our findings suggest that the introduction of HCV-2c in Tunisia is possibly a result of population movements between Tunisia and European population following the French colonization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Rajhi
- Pasteur Institute, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory on Poliomyelitis and Measles, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences, Bizerte, Tunisia
- * E-mail:
| | - Kais Ghedira
- Pasteur Institute, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Mathematics and Statistics, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, 1036, Tunisia
| | - Anissa Chouikha
- Pasteur Institute, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory on Poliomyelitis and Measles, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Djebbi
- Pasteur Institute, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory on Poliomyelitis and Measles, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imed Cheikh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Regional Hospital of Bizerte, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Ben Yahia
- Pasteur Institute, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory on Poliomyelitis and Measles, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amel Sadraoui
- Pasteur Institute, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory on Poliomyelitis and Measles, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Walid Hammami
- Pasteur Institute, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory on Poliomyelitis and Measles, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Msaddek Azouz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Regional Hospital of Nabeul, Nabeul, Tunisia
| | - Nabil Ben Mami
- Department of Gastroenterology, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Henda Triki
- Pasteur Institute, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory on Poliomyelitis and Measles, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, 1036, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Epidemiology of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in Lebanon. Arab J Gastroenterol 2016; 17:29-33. [PMID: 27032492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Hepatitis B and C are two potentially life threatening liver infections. Lebanon is ranked as a zone of moderate endemicity. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B and C in Lebanon and their distribution according to age, region and sex. PATIENTS AND METHODS This national prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2011 till December 2012 in the six Lebanese Governorates in collaboration with municipalities, the Ministry of Public Health, Health Centres and dispensaries. An upcoming screening for hepatitis B and C was announced? in different districts of each Governorate. All individuals presenting to local laboratory, not known to have chronic hepatitis, were asked for a blood sample and answered a questionnaire addressing sex, age, place of birth and residence. Screening tests were "Abbots" for hepatitis B and "Human Hexagon" for hepatitis C. PCR testing was used to confirm the positivity of the previous tests. RESULTS Of 31147 individuals screened, 542 had a rapid test positive for HBV (prevalence 1.74%, 95% CI 1.6-1.89) with a male to female ratio of 1.08. This prevalence was higher in the South and Nabatieh (1.9%) compared to Beirut (0.73%). Of 31,147 individuals screened, 64 had a rapid test positive for HCV (prevalence 0.21%, 95% CI 0.16-0.27) with a male to female ratio of 0.85. This prevalence was higher in Nabatieh (0.61%) compared to Mount Lebanon (0.08%). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of HBV and HCV in Lebanon is 1.74% and 0.21%, respectively with a higher prevalence in South and Nabatieh districts. These data rank Lebanon amongst countries with low endemicity for both viruses. Decrease in the prevalence of HBV is due to awareness campaign as well as success of the MOPH National Hepatitis Program in vaccinating all new born since 1998 and in screening and vaccinating high risk groups.
Collapse
|
29
|
Chaabna K, Kouyoumjian SP, Abu-Raddad LJ. Hepatitis C Virus Epidemiology in Djibouti, Somalia, Sudan, and Yemen: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016. [PMID: 26900839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149966]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemiology and assess country-specific population-level HCV prevalence in four countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region: Djibouti, Somalia, Sudan, and Yemen. METHODS Reports of HCV prevalence were systematically reviewed as per PRISMA guidelines. Pooled HCV prevalence estimates in different risk populations were conducted when the number of measures per risk category was at least five. RESULTS We identified 101 prevalence estimates. Pooled HCV antibody prevalence in the general population in Somalia, Sudan and Yemen was 0.9% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.3%-1.9%), 1.0% (95%CI: 0.3%-1.9%) and 1.9% (95%CI: 1.4%-2.6%), respectively. The only general population study from Djibouti reported a prevalence of 0.3% (CI: 0.2%-0.4%) in blood donors. In high-risk populations (e.g., haemodialysis and haemophilia patients), pooled HCV prevalence was 17.3% (95%CI: 8.6%-28.2%) in Sudan. In Yemen, three studies of haemodialysis patients reported HCV prevalence between 40.0%-62.7%. In intermediate-risk populations (e.g.. healthcare workers, in patients and men who have sex with men), pooled HCV prevalence was 1.7% (95%CI: 0.0%-4.9%) in Somalia and 0.6% (95%CI: 0.4%-0.8%) in Sudan. CONCLUSION National HCV prevalence in Yemen appears to be higher than in Djibouti, Somalia, and Sudan as well as most other MENA countries; but otherwise prevalence levels in this subregion are comparable to global levels. The high HCV prevalence in patients who have undergone clinical care appears to reflect ongoing transmission in clinical settings. HCV prevalence in people who inject drugs remains unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karima Chaabna
