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Yu F, Liu X, Ou H, Li X, Liu R, Lv X, Xiao S, Hu M, Liang T, Chen T, Wei X, Zhang Z, Liu S, Liu H, Zhu Y, Liu G, Tu T, Li P, Zhang H, Pan T, Ma X. The histamine receptor H1 acts as an alternative receptor for SARS-CoV-2. mBio 2024:e0108824. [PMID: 38953634 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01088-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous host factors, in addition to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2), have been identified as coreceptors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), demonstrating broad viral tropism and diversified druggable potential. We and others have found that antihistamine drugs, particularly histamine receptor H1 (HRH1) antagonists, potently inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, we provided compelling evidence that HRH1 acts as an alternative receptor for SARS-CoV-2 by directly binding to the viral spike protein. HRH1 also synergistically enhanced hACE2-dependent viral entry by interacting with hACE2. Antihistamine drugs effectively prevent viral infection by competitively binding to HRH1, thereby disrupting the interaction between the spike protein and its receptor. Multiple inhibition assays revealed that antihistamine drugs broadly inhibited the infection of various SARS-CoV-2 mutants with an average IC50 of 2.4 µM. The prophylactic function of these drugs was further confirmed by authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection assays and humanized mouse challenge experiments, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of antihistamine drugs for combating coronavirus disease 19.IMPORTANCEIn addition to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can utilize alternative cofactors to facilitate viral entry. In this study, we discovered that histamine receptor H1 (HRH1) not only functions as an independent receptor for SARS-CoV-2 but also synergistically enhances ACE2-dependent viral entry by directly interacting with ACE2. Further studies have demonstrated that HRH1 facilitates the entry of SARS-CoV-2 by directly binding to the N-terminal domain of the spike protein. Conversely, antihistamine drugs, primarily HRH1 antagonists, can competitively bind to HRH1 and thereby prevent viral entry. These findings revealed that the administration of repurposable antihistamine drugs could be a therapeutic intervention to combat coronavirus disease 19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hailan Ou
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Inflammatory Diseases, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruxin Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Inflammatory Diseases, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xi Lv
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiqi Xiao
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meilin Hu
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Taizhen Liang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuepeng Wei
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenglai Zhang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sen Liu
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Han Liu
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiqiang Zhu
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guangyan Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Tianyong Tu
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peiwen Li
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Inflammatory Diseases, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiancai Ma
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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da Costa ACA, Albarello Gellen LP, Fernandes MR, Coelho RDCC, Monte N, de Moraes FCA, Calderaro MCL, de Freitas LM, Matos JA, Fernandes TFDS, Aguiar KEC, Vinagre LWMS, dos Santos SEB, dos Santos NPC. Correlation between Genomic Variants and Worldwide COVID-19 Epidemiology. J Pers Med 2024; 14:579. [PMID: 38929800 PMCID: PMC11204818 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14060579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a systemic disease caused by the etiologic agent SARS-CoV-2, first reported in Hubei Province in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. The SARS-CoV-2 virus has evolved over time with distinct transmissibility subvariants from ancestral lineages. The clinical manifestations of the disease vary according to their severity and can range from asymptomatic to severe. Due to the rapid evolution to a pandemic, epidemiological studies have become essential to understand and effectively combat COVID-19, as the incidence and mortality of this disease vary between territories and populations. This study correlated epidemiological data on the incidence and mortality of COVID-19 with frequencies of important SNPs in GWAS studies associated with the susceptibility and mortality of this disease in different populations. Our results indicated significant correlations for 11 genetic variants (rs117169628, rs2547438, rs2271616, rs12610495, rs12046291, rs35705950, rs2176724, rs10774671, rs1073165, rs4804803 and rs7528026). Of these 11 variants, 7 (rs12046291, rs117169628, rs1073165, rs2547438, rs2271616, rs12610495 and rs35705950) were positively correlated with the incidence rate, these variants were more frequent in EUR populations, suggesting that this population is more susceptible to COVID-19. The rs2176724 variant was inversely related to incidence rates; therefore, the higher the frequency of the allele is, the lower the incidence rate. This variant was more frequent in the AFR population, which suggests a protective factor against SARS-CoV-2 infection in this population. The variants rs10774671, rs4804803, and rs7528026 showed a significant relationship with mortality rates. SNPs rs10774671 and rs4804803 were inversely related to mortality rates and are more frequently present in the AFR population. The rs7528026 variant, which is more frequent in the AMR population, was positively related to mortality rates. The study has the potential to identify and correlate the genetic profile with epidemiological data, identify populations that are more susceptible to severe forms of COVID-19, and relate them to incidence and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Caroline Alves da Costa
- Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (A.C.A.d.C.); (L.P.A.G.); (M.R.F.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (N.M.); (F.C.A.d.M.); (M.C.L.C.); (L.M.d.F.); (J.A.M.); (K.E.C.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - Laura Patrícia Albarello Gellen
- Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (A.C.A.d.C.); (L.P.A.G.); (M.R.F.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (N.M.); (F.C.A.d.M.); (M.C.L.C.); (L.M.d.F.); (J.A.M.); (K.E.C.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - Marianne Rodrigues Fernandes
- Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (A.C.A.d.C.); (L.P.A.G.); (M.R.F.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (N.M.); (F.C.A.d.M.); (M.C.L.C.); (L.M.d.F.); (J.A.M.); (K.E.C.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
- Ophir Loyola Hospital, Pará State Departament of Health, Belém 66063-240, PA, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Calderaro Coelho
- Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (A.C.A.d.C.); (L.P.A.G.); (M.R.F.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (N.M.); (F.C.A.d.M.); (M.C.L.C.); (L.M.d.F.); (J.A.M.); (K.E.C.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - Natasha Monte
- Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (A.C.A.d.C.); (L.P.A.G.); (M.R.F.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (N.M.); (F.C.A.d.M.); (M.C.L.C.); (L.M.d.F.); (J.A.M.); (K.E.C.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - Francisco Cezar Aquino de Moraes
- Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (A.C.A.d.C.); (L.P.A.G.); (M.R.F.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (N.M.); (F.C.A.d.M.); (M.C.L.C.); (L.M.d.F.); (J.A.M.); (K.E.C.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - Maria Clara Leite Calderaro
- Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (A.C.A.d.C.); (L.P.A.G.); (M.R.F.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (N.M.); (F.C.A.d.M.); (M.C.L.C.); (L.M.d.F.); (J.A.M.); (K.E.C.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - Lilian Marques de Freitas
- Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (A.C.A.d.C.); (L.P.A.G.); (M.R.F.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (N.M.); (F.C.A.d.M.); (M.C.L.C.); (L.M.d.F.); (J.A.M.); (K.E.C.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - Juliana Aires Matos
- Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (A.C.A.d.C.); (L.P.A.G.); (M.R.F.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (N.M.); (F.C.A.d.M.); (M.C.L.C.); (L.M.d.F.); (J.A.M.); (K.E.C.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - Thamara Fernanda da Silva Fernandes
- Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (A.C.A.d.C.); (L.P.A.G.); (M.R.F.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (N.M.); (F.C.A.d.M.); (M.C.L.C.); (L.M.d.F.); (J.A.M.); (K.E.C.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - Kaio Evandro Cardoso Aguiar
- Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (A.C.A.d.C.); (L.P.A.G.); (M.R.F.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (N.M.); (F.C.A.d.M.); (M.C.L.C.); (L.M.d.F.); (J.A.M.); (K.E.C.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - Lui Wallacy Morikawa Souza Vinagre
- Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (A.C.A.d.C.); (L.P.A.G.); (M.R.F.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (N.M.); (F.C.A.d.M.); (M.C.L.C.); (L.M.d.F.); (J.A.M.); (K.E.C.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
- Ophir Loyola Hospital, Pará State Departament of Health, Belém 66063-240, PA, Brazil
| | - Sidney Emanuel Batista dos Santos
- Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (A.C.A.d.C.); (L.P.A.G.); (M.R.F.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (N.M.); (F.C.A.d.M.); (M.C.L.C.); (L.M.d.F.); (J.A.M.); (K.E.C.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66077-830, PA, Brazil
| | - Ney Pereira Carneiro dos Santos
- Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (A.C.A.d.C.); (L.P.A.G.); (M.R.F.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (N.M.); (F.C.A.d.M.); (M.C.L.C.); (L.M.d.F.); (J.A.M.); (K.E.C.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
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Vanslambrouck JM, Neil JA, Rudraraju R, Mah S, Tan KS, Groenewegen E, Forbes TA, Karavendzas K, Elliott DA, Porrello ER, Subbarao K, Little MH. Kidney organoids reveal redundancy in viral entry pathways during ACE2-dependent SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Virol 2024; 98:e0180223. [PMID: 38334329 PMCID: PMC10949421 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01802-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
With a high incidence of acute kidney injury among hospitalized COVID-19 patients, considerable attention has been focussed on whether SARS-CoV-2 specifically targets kidney cells to directly impact renal function, or whether renal damage is primarily an indirect outcome. To date, several studies have utilized kidney organoids to understand the pathogenesis of COVID-19, revealing the ability for SARS-CoV-2 to predominantly infect cells of the proximal tubule (PT), with reduced infectivity following administration of soluble ACE2. However, the immaturity of standard human kidney organoids represents a significant hurdle, leaving the preferred SARS-CoV-2 processing pathway, existence of alternate viral receptors, and the effect of common hypertensive medications on the expression of ACE2 in the context of SARS-CoV-2 exposure incompletely understood. Utilizing a novel kidney organoid model with enhanced PT maturity, genetic- and drug-mediated inhibition of viral entry and processing factors confirmed the requirement for ACE2 for SARS-CoV-2 entry but showed that the virus can utilize dual viral spike protein processing pathways downstream of ACE2 receptor binding. These include TMPRSS- and CTSL/CTSB-mediated non-endosomal and endocytic pathways, with TMPRSS10 likely playing a more significant role in the non-endosomal pathway in renal cells than TMPRSS2. Finally, treatment with the antihypertensive ACE inhibitor, lisinopril, showed negligible impact on receptor expression or susceptibility of renal cells to infection. This study represents the first in-depth characterization of viral entry in stem cell-derived human kidney organoids with enhanced PTs, providing deeper insight into the renal implications of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. IMPORTANCE Utilizing a human iPSC-derived kidney organoid model with improved proximal tubule (PT) maturity, we identified the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 entry in renal cells, confirming ACE2 as the sole receptor and revealing redundancy in downstream cell surface TMPRSS- and endocytic Cathepsin-mediated pathways. In addition, these data address the implications of SARS-CoV-2 exposure in the setting of the commonly prescribed ACE-inhibitor, lisinopril, confirming its negligible impact on infection of kidney cells. Taken together, these results provide valuable insight into the mechanism of viral infection in the human kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Vanslambrouck
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jessica A. Neil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rajeev Rudraraju
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sophia Mah
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ker Sin Tan
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ella Groenewegen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas A. Forbes
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katerina Karavendzas
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David A. Elliott
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Australia Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Enzo R. Porrello
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Regenerative Medicine, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- The WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa H. Little
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Matveev VA, Mihelic EZ, Benko E, Budylowski P, Grocott S, Lee T, Korosec CS, Colwill K, Stephenson H, Law R, Ward LA, Sheikh-Mohamed S, Mailhot G, Delgado-Brand M, Pasculescu A, Wang JH, Qi F, Tursun T, Kardava L, Chau S, Samaan P, Imran A, Copertino DC, Chao G, Choi Y, Reinhard RJ, Kaul R, Heffernan JM, Jones RB, Chun TW, Moir S, Singer J, Gommerman J, Gingras AC, Kovacs C, Ostrowski M. Immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines and their effect on HIV reservoir in older people with HIV. iScience 2023; 26:107915. [PMID: 37790281 PMCID: PMC10542941 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Older individuals and people with HIV (PWH) were prioritized for COVID-19 vaccination, yet comprehensive studies of the immunogenicity of these vaccines and their effects on HIV reservoirs are not available. Our study on 68 PWH and 23 HIV-negative participants aged 55 and older post-three vaccine doses showed equally strong anti-spike IgG responses in serum and saliva through week 48 from baseline, while PWH salivary IgA responses were low. PWH had diminished live-virus neutralization responses after two vaccine doses, which were 'rescued' post-booster. Spike-specific T cell immunity was enhanced in PWH with normal CD4+ T cell count, suggesting Th1 imprinting. The frequency of detectable HIV viremia increased post-vaccination, but vaccines did not affect the size of the HIV reservoir in most PWH, except those with low-level viremia. Thus, older PWH require three doses of COVID-19 vaccine for maximum protection, while individuals with unsuppressed viremia should be monitored for adverse reactions from HIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy A. Matveev
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Erik Z. Mihelic
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Erika Benko
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto ON M5G 1K2, Canada
| | - Patrick Budylowski
