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Jenkins F, Mapulanga T, Thapa G, da Costa KAS, Temperton NJ. Conference Report: LPMHealthcare Emerging Viruses 2023 (EVOX23): Pandemics-Learning from the Past and Present to Prepare for the Future. Pathogens 2024; 13:679. [PMID: 39204279 PMCID: PMC11357271 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13080679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has meant that pandemic preparedness has become a major focus of the global scientific community. Gathered in the historic St Edmund Hall college in Oxford, the one-day LPMHealthcare conference on emerging viruses (6 September 2023) sought to review and learn from past pandemics-the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the Mpox outbreak-and then look towards potential future pandemics. This includes an emphasis on monitoring the "traditional" reservoirs of viruses with zoonotic potential, as well as possible new sources of spillover events, e.g., bats, which we are coming into closer contact with due to climate change and the impacts of human activities on habitats. Continued vigilance and investment into creative scientific solutions is required for issues including the long-term physical and psychological effects of COVID-19, i.e., long COVID. The evaluation of current systems, including environmental monitoring, communication (with the public, regulatory authorities, and governments), and training; assessment of the effectiveness of the technologies/assays we have in place currently; and lobbying of the government and the public to work with scientists are all required in order to build trust moving forward. Overall, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has shown how many sectors can work together to achieve a global impact in times of crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Mapulanga
- Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham ME4 4BF, UK; (T.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Gauri Thapa
- Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham ME4 4BF, UK; (T.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Kelly A. S. da Costa
- Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham ME4 4BF, UK; (T.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Nigel J. Temperton
- Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham ME4 4BF, UK; (T.M.); (G.T.)
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Russo C, Morello G, Malaguarnera R, Piro S, Furno DL, Malaguarnera L. Candidate genes of SARS-CoV-2 gender susceptibility. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21968. [PMID: 34753980 PMCID: PMC8578384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) initiated a global viral pandemic since late 2019. Understanding that Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) disproportionately affects men than women results in great challenges. Although there is a growing body of published study on this topic, effective explanations underlying these sex differences and their effects on the infection outcome still remain uncertain. We applied a holistic bioinformatics method to investigate molecular variations of known SARS-CoV-2 interacting human proteins mainly expressed in gonadal tissues (testis and ovary), allowing for the identification of potential genetic targets for this infection. Functional enrichment and interaction network analyses were also performed to better investigate the biological differences between testicular and ovarian responses in the SARS-CoV-2 infection, paying particular attention to genes linked to immune-related pathways, reactions of host cells after intracellular infection, steroid hormone biosynthesis, receptor signaling, and the complement cascade, in order to evaluate their potential association with sexual difference in the likelihood of infection and severity of symptoms. The analysis revealed that within the testis network TMPRSS2, ADAM10, SERPING1, and CCR5 were present, while within the ovary network we found BST2, GATA1, ENPEP, TLR4, TLR7, IRF1, and IRF2. Our findings could provide potential targets for forthcoming experimental investigation related to SARS-CoV-2 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Russo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanna Morello
- Institute for Research and Biomedical Innovation (IRIB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Catania, Italy.
| | | | - Salvatore Piro
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Debora Lo Furno
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Malaguarnera
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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May DG, Martin-Sancho L, Anschau V, Liu S, Chrisopulos RJ, Scott KL, Halfmann CT, Peña RD, Pratt D, Campos AR, Roux KJ. A BioID-derived proximity interactome for SARS-CoV-2 proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34580671 PMCID: PMC8475972 DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.17.460814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and has caused a major health and economic burden worldwide. Understanding how SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins behave in host cells can reveal underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis and assist in development of antiviral therapies. Here we use BioID to map the SARS-CoV-2 virus-host interactome using human lung cancer derived A549 cells expressing individual SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins. Functional enrichment analyses revealed previously reported and unreported cellular pathways that are in association with SARS-CoV-2 proteins. We have also established a website to host the proteomic data to allow for public access and continued analysis of host-viral protein associations and whole-cell proteomes of cells expressing the viral-BioID fusion proteins. Collectively, these studies provide a valuable resource to potentially uncover novel SARS-CoV-2 biology and inform development of antivirals.