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Silva P Kouyoumjian
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Laith J Abu-Raddad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
- College of Public Health, Hamad bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chaabna K, Kouyoumjian SP, Abu-Raddad LJ. Hepatitis C Virus Epidemiology in Djibouti, Somalia, Sudan, and Yemen: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149966. [PMID: 26900839 PMCID: PMC4764686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemiology and assess country-specific population-level HCV prevalence in four countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region: Djibouti, Somalia, Sudan, and Yemen. METHODS Reports of HCV prevalence were systematically reviewed as per PRISMA guidelines. Pooled HCV prevalence estimates in different risk populations were conducted when the number of measures per risk category was at least five. RESULTS We identified 101 prevalence estimates. Pooled HCV antibody prevalence in the general population in Somalia, Sudan and Yemen was 0.9% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.3%-1.9%), 1.0% (95%CI: 0.3%-1.9%) and 1.9% (95%CI: 1.4%-2.6%), respectively. The only general population study from Djibouti reported a prevalence of 0.3% (CI: 0.2%-0.4%) in blood donors. In high-risk populations (e.g., haemodialysis and haemophilia patients), pooled HCV prevalence was 17.3% (95%CI: 8.6%-28.2%) in Sudan. In Yemen, three studies of haemodialysis patients reported HCV prevalence between 40.0%-62.7%. In intermediate-risk populations (e.g.. healthcare workers, in patients and men who have sex with men), pooled HCV prevalence was 1.7% (95%CI: 0.0%-4.9%) in Somalia and 0.6% (95%CI: 0.4%-0.8%) in Sudan. CONCLUSION National HCV prevalence in Yemen appears to be higher than in Djibouti, Somalia, and Sudan as well as most other MENA countries; but otherwise prevalence levels in this subregion are comparable to global levels. The high HCV prevalence in patients who have undergone clinical care appears to reflect ongoing transmission in clinical settings. HCV prevalence in people who inject drugs remains unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karima Chaabna
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation – Education City, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Silva P. Kouyoumjian
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation – Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Laith J. Abu-Raddad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation – Education City, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
- College of Public Health, Hamad bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hepatitis C Virus Epidemiology in Djibouti, Somalia, Sudan, and Yemen: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016. [PMID: 26900839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149966].] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemiology and assess country-specific population-level HCV prevalence in four countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region: Djibouti, Somalia, Sudan, and Yemen. METHODS Reports of HCV prevalence were systematically reviewed as per PRISMA guidelines. Pooled HCV prevalence estimates in different risk populations were conducted when the number of measures per risk category was at least five. RESULTS We identified 101 prevalence estimates. Pooled HCV antibody prevalence in the general population in Somalia, Sudan and Yemen was 0.9% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.3%-1.9%), 1.0% (95%CI: 0.3%-1.9%) and 1.9% (95%CI: 1.4%-2.6%), respectively. The only general population study from Djibouti reported a prevalence of 0.3% (CI: 0.2%-0.4%) in blood donors. In high-risk populations (e.g., haemodialysis and haemophilia patients), pooled HCV prevalence was 17.3% (95%CI: 8.6%-28.2%) in Sudan. In Yemen, three studies of haemodialysis patients reported HCV prevalence between 40.0%-62.7%. In intermediate-risk populations (e.g.. healthcare workers, in patients and men who have sex with men), pooled HCV prevalence was 1.7% (95%CI: 0.0%-4.9%) in Somalia and 0.6% (95%CI: 0.4%-0.8%) in Sudan. CONCLUSION National HCV prevalence in Yemen appears to be higher than in Djibouti, Somalia, and Sudan as well as most other MENA countries; but otherwise prevalence levels in this subregion are comparable to global levels. The high HCV prevalence in patients who have undergone clinical care appears to reflect ongoing transmission in clinical settings. HCV prevalence in people who inject drugs remains unknown.
Collapse
|
32
|
Daw MA, Shabash A, El-Bouzedi A, Dau AA, Habas M, Libyan Study Group of Hepatitis and HIV. Modelling the prevalence of hepatitis C virus amongst blood donors in Libya: An investigation of providing a preventive strategy. World J Virol 2016; 5:14-22. [PMID: 26870670 PMCID: PMC4735550 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v5.i1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine hepatitis C virus (HCV) seroprevalence among the Libyan population using blood donors and applying the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model to predict future trends and formulate plans to minimize the burden of HCV infection.
METHODS: HCV positive cases were collected from 1008214 healthy blood donors over a 6-year period from 2008 to 2013. Data were used to construct the ARIMA model to forecast HCV seroprevalence among blood donors. The validity of the model was assessed using the mean absolute percentage error between the observed and fitted seroprevalence. The fitted ARIMA model was used to forecast the incidence of HCV beyond the observed period for the year 2014 and further to 2055.
