1
|
Lee CG, Lee D. Comparison of Laboratory Tests Applied for Diagnosing the SARS-CoV-2 Infection. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2022.54.2.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Gun Lee
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Dongsup Lee
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Hyejeon College, Hongseong, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu C, Dougan TJ, Walt DR. High-Throughput, High-Multiplex Digital Protein Detection with Attomolar Sensitivity. ACS NANO 2022; 16:1025-1035. [PMID: 35029381 PMCID: PMC9499451 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in many clinical diagnostic applications is the measurement of low-abundance proteins and other biomolecules in biological fluids. Digital technologies such as the digital enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) have enabled 1000-fold increases in sensitivity over conventional protein detection methods. However, current digital ELISA technologies still possess insufficient sensitivities for many rare protein biomarkers and require specialized instrumentation or time-consuming workflows that have limited their widespread implementation. To address these challenges, we have developed a more sensitive and streamlined digital ELISA platform, Molecular On-bead Signal Amplification for Individual Counting (MOSAIC), which attains low attomolar limits of detection, with an order of magnitude enhancement in sensitivity over these other methods. MOSAIC uses a rapid, automatable flow cytometric readout that vastly increases throughput and is easily integrated into existing laboratory infrastructure. As MOSAIC provides high sampling efficiencies for rare target molecules, assay bead number can readily be tuned to enhance signal-to-background with high measurement precision. Furthermore, the solution-based signal readout of MOSAIC expands the number of analytes that can simultaneously be measured for higher-order multiplexing with femtomolar sensitivities or below, compared with microwell- or droplet-based digital methods. As a proof of principle, we apply MOSAIC toward improving the detectability of low-abundance cytokines in saliva and ultrasensitive multiplexed measurements of eight protein analytes in plasma and saliva. The attomolar sensitivity, high throughput, and broad multiplexing abilities of MOSAIC provide highly accessible and versatile ultrasensitive capabilities that can potentially accelerate protein biomarker discovery and diagnostic testing for diverse disease applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connie Wu
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Tyler J Dougan
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David R Walt
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao L, Gao R, Lu R, Wang H, Deng Y, Niu P, Jiang F, Huang B, Liang J, Jia J, Zhang F, Wang W, Wu G, Tan W. Profiles of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and Antibodies in Inpatients with COVID-19 not Related with Clinical Manifestation: A Single Centre Study. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1088-1092. [PMID: 34212284 PMCID: PMC8248291 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00411-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ruqin Gao
- Qingdao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Roujian Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yao Deng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Peihua Niu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Fachun Jiang
- Qingdao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Baoying Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jiwei Liang
- Qingdao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Qingdao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Qingdao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Wenling Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Guizhen Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Wenjie Tan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Safiabadi Tali SH, LeBlanc JJ, Sadiq Z, Oyewunmi OD, Camargo C, Nikpour B, Armanfard N, Sagan SM, Jahanshahi-Anbuhi S. Tools and Techniques for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)/COVID-19 Detection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e00228-20. [PMID: 33980687 PMCID: PMC8142517 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00228-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to millions of confirmed cases and deaths worldwide. Efficient diagnostic tools are in high demand, as rapid and large-scale testing plays a pivotal role in patient management and decelerating disease spread. This paper reviews current technologies used to detect SARS-CoV-2 in clinical laboratories as well as advances made for molecular, antigen-based, and immunological point-of-care testing, including recent developments in sensor and biosensor devices. The importance of the timing and type of specimen collection is discussed, along with factors such as disease prevalence, setting, and methods. Details of the mechanisms of action of the various methodologies are presented, along with their application span and known performance characteristics. Diagnostic imaging techniques and biomarkers are also covered, with an emphasis on their use for assessing COVID-19 or monitoring disease severity or complications. While the SARS-CoV-2 literature is rapidly evolving, this review highlights topics of interest that have occurred during the pandemic and the lessons learned throughout. Exploring a broad armamentarium of techniques for detecting SARS-CoV-2 will ensure continued diagnostic support for clinicians, public health, and infection prevention and control for this pandemic and provide advice for future pandemic preparedness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hamid Safiabadi Tali