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Zhuang X, Tsukuda S, Wrensch F, Wing PA, Schilling M, Harris JM, Borrmann H, Morgan SB, Cane JL, Mailly L, Thakur N, Conceicao C, Sanghani H, Heydmann L, Bach C, Ashton A, Walsh S, Tan TK, Schimanski L, Huang KYA, Schuster C, Watashi K, Hinks TS, Jagannath A, Vausdevan SR, Bailey D, Baumert TF, McKeating JA. The circadian clock component BMAL1 regulates SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication in lung epithelial cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.03.20.436163. [PMID: 33758862 PMCID: PMC7987021 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.20.436163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, is a global health issue with unprecedented challenges for public health. SARS-CoV-2 primarily infects cells of the respiratory tract, via Spike glycoprotein binding angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2). Circadian rhythms coordinate an organism’s response to its environment and can regulate host susceptibility to virus infection. We demonstrate a circadian regulation of ACE2 in lung epithelial cells and show that silencing BMAL1 or treatment with a synthetic REV-ERB agonist SR9009 reduces ACE2 expression and inhibits SARS-CoV-2 entry. Treating infected cells with SR9009 limits viral replication and secretion of infectious particles, showing that post-entry steps in the viral life cycle are influenced by the circadian system. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Bmal1 silencing induced a wide spectrum of interferon stimulated genes in Calu-3 lung epithelial cells, providing a mechanism for the circadian pathway to dampen SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our study suggests new approaches to understand and improve therapeutic targeting of SARS-CoV-2.
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Ramasamy S, Subbian S. Critical Determinants of Cytokine Storm and Type I Interferon Response in COVID-19 Pathogenesis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e00299-20. [PMID: 33980688 PMCID: PMC8142516 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00299-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a rapidly evolving pandemic worldwide with at least 68 million COVID-19-positive cases and a mortality rate of about 2.2%, as of 10 December 2020. About 20% of COVID-19 patients exhibit moderate to severe symptoms. Severe COVID-19 manifests as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with elevated plasma proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10/IP10), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1α), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), with low levels of interferon type I (IFN-I) in the early stage and elevated levels of IFN-I during the advanced stage of COVID-19. Most of the severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients have had preexisting comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and respiratory diseases. These conditions are known to perturb the levels of cytokines, chemokines, and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an essential receptor involved in SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host cells. ACE2 downregulation during SARS-CoV-2 infection activates the angiotensin II/angiotensin receptor (AT1R)-mediated hypercytokinemia and hyperinflammatory syndrome. However, several SARS-CoV-2 proteins, including open reading frame 3b (ORF3b), ORF6, ORF7, ORF8, and the nucleocapsid (N) protein, can inhibit IFN type I and II (IFN-I and -II) production. Thus, hyperinflammation, in combination with the lack of IFN responses against SARS-CoV-2 early on during infection, makes the patients succumb rapidly to COVID-19. Therefore, therapeutic approaches involving anti-cytokine/anti-cytokine-signaling and IFN therapy would favor the disease prognosis in COVID-19. This review describes critical host and viral factors underpinning the inflammatory "cytokine storm" induction and IFN antagonism during COVID-19 pathogenesis. Therapeutic approaches to reduce hyperinflammation and their limitations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhamani Ramasamy
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Warwicker J. A model for pH coupling of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein open/closed equilibrium. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:1499-1507. [PMID: 33634309 PMCID: PMC8108619 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, is thought to release its RNA genome at either the cell surface or within endosomes, the balance being dependent on spike protein stability, and the complement of receptors, co-receptors and proteases. To investigate possible mediators of pH-dependence, pKa calculations have been made on a set of structures for spike protein ectodomain and fragments from SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses. Dominating a heat map of the aggregated predictions, three histidine residues in S2 are consistently predicted as destabilizing in pre-fusion (all three) and post-fusion (two of the three) structures. Other predicted features include the more moderate energetics of surface salt–bridge interactions and sidechain–mainchain interactions. Two aspartic acid residues in partially buried salt-bridges (D290–R273 and R355–D398) have pKas that are calculated to be elevated and destabilizing in more open forms of the spike trimer. These aspartic acids are most stabilized in a tightly closed conformation that has been observed when linoleic acid is bound, and which also affects the interactions of D614. The D614G mutation is known to modulate the balance of closed to open trimer. It is suggested that D398 in particular contributes to a pH-dependence of the open/closed equilibrium, potentially coupled to the effects of linoleic acid binding and D614G mutation, and possibly also A570D mutation. These observations are discussed in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, mutagenesis studies, and other human coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Warwicker