RESULTS: The overall prevalence of HCV among blood donors was 1.8%, varying over the study period from 1.7% to 2.5%, though no significant variation was found within each calendar year. The ARIMA model showed a non-significant auto-correlation of the residuals, and the prevalence was steady within the last 3 years as expressed by the goodness-of-fit test. The forecast incidence showed an increase in HCV seropositivity in 2014, ranging from 500 to 700 per 10000 population, with an overall prevalence of 2.3%-2.7%. This may be extended to 2055 with minimal periodical variation within each 6-year period.
CONCLUSION: The applied model was found to be valuable in evaluating the seroprevalence of HCV among blood donors, and highlighted the growing burden of such infection on the Libyan health care system. The model may help in formulating national policies to prevent increases in HCV infection and plan future strategies that target the consequences of the infection.
Collapse
|
33
|
Mohamed AA, Elbedewy TA, El-Serafy M, El-Toukhy N, Ahmed W, Ali El Din Z. Hepatitis C virus: A global view. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:2676-2680. [PMID: 26609344 PMCID: PMC4651911 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i26.2676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a global challenge; 130-175 million are chronically infected. Over 350000 die each year from HCV. Chronic HCV is the primary cause of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and end-stage liver disease. Management of chronic HCV is aimed at preventing cirrhosis, reducing the risk of HCC, and treating extra hepatic complications. New treatments for chronic HCV has been devoted based on direct-acting antivirals, as pegylated interferon (peginterferon) is responsible for many side effects and limits treatment access. Sofosbuvir is the first compound to enter the market with Peginterferon-free combination regimens.
Collapse
|
34
|
Daw MA, El-Bouzedi A, Dau AA. Geographic distribution of HCV genotypes in Libya and analysis of risk factors involved in their transmission. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:367. [PMID: 26293137 PMCID: PMC4545908 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes have been shown to be differently distributed between distinct geographical areas. Libya is a large country has the longest coast in the Mediterranean basin. Information regarding hepatitis C genotypes and subtypes circulating in Libya are not well known. The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of various HCV genotypes cross Libya and the demographic and attributable risk factors associated with HCV transmission among Libyan population. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out on patients with recently confirmed HCV infection. A total of 3,227 serum samples enrolled at 19 collection center cross Libya. 1,756 belonged to Tripoli region, 452 to West region 355 to North region, 181 South regions and 483 East region. The samples were tested by type specific genotyping assay and correlated with demographic and potential risk factors within the studied populations. Results A total of 20 discrete genotypes and subtypes were identified among the Libyan population ranging from 11.5 to 0.3 % cross the country. Genotype 1 was the most frequent among all regions (19.7–40.5 %), reaching the highest value in Tripoli region, followed by genotype 4 which was more prevalent in the South (49.3 %) and West (40.0 %) regions. Genotype 3, was higher in Tripoli (21.3 %) and East (15.9 %) regions while genotype 2, common in North (23.6 %) and South (22.5 %) regions. However, we found evidence that there is a changing relative prevalence of HCV genotypes in relation to age, gender and the mode of transmission which is reflected in the predominance of certain genotypes among Libyan population. Conclusions Different HCV genotypes were isolated form Libyan population including newly emerged ones. The prevalence of the genotypes varied by geographic region and influenced by demographic and risk factors. Knowing the frequency and distribution of the genotypes would provide key information on understanding the spread of HCV in Libya and this could be greatly reflected on national plans and future strategies for infection prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Daw
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tripoli University, 82668, Tripoli, Libya. .,Libyan National Surveillance Studies of Viral Hepatitis & HIV, Tripoli, Libya.
| | - Abdallah El-Bouzedi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Biotechnology, Tripoli University, 82668, Tripoli, Libya.