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial, and Aerospace Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jason J LeBlanc
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Zubi Sadiq
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Oyejide Damilola Oyewunmi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Carolina Camargo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Bahareh Nikpour
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Narges Armanfard
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Mila-Quebec AI Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Selena M Sagan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sana Jahanshahi-Anbuhi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Exploring beyond clinical routine SARS-CoV-2 serology using MultiCoV-Ab to evaluate endemic coronavirus cross-reactivity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1152. [PMID: 33608538 PMCID: PMC7896075 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-20973-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is a benchmark for immunity and detailed analysis is required to understand the manifestation and progression of COVID-19, monitor seroconversion within the general population, and support vaccine development. The majority of currently available commercial serological assays only quantify the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response against individual antigens, limiting our understanding of the immune response. To overcome this, we have developed a multiplex immunoassay (MultiCoV-Ab) including spike and nucleocapsid proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and the endemic human coronaviruses. Compared to three broadly used commercial in vitro diagnostic tests, our MultiCoV-Ab achieves a higher sensitivity and specificity when analyzing a well-characterized sample set of SARS-CoV-2 infected and uninfected individuals. We find a high response against endemic coronaviruses in our sample set, but no consistent cross-reactive IgG response patterns against SARS-CoV-2. Here we show a robust, high-content-enabled, antigen-saving multiplex assay suited to both monitoring vaccination studies and facilitating epidemiologic screenings for humoral immunity towards pandemic and endemic coronaviruses.
Collapse
|
6
|
Sterlin D, Mathian A, Miyara M, Mohr A, Anna F, Claër L, Quentric P, Fadlallah J, Devilliers H, Ghillani P, Gunn C, Hockett R, Mudumba S, Guihot A, Luyt CE, Mayaux J, Beurton A, Fourati S, Bruel T, Schwartz O, Lacorte JM, Yssel H, Parizot C, Dorgham K, Charneau P, Amoura Z, Gorochov G. IgA dominates the early neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabd2223. [PMID: 33288662 PMCID: PMC7857408 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abd2223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 689] [Impact Index Per Article: 229.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Humoral immune responses are typically characterized by primary IgM antibody responses followed by secondary antibody responses associated with immune memory and composed of IgG, IgA, and IgE. Here, we measured acute humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2, including the frequency of antibody-secreting cells and the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies in the serum, saliva, and bronchoalveolar fluid of 159 patients with COVID-19. Early SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral responses were dominated by IgA antibodies. Peripheral expansion of IgA plasmablasts with mucosal homing potential was detected shortly after the onset of symptoms and peaked during the third week of the disease. The virus-specific antibody responses included IgG, IgM, and IgA, but IgA contributed to virus neutralization to a greater extent compared with IgG. Specific IgA serum concentrations decreased notably 1 month after the onset of symptoms, but neutralizing IgA remained detectable in saliva for a longer time (days 49 to 73 post-symptoms). These results represent a critical observation given the emerging information as to the types of antibodies associated with optimal protection against reinfection and whether vaccine regimens should consider targeting a potent but potentially short-lived IgA response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Sterlin
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
- Département d'Immunologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
- Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Institut Pasteur, UMR1222, Inserm, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Alexis Mathian
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
- Service de Médecine Interne 2, Institut E3M, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Makoto Miyara
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
- Département d'Immunologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Audrey Mohr
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - François Anna
- Unité de Virologie Moléculaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- Theravectys, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Claër
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Paul Quentric
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jehane Fadlallah
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
- Service de Médecine Interne 2, Institut E3M, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Hervé Devilliers
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon, Hôpital François Mitterrand, service de médecine interne et maladies systémiques (médecine interne 2) et Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Inserm CIC-EC 1432, 3 rue du FBG Raines, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Pascale Ghillani
- Département d'Immunologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Cary Gunn
- Genalyte Inc., 10520 Wateridge Circle, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Rick Hockett
