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Goetz M, Thotathil N, Zhao Z, Mitragotri S. Vaccine adjuvants for infectious disease in the clinic. Bioeng Transl Med 2024; 9:e10663. [PMID: 39036089 PMCID: PMC11256182 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants, materials added to vaccines to enhance the resulting immune response, are important components of vaccination that are many times overlooked. While vaccines always include an antigen to tell the body what to vaccinate to, of equal importance the adjuvant provides the how, a significant factor in producing a complete response. The adjuvant space has been slow to develop with the first use of an adjuvant in a licensed vaccine occurring in the 1930s, and remaining the only adjuvant in licensed vaccines for the next 80 years. However, with vaccination at the forefront of protection against new and complex pathogens, it is important to consider all components when designing an effective vaccine. Here we summarize the adjuvant space in licensed vaccines as well as the novel adjuvant space in clinical trials with a specific focus on the materials utilized and their resulting impact on the immune response. We discuss five major categories of adjuvant materials: aluminum salts, nanoparticles, viral vectors, TLR agonists, and emulsions. For each category, we delve into the current clinical trials space, the impact of these materials on vaccination, as well as some of the ways in which they could be improved. Adjuvants present an exciting opportunity to improve vaccine responses and stability, this review will help inform about the current progress of this space. Translational impact statement In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines for infectious diseases have come into the spotlight. While antigens have always been an important focus of vaccine design, the adjuvant is a significant tool for enhancing the immune response to the vaccine that has been largely underdeveloped. This article provides a broad review of the history of adjuvants and, the current vaccine adjuvant space, and the progress seen in adjuvants in clinical trials. There is specific emphasis on the material landscape for adjuvants and their resulting mechanism of action. Looking ahead, while the novel vaccine adjuvant space features exciting new technologies and materials, there is still a need for more to meet the protective needs of new and complex pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Goetz
- John A Paulson School of Engineering & Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityAllstonMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired EngineeringBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Naaz Thotathil
- University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstMassachusettsUSA
| | - Zongmin Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy, University of Illinois ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A Paulson School of Engineering & Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityAllstonMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired EngineeringBostonMassachusettsUSA
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2
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Senevirathne TH, Wekking D, Swain JWR, Solinas C, De Silva P. COVID-19: From emerging variants to vaccination. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 76:127-141. [PMID: 38135574 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The vigorous spread of SARS-CoV-2 resulted in the rapid infection of millions of people worldwide and devastation of not only public healthcare, but also social, educational, and economic infrastructures. The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 over time is due to the mutations that occurred in the genome during each replication. These mutated forms of SARS-CoV-2, otherwise known as variants, were categorized as variants of interest (VOI) or variants of concern (VOC) based on the increased risk of transmissibility, disease severity, immune escape, decreased effectiveness of current social measures, and available vaccines and therapeutics. The swift development of COVID-19 vaccines has been a great success for biomedical research, and billions of vaccine doses, including boosters, have been administered worldwide. BNT162b2 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca), and Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) are the four major COVID-19 vaccines that received early regulatory authorization based on their efficacy. However, some SARS-CoV-2 variants resulted in higher resistance to available vaccines or treatments. It has been four years since the first reported infection of SARS-CoV-2, yet the Omicron variant and its subvariants are still infecting people worldwide. Despite this, COVID-19 vaccines are still expected to be effective at preventing severe disease, hospitalization, and death from COVID. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the COVID-19 pandemic focused on evolution of VOC and vaccination strategies against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilini H Senevirathne
- Faculty of Science, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Demi Wekking
- Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Cinzia Solinas
- Medical Oncology, AOU Cagliari, P.O. Duilio Casula, Monserrato (CA), Italy.