| | - Aghnaya A Dau
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tripoli Medical Center, Tripoli, Libya.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sweileh WM, Zyoud SH, Al-Jabi SW, Sawalha AF. Public, environmental, and occupational health research activity in Arab countries: bibliometric, citation, and collaboration analysis. Arch Public Health 2015; 73:1. [PMID: 25671116 PMCID: PMC4322552 DOI: 10.1186/2049-3258-73-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to analyze quantity, assess quality, and investigate international collaboration in research from Arab countries in the field of public, environmental and occupational health. METHODS Original scientific articles and reviews published from the 22 Arab countries in the category "public, environmental & occupational health" during the study period (1900 - 2012) were screened using the ISI Web of Science database. RESULTS The total number of original and review research articles published in the category of "public, environmental & occupational health" from Arab countries was 4673. Main area of research was tropical medicine (1862; 39.85%). Egypt with 1200 documents (25.86%) ranked first in quantity and ranked first in quality of publications (h-index = 51). The study identified 2036 (43.57%) documents with international collaboration. Arab countries actively collaborated with authors in Western Europe (22.91%) and North America (21.04%). Most of the documents (79.9%) were published in public health related journals while 21% of the documents were published in journals pertaining to prevention medicine, environmental, occupational health and epidemiology. CONCLUSION Research in public, environmental and occupational health in Arab countries is in the rise. Public health research was dominant while environmental and occupation health research was relatively low. International collaboration was a good tool for increasing research quantity and quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waleed M Sweileh
- grid.11942.3f0000000406315695Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Sa’ed H Zyoud
- grid.11942.3f0000000406315695Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Samah W Al-Jabi
- grid.11942.3f0000000406315695Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Ansam F Sawalha
- grid.11942.3f0000000406315695Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sweileh WM, Al-Jabi SW, Abuzanat A, Sawalha AF, AbuTaha AS, Ghanim MA, Zyoud SH. Assessment of research productivity of Arab countries in the field of infectious diseases using Web of Science database. Infect Dis Poverty 2015; 4:2. [PMID: 25685346 PMCID: PMC4327970 DOI: 10.1186/2049-9957-4-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To meet the future challenges of infectious diseases and limit the spread of multidrug resistant microorganisms, a better understanding of published studies in the field of infectious diseases is needed. The objective of this study was to analyze the quantity and quality of research activity in the field of infectious diseases in Arab countries and compare it with that in non-Arab countries. METHODS Documents published in Arab countries within the research category of "infectious diseases" were extracted and analyzed using the Web of Science database. The data analyzed represent research productivity during the time interval between 1900 - 2012. RESULTS Worldwide, the total number of documents published in the field of infectious diseases up to 2012 was 227,188. A total of 2,408 documents in the field of infectious diseases were published in Arab countries, which represents 1.06% of worldwide research output. Research output from Arab countries in the field of infectious diseases was low for decades. However, approximately a five-fold increase was observed in the past decade. Arab countries ranked 56(th) to 218(th) on the standard competition ranking (SCR) in worldwide publications in the field of infectious diseases. Egypt, with a total publication of 464 (19.27%) documents ranked first among Arab countries, while Kuwait University was the most productive institution with a total of 158 (6.56%) documents. Average citation per document published in Arab countries was 13.25 and the h-index was 64. Tuberculosis (230; 9.55%), malaria (223; 9.26%), and hepatitis (189; 7.8%) were the top three infectious diseases studied as according to the retrieved documents. CONCLUSION The present data reveals that some Arab countries contribute significantly to the field of infectious diseases. However, Arab countries need to work harder to bridge the gap in this field. Compared with non-Arab countries in the Middle East, research output from Arab countries was high, but more efforts are needed to enhance the quality of this output. Future research in the field should be encouraged and correctly directed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waleed M Sweileh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Samah W Al-Jabi
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Alaeddin Abuzanat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Ansam F Sawalha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Adham S AbuTaha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Mustafa A Ghanim
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Sa’ed H Zyoud
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Maan MA, Hussain F, Jamil M. Epidemiology of hepatitis C viral infection in Faisalabad, Pakistan: a retrospective study (2010-2012). Afr Health Sci 2014; 14:810-5. [PMID: 25834487 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v14i4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis viral infections are major health challenge leading to high morbidity and mortality worldwide. OBJECTIVES Although the magnitude of hepatitis in Pakistan has been well documented, information regarding the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Faisalabad, Pakistan is scarce. The present retrospective study was undertaken to determine the epidemiology of HCV in Faisalabad, Pakistan. METHODS Between May, 2010 and December, 2012, medical records of 39780 subjects visiting sexually transmitted infections (STIs) clinic, district headquarter (DHQ) hospital, Faisalabad, Pakistan were reviewed. Regression analysis was used to determine independent risk factors. RESULTS HCV prevalence was 21.99%. With mean age of 49.5 ± 2.7 years (range 27-63 years), majority (67.15%) of the individuals were male. Marital status and low literacy rates were associated with HCV (P<0.05). Reference to the potential risk factors, the injection drug use was the major mode (72.77%) of infection transmission. Age (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2-1.9), male gender (OR 1.2, 95% CI 0.9-1.6) and injection use (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.0-2.7) were significantly associated with HCV. CONCLUSIONS Most important finding was higher HCV prevalence in Faisalabad region as compared to the previous assessments that demands an urgent need for preventive intervention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arif Maan