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sebastian Grocott
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Terry Lee
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network (CTN), Vancouver BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (CHÉOS), Vancouver BC V6Z IY6, Canada
| | - Chapin S. Korosec
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Mathematics and Statistics Department, York University, Toronto ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics and Statistics Department, York University, Toronto ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Karen Colwill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Henry Stephenson
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Ryan Law
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Lesley A. Ward
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | - Geneviève Mailhot
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | | | - Adrian Pasculescu
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Jenny H. Wang
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Freda Qi
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Tulunay Tursun
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Lela Kardava
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Serena Chau
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Philip Samaan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Annam Imran
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dennis C. Copertino
- Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gary Chao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yoojin Choi
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Robert J. Reinhard
- Independent Public/Global Health Consultant, San Francisco, CA 94114, USA
| | - Rupert Kaul
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jane M. Heffernan
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Mathematics and Statistics Department, York University, Toronto ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics and Statistics Department, York University, Toronto ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joel Singer
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network (CTN), Vancouver BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (CHÉOS), Vancouver BC V6Z IY6, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jennifer Gommerman
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto ON M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Colin Kovacs
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto ON M5G 1K2, Canada
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Mario Ostrowski
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health, Toronto ON M5B 1W8, Canada
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Matveev VA, Mihelic EZ, Benko E, Budylowski P, Grocott S, Lee T, Korosec CS, Colwill K, Stephenson H, Law R, Ward LA, Sheikh-Mohamed S, Mailhot G, Delgado-Brand M, Pasculescu A, Wang JH, Qi F, Tursun T, Kardava L, Chau S, Samaan P, Imran A, Copertino DC, Chao G, Choi Y, Reinhard RJ, Kaul R, Heffernan JM, Jones RB, Chun TW, Moir S, Singer J, Gommerman J, Gingras AC, Kovacs C, Ostrowski M. Immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines and their effect on the HIV reservoir in older people with HIV. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.14.544834. [PMID: 37502977 PMCID: PMC10370192 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.14.544834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Older individuals and people with HIV (PWH) were prioritized for COVID-19 vaccination, yet comprehensive studies of the immunogenicity of these vaccines and their effects on HIV reservoirs are not available. We followed 68 PWH aged 55 and older and 23 age-matched HIV-negative individuals for 48 weeks from the first vaccine dose, after the total of three doses. All PWH were on antiretroviral therapy (cART) and had different immune status, including immune responders (IR), immune non-responders (INR), and PWH with low-level viremia (LLV). We measured total and neutralizing Ab responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike and RBD in sera, total anti-spike Abs in saliva, frequency of anti-RBD/NTD B cells, changes in frequency of anti-spike, HIV gag/nef-specific T cells, and HIV reservoirs in peripheral CD4 + T cells. The resulting datasets were used to create a mathematical model for within-host immunization. Various regimens of BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and ChAdOx1 vaccines elicited equally strong anti-spike IgG responses in PWH and HIV - participants in serum and saliva at all timepoints. These responses had similar kinetics in both cohorts and peaked at 4 weeks post-booster (third dose), while half-lives of plasma IgG also dramatically increased post-booster in both groups. Salivary spike IgA responses were low, especially in INRs. PWH had diminished live virus neutralizing titers after two vaccine doses which were 'rescued' after a booster. Anti-spike T cell immunity was enhanced in IRs even in comparison to HIV - participants, suggesting Th1 imprinting from HIV, while in INRs it was the lowest. Increased frequency of viral 'blips' in PWH were seen post-vaccination, but vaccines did not affect the size of the intact HIV reservoir in CD4 + T cells in most PWH, except in LLVs. Thus, older PWH require three doses of COVID-19 vaccine to maximize neutralizing responses against SARS-CoV-2, although vaccines may increase HIV reservoirs in PWH with persistent viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Z. Mihelic
- Dept of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Erika Benko
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick Budylowski
- Dept of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sebastian Grocott
- Dept of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Terry Lee
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network (CTN), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (CHÉOS), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chapin S. Korosec
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Mathematics and Statistics Dept, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics and Statistics Dept, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Karen Colwill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Henry Stephenson
- Dept of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dept of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ryan Law
- Dept of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lesley A. Ward
- Dept of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Geneviève Mailhot
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Adrian Pasculescu
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jenny H. Wang
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Freda Qi
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tulunay Tursun
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lela Kardava
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Serena Chau
- Dept of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Philip Samaan
- Dept of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Annam Imran
- Dept of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dennis C. Copertino
- Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gary Chao
- Dept of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yoojin Choi
- Dept of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Rupert Kaul
- Dept of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jane M. Heffernan
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Mathematics and Statistics Dept, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics and Statistics Dept, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
- Dept of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joel Singer
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network (CTN), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (CHÉOS), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dept of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Colin Kovacs
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Senior authors
| | - Mario Ostrowski
- Dept of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dept of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Senior authors
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6
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Cox D. Sepsis - it is all about the platelets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1210219. [PMID: 37350961 PMCID: PMC10282552 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1210219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is accompanied by thrombocytopenia and the severity of the thrombocytopenia is associated with mortality. This thrombocytopenia is characteristic of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), the sepsis-associated coagulopathy. Many of the pathogens, both bacterial and viral, that cause sepsis also directly activate platelets, which suggests that pathogen-induced platelet activation leads to systemic thrombosis and drives the multi-organ failure of DIC. In this paper we review the mechanisms of platelet activation by pathogens and the evidence for a role for anti-platelet agents in the management of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dermot Cox
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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7
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Gupta J, Malik MZ, Chaturvedi M, Mishra M, Mishra SK, Grover A, Ray AK, Chaturvedi R. SARS CoV-2 spike protein variants exploit DC-SIGN/DC-SIGNR receptor for evolution and severity: an in-silico insight. Virusdisease 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37363363 PMCID: PMC10206574 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-023-00820-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is related with the COVID-19 pandemic. Recent spike protein variations have had an effect on the transmission of the virus. In addition to ACE-2, spike proteins can employ DC-SIGN and its analogous receptor, DC-SIGNR, for host evasion. Spike variations in the DC-SIGN interaction region and role of DC-SIGN in immune evasion have not been well defined. To understand the spike protein variations and their binding mode, phylogenetic analysis of the complete GISAID (Global Initiative for Sharing Avian Influenza Data) data of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was considered. In addition, an in silico knockout network evaluation of the SARS-CoV-2 single-cell transcriptome was conducted to determine the key role of DC-SIGN/R in immunological dysregulation. Within the DC-SIGN-interacting region of the SARS-CoV spike protein, the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 displayed remarkable similarity to the SARS-CoV spike protein. Surprisingly, the phylogenetic analysis revealed that the SARS-CoV-2's spike exhibited significantly diverse variants in the DC-SIGN interaction domain, which altered the frequency of these variants. The variation within the DC-SIGN-interacting domain of spike proteins affected the binding of a limited number of variants with DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR and affected their evolution. MMGBSA binding free energies evaluation differed for variants from those of the wild type, suggesting the influence of substitution mutations on the interaction pattern. In silico knockout network analysis of the single-cell transcriptome of Bronchoalveolar Lavage and peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed that SARS-CoV-2 altered DC-SIGN/R signaling. Early surveillance of diverse SARS-CoV-2 strains could preclude a worsening of the pandemic and facilitate the development of an optimum vaccine against variations. The spike Receptor Binding Domain genetic variants are thought to boost SARS CoV-2 immune evasion, resulting in its higher longevity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-023-00820-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Gupta
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Md. Zubbair Malik
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, 15462 Kuwait
| | - Maya Chaturvedi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Mohit Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Surbhi Kriti Mishra
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Abhinav Grover
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Ashwini Kumar Ray
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 11007 India
| | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
- Special Center for Systems Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
- Nanofludiks Research Pvt. Ltd., JNU-Atal Incubation Center, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
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8
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Raghav PK, Mann Z, Ahluwalia SK, Rajalingam R. Potential treatments of COVID-19: Drug repurposing and therapeutic interventions. J Pharmacol Sci 2023; 152:1-21. [PMID: 37059487 PMCID: PMC9930377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The infection is caused when Spike-protein (S-protein) present on the surface of SARS-CoV-2 interacts with human cell surface receptor, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This binding facilitates SARS-CoV-2 genome entry into the human cells, which in turn causes infection. Since the beginning of the pandemic, many different therapies have been developed to combat COVID-19, including treatment and prevention. This review is focused on the currently adapted and certain other potential therapies for COVID-19 treatment, which include drug repurposing, vaccines and drug-free therapies. The efficacy of various treatment options is constantly being tested through clinical trials and in vivo studies before they are made medically available to the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar Raghav
- Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | | | - Simran Kaur Ahluwalia
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raja Rajalingam
- Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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9
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Barthe M, Hertereau L, Lamghari N, Osman-Ponchet H, Braud VM. Receptors and Cofactors That Contribute to SARS-CoV-2 Entry: Can Skin Be an Alternative Route of Entry? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076253. [PMID: 37047226 PMCID: PMC10094153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2, all routes of entry of the virus into the host must be mapped. The skin is in contact with the external environment and thus may be an alternative route of entry to transmission via the upper respiratory tract. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry is primarily dependent on ACE2 and the proteases TMPRSS2 or cathepsin L but other cofactors and attachment receptors have been identified that may play a more important role in specific tissues such as the skin. The continued emergence of new variants may also alter the tropism of the virus. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on these receptors and cofactors, their expression profile, factors modulating their expression and their role in facilitating SARS-CoV-2 infection. We discuss their expression in the skin and their possible involvement in percutaneous infection since the presence of the virus has been detected in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Barthe
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR7275, 06560 Valbonne, France; (M.B.); (L.H.); (N.L.)
- PKDERM Laboratories, 45 Boulevard Marcel Pagnol, 06130 Grasse, France
| | - Leslie Hertereau
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR7275, 06560 Valbonne, France; (M.B.); (L.H.); (N.L.)
| | - Noura Lamghari
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR7275, 06560 Valbonne, France; (M.B.); (L.H.); (N.L.)
- PKDERM Laboratories, 45 Boulevard Marcel Pagnol, 06130 Grasse, France
| | - Hanan Osman-Ponchet
- PKDERM Laboratories, 45 Boulevard Marcel Pagnol, 06130 Grasse, France
- Correspondence: (H.O.-P.); (V.M.B.)
| | - Véronique M. Braud
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR7275, 06560 Valbonne, France; (M.B.); (L.H.); (N.L.)
- Correspondence: (H.O.-P.); (V.M.B.)