| | - Pushpamali De Silva
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Paredes-Vazquez JG, Rubio-Infante N, Lopez-de la Garza H, Brunck MEG, Guajardo-Lozano JA, Ramos MR, Vazquez-Garza E, Torre-Amione G, Garcia-Rivas G, Jerjes-Sanchez C. Soluble factors in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine-induced myocarditis causes cardiomyoblast hypertrophy and cell injury: a case report. Virol J 2023; 20:203. [PMID: 37661270 PMCID: PMC10476357 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation affecting the heart and surrounding tissues is a clinical condition recently reported following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. Assessing trends of these events related to immunization will improve vaccine safety surveillance and best practices for forthcoming vaccine campaigns. However, the causality is unknown, and the mechanisms associated with cardiac myocarditis are not understood. CASE PRESENTATION After the first dose, we reported an mRNA vaccine-induced perimyocarditis in a young patient with a history of recurrent myocardial inflammation episodes and progressive loss of cardiac performance. We tested this possible inflammatory cytokine-mediated cardiotoxicity after vaccination in the acute phase (ten days), and we found a significant elevation of MCP-1, IL-18, and IL-8 inflammatory mediators. Still, these cytokines decreased considerably at the recovery phase (42 days later). We used the cardiomyoblasts cell line to test the effect of serum on cell viability, observing that serum from the acute phase reduced the cell viability to 75%. We did not detect this toxicity in cells when we tested serum from the patient in the recovery phase. We also tested serum-induced hypertrophy, a phenomenon in myocarditis and heart failure. We found that acute phase-serum has hypertrophy effects, increasing 25% of the treated cardiac cells' surface and significantly increasing B-type natriuretic peptide. However, we did not observe the hypertrophic effect in the recovery phase or sera from healthy controls. CONCLUSION Our results opened the possibility of the inflammatory cytokines or serum soluble mediators as key factors for vaccine-associated myocarditis. In this regard, identifying anti-inflammatory molecules that reduce inflammatory cytokines could help avoid vaccine-induced myocardial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nestor Rubio-Infante
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 3000, CP 64710, Mexico
| | - Hector Lopez-de la Garza
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Instituto de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Marion E G Brunck
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 3000, CP 64710, Mexico
| | | | - Martin R Ramos
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 3000, CP 64710, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Vazquez-Garza
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 3000, CP 64710, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Torre-Amione
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Instituto de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 3000, CP 64710, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Garcia-Rivas
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Instituto de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 3000, CP 64710, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Jerjes-Sanchez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Instituto de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 3000, CP 64710, Mexico.
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Blyakher MS, Fedorova IM, Tulskaya EA, Kapustin IV, Koteleva SI, Ramazanova ZK, Odintsov EE, Sandalova SV, Novikova LI, Aleshkin AV, Bochkareva SS. [Development and preservation of specific T-cell immunity after COVID-19 or vaccination against this infection]. Vopr Virusol 2023; 68:205-214. [PMID: 37436412 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Aim evaluation of specific T-cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in primary and secondary response to virus antigens by screening method. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients were tested 11.5 months after COVID-19 and 610 months before and after vaccination. Healthy volunteers were screened before, 26 times during the vaccination course, and 68 months after revaccination with the Sputnik V vaccine. IgG and IgM antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were detected by ELISA using commercially available kits (Vector-Best, Russia). Antigenic (AG) activation of T cells in the fraction of bloods mononuclear cells was assessed by IFN- production after AG stimulation in the wells of plates from ELISA kits intended for detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Data were processed by MS Excel and Statistica 10.0 software. RESULTS AG-specific T cells were detected in 88.5% of vaccinated healthy volunteers, half of whom were found to have T cells appearing earlier than antibodies to AG. After 6-8 months, the level of AG activation decreases. Following the revaccination, the level of AG activation of memory T cells in vitro increases within six months in 76.9100.0% of vaccinated subjects. On the contrary, after COVID-19, 86.7% of individuals had in their blood the AG-specific T cells with high activity at the time of vaccination. The activity of T cells recognizing the RBD domain of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and the proportion of individuals who had these cells in their blood increased after the vaccination of reconvalescents. CONCLUSION T-cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2 antigens has been shown to persist for 6 months after illness. In vaccinated individuals without history of COVID-19, such duration of the preservation of AG-specific T cells in blood was only achieved after the revaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Blyakher
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - I M Fedorova
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - E A Tulskaya