- Punjab Medical College/Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) clinic, District Headquarter (DHQ) hospital, Department of Dermatology
| | - Fatma Hussain
- University of Agriculture, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | - Muhammad Jamil
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, District Headquarter Hospital
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abdel-Raouf TA, Ahmed A, Zaki WK, Abdella HM, Zid MA. Study of toll-like receptor 7 expression and interferon α in Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C Infection and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
39
|
Daw MA, Shabash A, El-Bouzedi A, Dau AA. Seroprevalence of HBV, HCV & HIV co-infection and risk factors analysis in Tripoli-Libya. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98793. [PMID: 24936655 PMCID: PMC4060988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In 1998 Libya experienced a major outbreak of multiple blood borne viral hepatitis and HIV infections. Since then, no studies have been done on the epidemic features and risk factors of HBV, HCV, HIV and co-infection among the general population. Methods A prospective study was carried out using a multi-centre clustering method to collect samples from the general population. The participants were interviewed, and relevant information was collected, including socio-demographic, ethnic, and geographic variables. This information was correlated with the risk factors involved in the transmission of HBV, HCV and HIV. Blood samples were collected and the sera were tested for HBsAg, anti-HCV and anti-HIV using enzyme immunoassay. Results A total of 9,170 participants from the nine districts of Tripoli were enrolled. The average prevalence of HBsAg was 3.7%, anti-HCV 0.9%, anti-HIV 0.15% and co-infection 0.02%. The prevalence varied from one district to another. HBV was more prevalent among those aged over 50 years and was associated with family history. Anti-HCV and anti-HIV were more prevalent among those aged 20–40 years. Intravenous drug use and blood transfusion were the main risk factors for HCV and HIV infection. Conclusion HBV, HCV, HIV and co-infection are relatively common in Libya. High prevalence was associated with geographic, ethnic and socioeconomic variability within the community. HCV and HIV infections among the younger age groups are becoming an alarming issue. Regulations and health care education need to be implemented and longer term follow-up should be planned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Daw
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tripoli, Libya
- Department of Surgery, Tripoli Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Tripoli, Libya
- * E-mail:
| | - Amira Shabash
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tripoli, Libya
| | | | - Aghnya A. Dau
- Department of Surgery, Tripoli Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Tripoli, Libya
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Trimbitas RD, Serghini FZ, Lazaar F, Baha W, Foullous A, Essalhi M, El Malki A, Meziane Bellefquih A, Bennani A. The "hidden" epidemic: a snapshot of Moroccan intravenous drug users. Virol J 2014; 11:43. [PMID: 24602336 PMCID: PMC3995948 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus is a persistent epidemiological problem, with an estimated 170 million individuals infected worldwide, and the leading cause of asymptomatic chronic infection, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Injection drug users (IDUs) have the highest seroprevalence as compared to chronic hemodialysis and transfusion patients, and this cohort remains the most under-studied high-risk group in North Africa to date. This study first sought to characterize the demographic, epidemiological, and genotypic profile of a total sample size of 211 chronically-infected IDUs living in the Tangier region of Northern Morocco, and secondly to contrast this to other chronically-infected patients, in order to uncover possible discrepancies. Results The general ‘profile’ of local IDUs marks a stark contrast to chronically-infected HCV Moroccan patients, other African countries, and neighboring European countries. The majority of Moroccan drug users were found to be middle-aged and celibate. A relatively high seroprevalence was found among drug users (60%), and this increased with age. The majority of drug users shared their needles and this hold implications for transmission, as seropositive status was significantly different between those users that shared vs. those that did not share their needles. In addition, IDUs exhibited genotypes 1a and 3a predominantly, as compared to the predominant 1b and 2a/2c genotypes found in chronically HCV-infected patients. The IDU genotypic profile closely matches the one in other European countries (Portugal, Spain, France, and Italy), which are invariably speculated as the potential source of currently-circulating genotypes in Moroccan IDUs. Conclusion These findings have implications for disease prevention, transmission and treatment, as this distinct IDU subgroup cannot be collectively pooled along with other HCV-positive high-risk groups. Local government, practitioners, and health institutions should take this into account when treating, prescribing antiviral therapy, and designing preventative public health campaigns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Abdelouaheb Bennani