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
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Nemudryi A, Nemudraia A, Wiegand T, Nichols J, Snyder DT, Hedges JF, Cicha C, Lee H, Vanderwood KK, Bimczok D, Jutila M, Wiedenheft B. SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance identifies naturally occurring truncations of ORF7a that limit immune suppression. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.02.22.21252253. [PMID: 33655280 PMCID: PMC7924305 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.22.21252253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over 200,000 whole genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 have been determined for viruses isolated from around the world. These sequences have been critical for understanding the spread and evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Using global phylogenomics, we show that mutations frequently occur in the C-terminal end of ORF7a. We have isolated one of these mutant viruses from a patient sample and used viral challenge experiments to demonstrate that Δ115 mutation results in a growth defect. ORF7a has been implicated in immune modulation, and we show that the C-terminal truncation results in distinct changes in interferon stimulated gene expression. Collectively, this work indicates that ORF7a mutations occur frequently and that these changes affect viral mechanisms responsible for suppressing the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Nemudryi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- Twitter: @artemnemudryi
- Lead contact
| | - Anna Nemudraia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Tanner Wiegand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Joseph Nichols
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Deann T Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Jodi F Hedges
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Calvin Cicha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Helen Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | | | - Diane Bimczok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Mark Jutila
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Blake Wiedenheft
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- Twitter: @WiedenheftLab
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Bonser LR, Eckalbar WL, Rodriguez L, Shen J, Koh KD, Zlock LT, Christenson S, Woodruff PG, Finkbeiner WE, Erle DJ. The type 2 asthma mediator IL-13 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection of bronchial epithelium. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.02.25.432762. [PMID: 33655249 PMCID: PMC7924269 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.25.432762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Asthma is associated with chronic changes in the airway epithelium, a key target of SARS-CoV-2. Many epithelial changes are driven by the type 2 cytokine IL-13, but the effects of IL-13 on SARS-CoV-2 infection are unknown. OBJECTIVES We sought to discover how IL-13 and other cytokines affect expression of genes encoding SARS-CoV-2-associated host proteins in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) and determine whether IL-13 stimulation alters susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS We used bulk and single cell RNA-seq to identify cytokine-induced changes in SARS-CoV-2-associated gene expression in HBECs. We related these to gene expression changes in airway epithelium from individuals with mild-moderate asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We analyzed effects of IL-13 on SARS-CoV-2 infection of HBECs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Transcripts encoding 332 of 342 (97%) SARS-CoV-2-associated proteins were detected in HBECs (≥1 RPM in 50% samples). 41 (12%) of these mRNAs were regulated by IL-13 (>1.5-fold change, FDR < 0.05). Many IL-13-regulated SARS-CoV-2-associated genes were also altered in type 2 high asthma and COPD. IL-13 pretreatment reduced viral RNA recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infected cells and decreased dsRNA, a marker of viral replication, to below the limit of detection in our assay. Mucus also inhibited viral infection. CONCLUSIONS IL-13 markedly reduces susceptibility of HBECs to SARS-CoV-2 infection through mechanisms that likely differ from those activated by type I interferons. Our findings may help explain reports of relatively low prevalence of asthma in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and could lead to new strategies for reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R. Bonser
- Lung Biology Center, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine; University of California, San Francisco
| | - Walter L. Eckalbar
- Lung Biology Center, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine; University of California, San Francisco
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine; University of California, San Francisco
- UCSF CoLabs; University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Jiangshan Shen
- Lung Biology Center, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine; University of California, San Francisco
| | - Kyung Duk Koh
- Lung Biology Center, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine; University of California, San Francisco
| | - Lorna T. Zlock
- Department of Pathology; University of California, San Francisco
| | - Stephanie Christenson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine; University of California, San Francisco
| | - Prescott G. Woodruff
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine; University of California, San Francisco
- Cardiovascular Research Institute; University of California, San Francisco
- ImmunoX Initiative; University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - David J. Erle
- Lung Biology Center, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine; University of California, San Francisco