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10
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Avdonin PP, Rybakova EY, Trufanov SK, Avdonin PV. SARS-CoV-2 Receptors and Their Involvement in Cell Infection. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW), SUPPLEMENT SERIES A: MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2023; 17:1-11. [PMID: 37008884 PMCID: PMC10050803 DOI: 10.1134/s1990747822060034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has many times surpassed the epidemics caused by SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. The reason for this was the presence of sites in the protein sequence of SARS-CoV-2 that provide interaction with a broader range of receptor proteins on the host cell surface. In this review, we consider both already known receptors common to SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 and new receptors specific to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. P. Avdonin
- N.K. Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - E. Yu. Rybakova
- N.K. Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - S. K. Trufanov
- N.K. Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - P. V. Avdonin
- N.K. Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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11
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DEZZANI EO. COVID-19 and pulmonary manifestations. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2022. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.22.04902-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Xanthopoulos A, Bourazana A, Giamouzis G, Skoularigki E, Dimos A, Zagouras A, Papamichalis M, Leventis I, Magouliotis DE, Triposkiadis F, Skoularigis J. COVID-19 and the heart. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:9970-9984. [PMID: 36246800 PMCID: PMC9561576 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i28.9970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) occurred in December 2019 due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is a strain of SARS-CoV. Patients infected with the virus present a wide spectrum of manifestations ranging from mild flu-like symptoms, cough, fever and fatigue to severe lung injury, appearing as bilateral interstitial pneumonia or acute respiratory failure. Although SARS-CoV-2 infection predominantly offends the respiratory system, it has been associated with several cardiovascular complications as well. For example, patients with COVID-19 may either develop type 2 myocardial infarction due to myocardial oxygen demand and supply imbalance or acute coronary syndrome resulting from excessive inflammatory response to the primary infection. The incidence of COVID-19 related myocarditis is estimated to be accountable for an average of 7% of all COVID-19 related fatal cases, whereas heart failure (HF) may develop due to infiltration of the heart by inflammatory cells, destructive action of pro-inflammatory cytokines, micro-thrombosis and new onset or aggravated endothelial and respiratory failure. Lastly, SARS-CoV-2 can engender arrhythmias through direct myocardial damage causing acute myocarditis or through HF decompensation or secondary, through respiratory failure or severe respiratory distress syndrome. In this comprehensive review we summarize the COVID-19 related cardiovascular complications (acute coronary syndromes, myocarditis, HF, arrhythmias) and discuss the main underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Xanthopoulos
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41110, Greece
| | - Angeliki Bourazana
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41110, Greece
| | - Grigorios Giamouzis
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41110, Greece
| | | | - Apostolos Dimos
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41110, Greece
| | - Alexandros Zagouras
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41110, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Leventis
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41110, Greece
| | - Dimitrios E Magouliotis
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Thessaly, Larissa Biopolis, Larissa 41110, Greece
| | | | - John Skoularigis
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41110, Greece
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13
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Farhangnia P, Dehrouyeh S, Safdarian AR, Farahani SV, Gorgani M, Rezaei N, Akbarpour M, Delbandi AA. Recent advances in passive immunotherapies for COVID-19: The Evidence-Based approaches and clinical trials. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108786. [PMID: 35483235 PMCID: PMC9021130 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged, causing a global pandemic called COVID-19. Currently, there is no definitive treatment for this emerging disease. Global efforts resulted in developing multiple platforms of COVID-19 vaccines, but their efficacy in humans should be wholly investigated in the long-term clinical and epidemiological follow-ups. Despite the international efforts, COVID-19 vaccination accompanies challenges, including financial and political obstacles, serious adverse effects (AEs), the impossibility of using vaccines in certain groups of people in the community, and viral evasion due to emerging novel variants of SARS-CoV-2 in many countries. For these reasons, passive immunotherapy has been considered a complementary remedy and a promising way to manage COVID-19. These approaches arebased on reduced inflammation due to inhibiting cytokine storm phenomena, immunomodulation,preventing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), viral neutralization, anddecreased viral load. This article highlights passive immunotherapy and immunomodulation approaches in managing and treating COVID-19 patients and discusses relevant clinical trials (CTs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooya Farhangnia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Chicago, United States
| | - Shiva Dehrouyeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Chicago, United States
| | - Amir Reza Safdarian
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Chicago, United States; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Alborz, Iran
| | - Soheila Vasheghani Farahani
- Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Chicago, United States; Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Melika Gorgani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Chicago, United States
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahzad Akbarpour
- Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Chicago, United States; Advanced Cellular Therapeutics Facility (ACTF), Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, Section of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, United States.
| | - Ali-Akbar Delbandi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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14
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Li Y, Lu S, Gu J, Xia W, Zhang S, Zhang S, Wang Y, Zhang C, Sun Y, Lei J, Liu C, Su Z, Yang J, Peng X, Li D. SARS-CoV-2 impairs the disassembly of stress granules and promotes ALS-associated amyloid aggregation. Protein Cell 2022; 13:602-614. [PMID: 35384603 PMCID: PMC8983322 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-022-00905-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-CoV-2 has been reported to have a high ability of liquid-liquid phase separation, which enables its incorporation into stress granules (SGs) of host cells. However, whether SG invasion by N protein occurs in the scenario of SARS-CoV-2 infection is unknow, neither do we know its consequence. Here, we used SARS-CoV-2 to infect mammalian cells and observed the incorporation of N protein into SGs, which resulted in markedly impaired self-disassembly but stimulated cell cellular clearance of SGs. NMR experiments further showed that N protein binds to the SG-related amyloid proteins via non-specific transient interactions, which not only expedites the phase transition of these proteins to aberrant amyloid aggregation in vitro, but also promotes the aggregation of FUS with ALS-associated P525L mutation in cells. In addition, we found that ACE2 is not necessary for the infection of SARS-CoV-2 to mammalian cells. Our work indicates that SARS-CoV-2 infection can impair the disassembly of host SGs and promote the aggregation of SG-related amyloid proteins, which may lead to an increased risk of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Shuaiyao Lu
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jinge Gu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wencheng Xia
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shenqing Zhang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yunpeng Sun
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhaoming Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Juntao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Dan Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Bio-X-Renji Hospital Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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15
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Li J, Chen S, Li Y, Zhu Z, Huang H, Wang W, Yang Y, Liang Y, Shu L. Comprehensive Profiling Analysis of CD209 in Malignancies Reveals the Therapeutic Implication for Tumor Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2. Front Genet 2022; 13:883234. [PMID: 35783255 PMCID: PMC9247358 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.883234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is known to be caused by the virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is characterized by pneumonia, cytokine storms, and lymphopenia. Patients with malignant tumors may be particularly vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection and possibly more susceptible to severe complications due to immunosuppression. Recent studies have found that CD209 (DC-SIGN) might be a potential binding receptor for SARS-CoV-2 in addition to the well-known receptor ACE2. However, pan-cancer studies of CD209 remain unclear. In this study, we first comprehensively investigated the expression profiles of CD209 in malignancies in both pan-carcinomas and healthy tissues based on bioinformatic techniques. The CD209 expression declined dramatically in various cancer types infected by SARS-CoV-2. Remarkably, CD209 was linked with diverse immune checkpoint genes and infiltrating immune cells. These findings indicate that the elevation of CD209 among specific cancer patients may delineate a mechanism accounting for a higher vulnerability to infection by SARS-CoV-2, as well as giving rise to cytokine storms. Taken together, CD209 plays critical roles in both immunology and metabolism in various cancer types. Pharmacological inhibition of CD209 antigen (D-mannose), together with other anti-SARS-CoV-2 strategies, might provide beneficial therapeutic effects in specific cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuzhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weida Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Yang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Liang, ; Lingling Shu,
| | - Lingling Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Liang, ; Lingling Shu,
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16
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Haidar MA, Shakkour Z, Reslan MA, Al-Haj N, Chamoun P, Habashy K, Kaafarani H, Shahjouei S, Farran SH, Shaito A, Saba ES, Badran B, Sabra M, Kobeissy F, Bizri M. SARS-CoV-2 involvement in central nervous system tissue damage. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1228-1239. [PMID: 34782556 PMCID: PMC8643043 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.327323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to spread globally, it became evident that the SARS-CoV-2 virus infects multiple organs including the brain. Several clinical studies revealed that patients with COVID-19 infection experience an array of neurological signs ranging in severity from headaches to life-threatening strokes. Although the exact mechanism by which the SARS-CoV-2 virus directly impacts the brain is not fully understood, several theories have been suggested including direct and indirect pathways induced by the virus. One possible theory is the invasion of SARS-CoV-2 to the brain occurs either through the bloodstream or via the nerve endings which is considered to be the direct route. Such findings are based on studies reporting the presence of viral material in the cerebrospinal fluid and brain cells. Nevertheless, the indirect mechanisms, including blood-clotting abnormalities and prolonged activation of the immune system, can result in further tissue and organ damages seen during the course of the disease. This overview attempts to give a thorough insight into SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus neurological infection and highlights the possible mechanisms leading to the neurological manifestations observed in infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Haidar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Zaynab Shakkour
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohammad Amine Reslan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nadine Al-Haj
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Balamand, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Perla Chamoun
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Balamand, Koura, Lebanon
| | - Karl Habashy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Shima Shahjouei
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Departments of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sarah H. Farran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Esber S. Saba
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Bassam Badran
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mirna Sabra
- Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Neuroscience Institute, Neurology Department, Geisinger Health System, PA, USA
| | - Maya Bizri
- Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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17
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Vanslambrouck JM, Wilson SB, Tan KS, Groenewegen E, Rudraraju R, Neil J, Lawlor KT, Mah S, Scurr M, Howden SE, Subbarao K, Little MH. Enhanced metanephric specification to functional proximal tubule enables toxicity screening and infectious disease modelling in kidney organoids. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2021.10.14.464320. [PMID: 35665006 PMCID: PMC9164445 DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.14.464320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
While pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids are now being used to model renal disease, the proximal nephron remains immature with limited evidence for key functional solute channels. This may reflect early mispatterning of the nephrogenic mesenchyme and/or insufficient maturation. Here we show that enhanced specification to metanephric nephron progenitors results in elongated and radially aligned proximalised nephrons with distinct S1 - S3 proximal tubule cell types. Such PT-enhanced organoids possess improved albumin and organic cation uptake, appropriate KIM-1 upregulation in response to cisplatin, and improved expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors resulting in increased viral replication. The striking proximo-distal orientation of nephrons resulted from localized WNT antagonism originating from the organoid stromal core. PT-enhanced organoids represent an improved model to study inherited and acquired proximal tubular disease as well as drug and viral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Vanslambrouck
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sean B. Wilson
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ker Sin Tan
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ella Groenewegen
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rajeev Rudraraju
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica Neil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kynan T. Lawlor
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophia Mah
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle Scurr
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sara E. Howden
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa H. Little
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Author for correspondence: M.H.L.: +61 3 9936 6206;
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18
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Kiremitler NB, Kemerli MZ, Kayaci N, Karagoz S, Pekdemir S, Sarp G, Sanduvac S, Onses MS, Yilmaz E. Nanostructures for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2: A Review. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2022; 5:6029-6054. [PMID: 37552745 PMCID: PMC8905929 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Scientists, doctors, engineers, and even entire societies have become aware of the seriousness of the COVID-19 infection and are taking action quickly, using all the tools from protection to treatment against coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Especially in this sense, scientific approaches and materials using nanotechnology are frequently preferred. In this review, we focus on how nanoscience and nanotechnology approaches can be used for protective equipment, diagnostic and treatment methods, medicine, and vaccine applications to stop the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and prevent its spread. SARS-CoV-2, which itself can be considered as a core-shell nanoparticle, can interact with various materials around it and remain bound for variable periods of time while maintaining its bioactivity. These applications are especially critical for the controlled use of disinfection systems. One of the most important processes in the fight against coronavirus is the rapid diagnosis of the virus in humans and the initiation of isolation and treatment processes. The development of nanotechnology-based test and diagnostic kits is another important research thrust. Nanotechnological therapeutics based on antiviral drug design and nanoarchitecture vaccines have been vital. Nanotechnology plays critical roles in the production of protective film surfaces for self-cleaning and antiviral masks, gloves, and laboratory clothes. An overview of literature studies highlighting nanotechnology and nanomaterial-based approaches to combat SARS-CoV-2 is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuri Burak Kiremitler
- ERNAM-Erciyes University Nanotechnology
Application and Research Center, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
| | - Munteha Zeynep Kemerli
- Drug Application and Research Center,
Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
- Department of Health Services, Halil Bayraktar
Vocational College, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
| | - Nilgun Kayaci
- ERNAM-Erciyes University Nanotechnology
Application and Research Center, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
| | - Sultan Karagoz
- ERNAM-Erciyes University Nanotechnology
Application and Research Center, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
- Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
| | - Sami Pekdemir
- ERNAM-Erciyes University Nanotechnology
Application and Research Center, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
- Department of Airframes and Powerplants, Erciyes
University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Sarp
- ERNAM-Erciyes University Nanotechnology
Application and Research Center, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes
University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Senem Sanduvac
- ERNAM-Erciyes University Nanotechnology
Application and Research Center, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
- Bünyan Vocational College, Kayseri
University, 38280 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Serdar Onses
- ERNAM-Erciyes University Nanotechnology
Application and Research Center, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
| | - Erkan Yilmaz
- ERNAM-Erciyes University Nanotechnology
Application and Research Center, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes
University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Technology Research & Application
Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
- ChemicaMed Chemical Inc., Erciyes
University Technology Development Zone, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
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19
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Bohnacker S, Hartung F, Henkel F, Quaranta A, Kolmert J, Priller A, Ud-Dean M, Giglberger J, Kugler LM, Pechtold L, Yazici S, Lechner A, Erber J, Protzer U, Lingor P, Knolle P, Chaker AM, Schmidt-Weber CB, Wheelock CE, Esser-von Bieren J. Mild COVID-19 imprints a long-term inflammatory eicosanoid- and chemokine memory in monocyte-derived macrophages. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:515-524. [PMID: 35288643 PMCID: PMC9038526 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00482-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) drive the inflammatory response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and they are a major source of eicosanoids in airway inflammation. Here we report that MDM from SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals with mild disease show an inflammatory transcriptional and metabolic imprint that lasts for at least 5 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. MDM from convalescent SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals showed a downregulation of pro-resolving factors and an increased production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids, particularly 5-lipoxygenase-derived leukotrienes. Leukotriene synthesis was further enhanced by glucocorticoids and remained elevated at 3–5 months, but had returned to baseline at 12 months post SARS-CoV-2 infection. Stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or LPS triggered exaggerated prostanoid-, type I IFN-, and chemokine responses in post COVID-19 MDM. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 infection leaves an inflammatory imprint in the monocyte/ macrophage compartment that drives aberrant macrophage effector functions and eicosanoid metabolism, resulting in long-term immune aberrations in patients recovering from mild COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Bohnacker
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Hartung
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Fiona Henkel
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Alessandro Quaranta
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Kolmert
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alina Priller
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Minhaz Ud-Dean
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Giglberger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Luisa M Kugler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Pechtold
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Yazici
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonie Lechner
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Erber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich partner site, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Percy Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, 81675, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich partner site, Munich, Germany
| | - Adam M Chaker
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, 80802, Munich, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten B Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, 80802, Munich, Germany
- German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich partner site, Munich, Germany
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska University Hospital, 141-86, Stockholm, Sweden
- Gunma Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Julia Esser-von Bieren
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, 80802, Munich, Germany.