- Genalyte Inc., 10520 Wateridge Circle, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Sasi Mudumba
- Genalyte Inc., 10520 Wateridge Circle, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Amélie Guihot
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
- Département d'Immunologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Charles-Edouard Luyt
- Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Institut de Cardiologie, APHP, Sorbonne-Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS 1166-ICAN Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, 91 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Julien Mayaux
- Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation et Pneumologie, APHP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Beurton
- Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation et Pneumologie, APHP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMRS Neurophysiologie respiratoire expérimentale et clinique, AP-HP, 91 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Salma Fourati
- Service de Biochimie Endocrinienne et Oncologique, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
- Inserm UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation Paris Montmartre (CRI), 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75890 Paris, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- CNRS-UMR3569, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, 51 avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- CNRS-UMR3569, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, 51 avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Jean-Marc Lacorte
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS 1166-ICAN Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, 91 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
- Service de Biochimie Endocrinienne et Oncologique, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Hans Yssel
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Parizot
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
- Département d'Immunologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Karim Dorgham
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Charneau
- Unité de Virologie Moléculaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- Theravectys, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Zahir Amoura
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
- Service de Médecine Interne 2, Institut E3M, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Guy Gorochov
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
- Département d'Immunologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Klumpp-Thomas C, Kalish H, Drew M, Hunsberger S, Snead K, Fay MP, Mehalko J, Shunmugavel A, Wall V, Frank P, Denson JP, Hong M, Gulten G, Messing S, Hicks J, Michael S, Gillette W, Hall MD, Memoli MJ, Esposito D, Sadtler K. Standardization of ELISA protocols for serosurveys of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic using clinical and at-home blood sampling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:113. [PMID: 33397956 PMCID: PMC7782755 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The extent of SARS-CoV-2 infection throughout the United States population is currently unknown. High quality serology is key to avoiding medically costly diagnostic errors, as well as to assuring properly informed public health decisions. Here, we present an optimized ELISA-based serology protocol, from antigen production to data analyses, that helps define thresholds for IgG and IgM seropositivity with high specificities. Validation of this protocol is performed using traditionally collected serum as well as dried blood on mail-in blood sampling kits. Archival (pre-2019) samples are used as negative controls, and convalescent, PCR-diagnosed COVID-19 patient samples serve as positive controls. Using this protocol, minimal cross-reactivity is observed for the spike proteins of MERS, SARS1, OC43 and HKU1 viruses, and no cross reactivity is observed with anti-influenza A H1N1 HAI. Our protocol may thus help provide standardized, population-based data on the extent of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity, immunity and infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carleen Klumpp-Thomas
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- Section on Immuno-Engineering, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Heather Kalish
- Trans-NIH Shared Resource on Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Matthew Drew
- Protein Expression Laboratory, NCI RAS Initiative, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Sally Hunsberger
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Kelly Snead
- Protein Expression Laboratory, NCI RAS Initiative, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Michael P Fay
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Jennifer Mehalko
- Protein Expression Laboratory, NCI RAS Initiative, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Anandakumar Shunmugavel
- Section on Immuno-Engineering, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Vanessa Wall
- Protein Expression Laboratory, NCI RAS Initiative, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Peter Frank
- Protein Expression Laboratory, NCI RAS Initiative, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - John-Paul Denson
- Protein Expression Laboratory, NCI RAS Initiative, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Min Hong
- Protein Expression Laboratory, NCI RAS Initiative, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Gulcin Gulten
- Protein Expression Laboratory, NCI RAS Initiative, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Simon Messing
- Protein Expression Laboratory, NCI RAS Initiative, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jennifer Hicks