- Pasteur Institute of Morocco, Place Louis Pasteur, 20360 Casablanca, Morocco.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Daw MA, El-Bouzedi A. Prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection in Libya: results from a national population based survey. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:17. [PMID: 24405790 PMCID: PMC3893419 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Libya is one of the largest countries in Africa and has the longest coast in the Mediterranean basin facing southern Europe. High rates of prevalence of viral hepatitis have been observed in various regions in Africa, but the prevalence in Libya is not well documented. We report on a large-scale nationwide study that evaluated the epidemiology of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in Libya and assessed the risk factors involved. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in 2008 on 65,761 individuals all over Libya. The country was divided into 12 regions according to the population density and sampling within each region was carried out under the supervision of the National Centre for Prevention of Infectious Diseases. Serum samples were collected from both males and females of all ages in both urban and rural areas and tested for HBsAg for hepatitis B and anti-HCV antibody for hepatitis C. Prevalence rates were determined in regions and in different groups and correlated with different demographic and risk factors involved in the spread of these viruses. Results The prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses varied regionally across the country. The overall prevalence of hepatitis B was 2.2% (95% CI 2.1%-2.3%) and was higher among males than females (1.4:1.0). Hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence was 1.2% (95% CI 1.1-1.3) and it increased gradually after the age of 30 years (0.7-0.9% for < 30 years; 3.6% for ≥ 60 years). Prevalence of HBsAg was 0.8-0.9% below the age of 10 years, and higher but similar in older age groups (2.3-2.7%). There was an association between literacy and prevalence of hepatitis, particularly for HCV. Hospital admission, surgical operation, blood transfusion, and intravenous drug use were the main risk factors, and they were associated independently with a higher prevalence rate of viral hepatitis. Conclusions Libya may be considered an area of low-intermediate endemicity for hepatitis B virus infection, with lower rates in young age groups, and an area of low endemicity for hepatitis C. The prevalence of hepatitis B and C across Libya is not homogeneous, with indications of the effect of the higher rates in some neighbouring countries. Libya should adopt full coverage national plans and guidelines to face the future consequences of viral hepatitis, particularly hepatitis C virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Daw
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tripoli, Libya.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zamani F, Sohrabi M, Poustchi H, Keyvani H, Saeedian FS, Ajdarkosh H, Khoonsari M, Hemmasi G, Moradilakeh M, Motamed N, Maadi M. Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis C virus infection in amol city, north of iran: a population-based study (2008-2011). HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2013; 13:e13313. [PMID: 24358039 PMCID: PMC3867021 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is one of the most important causes of chronic liver disease and related problems in the world .There are few population-based studies on the prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis C infection in Iran, which could not provide enough information. Moreover, the prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis C infection are not similar in all parts of Iran. OBJECTIVES The aim of this survey was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of HCV infection in the general population of the city of Amol, north of Iran. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a population-based study. Using a cluster sampling approach, 6145 individuals of both genders and different ages were involved from general population of urban and rural areas of Amol, The inclusion criteria were Iranian nationality, willing to participate in the study, and lifelong residence in Amol city and surrounding areas. Anti-hepatitis C antibody was measured by a third generation of ELISA. The positive results were confirmed by Recombinant Immuno Blot Assay (RIBA) and quantitative HCV-RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. Potential risk factors of HCV transmission were recorded. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 42.70 ± 17.10 years. Of these participants, 57.2% (n = 3483) were male. Anti-HCV antibody was positive in 12 individuals from which five were RIBA positive. Three of these subjects were PCR positive. The prevalence of HCV was more predominant among males than females. The common risk factors among the study subjects included history of minor or major surgery (34.7%), unsterile punctures (21.2%), history of traditional phlebotomy (5.8%), and history of hepatitis among close relatives (5.7%). In univariate regression analysis, unsterile punctures and history of infection in family members were associated with HCV infection. CONCLUSIONS We confirm that in Amol city and surrounding areas, the prevalence of true HCV infection is 0.05%, which is lower than that previously reported from Iran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Zamani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center (GILDRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Masoudreza Sohrabi
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center (GILDRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Masoudreza Sohrabi, Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center (GILDRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-2188940489, E-mail:
| | - Hossein Poustchi
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,IR Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sima Saeedian
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center (GILDRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hossein Ajdarkosh
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center (GILDRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mahood Khoonsari
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center (GILDRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hemmasi