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20
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da Silva Torres MK, Bichara CDA, de Almeida MDNDS, Vallinoto MC, Queiroz MAF, Vallinoto IMVC, dos Santos EJM, de Carvalho CAM, Vallinoto ACR. The Complexity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:789882. [PMID: 35222327 PMCID: PMC8870622 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.789882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to the death of millions of people worldwide and thousands more infected individuals developed sequelae due to the disease of the new coronavirus of 2019 (COVID-19). The development of several studies has contributed to the knowledge about the evolution of SARS-CoV2 infection and the disease to more severe forms. Despite this information being debated in the scientific literature, many mechanisms still need to be better understood in order to control the spread of the virus and treat clinical cases of COVID-19. In this article, we carried out an extensive literature review in order to bring together, in a single article, the biological, social, genetic, diagnostic, therapeutic, immunization, and even socioeconomic aspects that impact the SAR-CoV-2 pandemic. This information gathered in this article will enable a broad and consistent reading of the main aspects related to the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karoliny da Silva Torres
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Carlos David Araújo Bichara
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Maria de Nazaré do Socorro de Almeida
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Laboratory of Complex Diseases, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Mariana Cayres Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- University Center of the State of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo José Melo dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Laboratory of Complex Diseases, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Carlos R. Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
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21
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Ng JW, Chong ETJ, Lee PC. An Updated Review on the Role of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in COVID-19 Disease Severity: A Global Aspect. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2022; 23:1596-1611. [DOI: 10.2174/1389201023666220114162347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and recently has become a serious global pandemic. Age, gender, and comorbidities are known to be common risk factors for severe COVID-19 but are not enough to fully explain the magnitude of their effect on the risk of severity of the disease. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in several genes have been reported as a genetic factor contributing to COVID-19 severity. This comprehensive review focuses on the association between SNPs in four important genes and COVID-19 severity in a global aspect. We discuss a total of 39 SNPs in this review: five SNPs in the ABO gene, nine SNPs in the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) gene, 19 SNPs in the transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) gene, and six SNPs in the toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) gene. These SNPs data could assist in monitoring an individual's risk of severe COVID-19 disease, and therefore personalized management and pharmaceutical treatment could be planned in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei Ng
- Biotechnology Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia, Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Eric Tzyy Jiann Chong
- Biotechnology Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia, Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Ping-Chin Lee
- Biotechnology Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia, Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia;
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
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22
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Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has given the study of virus evolution and ecology new relevance. Although viruses were first identified more than a century ago, we likely know less about their diversity than that of any other biological entity. Most documented animal viruses have been sampled from just two phyla - the Chordata and the Arthropoda - with a strong bias towards viruses that infect humans or animals of economic and social importance, often in association with strong disease phenotypes. Fortunately, the recent development of unbiased metagenomic next-generation sequencing is providing a richer view of the animal virome and shedding new light on virus evolution. In this Review, we explore our changing understanding of the diversity, composition and evolution of the animal virome. We outline the factors that determine the phylogenetic diversity and genomic structure of animal viruses on evolutionary timescales and show how this impacts assessment of the risk of disease emergence in the short term. We also describe the ongoing challenges in metagenomic analysis and outline key themes for future research. A central question is how major events in the evolutionary history of animals, such as the origin of the vertebrates and periodic mass extinction events, have shaped the diversity and evolution of the viruses they carry.
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23
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Zhao T, Terracciano R, Becker J, Monaco A, Yilmaz G, Becer CR. Hierarchy of Complex Glycomacromolecules: From Controlled Topologies to Biomedical Applications. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:543-575. [PMID: 34982551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates bearing a distinct complexity use a special code (Glycocode) to communicate with carbohydrate-binding proteins at a high precision to manipulate biological activities in complex biological environments. The level of complexity in carbohydrate-containing macromolecules controls the amount and specificity of information that can be stored in biomacromolecules. Therefore, a better understanding of the glycocode is crucial to open new areas of biomedical applications by controlling or manipulating the interaction between immune cells and pathogens in terms of trafficking and signaling, which would become a powerful tool to prevent infectious diseases. Even though a certain level of progress has been achieved over the past decade, synthetic glycomacromolecules are still lagging far behind naturally existing glycans in terms of complexity and precision because of insufficient and inefficient synthetic techniques. Currently, specific targeting at a cellular level using synthetic glycomacromolecules is still challenging. It is obvious that multidisciplinary collaborations are essential between different specialized disciplines to enhance the carbohydrate receptor-targeting paradigm for new biomedical applications. In this Perspective, recent developments in the synthesis of sophisticated glycomacromolecules are highlighted, and their biological and biomedical applications are also discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieshuai Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Terracciano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas Becker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Monaco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Gokhan Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - C Remzi Becer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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24
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Galati D, Zanotta S, Capitelli L, Bocchino M. A bird's eye view on the role of dendritic cells in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection: Perspectives for immune‐based vaccines. Allergy 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/all.15004
expr 869230256 + 930548950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Galati
- Hematology‐Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit Department of Hematology and Developmental Therapeutics Istituto Nazionale Tumori‐ IRCCS‐ Fondazione G. Pascale Napoli Italy
| | - Serena Zanotta
- Hematology‐Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit Department of Hematology and Developmental Therapeutics Istituto Nazionale Tumori‐ IRCCS‐ Fondazione G. Pascale Napoli Italy
| | - Ludovica Capitelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Napoli Italy
| | - Marialuisa Bocchino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Napoli Italy
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25
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Galati D, Zanotta S, Capitelli L, Bocchino M. A bird's eye view on the role of dendritic cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Perspectives for immune-based vaccines. Allergy 2022; 77:100-110. [PMID: 34245591 PMCID: PMC8441836 DOI: 10.1111/all.15004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a complex disorder caused by the pandemic diffusion of a novel coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2. Clinical manifestations vary from silent infection to severe pneumonia, disseminated thrombosis, multi-organ failure, and death. COVID-19 pathogenesis is still not fully elucidated, while increasing evidence suggests that disease phenotypes are strongly related to the virus-induced immune system's dysregulation. Indeed, when the virus-host cross talk is out of control, the occurrence of an aberrant systemic inflammatory reaction, named "cytokine storm," leads to a detrimental impairment of the adaptive immune response. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells able to support innate immune and promote adaptive responses. Besides, DCs play a key role in the anti-viral defense. The aim of this review is to focus on DC involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection to better understand pathogenesis and clinical behavior of COVID-19 and explore potential implications for immune-based therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Galati
- Hematology‐Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation UnitDepartment of Hematology and Developmental TherapeuticsIstituto Nazionale Tumori‐ IRCCS‐ Fondazione G. PascaleNapoliItaly
| | - Serena Zanotta
- Hematology‐Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation UnitDepartment of Hematology and Developmental TherapeuticsIstituto Nazionale Tumori‐ IRCCS‐ Fondazione G. PascaleNapoliItaly
| | - Ludovica Capitelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryUniversità degli Studi di Napoli Federico IINapoliItaly
| | - Marialuisa Bocchino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryUniversità degli Studi di Napoli Federico IINapoliItaly
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Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the disease COVID-19 that has decimated the health and economy of our planet. The virus causes the disease not only in people but also in companion and wild animals. As yet we do not know why the virus is highly successful in causing the pandemic within 3 months of its first report. Lack of a voice on how to handle the pandemic impacted the management of the disease globally. Publication of the importance of masks and social distancing in preprint servers reduced the spread of the disease and deaths associated with it. Very few countries have invested in science and research and development and that has impacted the development of therapies for the pandemic. Though vaccination against COVID-19 started in December 2020, slower rate of immunizations has resulted in rapid spread of the mutant strains of SARS-CoV-2. Lack of transparency and accountability coupled with anergic leadership was responsible for the high incidence of disease and death associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Thomas
- Lankenau Institute for medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA.
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27
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Kalejaiye TD, Bhattacharya R, Burt MA, Travieso T, Okafor AE, Mou X, Blasi M, Musah S. BSG/CD147 and ACE2 receptors facilitate SARS-CoV-2 infection of human iPS cell-derived kidney podocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34816259 DOI: 10.1101/2021.11.16.468893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. The disease has caused more than 5.1 million deaths worldwide. While cells in the respiratory system are frequently the initial target for SARS-CoV-2, clinical studies suggest that COVID-19 can become a multi-organ disease in the most severe cases. Still, the direct affinity of SARS-CoV-2 for cells in other organs such as the kidneys, which are often affected in severe COVID-19, remains poorly understood. METHOD In this study, we employed a human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived model to investigate the affinity of SARS-CoV-2 for kidney glomerular podocytes. We studied uptake of the live SARS-CoV-2 virus as well as pseudotyped viral particles by human iPS cell derived podocytes using qPCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence. Global gene expression and qPCR analyses revealed that human iPS cell-derived podocytes express many host factor genes (including ACE2, BSG/CD147, PLS3, ACTR3, DOCK7, TMPRSS2, CTSL CD209, and CD33) associated with SARS-CoV-2 binding and viral processing. RESULT Infection of podocytes with live SARS-CoV-2 or spike-pseudotyped lentiviral particles revealed viral uptake by the cells at low Multiplicity of Infection (MOI of 0.01) as confirmed by RNA quantification and immunofluorescence studies. Our results also indicate that direct infection of human iPS cell-derived podocytes by SARS-CoV-2 virus can cause cell death and podocyte foot process retraction, a hallmark of podocytopathies and progressive glomerular diseases including collapsing glomerulopathy observed in patients with severe COVID-19 disease. Additionally, antibody blocking experiments identified BSG/CD147 and ACE2 receptors as key mediators of spike binding activity in human iPS cell-derived podocytes. CONCLUSION These results show that SARS-CoV-2 can infect kidney glomerular podocytes in vitro . These results also show that the uptake of SARS-CoV-2 by kidney podocytes occurs via multiple binding interactions and partners, which may underlie the high affinity of SARS-CoV-2 for kidney tissues. This stem cell-derived model is potentially useful for kidney-specific antiviral drug screening and mechanistic studies of COVID-19 organotropism. SIGNIFICANT STATEMENT Many patients with COVID19 disease exhibit multiorgan complications, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 infection can extend beyond the respiratory system. Acute kidney injury is a common COVID-19 complication contributing to increased morbidity and mortality. Still, SARS-Cov-2 affinity for specialized kidney cells remain less clear. By leveraging our protocol for stem cell differentiation, we show that SARS-CoV-2 can directly infect kidney glomerular podocytes by using multiple Spike-binding proteins including ACE2 and BSG/CD147. Our results also indicate that infection by SARS-CoV-2 virus can cause podocyte cell death and foot process effacement, a hallmark of podocytopathies including collapsing glomerulopathy observed in patients with severe COVID-19 disease. This stem cell-derived model is potentially useful for kidney-specific antiviral drug screening and mechanistic studies of COVID-19 organotropism.