- Trans-NIH Shared Resource on Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Sam Michael
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - William Gillette
- Protein Expression Laboratory, NCI RAS Initiative, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Matthew D Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Matthew J Memoli
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Dominic Esposito
- Protein Expression Laboratory, NCI RAS Initiative, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Sadtler
- Section on Immuno-Engineering, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Giri B, Pandey S, Shrestha R, Pokharel K, Ligler FS, Neupane BB. Review of analytical performance of COVID-19 detection methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:35-48. [PMID: 32944809 PMCID: PMC7498299 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02889-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, public health experts have emphasized testing, tracking infected people, and tracing their contacts as an effective strategy to reduce the spread of the virus. Several diagnostic methods are reported for detecting the coronavirus in clinical, research, and public health laboratories. Some tests detect the infection directly by detecting the viral RNA and other tests detect the infection indirectly by detecting the host antibodies. A diagnostic test during the pandemic should help make an appropriate clinical decision in a short period of time. Recently reported diagnostic methods for SARS-CoV-2 have varying throughput, batching capacity, requirement of infrastructure setting, analytical performance, and turnaround times ranging from a few minutes to several hours. These factors should be considered while selecting a reliable and rapid diagnostic method to help make an appropriate decision and prompt public health interventions. This paper reviews recent SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic methods published in journals and reports released by regulatory agencies. We compared the analytical efficiency including limit of detection, sensitivity, specificity, and throughput. In addition, we also looked into ease of use, affordability, and availability of accessories. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the methods and provide our perspectives on priorities for future test development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basant Giri
- Center for Analytical Sciences, Kathmandu Institute of Applied Sciences, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Shishir Pandey
- Center for Analytical Sciences, Kathmandu Institute of Applied Sciences, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Retina Shrestha
- Center for Analytical Sciences, Kathmandu Institute of Applied Sciences, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Krisha Pokharel
- Center for Analytical Sciences, Kathmandu Institute of Applied Sciences, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Frances S Ligler
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Bhanu B Neupane
- Center for Analytical Sciences, Kathmandu Institute of Applied Sciences, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, 44618, Nepal
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
A R, Wang H, Wang W, Tan W. Summary of the Detection Kits for SARS-CoV-2 Approved by the National Medical Products Administration of China and Their Application for Diagnosis of COVID-19. Virol Sin 2020; 35:699-712. [PMID: 33351166 PMCID: PMC7754703 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The on-going global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been underway for about 11 months. Through November 20, 2020, 51 detection kits for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acids (24 kits), antibodies (25 kits), or antigens (2 kits) have been approved by the National Medical Products Administration of China (NMPA). Convenient and reliable SARS-CoV-2 detection assays are urgently needed worldwide for strategic control of the pandemic. In this review, the detection kits approved in China are summarised and the three types of tests, namely nucleic acid, serological and antigen detection, which are available for the detection of COVID-19 are discussed in detail. The development of novel detection kits will lay the foundation for the control and prevention of the COVID-19 pandemic globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruhan A
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wenling Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Wenjie Tan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Augustine R, Das S, Hasan A, S A, Abdul Salam S, Augustine P, Dalvi YB, Varghese R, Primavera R, Yassine HM, Thakor AS, Kevadiya BD. Rapid Antibody-Based COVID-19 Mass Surveillance: Relevance, Challenges, and Prospects in a Pandemic and Post-Pandemic World. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3372. [PMID: 33096742 PMCID: PMC7589650 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9103372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aggressive outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) as COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019) pandemic demands rapid and simplified testing tools for its effective management. Increased mass testing and surveillance are crucial for controlling the disease spread, obtaining better pandemic statistics, and developing realistic epidemiological models. Despite the advantages of nucleic acid- and antigen-based tests such as accuracy, specificity, and non-invasive approaches of sample collection, they can only detect active infections. Antibodies (immunoglobulins) are produced by the host immune system within a few days after infection and persist in the blood for at least several weeks after infection resolution. Antibody-based tests have provided a substitute and effective method