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - I V Kapustin
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - S I Koteleva
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - Z K Ramazanova
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - E E Odintsov
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - S V Sandalova
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - L I Novikova
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - A V Aleshkin
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - S S Bochkareva
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
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Vogrig M, Berger AE, Bourlet T, Waeckel L, Haccourt A, Chanavat A, Hupin D, Roche F, Botelho-Nevers E, Pozzetto B, Paul S. Monitoring of Both Humoral and Cellular Immunities Could Early Predict COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy Against the Different SARS-CoV2 Variants. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:31-45. [PMID: 36006568 PMCID: PMC9403229 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Reliable immunoassays are essential to early predict and monitor vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. The performance of an Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA, QuantiFERON® SARS-CoV-2), and a current anti-spike serological test, compared to a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) taken as gold standard were compared. Eighty vaccinated individuals, whose 16% had a previous history of COVID-19, were included in a longitudinal prospective study and sampled before and two to four weeks after each dose of vaccine. In non-infected patients, 2 doses were required for obtaining both positive IGRA and PRNT assays, while serology was positive after one dose. Each dose of vaccine significantly increased the humoral and cellular response. By contrast, convalescent subjects needed a single dose of vaccine to be positive on all 3 tests. Both IGRA and current serology assay were found predictive of a positive titer of neutralizing antibodies that is correlated with vaccine protection. Patients over 65 or 80 years old had a significantly reduced response. The response tended to be better with the heterologous scheme (vs. homologous) and with the mRNA-1273 vaccine (vs. BNT162b2) in the homologous group, in patients under 55 and under 65 years old, respectively. Finally, decrease intensity or absence of IGRA response and to a less extent of anti-spike serology were also correlated to reinfection which has occurred during the follow up. In conclusion, both IGRA and current anti-spike serology assays could be used at defined thresholds to monitor the vaccine response against SARS-CoV-2 and to simply identify non-responding individuals after a complete vaccination scheme. Two available specific tests (IGRA and anti-spike antibodies) could early assess the vaccine-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2 at the individual scale, to potentially adapt the vaccination scheme in non-responder patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Vogrig
- Immunology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France ,Infectious Agents and Hygiene Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Anne-Emmanuelle Berger
- Immunology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France ,CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France ,CIC 1408 Inserm Vaccinology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Thomas Bourlet
- Infectious Agents and Hygiene Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France ,CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France ,CIC 1408 Inserm Vaccinology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Louis Waeckel
- Immunology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France ,CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France ,CIC 1408 Inserm Vaccinology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Alice Haccourt
- Immunology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Alice Chanavat
- Immunology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - David Hupin
- Clinical and Exercise Physiology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France ,Inserm, U1059, SAINBIOSE, Université de Lyon, Université Jean-Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Frederic Roche
- Clinical and Exercise Physiology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France ,Inserm, U1059, SAINBIOSE, Université de Lyon, Université Jean-Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Elisabeth Botelho-Nevers
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France ,CIC 1408 Inserm Vaccinology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France ,Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Bruno Pozzetto
- Infectious Agents and Hygiene Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France ,CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France ,CIC 1408 Inserm Vaccinology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- Immunology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France ,CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France ,CIC 1408 Inserm Vaccinology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France ,Faculté de Médecine, Campus Santé Innovations, 10 Rue de la Marandière, BP 80019, 42270 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
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6