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Li JY, Zhou ZJ, Wang Q, He QN, Zhao MY, Qiu Y, Ge XY. Innate Immunity Evasion Strategies of Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:770656. [PMID: 34777324 PMCID: PMC8586461 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.770656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, coronavirus (CoV) has emerged frequently in the population. Three CoVs (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2) have been identified as highly pathogenic human coronaviruses (HP-hCoVs). Particularly, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 warns that HP-hCoVs present a high risk to human health. Like other viruses, HP-hCoVs interact with their host cells in sophisticated manners for infection and pathogenesis. Here, we reviewed the current knowledge about the interference of HP-hCoVs in multiple cellular processes and their impacts on viral infection. HP-hCoVs employed various strategies to suppress and evade from immune response, including shielding viral RNA from recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), impairing IFN-I production, blocking the downstream pathways of IFN-I, and other evasion strategies. This summary provides a comprehensive view of the interplay between HP-hCoVs and the host cells, which is helpful to understand the mechanism of viral pathogenesis and develop antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yan Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi-Jian Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Qing-Nan He
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Yi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ye Qiu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Xing-Yi Ge
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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Nassar A, Ibrahim IM, Amin FG, Magdy M, Elgharib AM, Azzam EB, Nasser F, Yousry K, Shamkh IM, Mahdy SM, Elfiky AA. A Review of Human Coronaviruses' Receptors: The Host-Cell Targets for the Crown Bearing Viruses. Molecules 2021; 26:6455. [PMID: 34770863 PMCID: PMC8587140 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel human coronavirus prompted considerable worry at the end of the year 2019. Now, it represents a significant global health and economic burden. The newly emerged coronavirus disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the primary reason for the COVID-19 global pandemic. According to recent global figures, COVID-19 has caused approximately 243.3 million illnesses and 4.9 million deaths. Several human cell receptors are involved in the virus identification of the host cells and entering them. Hence, understanding how the virus binds to host-cell receptors is crucial for developing antiviral treatments and vaccines. The current work aimed to determine the multiple host-cell receptors that bind with SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses for the purpose of cell entry. Extensive research is needed using neutralizing antibodies, natural chemicals, and therapeutic peptides to target those host-cell receptors in extremely susceptible individuals. More research is needed to map SARS-CoV-2 cell entry pathways in order to identify potential viral inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaya Nassar
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12511, Egypt; (I.M.I.); (F.G.A.); (M.M.); (A.M.E.)
| | - Ibrahim M. Ibrahim
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12511, Egypt; (I.M.I.); (F.G.A.); (M.M.); (A.M.E.)
| | - Fatma G. Amin
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12511, Egypt; (I.M.I.); (F.G.A.); (M.M.); (A.M.E.)
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21519, Egypt
| | - Merna Magdy
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12511, Egypt; (I.M.I.); (F.G.A.); (M.M.); (A.M.E.)
| | - Ahmed M. Elgharib
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12511, Egypt; (I.M.I.); (F.G.A.); (M.M.); (A.M.E.)
| | - Eman B. Azzam
- Physics Department, Medical Biophysics Division, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11511, Egypt;
| | - Filopateer Nasser
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12511, Egypt;
| | - Kirllos Yousry
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11511, Egypt;
| | | | - Samah M. Mahdy
- National Museum of Egyptian Civilization, Ain Elsira-Elfustat, Cairo 11511, Egypt;
| | - Abdo A. Elfiky
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12511, Egypt; (I.M.I.); (F.G.A.); (M.M.); (A.M.E.)
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Human Cell Receptors and Downstream Cascades: A Review of Molecular Aspects and Potential Therapeutic Targets in COVID-19. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.113298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Context: There have been two coronavirus-related pandemics during the past 18 years, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV in 2002 and 2012, respectively. In 2019, Seven years after the emergence of MERS, a new coronavirus (i.e., SARS-CoV-2) was detected in several patients. SARS-CoV-2 spread widely, and its high prevalence enabled the virus to start a new pandemic in 2020. It is believed that the higher infectivity of the virus in comparison to that of SARS-CoV is related to its molecular interaction affinity of transmembrane spike glycoprotein and human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) cell receptors. Moreover, the primary reason for the high case fatality rate (CFR) is the cytokine storm and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) because of the immune system response to the invaders. Hence, a solid understanding of the components involved in the mechanism of viral entry and immune system response is crucial for finding approaches to disrupt the virus-cell interplay and neutralizing its impacts on the host immune system. In this review, we investigated the molecular aspect and potential therapeutic targets associated with cell receptors and downstream signaling cascades. Evidence Acquisition: A systematic search was implemented on several online databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus during 2019-2021 using the following keywords: "SARS-CoV-2", "COVID-19", "ACE-2", "Therapeutic Targets", "Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome", and "Cytokine Storm". Results: Various internal or external agents are responsible for the virus infectivity and stimulating acute immune system response. Since currently there is no cure for the treatment of COVID-19, several repurposed drugs can be employed to disrupt the process of viral entry and mitigate the symptoms raised by the cytokine storm. Inhibition of several agents, including signal transduction mediators and TMPRSS2 may be momentous. Conclusions: Despite the increase in the CFR, no drugs were developed with significant efficacy. Understanding the virus entry mechanism and the immune system’s role could help us surmount the problems in developing a promising drug or employing the repurposed ones.
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Trbojević-Akmačić I, Petrović T, Lauc G. SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein binding to multiple host receptors enables cell entry and infection. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:611-623. [PMID: 34542788 PMCID: PMC8450557 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-10021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection displays a wide array of clinical manifestations. Although some risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and outcomes have been identified the underlying biologic mechanisms are still not well understood. The surface SARS-CoV-2 proteins are heavily glycosylated enabling host cell interaction and viral entry. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been identified to be the main host cell receptor enabling SARS-CoV-2 cell entry after interaction with its S glycoprotein. However, recent studies report SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein interaction with other cell receptors, mainly C-type lectins which recognize specific glycan epitopes facilitating SARS-CoV-2 entry to susceptible cells. Here, we are summarizing the main findings on SARS-CoV-2 interactions with ACE2 and other cell membrane surface receptors and soluble lectins involved in the viral cell entry modulating its infectivity and potentially playing a role in subsequent clinical manifestations of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tea Petrović
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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A CRISPR/Cas9 genetically engineered organoid biobank reveals essential host factors for coronaviruses. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5498. [PMID: 34535662 PMCID: PMC8448725 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25729-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid identification of host genes essential for virus replication may expedite the generation of therapeutic interventions. Genetic screens are often performed in transformed cell lines that poorly represent viral target cells in vivo, leading to discoveries that may not be translated to the clinic. Intestinal organoids are increasingly used to model human disease and are amenable to genetic engineering. To discern which host factors are reliable anti-coronavirus therapeutic targets, we generate mutant clonal IOs for 19 host genes previously implicated in coronavirus biology. We verify ACE2 and DPP4 as entry receptors for SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV respectively. SARS-CoV-2 replication in IOs does not require the endosomal Cathepsin B/L proteases, but specifically depends on the cell surface protease TMPRSS2. Other TMPRSS family members were not essential. The newly emerging coronavirus variant B.1.1.7, as well as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV similarly depended on TMPRSS2. These findings underscore the relevance of non-transformed human models for coronavirus research, identify TMPRSS2 as an attractive pan-coronavirus therapeutic target, and demonstrate that an organoid knockout biobank is a valuable tool to investigate the biology of current and future emerging coronaviruses. Rapid identification of host genes essential for virus replication may expedite the generation of therapeutic interventions. Here the authors generate mutant clonal intestinal organoids for 19 host genes previously implicated in coronavirus biology and identify the cell surface protease TMPRSS2 as a potential therapeutic target.
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Aminpour M, Cannariato M, Zucco A, Di Gregorio E, Israel S, Perioli A, Tucci D, Rossi F, Pionato S, Marino S, Deriu MA, Velpula KK, Tuszynski JA. Computational Study of Potential Galectin-3 Inhibitors in the Treatment of COVID-19. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1208. [PMID: 34572394 PMCID: PMC8466820 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a carbohydrate-binding protein and the most studied member of the galectin family. It regulates several functions throughout the body, among which are inflammation and post-injury remodelling. Recent studies have highlighted the similarity between Galectin-3's carbohydrate recognition domain and the so-called "galectin fold" present on the N-terminal domain of the S1 sub-unit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Sialic acids binding to the N-terminal domain of the Spike protein are known to be crucial for viral entry into humans, and the role of Galectin-3 as a mediator of lung fibrosis has long been the object of study since its levels have been found to be abnormally high in alveolar macrophages following lung injury. In this context, the discovery of a double inhibitor may both prevent viral entry and reduce post-infection pulmonary fibrosis. In this study, we use a database of 56 compounds, among which 37 have known experimental affinity with Galectin-3. We carry out virtual screening of this database with respect to Galectin-3 and Spike protein. Several ligands are found to exhibit promising binding affinity and interaction with the Spike protein's N-terminal domain as well as with Galectin-3. This finding strongly suggests that existing Galectin-3 inhibitors possess dual-binding capabilities to disrupt Spike-ACE2 interactions. Herein we identify the most promising inhibitors of Galectin-3 and Spike proteins, of which five emerge as potential dual effective inhibitors. Our preliminary results warrant further in vitro and in vivo testing of these putative inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 with the hope of being able to halt the spread of the virus in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maral Aminpour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada;
| | - Marco Cannariato
- DIMEAS, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (A.Z.); (E.D.G.); (S.I.); (A.P.); (D.T.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (S.M.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Angelica Zucco
- DIMEAS, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (A.Z.); (E.D.G.); (S.I.); (A.P.); (D.T.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (S.M.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Elisabetta Di Gregorio
- DIMEAS, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (A.Z.); (E.D.G.); (S.I.); (A.P.); (D.T.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (S.M.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Simone Israel
- DIMEAS, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (A.Z.); (E.D.G.); (S.I.); (A.P.); (D.T.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (S.M.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Annalisa Perioli
- DIMEAS, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (A.Z.); (E.D.G.); (S.I.); (A.P.); (D.T.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (S.M.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Davide Tucci
- DIMEAS, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (A.Z.); (E.D.G.); (S.I.); (A.P.); (D.T.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (S.M.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Francesca Rossi
- DIMEAS, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (A.Z.); (E.D.G.); (S.I.); (A.P.); (D.T.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (S.M.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Sara Pionato
- DIMEAS, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (A.Z.); (E.D.G.); (S.I.); (A.P.); (D.T.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (S.M.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Silvia Marino
- DIMEAS, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (A.Z.); (E.D.G.); (S.I.); (A.P.); (D.T.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (S.M.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Marco A. Deriu
- DIMEAS, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (A.Z.); (E.D.G.); (S.I.); (A.P.); (D.T.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (S.M.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Kiran K. Velpula
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - Jack A. Tuszynski
- DIMEAS, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (A.Z.); (E.D.G.); (S.I.); (A.P.); (D.T.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (S.M.); (M.A.D.)