of ultra-rapid detection for multiple contagious disease outbreaks in the past, including viral diseases such as SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) and MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome). Thus, although not highly suitable for early diagnosis, antibody-based methods can be utilized to detect past infections hidden in the population, including asymptomatic ones. In an active community spread scenario of a disease that can provide a bigger window for mass detections and a practical approach for continuous surveillance. These factors encouraged researchers to investigate means of improving antibody-based rapid tests and employ them as reliable, reproducible, sensitive, specific, and economic tools for COVID-19 mass testing and surveillance. The development and integration of such immunoglobulin-based tests can transform the pandemic diagnosis by moving the same out of the clinics and laboratories into community testing sites and homes. This review discusses the principle, technology, and strategies being used in antibody-based testing at present. It also underlines the immense prospect of immunoglobulin-based testing and the efficacy of repeated planned deployment in pandemic management and post-pandemic sustainable screenings globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Augustine
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha PO Box 2713, Qatar;
- Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Qatar University, Doha PO Box 2713, Qatar;
| | - Suvarthi Das
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA;
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha PO Box 2713, Qatar;
- Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Qatar University, Doha PO Box 2713, Qatar;
| | - Abhilash S
- Department of Microbiology, Majlis Arts and Science College, Puramannur, Malappuram, Kerala 676552, India;
| | - Shaheen Abdul Salam
- Department of Biosciences, MES College Marampally, Aluva, Ernakulam, Kerala 683107, India;
| | - Priya Augustine
- Department of Zoology, Providence Women’s College, Kozhikode, Kerala 673009, India;
| | - Yogesh Bharat Dalvi
- Pushpagiri Research Centre, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Science & Research, Tiruvalla, Kerala 689101, India; (Y.B.D.); (R.V.)
| | - Ruby Varghese
- Pushpagiri Research Centre, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Science & Research, Tiruvalla, Kerala 689101, India; (Y.B.D.); (R.V.)
| | - Rosita Primavera
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; (R.P.); (A.S.T.); (B.D.K.)
| | | | - Avnesh S. Thakor
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; (R.P.); (A.S.T.); (B.D.K.)
| | - Bhavesh D. Kevadiya
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; (R.P.); (A.S.T.); (B.D.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Iyer AS, Jones FK, Nodoushani A, Kelly M, Becker M, Slater D, Mills R, Teng E, Kamruzzaman M, Garcia-Beltran WF, Astudillo M, Yang D, Miller TE, Oliver E, Fischinger S, Atyeo C, Iafrate AJ, Calderwood SB, Lauer SA, Yu J, Li Z, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Branda JA, Turbett SE, LaRocque RC, Mellon G, Barouch DH, Schmidt AG, Azman AS, Alter G, Ryan ET, Harris JB, Charles RC. Persistence and decay of human antibody responses to the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in COVID-19 patients. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:eabe0367. [PMID: 33033172 PMCID: PMC7857394 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We measured plasma and/or serum antibody responses to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 in 343 North American patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 (of which 93% required hospitalization) up to 122 days after symptom onset and compared them to responses in 1548 individuals whose blood samples were obtained prior to the pandemic. After setting seropositivity thresholds for perfect specificity (100%), we estimated sensitivities of 95% for IgG, 90% for IgA, and 81% for IgM for detecting infected individuals between 15 and 28 days after symptom onset. While the median time to seroconversion was nearly 12 days across all three isotypes tested, IgA and IgM antibodies against RBD were short-lived with median times to seroreversion of 71 and 49 days after symptom onset. In contrast, anti-RBD IgG responses decayed slowly through 90 days with only 3 seropositive individuals seroreverting within this time period. IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 RBD were strongly correlated with anti-S neutralizing antibody titers, which demonstrated little to no decrease over 75 days since symptom onset. We observed no cross-reactivity of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD-targeted antibodies with other widely circulating coronaviruses (HKU1, 229 E, OC43, NL63). These data suggest that RBD-targeted antibodies are excellent markers of previous and recent infection, that differential isotype measurements can help distinguish between recent and older infections, and that IgG responses persist over the first few months after infection and are highly correlated with neutralizing antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita S Iyer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Forrest K Jones
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ariana Nodoushani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meagan Kelly
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margaret Becker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Damien Slater
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erica Teng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohammad Kamruzzaman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael Astudillo
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diane Yang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler E Miller