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center (GILDRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Maziar Moradilakeh
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center (GILDRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Nima Motamed
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center (GILDRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Masoumeh Maadi
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center (GILDRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Alhamlan FS, Al-Ahdal MN, Khalaf NZ, Abdo AA, Sanai FM, Al-Ashgar HI, Elhefnawi M, Zaid A, Al-Qahtani AA. Hepatitis C virus genotype 1: how genetic variability of the core protein affects the response to pegylated-interferon and ribavirin therapy. J Med Virol 2013; 86:224-34. [PMID: 24166351 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus subgenotypes 1a and 1b are found worldwide and cause 60% of all hepatitis C cases. It has been reported recently that viral genetic variations have a critical impact on the patient treatment outcome. In particular, polymorphisms of the HCV core protein have been linked to poor treatment response. However, most of these studies were conducted on Asian populations, Japanese in particular who are infected with HCV subgenotype 1b. Hence, we aimed in this study to examine the core protein polymorphisms in Saudi patients who are infected with chronic HCV genotype 1 (1a and 1b subtypes) and its association with treatment outcome. Direct sequencing of full-length core protein and data mining analyses were utilized. Results have shown that the response to treatment is dependent on subgenotypes. Indeed, HCV-1b showed different point mutations that are associated with treatment outcome where the point mutations at positions 70 (Arg(70) Gln) and 75 (Thr(75) Ala) in HCV-1b are significantly associated with PEG-IFN/RBV treatment response. In contrast, HCV-1a showed no significant association between core protein mutations and response to treatment. In addition, analyses of HCV-1a core protein sequences revealed a highly conserved region especially in the responder group. This study provides a new insight in the genetic variability of full-length core protein in HCV genotype 1 in Saudi infected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F S Alhamlan
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bokharaei-Salim F, Keyvani H, Monavari SH, Alavian SM, Fakhim S, Nasseri S. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes among azerbaijani patients in capital city of iran-tehran. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2013; 13:e13699. [PMID: 24282427 PMCID: PMC3830518 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determination of the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype distributed in a particular area has an important role on public health throughout the world. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of HCV genotypes in Azerbaijani patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS From March 2010 until March 2012, 235 Azerbaijani patients with established chronic hepatitis C, referred to Hospitals related to Iran University of Medical Sciences and Tehran Hepatitis Center, Clinical department of Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroeneterology and Liver Disease, were enrolled in this cross sectional study. About 5 mL of peripheral blood was collected from patients and after separation of plasma, viral RNA extracted. HCV-RNA were amplified by RT-nested PCR using primers from the 5´-UTR and genotyped by RFLP assay, and then HCV genotypes were confirmed using sequencing of cloned PCR products into pJET1.2/blunt cloning vector. RESULTS HCV genotyping of positive plasma samples demonstrated that predominant HCV subtype was noted for 1b (71.1%) followed by subtype 3a (17.0%), genotype 2 (6.8%), 1a (1.7%), and mixed infection (3.4%). The mean ± SD age of patients was 37.3 ± 11.8 (range: 2-63) years. Out of 235 patients, 139 (59.1%) were male. The frequency of HCV subtype 3a was higher in patients under 40 years old (3a: 18.1% vs. 15.0%), and subtype 3a was higher in male patients (3a: 18.7% vs. 14.6%). CONCLUSIONS The current study shows that the predominant HCV genotype among Azerbaijani patients with established chronic hepatitis C is subtype 1b (71.1%) followed by subtype 3a (17.0%).
Collapse
|
46
|
Rouabhia S, Sadelaoud M, Chaabna-Mokrane K, Toumi W, Abenavoli L. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in north eastern Algeria: A retrospective study. World J Hepatol 2013; 5:393-397. [PMID: 23898373 PMCID: PMC3724968 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v5.i7.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine the frequency of various hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes present in patients from north eastern Algeria.
METHODS: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study of 435 HCV infected patients from northeast Algeria, detected in the Sadelaoud laboratory and diagnosed between January 2010 and December 2012. The patients were diagnosed with HCV infection in their local hospitals and referred to be assessed for HCV genotype before the antiviral treatment. Demographic information (sex, age and address), genotype, subtype and viral load were retrieved from the patient medical records. The serum samples were tested by the type-specific genotyping assay.
RESULTS: The majority of the patients (82.5%) were from the central part of the examined region (P = 0.002). The mean age of the patients studied was 53.6 ± 11.5 years. HCV genotype 1 was the most frequent (88.7%), followed by genotypes 2 (8.5%), 4 (1.1%), 3 (0.9%) and 5 (0.2%). Genotype 6 was not detected in these patients. Mixed infection across the HCV subtypes was detected in twenty patients (4.6%). The genotype distribution was related to age and region. Genotype 1 was significantly less frequent in the ≥ 60 age group than in the younger age group (OR = 0.2; 95%CI: 0.1-0.5, P < 0.001). Furthermore, genotype 1 was more frequent in the central part of the examined region than elsewhere (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: The HCV genotype (type 1b was dominant) distribution in Algeria is different from those in other northern countries of Africa.