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
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Devaux CA, Melenotte C, Piercecchi-Marti MD, Delteil C, Raoult D. Cyclosporin A: A Repurposable Drug in the Treatment of COVID-19? Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:663708. [PMID: 34552938 PMCID: PMC8450353 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.663708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is now at the forefront of major health challenge faced globally, creating an urgent need for safe and efficient therapeutic strategies. Given the high attrition rates, high costs, and quite slow development of drug discovery, repurposing of known FDA-approved molecules is increasingly becoming an attractive issue in order to quickly find molecules capable of preventing and/or curing COVID-19 patients. Cyclosporin A (CsA), a common anti-rejection drug widely used in transplantation, has recently been shown to exhibit substantial anti-SARS-CoV-2 antiviral activity and anti-COVID-19 effect. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of action of CsA in order to highlight why this molecule seems to be an interesting candidate for the therapeutic management of COVID-19 patients. We conclude that CsA could have at least three major targets in COVID-19 patients: (i) an anti-inflammatory effect reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines, (ii) an antiviral effect preventing the formation of the viral RNA synthesis complex, and (iii) an effect on tissue damage and thrombosis by acting against the deleterious action of angiotensin II. Several preliminary CsA clinical trials performed on COVID-19 patients report lower incidence of death and suggest that this strategy should be investigated further in order to assess in which context the benefit/risk ratio of repurposing CsA as first-line therapy in COVID-19 is the most favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Devaux
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Cléa Melenotte
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Dominique Piercecchi-Marti
- Department of Legal Medicine, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille University Hospital Center, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Clémence Delteil
- Department of Legal Medicine, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille University Hospital Center, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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35
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Lempp FA, Soriaga LB, Montiel-Ruiz M, Benigni F, Noack J, Park YJ, Bianchi S, Walls AC, Bowen JE, Zhou J, Kaiser H, Joshi A, Agostini M, Meury M, Dellota E, Jaconi S, Cameroni E, Martinez-Picado J, Vergara-Alert J, Izquierdo-Useros N, Virgin HW, Lanzavecchia A, Veesler D, Purcell LA, Telenti A, Corti D. Lectins enhance SARS-CoV-2 infection and influence neutralizing antibodies. Nature 2021; 598:342-347. [PMID: 34464958 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03925-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection-which involves both cell attachment and membrane fusion-relies on the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which is paradoxically found at low levels in the respiratory tract1-3, suggesting that there may be additional mechanisms facilitating infection. Here we show that C-type lectin receptors, DC-SIGN, L-SIGN and the sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 1 (SIGLEC1) function as attachment receptors by enhancing ACE2-mediated infection and modulating the neutralizing activity of different classes of spike-specific antibodies. Antibodies to the amino-terminal domain or to the conserved site at the base of the receptor-binding domain, while poorly neutralizing infection of ACE2-overexpressing cells, effectively block lectin-facilitated infection. Conversely, antibodies to the receptor binding motif, while potently neutralizing infection of ACE2-overexpressing cells, poorly neutralize infection of cells expressing DC-SIGN or L-SIGN and trigger fusogenic rearrangement of the spike, promoting cell-to-cell fusion. Collectively, these findings identify a lectin-dependent pathway that enhances ACE2-dependent infection by SARS-CoV-2 and reveal distinct mechanisms of neutralization by different classes of spike-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fabio Benigni
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Young-Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Siro Bianchi
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra C Walls
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John E Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jiayi Zhou
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Anshu Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Stefano Jaconi
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Elisabetta Cameroni
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.,University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Nuria Izquierdo-Useros
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.,Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Spain
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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36
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Fang J, Wu Q, Ye F, Cai C, Xu L, Gu Y, Wang Q, Liu AL, Tan W, Du GH. Network-Based Identification and Experimental Validation of Drug Candidates Toward SARS-CoV-2 via Targeting Virus-Host Interactome. Front Genet 2021; 12:728960. [PMID: 34539756 PMCID: PMC8440948 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.728960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite that several therapeutic agents have exhibited promising prevention or treatment on Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), there is no specific drug discovered for this pandemic. Targeting virus-host interactome provides a more effective strategy for antivirus drug discovery compared with targeting virus proteins. In this study, we developed a network-based infrastructure to prioritize promising drug candidates from natural products and approved drugs via targeting host proteins of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We firstly measured the network distances between drug targets and COVID-19 disease module utilizing the network proximity approach, and identified 229 approved drugs as well as 432 natural products had significant associations with SARS-CoV-2. After searching for previous literature evidence, we found that 60.7% (139/229) of approved drugs and 39.6% (171/432) of natural products were confirmed with antivirus or anti-inflammation. We further integrated our network-based predictions and validated anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities of some compounds. Four drug candidates, including hesperidin, isorhapontigenin, salmeterol, and gallocatechin-7-gallate, have exhibited activity on SARS-COV-2 virus-infected Vero cells. Finally, we showcased the mechanism of actions of isorhapontigenin and salmeterol via network analysis. Overall, this study offers forceful approaches for in silico identification of drug candidates on COVID-19, which may facilitate the discovery of antiviral drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Fang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihui Wu
- Clinical Research Center, Hainan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Haikou, China
| | - Fei Ye
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chuipu Cai
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lvjie Xu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Gu
- Clinical Research Center, Hainan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Haikou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ai-lin Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- MHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guan-hua Du
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Hanna J, Tipparaju P, Mulherkar T, Lin E, Mischley V, Kulkarni R, Bolton A, Byrareddy SN, Jain P. Risk Factors Associated with the Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 and Its Variants in the Context of Cytokine Storm and Therapeutics/Vaccine Development Challenges. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:938. [PMID: 34452063 PMCID: PMC8402745 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent appearance of SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and has brought to light the importance of understanding this highly pathogenic agent to prevent future pandemics. This virus is from the same single-stranded positive-sense RNA family, Coronaviridae, as two other epidemic-causing viruses, SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV. During this pandemic, one crucial focus highlighted by WHO has been to understand the risk factors that may contribute to disease severity and predict COVID-19 outcomes. In doing so, it is imperative to understand the virology of SARS-CoV-2 and the immunological response eliciting the clinical manifestation and progression of COVID-19. In this review, we provide clinical data-based analyses of how multiple risk factors (such as sex, race, HLA genotypes, blood groups, vitamin D deficiency, obesity, smoking, and asthma) contribute to the inflammatory overactivation and cytokine storm (frequently seen in COVID-19 patients) with a focus on the IL-6 pathway. We also draw comparisons to the virulence and pathophysiology of SARS and MERS to establish parallels in immune response and discuss the potential for therapeutic approaches that may limit disease progression in patients with higher risk profiles than others. Moreover, we cover the latest information on approved or upcoming COVID-19 vaccines. This paper also provides perspective on emerging variants and associated opportunistic infections such as black molds and fungus that have added to mortality in some parts of the world, such as India. This compilation of existing COVID-19 studies and data will provide an excellent referencing tool for the research, clinical, and public health communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hanna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine Philadelphia, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (J.H.); (P.T.); (T.M.); (E.L.); (V.M.); (R.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Padmavathi Tipparaju
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine Philadelphia, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (J.H.); (P.T.); (T.M.); (E.L.); (V.M.); (R.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Tania Mulherkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine Philadelphia, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (J.H.); (P.T.); (T.M.); (E.L.); (V.M.); (R.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Edward Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine Philadelphia, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (J.H.); (P.T.); (T.M.); (E.L.); (V.M.); (R.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Victoria Mischley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine Philadelphia, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (J.H.); (P.T.); (T.M.); (E.L.); (V.M.); (R.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Ratuja Kulkarni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine Philadelphia, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (J.H.); (P.T.); (T.M.); (E.L.); (V.M.); (R.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Aliyah Bolton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine Philadelphia, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (J.H.); (P.T.); (T.M.); (E.L.); (V.M.); (R.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine Philadelphia, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (J.H.); (P.T.); (T.M.); (E.L.); (V.M.); (R.K.); (A.B.)
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38
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Anisul M, Shilts J, Schwartzentruber J, Hayhurst J, Buniello A, Shaikho Elhaj Mohammed E, Zheng J, Holmes M, Ochoa D, Carmona M, Maranville J, Gaunt TR, Emilsson V, Gudnason V, McDonagh EM, Wright GJ, Ghoussaini M, Dunham I. A proteome-wide genetic investigation identifies several SARS-CoV-2-exploited host targets of clinical relevance. eLife 2021; 10:e69719. [PMID: 34402426 PMCID: PMC8457835 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The virus SARS-CoV-2 can exploit biological vulnerabilities (e.g. host proteins) in susceptible hosts that predispose to the development of severe COVID-19. Methods To identify host proteins that may contribute to the risk of severe COVID-19, we undertook proteome-wide genetic colocalisation tests, and polygenic (pan) and cis-Mendelian randomisation analyses leveraging publicly available protein and COVID-19 datasets. Results Our analytic approach identified several known targets (e.g. ABO, OAS1), but also nominated new proteins such as soluble Fas (colocalisation probability >0.9, p=1 × 10-4), implicating Fas-mediated apoptosis as a potential target for COVID-19 risk. The polygenic (pan) and cis-Mendelian randomisation analyses showed consistent associations of genetically predicted ABO protein with several COVID-19 phenotypes. The ABO signal is highly pleiotropic, and a look-up of proteins associated with the ABO signal revealed that the strongest association was with soluble CD209. We demonstrated experimentally that CD209 directly interacts with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, suggesting a mechanism that could explain the ABO association with COVID-19. Conclusions Our work provides a prioritised list of host targets potentially exploited by SARS-CoV-2 and is a precursor for further research on CD209 and FAS as therapeutically tractable targets for COVID-19. Funding MAK, JSc, JH, AB, DO, MC, EMM, MG, ID were funded by Open Targets. J.Z. and T.R.G were funded by the UK Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MC_UU_00011/4). JSh and GJW were funded by the Wellcome Trust Grant 206194. This research was funded in part by the Wellcome Trust [Grant 206194]. For the purpose of open access, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Anisul
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jarrod Shilts
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Schwartzentruber
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | - James Hayhurst
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Annalisa Buniello
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Jie Zheng
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael Holmes
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - David Ochoa
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Miguel Carmona
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Tom R Gaunt
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Valur Emilsson
- Icelandic Heart AssociationKopavogurIceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of IcelandReykjavikIceland
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart AssociationKopavogurIceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of IcelandReykjavikIceland
| | - Ellen M McDonagh
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of Biology, York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of YorkYorkUnited Kingdom
| | - Maya Ghoussaini
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ian Dunham
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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39
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Boutin S, Hildebrand D, Boulant S, Kreuter M, Rüter J, Pallerla SR, Velavan TP, Nurjadi D. Host factors facilitating SARS-CoV-2 virus infection and replication in the lungs. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5953-5976. [PMID: 34223911 PMCID: PMC8256233 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03889-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the virus causing the major pandemic facing the world today. Although, SARS-CoV-2 primarily causes lung infection, a variety of symptoms have proven a systemic impact on the body. SARS-CoV-2 has spread in the community quickly infecting humans from all age, ethnicities and gender. However, fatal outcomes have been linked to specific host factors and co-morbidities such as age, hypertension, immuno-deficiencies, chronic lung diseases or metabolic disorders. A major shift in the microbiome of patients suffering of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have also been observed and is linked to a worst outcome of the disease. As many co-morbidities are already known to be associated with a dysbiosis of the microbiome such as hypertension, diabetes and metabolic disorders. Host factors and microbiome changes are believed to be involved as a network in the acquisition of the infection and the development of the diseases. We will review in detail in this manuscript, the immune response toward SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as the host factors involved in the facilitation and worsening of the infection. We will also address the impact of COVID-19 on the host's microbiome and secondary infection which also worsen the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Boutin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Dagmar Hildebrand
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Division of Cellular Polarity and Viral Infection, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Kreuter
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Interstitial and Rare Lung Diseases, Pneumology, Thoraxklinik, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jule Rüter
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Thirumalaisamy P Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dennis Nurjadi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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40
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Gupta A, Gupta GS. Status of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and complement system in COVID-19 patients and therapeutic applications of antiviral plant MBLs. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2917-2942. [PMID: 33745077 PMCID: PMC7981598 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a virus called "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)." In the majority of patients, infection with COVID-19 may be asymptomatic or may cause only mild symptoms. However, in some patients, there can also be immunological problems, such as macrophage activation syndrome (CSS) that results in cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Comprehension of host-microbe communications is the critical aspect in the advancement of new therapeutics against infectious illnesses. Endogenous animal lectins, a class of proteins, may perceive non-self glycans found on microorganisms. Serum mannose-binding lectin (sMBL), as a part of the innate immune framework, recognizes a wide range of microbial microorganisms and activates complement cascade via an antibody-independent pathway. Although the molecular basis for the intensity of SARS-CoV-2 infection is not generally understood, scientific literature indicates that COVID-19 is correlated with unregulated activation of the complement in terms of disease severity. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), inflammation, and immune paralysis contribute to unregulated complement activation. Pre-existing genetic defects in MBL and their association with complement play a major role in immune response dysregulation caused by SARS-CoV-2. In order to generate anti-complement-based therapies in Covid-19, an understanding of sMBL in immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and complement is therefore essential. This review highlights the role of endogenous sMBL and complement activation during SARS-CoV-2 infection and their therapeutic management by various agents, mainly plant lectins, since antiviral mannose-binding plant lectins (pMBLs) offer potential applications in the prevention and control of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Gupta
- Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - G S Gupta
- Department of Biophysics, Sector 25, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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41
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Kondo Y, Larabee JL, Gao L, Shi H, Shao B, Hoover CM, McDaniel JM, Ho YC, Silasi-Mansat R, Archer-Hartmann SA, Azadi P, Srinivasan RS, Rezaie AR, Borczuk A, Laurence JC, Lupu F, Ahamed J, McEver RP, Papin JF, Yu Z, Xia L. L-SIGN is a receptor on liver sinusoidal endothelial cells for SARS-CoV-2 virus. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e148999. [PMID: 34291736 PMCID: PMC8410055 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.148999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), remains a pandemic. Severe disease is associated with dysfunction of multiple organs, but some infected cells do not express ACE2, the canonical entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Here, we report that the C-type lectin receptor L-SIGN interacted in a Ca2+-dependent manner with high-mannose–type N-glycans on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. We found that L-SIGN was highly expressed on human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and lymph node lymphatic endothelial cells but not on blood endothelial cells. Using high-resolution confocal microscopy imaging, we detected SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins within the LSECs from liver autopsy samples from patients with COVID-19. We found that both pseudo-typed virus enveloped with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus infected L-SIGN–expressing cells relative to control cells. Moreover, blocking L-SIGN function reduced CoV-2–type infection. These results indicate that L-SIGN is a receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection. LSECs are major sources of the clotting factors vWF and factor VIII (FVIII). LSECs from liver autopsy samples from patients with COVID-19 expressed substantially higher levels of vWF and FVIII than LSECs from uninfected liver samples. Our data demonstrate that L-SIGN is an endothelial cell receptor for SARS-CoV-2 that may contribute to COVID-19–associated coagulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kondo
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | - Liang Gao
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Huiping Shi
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Bojing Shao
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Christopher M Hoover
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - J Michael McDaniel
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Yen-Chun Ho
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Robert Silasi-Mansat
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Alireza R Rezaie
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey C Laurence
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Florea Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Department of Pathology and
| | - Jasimuddin Ahamed
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Rodger P McEver
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | | | - Lijun Xia
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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Gusev E, Sarapultsev A, Hu D, Chereshnev V. Problems of Pathogenesis and Pathogenetic Therapy of COVID-19 from the Perspective of the General Theory of Pathological Systems (General Pathological Processes). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7582. [PMID: 34299201 PMCID: PMC8304657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic examines not only the state of actual health care but also the state of fundamental medicine in various countries. Pro-inflammatory processes extend far beyond the classical concepts of inflammation. They manifest themselves in a variety of ways, beginning with extreme physiology, then allostasis at low-grade inflammation, and finally the shockogenic phenomenon of "inflammatory systemic microcirculation". The pathogenetic core of critical situations, including COVID-19, is this phenomenon. Microcirculatory abnormalities, on the other hand, lie at the heart of a specific type of general pathological process known as systemic inflammation (SI). Systemic inflammatory response, cytokine release, cytokine storm, and thrombo-inflammatory syndrome are all terms that refer to different aspects of SI. As a result, the metabolic syndrome model does not adequately reflect the pathophysiology of persistent low-grade systemic inflammation (ChSLGI). Diseases associated with ChSLGI, on the other hand, are risk factors for a severe COVID-19 course. The review examines the role of hypoxia, metabolic dysfunction, scavenger receptors, and pattern-recognition receptors, as well as the processes of the hemophagocytic syndrome, in the systemic alteration and development of SI in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Gusev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (E.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Alexey Sarapultsev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (E.G.); (V.C.)