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Oliver
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen B Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen A Lauer
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhenfeng Li
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - John A Branda
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah E Turbett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Regina C LaRocque
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guillaume Mellon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew S Azman
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Edward T Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason B Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richelle C Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Guo J, Wang Y, Niu S, Li H, Tian Y, Yu S, Yu F, Wu Y, Liu LE. Highly Sensitive Fluorescence-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Determination of Human IgG in Serum Using Quantum Dot Nanobeads and Magnetic Fe 3O 4 Nanospheres. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:23229-23236. [PMID: 32954173 PMCID: PMC7495760 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to establish a new method with high sensitivity, accuracy, and stability for the determination of human IgG and then expand it to analyze severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific IgM and IgG, which is of great significance for the screening and diagnosis of COVID-19. In this study, the magnetic Fe3O4 nanospheres coupled with mouse antihuman IgG (Ab1IgG) were used as an immune capture probe (Fe3O4@Ab1IgG) to capture and separate the target, and rabbit antihuman IgG (Ab2IgG) coupled with highly luminescent quantum dot nanobeads (QBs) as a fluorescence detection probe (QBs@Ab2IgG) was used to realize high sensitivity detection. After the formation of a sandwich immunocomplex, the fluorescence intensity of the precipitate after magnetic separation was measured at the excitation wavelength of 370 nm. Under optimal conditions, a wide linear range varying from 0.005 to 40 ng·mL-1 was obtained for the detection of human IgG with a lower limit of detection at 4 pg·mL-1 (S/N = 3). The recoveries of intra- and interassays were 90.0-101.9 and 96.0-106.6%, respectively, and the relative standard deviations were 6.3-10.2 and 2.6-10.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed method was successfully demonstrated to detect human IgG in serum samples, and the detection results were not statistically different (P > 0.05) from commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. This method is sensitive, fast, and accurate, which could be expanded to detect the specific IgM and IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaping Guo
- College of Public
Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yameng Wang
- College of Public
Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shanshan Niu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou
University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hongping Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou
University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yongmei Tian
- College of Public
Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- The Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine and
Health Inspection of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Songcheng Yu
- College of Public
Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- The Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine and
Health Inspection of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Fei Yu
- College of Public
Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- The Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine and
Health Inspection of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yongjun Wu
- College of Public
Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- The Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine and
Health Inspection of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Li-e Liu
- College of Public
Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- The Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine and
Health Inspection of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yue H, Nowak RP, Overwijn D, Payne NC, Fischinger S, Atyeo C, Baden LR, Nilles EJ, Karlson EW, Yu XG, Li JZ, Alter G, Mazitschek R, Fischer ES. Rapid 'mix and read' assay for scalable detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in patient plasma. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.09.01.20184101. [PMID: 32909004 PMCID: PMC7480056 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.01.20184101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The human beta coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, causative virus of COVID-19, has infected more than 15 million people globally and continues to spread. Widespread, population level testing to detect active and past infections is critical to curb the COVID-19 pandemic. Antibody (serological) testing is the only option for detecting past infections outside the narrow window accessible to nucleic acid-based tests. However, currently available serological assays commonly lack scalability. Here, we describe the development of a rapid homogenous serological assay for the detection of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in patient plasma. We show that the fluorescence-based assay accurately detects seroconversion in COVID-19 patients from less than 1 microliter of plasma. Using a cohort of samples from COVID-19 infected or healthy individuals, we demonstrate detection with 100% sensitivity and specificity. This assay addresses an important need for a robust, low barrier to implementation, and scalable serological assay with complementary strengths to currently available serological platforms.