Collapse
|
47
|
AlHuthail YR. Comparison of the prevalence of psychiatric co-morbidities in hepatitis C patients and hepatitis B patients in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:165-71. [PMID: 23828746 PMCID: PMC3745658 DOI: 10.4103/1319-3767.114514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Hepatitis C is a major health concern world-wide and is frequently associated with psychiatric co-morbidity. The most common genotype in Saudi Arabia differs from genotypes prevalent elsewhere and thus we aimed to determine if psychiatric disturbances occur in Saudi patients infected with hepatitis C and whether these symptoms extend to those infected with hepatitis B. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were collected from hepatitis C and hepatitis B patients using the general health questionnaire (GHQ-28) and The Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaires. Tinnitus patients served as control subjects. The Chi-square test was used to examine the relationship between categorical variables. Continuous variables were compared using the Student's t-test or the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test for skewed data, and correlations were evaluated by calculating Spearman's rho. The odds ratio was used to determine the association between variables and the likelihood of being a psychiatric case. RESULTS Hepatitis C patients were twice as likely to be labeled as a psychiatric case compared with hepatitis B patients ( P = 0.01). Age and gender were not predictive factors though there was a non-significant tendency toward a higher prevalence of psychiatric cases among females. Hepatitis C patients also scored lower than hepatitis B patients in 3 domains of the SF-36 questionnaire, indicating a greater reduction in quality of life (QoL). CONCLUSION We demonstrate an increased incidence of psychiatric symptoms in Saudi Arabian hepatitis C patients compared to hepatitis B patients and controls. This highlights the importance of collaboration between hepatologists and psychiatrists in order to improve the QoL in this patient group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaser R AlHuthail
- Department of Psychiatry, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
North Africa (NAF) is composed of six countries located in the African Sahara, namely the Western Sahara, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt. Common features between these countries include similar climate, ecology, population genetics, and the socioeconomic environment. This commonality reflects on the chronic kidney disease (CKD) profile in these countries. While there are some estimates on the epidemiology of end-stage kidney disease, that of earlier stages is unknown. Several national screening programs are currently addressing this issue, such as the EGIPT-CKD project in Egypt and the MAREMAR study in Morocco. Preliminary results from the former suggest a prevalence of proteinuria in 10.6% of the relatives of patients on regular dialysis treatment. Despite the lack of reliable registries, it was possible to gather information on the etiology of CKD by direct contact with leading nephrologists in those countries. It turns out that glomerulonephritis (GN) accounts for 9–20%, diabetes 11–18%, hypertensive nephrosclerosis 10–35%, chronic interstitial nephritis 7–17%, and polycystic disease 2–3%. Compared to two decades earlier, diabetes has become more common at the expense of GN, proliferative GN, and amyloidosis regressed in favor of IgA and membranous nephropathies in Tunisian adults. Conventional schistosomal nephropathies are regressing in favor of hepatitis C viral (HCV) nephropathy in Egyptians. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is increasing at the expense of proliferative GNs in the region at large. Access to regular dialysis has been optimized during the past decade, with favorable outcomes despite the high incidence of HCV infection, tuberculosis, and protein-calorie malnutrition. Kidney transplantation is available in all NAF countries except the Western Sahara. About 650 transplants are performed annually from live donors, the majority in Egypt, where data from the largest center in Mansoura display a 10-year graft survival of 62%. Many transplants are performed from living unrelated donors, particularly in Egypt, which creates an ethical debate. Legislation for deceased-donor transplantation has been passed successively over the past two decades in Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, and Egypt, which is expected to reflect quantitatively and qualitatively on the transplantation activity in the near future.
Collapse
|
49
|
Karoney MJ, Siika AM. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Africa: a review. Pan Afr Med J 2013; 14:44. [PMID: 23560127 PMCID: PMC3612901 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2013.14.44.2199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a viral pandemic and a leading cause of chronic liver disease. This review highlights the epidemiology and management of Hepatitis C in Africa. We searched for articles on medline using the terms, "Hepatitis C", "Prevalence", "Epidemiology", "Africa" and "Treatment". The bibliographies of the articles found were used to find other references. We included articles published after 1995 only. The data was summarized and presented in tables and figures. Africa has the highest WHO estimated regional HCV prevalence (5.3%). Egypt has the highest prevalence (17.5%) of HCV in the world. Genotypes commonly found in Africa are 1, 4 and 5. Genotype 3 is found in Egypt and parts of Central Africa. Blood transfusion is a major means of acquisition of HCV infection. While treatment with peginterferon and ribavirin is recommended for patients with chronic HCV, no data were found on their use in Africa. Neither were there any data on definitive management (liver transplantation) for those with end stage disease. Data on HCV infection in Africa are scarce. This suggests that hepatitis C is still a neglected disease in many countries. Limited data exist in literature on HCV in Africa.
Collapse
|
50
|
Khaleel HA, Turky AM, Al-Naaimi AS, Jalil RW, Mekhlef OA, Kareem SA, Hasan NY, Dhadain AA. Prevalence of HBsAg and anti HCV Ab among patients with suspected acute viral hepatitis in baghdad, Iraq in 2010. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.7243/2054-9911-1-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|