- School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Desheng Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 200092, China;
| | - Valeriy Chereshnev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (E.G.); (V.C.)
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van Belkum A, Almeida C, Bardiaux B, Barrass SV, Butcher SJ, Çaykara T, Chowdhury S, Datar R, Eastwood I, Goldman A, Goyal M, Happonen L, Izadi-Pruneyre N, Jacobsen T, Johnson PH, Kempf VAJ, Kiessling A, Bueno JL, Malik A, Malmström J, Meuskens I, Milner PA, Nilges M, Pamme N, Peyman SA, Rodrigues LR, Rodriguez-Mateos P, Sande MG, Silva CJ, Stasiak AC, Stehle T, Thibau A, Vaca DJ, Linke D. Host-Pathogen Adhesion as the Basis of Innovative Diagnostics for Emerging Pathogens. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11071259. [PMID: 34359341 PMCID: PMC8305138 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11071259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are an existential health threat, potentiated by emerging and re-emerging viruses and increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance. Targeted treatment of infectious diseases requires precision diagnostics, especially in cases where broad-range therapeutics such as antibiotics fail. There is thus an increasing need for new approaches to develop sensitive and specific in vitro diagnostic (IVD) tests. Basic science and translational research are needed to identify key microbial molecules as diagnostic targets, to identify relevant host counterparts, and to use this knowledge in developing or improving IVD. In this regard, an overlooked feature is the capacity of pathogens to adhere specifically to host cells and tissues. The molecular entities relevant for pathogen–surface interaction are the so-called adhesins. Adhesins vary from protein compounds to (poly-)saccharides or lipid structures that interact with eukaryotic host cell matrix molecules and receptors. Such interactions co-define the specificity and sensitivity of a diagnostic test. Currently, adhesin-receptor binding is typically used in the pre-analytical phase of IVD tests, focusing on pathogen enrichment. Further exploration of adhesin–ligand interaction, supported by present high-throughput “omics” technologies, might stimulate a new generation of broadly applicable pathogen detection and characterization tools. This review describes recent results of novel structure-defining technologies allowing for detailed molecular analysis of adhesins, their receptors and complexes. Since the host ligands evolve slowly, the corresponding adhesin interaction is under selective pressure to maintain a constant receptor binding domain. IVD should exploit such conserved binding sites and, in particular, use the human ligand to enrich the pathogen. We provide an inventory of methods based on adhesion factors and pathogen attachment mechanisms, which can also be of relevance to currently emerging pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex van Belkum
- BioMérieux, Open Innovation & Partnerships, 38390 La Balme Les Grottes, France;
- Correspondence: (A.v.B.); (D.L.)
| | | | - Benjamin Bardiaux
- Institut Pasteur, Structural Biology and Chemistry, 75724 Paris, France; (B.B.); (N.I.-P.); (T.J.); (M.N.)
| | - Sarah V. Barrass
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.V.B.); (S.J.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Sarah J. Butcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.V.B.); (S.J.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Tuğçe Çaykara
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal; (T.Ç.); (C.J.S.)
| | - Sounak Chowdhury
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22242 Lund, Sweden; (S.C.); (L.H.); (J.M.)
| | - Rucha Datar
- BioMérieux, Microbiology R&D, 38390 La Balme Les Grottes, France;
| | | | - Adrian Goldman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.V.B.); (S.J.B.); (A.G.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (P.H.J.); (A.K.); (J.L.B.); (A.M.); (P.A.M.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Manisha Goyal
- BioMérieux, Open Innovation & Partnerships, 38390 La Balme Les Grottes, France;
| | - Lotta Happonen
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22242 Lund, Sweden; (S.C.); (L.H.); (J.M.)
| | - Nadia Izadi-Pruneyre
- Institut Pasteur, Structural Biology and Chemistry, 75724 Paris, France; (B.B.); (N.I.-P.); (T.J.); (M.N.)
| | - Theis Jacobsen
- Institut Pasteur, Structural Biology and Chemistry, 75724 Paris, France; (B.B.); (N.I.-P.); (T.J.); (M.N.)
| | - Pirjo H. Johnson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (P.H.J.); (A.K.); (J.L.B.); (A.M.); (P.A.M.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Volkhard A. J. Kempf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (V.A.J.K.); (A.T.); (D.J.V.)
| | - Andreas Kiessling
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (P.H.J.); (A.K.); (J.L.B.); (A.M.); (P.A.M.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Juan Leva Bueno
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (P.H.J.); (A.K.); (J.L.B.); (A.M.); (P.A.M.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Anchal Malik
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (P.H.J.); (A.K.); (J.L.B.); (A.M.); (P.A.M.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Johan Malmström
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22242 Lund, Sweden; (S.C.); (L.H.); (J.M.)
| | - Ina Meuskens
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Paul A. Milner
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (P.H.J.); (A.K.); (J.L.B.); (A.M.); (P.A.M.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Michael Nilges
- Institut Pasteur, Structural Biology and Chemistry, 75724 Paris, France; (B.B.); (N.I.-P.); (T.J.); (M.N.)
| | - Nicole Pamme
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (N.P.); (P.R.-M.)
| | - Sally A. Peyman
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (P.H.J.); (A.K.); (J.L.B.); (A.M.); (P.A.M.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Ligia R. Rodrigues
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (L.R.R.); (M.G.S.)
| | - Pablo Rodriguez-Mateos
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (N.P.); (P.R.-M.)
| | - Maria G. Sande
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (L.R.R.); (M.G.S.)
| | - Carla Joana Silva
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal; (T.Ç.); (C.J.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Cecylia Stasiak
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.C.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Thilo Stehle
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.C.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Arno Thibau
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (V.A.J.K.); (A.T.); (D.J.V.)
| | - Diana J. Vaca
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (V.A.J.K.); (A.T.); (D.J.V.)
| | - Dirk Linke
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway;
- Correspondence: (A.v.B.); (D.L.)