Collapse
|
14
|
La Marca A, Capuzzo M, Paglia T, Roli L, Trenti T, Nelson SM. Testing for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): a systematic review and clinical guide to molecular and serological in-vitro diagnostic assays. Reprod Biomed Online 2020; 41:483-499. [PMID: 32651106 PMCID: PMC7293848 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has demanded rapid upscaling of in-vitro diagnostic assays to enable mass screening and testing of high-risk groups, and simultaneous ascertainment of robust data on past SARS-CoV-2 exposure at an individual and a population level. To meet the exponential demand in testing, there has been an accelerated development of both molecular and serological assays across a plethora of platforms. The present review discusses the current literature on these modalities, including nucleic acid amplification tests, direct viral antigen tests and the rapidly expanding laboratory-based and point of care serological tests. This suite of complementary tests will inform crucial decisions by healthcare providers and policy makers, and understanding their strengths and limitations will be critical to their judicious application for the development of algorithmic approaches to treatment and public health strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio La Marca
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Martina Capuzzo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Tiziana Paglia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hesperia Hospital, Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Roli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Azieda USL, Modena, Italy
| | - Tommaso Trenti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Azieda USL, Modena, Italy
| | - Scott M Nelson
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre Bristol, UK; The Fertility Partnership, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xu M, Wang D, Wang H, Zhang X, Liang T, Dai J, Li M, Zhang J, Zhang K, Xu D, Yu X. COVID-19 diagnostic testing: Technology perspective. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e158. [PMID: 32898340 PMCID: PMC7443140 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). More than 18 million people were infected with a total of 0.7 million deaths in ∼188 countries. Controlling the spread of SARS-CoV-2 is therefore inherently dependent on identifying and isolating infected individuals, especially since COVID-19 can result in little to no symptoms. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the different primary technologies used to test for COVID-19 infection, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each technology, and highlight the studies that have employed them. We also describe technologies that have the potential to accelerate SARS-CoV-2 detection in the future, including digital PCR, CRISPR, and microarray. Finally, remaining challenges in COVID-19 diagnostic testing are discussed, including (a) the lack of universal standards for diagnostic testing; (b) the identification of appropriate sample collection site(s); (c) the difficulty in performing large population screening; and (d) the limited understanding of SARS-COV-2 viral invasion, replication, and transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein SciencesBeijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life ScienceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein SciencesBeijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijingChina
| | - Hongye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein SciencesBeijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijingChina
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein SciencesBeijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijingChina
| | - Te Liang
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein SciencesBeijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijingChina
| | - Jiayu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein SciencesBeijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijingChina
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein SciencesBeijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijingChina
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein SciencesBeijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijingChina
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein SciencesBeijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijingChina
| | - Danke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life ScienceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaobo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of ProteomicsBeijing Proteome Research CenterNational Center for Protein SciencesBeijing Institute of LifeomicsBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Iyer AS, Jones FK, Nodoushani A, Kelly M, Becker M, Slater D, Mills R, Teng E, Kamruzzaman M, Garcia-Beltran WF, Astudillo M, Yang D, Miller TE, Oliver E, Fischinger S, Atyeo C, Iafrate AJ, Calderwood SB, Lauer SA, Yu J, Li Z, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Branda JA, Turbett SE, LaRocque RC, Mellon G, Barouch DH, Schmidt AG, Azman AS, Alter G, Ryan ET, Harris JB, Charles RC. Dynamics and significance of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.07.18.20155374. [PMID: 32743600 PMCID: PMC7386524 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.18.20155374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Characterizing the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and developing accurate serologic assays are needed for diagnostic purposes and estimating population-level seroprevalence. METHODS We measured the kinetics of early antibody responses to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 in a cohort of 259 symptomatic