- UCSF CoLabs; University of California, San Francisco
- Cardiovascular Research Institute; University of California, San Francisco
- ImmunoX Initiative; University of California, San Francisco
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Hachim A, Gu H, Kavian O, Kwan MYW, Chan WH, Yau YS, Chiu SS, Tsang OTY, Hui DSC, Ma F, Lau EHY, Cheng SMS, Poon LLM, Peiris JSM, Valkenburg SA, Kavian N. The SARS-CoV-2 antibody landscape is lower in magnitude for structural proteins, diversified for accessory proteins and stable long-term in children. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.01.03.21249180. [PMID: 33655259 PMCID: PMC7924280 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.03.21249180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Children are less clinically affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection than adults with the majority of cases being mild or asymptomatic and the differences in infection outcomes are poorly understood. The kinetics, magnitude and landscape of the antibody response may impact the clinical severity and serological diagnosis of COVID-19. Thus, a comprehensive investigation of the antibody landscape in children and adults is needed. Methods We tested 254 plasma from 122 children with symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in Hong Kong up to 206 days post symptom onset, including 146 longitudinal samples from 58 children. Adult COVID-19 patients and pre-pandemic controls were included for comparison. We assessed antibodies to a 14-wide panel of SARS-CoV-2 structural and accessory proteins by Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System (LIPS). Findings Children have lower levels of Spike and Nucleocapsid antibodies than adults, and their cumulative humoral response is more expanded to accessory proteins (NSP1 and Open Reading Frames (ORFs)). Sensitive serology using the three N, ORF3b, ORF8 antibodies can discriminate COVID-19 in children. Principal component analysis revealed distinct serological signatures in children and the highest contribution to variance were responses to non-structural proteins ORF3b, NSP1, ORF7a and ORF8. Longitudinal sampling revealed maintenance or increase of antibodies for at least 6 months, except for ORF7b antibodies which showed decline. It was interesting to note that children have higher antibody responses towards known IFN antagonists: ORF3b, ORF6 and ORF7a. The diversified SARS-CoV-2 antibody response in children may be an important factor in driving control of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Hachim
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haogao Gu
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Otared Kavian
- Department of Mathematics, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, Versailles, France
| | - Mike YW Kwan
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai-hung Chan
- Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Yat Sun Yau
- Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Susan S Chiu
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong and Queen Mary Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Owen TY Tsang
- Infectious Diseases Centre, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - David SC Hui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fionn Ma
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Eric HY Lau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Samuel MS Cheng
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leo LM Poon
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - JS Malik Peiris
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Niloufar Kavian
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Faculté de Médecine Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Paris Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Cochin, Service d’Immunologie Biologique, Paris, France
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Kim DS, Rowland-Jones S, Gea-Mallorquí E. Will SARS-CoV-2 Infection Elicit Long-Lasting Protective or Sterilising Immunity? Implications for Vaccine Strategies (2020). Front Immunol 2020; 11:571481. [PMID: 33362759 PMCID: PMC7756008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.571481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, an outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan, China resulted in the current COVID-19 global pandemic. The human immune system has not previously encountered this virus, raising the important question as to whether or not protective immunity is generated by infection. Growing evidence suggests that protective immunity can indeed be acquired post-infection-although a handful of reinfection cases have been reported. However, it is still unknown whether the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 leads to some degree of long-lasting protection against the disease or the infection. This review draws insights from previous knowledge regarding the nature and longevity of immunity to the related virus, SARS-CoV, to fill the gaps in our understanding of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Deciphering the immunological characteristics that give rise to protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 is critical to guiding vaccine development and also predicting the course of the pandemic. Here we discuss the recent evidence that characterises the adaptive immune response against SARS-CoV-2 and its potential implications for the generation of memory responses and long-term protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Kim
- Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Rowland-Jones
- Viral Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ester Gea-Mallorquí
- Viral Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Gea-Mallorquí
- The Oxford-Cardiff COVID-19 Literature Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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