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Lundstrom K, Barh D, Uhal BD, Takayama K, Aljabali AAA, Abd El-Aziz TM, Lal A, Redwan EM, Adadi P, Chauhan G, Sherchan SP, Azad GK, Rezaei N, Serrano-Aroca Á, Bazan NG, Hassan SS, Panda PK, Pal Choudhury P, Pizzol D, Kandimalla R, Baetas-da-Cruz W, Mishra YK, Palu G, Brufsky AM, Tambuwala MM, Uversky VN. COVID-19 Vaccines and Thrombosis-Roadblock or Dead-End Street? Biomolecules 2021; 11:1020. [PMID: 34356644 PMCID: PMC8301964 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two adenovirus-based vaccines, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and Ad26.COV2.S, and two mRNA-based vaccines, BNT162b2 and mRNA.1273, have been approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and are invaluable in preventing and reducing the incidence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Recent reports have pointed to thrombosis with associated thrombocytopenia as an adverse effect occurring at a low frequency in some individuals after vaccination. The causes of such events may be related to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interactions with different C-type lectin receptors, heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and the CD147 receptor, or to different soluble splice variants of the spike protein, adenovirus vector interactions with the CD46 receptor or platelet factor 4 antibodies. Similar findings have been reported for several viral diseases after vaccine administration. In addition, immunological mechanisms elicited by viral vectors related to cellular delivery could play a relevant role in individuals with certain genetic backgrounds. Although rare, the potential COVID-19 vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) requires immediate validation, especially in risk groups, such as the elderly, chronic smokers, and individuals with pre-existing incidences of thrombocytopenia; and if necessary, a reformulation of existing vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debmalya Barh
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Purba Medinipur 721172, India
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Bruce D. Uhal
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan;
| | - Alaa A. A. Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, P.O. Box 566, Irbid 21163, Jordan;
| | - Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt;
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Amos Lal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA;
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Parise Adadi
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
| | - Gaurav Chauhan
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico;
| | - Samendra P. Sherchan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | | | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiency, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran;
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ángel Serrano-Aroca
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab, Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Guillem de Castro 94, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Nicolas G. Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, LSU Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Sk Sarif Hassan
- Department of Mathematics, Pingla Thana Mahavidyalaya, Maligram 721140, India;
| | - Pritam Kumar Panda
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | | | - Damiano Pizzol
- Italian Agency for Development Cooperation—Khartoum, Sudan Street 33, Al Amarat 11111, Sudan;
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India;
- Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal 506007, India
| | - Wagner Baetas-da-Cruz
- Translational Laboratory in Molecular Physiology, Centre for Experimental Surgery, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil;
| | - Yogendra Kumar Mishra
- Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, NanoSYD, Alsion 2, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark;
| | - Giorgio Palu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, PD, Italy;
| | - Adam M. Brufsky
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Cox D. Targeting SARS-CoV-2-Platelet Interactions in COVID-19 and Vaccine-Related Thrombosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:708665. [PMID: 34290613 PMCID: PMC8287727 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.708665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is clear that COVID-19 is more than a pneumonia and is associated with a coagulopathy and multi-organ failure. While the use of anti-coagulants does reduce the incidence of pulmonary emboli, it does not help with survival. This suggests that the coagulopathy is more likely to be platelet-driven rather than thrombin-driven. There is significant evidence to suggest that SARS-CoV-2 virions directly interact with platelets to trigger activation leading to thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. I propose a model of multiple interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and platelets that has many similarities to that with Staphylococcus aureus and Dengue virus. As platelet activation and thrombosis are major factors in poor prognosis, therapeutics that target the platelet-SARS-CoV-2 interaction have potential in treating COVID-19 and other virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dermot Cox
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Wagner JUG, Bojkova D, Shumliakivska M, Luxán G, Nicin L, Aslan GS, Milting H, Kandler JD, Dendorfer A, Heumueller AW, Fleming I, Bibli SI, Jakobi T, Dieterich C, Zeiher AM, Ciesek S, Cinatl J, Dimmeler S. Increased susceptibility of human endothelial cells to infections by SARS-CoV-2 variants. Basic Res Cardiol 2021; 116:42. [PMID: 34224022 PMCID: PMC8256413 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-021-00882-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spawned a global health crisis in late 2019 and is caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to elevated markers of endothelial dysfunction associated with higher risk of mortality. It is unclear whether endothelial dysfunction is caused by direct infection of endothelial cells or is mainly secondary to inflammation. Here, we investigate whether different types of endothelial cells are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. Human endothelial cells from different vascular beds including umbilical vein endothelial cells, coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC), cardiac and lung microvascular endothelial cells, or pulmonary arterial cells were inoculated in vitro with SARS-CoV-2. Viral spike protein was only detected in HCAECs after SARS-CoV-2 infection but not in the other endothelial cells tested. Consistently, only HCAEC expressed the SARS-CoV-2 receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), required for virus infection. Infection with the SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.2 resulted in significantly higher levels of viral spike protein. Despite this, no intracellular double-stranded viral RNA was detected and the supernatant did not contain infectious virus. Analysis of the cellular distribution of the spike protein revealed that it co-localized with endosomal calnexin. SARS-CoV-2 infection did induce the ER stress gene EDEM1, which is responsible for clearance of misfolded proteins from the ER. Whereas the wild type of SARS-CoV-2 did not induce cytotoxic or pro-inflammatory effects, the variant B.1.1.7 reduced the HCAEC cell number. Of the different tested endothelial cells, HCAECs showed highest viral uptake but did not promote virus replication. Effects on cell number were only observed after infection with the variant B.1.1.7, suggesting that endothelial protection may be particularly important in patients infected with this variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian U G Wagner
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt, Germany
- Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Denisa Bojkova
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mariana Shumliakivska
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Guillermo Luxán
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt, Germany
- Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Luka Nicin
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Galip S Aslan
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hendrik Milting
- Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Bad Oeyenhausen, Germany
| | - Joshua D Kandler
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Dendorfer
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt, Germany
- Walter-Brendel-Centre, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas W Heumueller
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
- Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt, Germany
- Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sofia-Iris Bibli
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt, Germany
- Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tobias Jakobi
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Translational Cardiovascular Research, University of Arizona, 475 N. 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Christoph Dieterich
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt, Germany
- Klaus Tschira Institute for Integrative Computational Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas M Zeiher
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt, Germany
- Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch Translational Medicine und Pharmacology, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), External Partner Site Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Frankfurt, Germany.
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Li Y, Schneider AM, Mehta A, Sade-Feldman M, Kays KR, Gentili M, Charland NC, Gonye AL, Gushterova I, Khanna HK, LaSalle TJ, Lavin-Parsons KM, Lilley BM, Lodenstein CL, Manakongtreecheep K, Margolin JD, McKaig BN, Parry BA, Rojas-Lopez M, Russo BC, Sharma N, Tantivit J, Thomas MF, Regan J, Flynn JP, Villani AC, Hacohen N, Goldberg MB, Filbin MR, Li JZ. SARS-CoV-2 viremia is associated with distinct proteomic pathways and predicts COVID-19 outcomes. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:148635. [PMID: 34196300 PMCID: PMC8245177 DOI: 10.1172/jci148635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDSARS-CoV-2 plasma viremia has been associated with severe disease and death in COVID-19 in small-scale cohort studies. The mechanisms behind this association remain elusive.METHODSWe evaluated the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 viremia, disease outcome, and inflammatory and proteomic profiles in a cohort of COVID-19 emergency department participants. SARS-CoV-2 viral load was measured using a quantitative reverse transcription PCR-based platform. Proteomic data were generated with Proximity Extension Assay using the Olink platform.RESULTSThis study included 300 participants with nucleic acid test-confirmed COVID-19. Plasma SARS-CoV-2 viremia levels at the time of presentation predicted adverse disease outcomes, with an adjusted OR of 10.6 (95% CI 4.4-25.5, P < 0.001) for severe disease (mechanical ventilation and/or 28-day mortality) and 3.9 (95% CI 1.5-10.1, P = 0.006) for 28-day mortality. Proteomic analyses revealed prominent proteomic pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2 viremia, including upregulation of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors (ACE2, CTSL, FURIN), heightened markers of tissue damage to the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and endothelium/vasculature, and alterations in coagulation pathways.CONCLUSIONThese results highlight the cascade of vascular and tissue damage associated with SARS-CoV-2 plasma viremia that underlies its ability to predict COVID-19 disease outcomes.FUNDINGMark and Lisa Schwartz; the National Institutes of Health (U19AI082630); the American Lung Association; the Executive Committee on Research at Massachusetts General Hospital; the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative; Arthur, Sandra, and Sarah Irving for the David P. Ryan, MD, Endowed Chair in Cancer Research; an EMBO Long-Term Fellowship (ALTF 486-2018); a Cancer Research Institute/Bristol Myers Squibb Fellowship (CRI2993); the Harvard Catalyst/Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center (National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH awards UL1TR001102 and UL1TR002541-01); and by the Harvard University Center for AIDS Research (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 5P30AI060354).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Li
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexis M. Schneider
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arnav Mehta
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Moshe Sade-Feldman
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Kyle R. Kays
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matteo Gentili
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicole C. Charland
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna L.K. Gonye
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Irena Gushterova
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Hargun K. Khanna
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas J. LaSalle
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Brendan M. Lilley
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carl L. Lodenstein
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kasidet Manakongtreecheep
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justin D. Margolin
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brenna N. McKaig
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Blair A. Parry
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maricarmen Rojas-Lopez
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian C. Russo
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nihaarika Sharma
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica Tantivit
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Molly F. Thomas
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Alexandra-Chloé Villani
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Marcia B. Goldberg
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael R. Filbin
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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48
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Vianello A, Del Turco S, Babboni S, Silvestrini B, Ragusa R, Caselli C, Melani L, Fanucci L, Basta G. The Fight against COVID-19 on the Multi-Protease Front and Surroundings: Could an Early Therapeutic Approach with Repositioning Drugs Prevent the Disease Severity? Biomedicines 2021; 9:710. [PMID: 34201505 PMCID: PMC8301470 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the membrane spike (S) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the transmembrane angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor of the human epithelial host cell is the first step of infection, which has a critical role for viral pathogenesis of the current coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Following the binding between S1 subunit and ACE2 receptor, different serine proteases, including TMPRSS2 and furin, trigger and participate in the fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane. On the basis of the high virulence and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2, other receptors have been found involved for viral binding and invasiveness of host cells. This review comprehensively discusses the mechanisms underlying the binding of SARS-CoV2 to ACE2 and putative alternative receptors, and the role of potential co-receptors and proteases in the early stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Given the short therapeutic time window within which to act to avoid the devastating evolution of the disease, we focused on potential therapeutic treatments-selected mainly among repurposing drugs-able to counteract the invasive front of proteases and mild inflammatory conditions, in order to prevent severe infection. Using existing approved drugs has the advantage of rapidly proceeding to clinical trials, low cost and, consequently, immediate and worldwide availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Vianello
- Department of Information Engineering, Telemedicine Section, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (L.F.)
| | - Serena Del Turco
- Council of National Research (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.B.); (R.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Serena Babboni
- Council of National Research (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.B.); (R.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Beatrice Silvestrini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology, and Critical Area, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Rosetta Ragusa
- Council of National Research (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.B.); (R.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Chiara Caselli
- Council of National Research (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.B.); (R.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Luca Melani
- Department of Territorial Medicine, ASL Toscana Nord-Ovest, 56121 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Luca Fanucci
- Department of Information Engineering, Telemedicine Section, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (L.F.)
| | - Giuseppina Basta
- Council of National Research (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.B.); (R.R.); (C.C.)
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49
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Zugaj M, van Ditzhuijzen NS, Golebski K, Fokkens WJ. The effect of coronaviruses on olfaction: systematic review. Rhinology 2021; 59:226-235. [PMID: 34091654 DOI: 10.4193/rhin20.610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unlike other respiratory viruses, SARS-CoV-2 causes anosmia without sinonasal inflammation. Here we systematically review the effects of the 7 known human coronaviruses on olfaction to determine if SARS-CoV-2 distinctly affects the olfactory system. METHOD PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, bioRxiv, medRxiv and DOAJ were searched for studies describing pathophysiological, immunohistochemical, cytological and clinical data. RESULTS 49 studies were included. Common cold coronaviruses lead to sinonasal inflammation which can cause transient and chronic loss of smell. MERS-CoV entry receptors were not found in the nasal mucosa and it did not impair olfaction. SARS-CoV-1 had low affinity for its receptor ACE2, limiting olfactory effects. Anosmia is frequent in SARS-CoV-2 infections. SARS-CoV-2’s entry factors ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed in the nasal respiratory epithelium and olfactory supporting cells. SARS-CoV-2 appeared to target the olfactory cleft while diffuse nasal inflammation was not observed. Damage of the olfactory epithelium was observed in animal models. Alternative receptors such as furin and neuropilin-1 and the similarity of viral proteins to odourant receptors could amplify olfactory impairment in SARS-CoV-2 infection. CONCLUSIONS The pathophysiology of anosmia in SARS-CoV-2 infection is distinct from other coronaviruses due to preferentially targeting olfactory supporting cells. However, SARS-CoV-2 does not cause sinonasal inflammation in spite of preferred entry factor expression in the nasal respiratory epithelium. This raises doubts about the attention given to ACE2. Alternative receptors, odourant receptor mimicry and other as yet unknown mechanisms may be crucial in the pathogenesis of anosmia in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further studies are warranted to investigate infection mechanisms beyond ACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zugaj
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N S van Ditzhuijzen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Golebski
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W J Fokkens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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50
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Khodajou-Masouleh H, Shahangian SS, Rasti B. Reinforcing our defense or weakening the enemy? A comparative overview of defensive and offensive strategies developed to confront COVID-19. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:508-541. [PMID: 33980089 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1928686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Developing effective strategies to confront coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become one of the greatest concerns of the scientific community. In addition to the vast number of global mortalities due to COVID-19, since its outbreak, almost every aspect of human lives has changed one way or another. In the present review, various defensive and offensive strategies developed to confront COVID-19 are illustrated. The Administration of immune-boosting micronutrients/agents, as well as the inhibition of the activity of incompetent gatekeepers, including some host cell receptors (e.g. ACE2) and proteases (e.g. TMPRSS2), are some efficient defensive strategies. Antibody/phage therapies and specifically vaccines also play a prominent role in the enhancement of host defense against COVID-19. Nanotechnology, however, can considerably weaken the virulence of SARS-CoV-2, utilizing fake cellular locks (compounds mimicking cell receptors) to block the viral keys (spike proteins). Generally, two strategies are developed to interfere with the binding of spike proteins to the host cell receptors, either utilizing fake cellular locks to block the viral keys or utilizing fake viral keys to block the cellular locks. Due to their evolutionary conserved nature, viral enzymes, including 3CLpro, PLpro, RdRp, and helicase are highly potential targets for drug repurposing strategy. Thus, various steps of viral replication/transcription can effectively be blocked by their inhibition, leading to the elimination of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, RNA decoy and CRISPR technologies likely offer the best offensive strategies after viral entry into the host cells, inhibiting the viral replication/assembly in the infected cells and substantially reducing the quantity of viral progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Shirin Shahangian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Behnam Rasti
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Lahijan, Guilan, Iran
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