North American patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 (up to 75 days after symptom onset) compared to antibody levels in 1548 individuals whose blood samples were obtained prior to the pandemic. RESULTS Between 14-28 days from onset of symptoms, IgG, IgA, or IgM antibody responses to RBD were all accurate in identifying recently infected individuals, with 100% specificity and a sensitivity of 97%, 91%, and 81% respectively. Although the estimated median time to becoming seropositive was similar across isotypes, IgA and IgM antibodies against RBD were short-lived with most individuals estimated to become seronegative again by 51 and 47 days after symptom onset, respectively. IgG antibodies against RBD lasted longer and persisted through 75 days post-symptoms. IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 RBD were highly correlated with neutralizing antibodies targeting the S protein. No cross-reactivity of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD-targeted antibodies was observed with several known circulating coronaviruses, HKU1, OC 229 E, OC43, and NL63. CONCLUSIONS Among symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 cases, RBD-targeted antibodies can be indicative of previous and recent infection. IgG antibodies are correlated with neutralizing antibodies and are possibly a correlate of protective immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita S. Iyer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Forrest K. Jones
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ariana Nodoushani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meagan Kelly
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margaret Becker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Damien Slater
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erica Teng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohammad Kamruzzaman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael Astudillo
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diane Yang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler E. Miller
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Oliver
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - A. John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen B. Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen A. Lauer
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhenfeng Li
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Blake M. Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - John A. Branda
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah E. Turbett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Regina C. LaRocque
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guillaume Mellon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew S. Azman
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Edward T Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason B. Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richelle C. Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Das S, Bhowmick S, Tiwari S, Sen S. An Updated Systematic Review of the Therapeutic Role of Hydroxychloroquine in Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19). Clin Drug Investig 2020; 40:591-601. [PMID: 32468425 PMCID: PMC7255448 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-020-00927-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The world is currently experiencing the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. There is no approved drug for the definitive treatment of the disease. Various drugs are being tried for the treatment of COVID-19, including hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). This study was performed to systematically review the therapeutic role of HCQ in COVID-19 from the available literature. METHODS PubMed, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, ICTRP (WHO), Cochrane Library databases, and two pre-print servers (medRxiv.org and Research Square) were searched for clinical studies that evaluated the therapeutic role of HCQ on COVID-19 until 10 May 2020. The available studies were critically analyzed and the data were extracted. RESULTS A total of 663 articles were screened and 12 clinical studies (seven peer-reviewed and published studies and five non-peer-reviewed studies from pre-print servers) with a total sample size of 3543 patients were included. Some of the clinical studies demonstrated good virological and clinical outcomes with HCQ alone or in combination with azithromycin in COVID-19 patients, although the studies had major methodological limitations. Some of the other studies showed negative results with HCQ therapy along with the risk of adverse reactions. CONCLUSION The results of efficacy and safety of HCQ in COVID-19, as obtained from the clinical studies, are not satisfactory, although many of these studies had major methodological limitations. Stronger evidence from well-designed robust randomized clinical trials is required before conclusively determining the role of HCQ in the treatment of COVID-19. Clinical prudence is required in advocating HCQ as a therapeutic armamentarium in COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saibal Das
- grid.414953.e0000000417678301Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, 605 006 India
| | - Subhrojyoti Bhowmick
- grid.415509.c0000 0004 1763 8190Department of Pharmacology, KPC Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, 700 032 India
| | - Sayali Tiwari
- grid.415652.10000 0004 1767 1265Department of Community Medicine, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital, Mumbai, 400 022 India
| | - Sukanta Sen
- grid.464903.cDepartment of Pharmacology, ICARE Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Haldia, 721 645 India
| |
Collapse
|