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Huang LY, Chiang CC, Li YL, Lai HY, Hsieh YC, Wu YH, Tsai YY. Corneal Complications after COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systemic Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11226828. [PMID: 36431307 PMCID: PMC9698276 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11226828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple vaccines are now being used across the world, and several studies have described cases of corneal graft rejection following the administration of the COVID-19 vaccine. The purpose of this article is to review the corneal adverse event that occurred following COVID-19 vaccine administration. The literature search was conducted in March 2022 using MEDLINE, PubMed, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. A total of 27 articles, including 37 cases, have documented corneal adverse events that occurred following COVID-19 vaccination. The mean age was 60 ± 14.9 years (range, 27-83 years). The most common events were acute corneal graft rejection (n = 21, 56.8%), followed by herpes zoster ophthalmicus (n = 11, 29.7%) and herpes simplex keratitis (n = 2, 5.4%). The mean time from vaccination to the event was 10 ± 8.5 days (range, 1-42 days) after the first or second dose of vaccine. All patients with corneal graft rejection, immune-mediated keratolysis, and peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK) (n = 24, 64.9%) were managed topically with or without oral corticosteroids. Patients with herpes zoster ophthalmicus and herpes simplex keratitis were managed with oral antiviral agents. Two patients received penetrating keratoplasty due to keratolysis after invalid topical treatment. Disease resolution was noted in 29 patients (78.3%), whereas 3 (8.1%) had persistent corneal edema after graft rejection, 1 (2.7%) had corneal infiltration after HZO, and 4 (10.8%) were not mentioned in the articles. Corneal adverse events could occur after COVID-19 vaccination. After timely treatment with steroids or antiviral agents, most of the events were mild and had a good visual outcome. Administrating or increasing steroids before vaccination may be useful for the prevention of corneal graft rejection. However, the prophylactic use of antiviral treatments in patients with a herpes viral infection history is not recommend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chi Chiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung 413305, Taiwan
| | - You-Ling Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yin Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Hsieh
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsuen Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yu Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung 413305, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-22052121 (ext. 1141); Fax: +886-4-22059265
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7
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Şan H, Alagöz E. The Effects of CoronaVac (Sinovac) and BNT162b2 (BioNTech/Pfizer) Vaccination on Oncologic 18F-FDG PET/CT Studies. Mol Imaging Radionucl Ther 2022; 31:179-190. [PMID: 36268854 PMCID: PMC9586001 DOI: 10.4274/mirt.galenos.2022.86570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: BioNTech (Pfizer) and CoronaVac (Sinovac) vaccines are two of the most administered coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccines worldwide. Vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 has caused a diagnostic challenge in oncological 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) studies. The aim of our study was to evaluate the 18F-FDG PET/CT findings of the two most commonly administered vaccines worldwide. Methods: Patients over 18 years old who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT for oncological purposes in our institution between January 13, 2021 and January 31, 2022, who received a single or second dose of the BioNTech or CoronaVac vaccines in the last two months, were included in the study. Descriptive analyses were presented as mean, standard deviation, frequency and ratio. Additionally, chi-square test was used to analyze categorical variables. Results: Ipsilateral deltoid muscle hypermetabolism was observed in 6.9% (n=15) and 14.3% (n=22) patients who received CoronaVac and BioNTech vaccines, respectively. Ipsilateral axillary lymph node hypermetabolism was observed in 11% (n=24) and 41.6% (n=64) patients who received CoronaVac and BioNTech vaccines, respectively. Synchronous deltoid muscle and axillary lymph node hypermetabolism was observed in 4.14% (n=9) and 12.33% (n=19) patients who received CoronaVac and BioNTech vaccines, respectively. Significant differences were detected between CoronaVac and BioNTech vaccines in terms of ipsilateral deltoid muscle hypermetabolism, ipsilateral axillary lymph node hypermetabolism and synchronous deltoid muscle and axillary lymph node hypermetabolism (p<0.05). Conclusion: COVID-19 vaccination may result in ipsilateral axillary lymph node hypermetabolism, ipsilateral deltoid muscle hypermetabolism, or synchronous deltoid muscle and axillary lymph node hypermetabolism with different frequencies depending on the type of vaccination. Although synchronous deltoid muscle and axillary lymph node hypermetabolism can reduce misinterpretation of 18F-FDG PET/CT, to avoid misinterpretation, it is important to question the vaccination history during ongoing COVID-19 vaccination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Şan
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara City Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Engin Alagöz
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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8
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de la Flor Merino JC, Linares Gravalos T, Alonso-Riaño M, Segura Cebollada P, Albarracin Serra C, Ruiz Cicero E, Gallegos Bayas G, Rodeles Del Pozoa M. A case of acute interstitial nephritis following the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. Nefrologia 2022; 42:617-620. [PMID: 36681520 PMCID: PMC9851165 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pilar Segura Cebollada
- Servicio de Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Central de la Defensa Gómez Ulla, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Elisa Ruiz Cicero
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Central de la Defensa Gómez Ulla, Madrid, Spain
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Anti-spike protein antibody responses to BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine: A single-center survey in a COVID-19 non-epidemic area in Japan. Vaccine X 2022; 11:100173. [PMID: 35692460 PMCID: PMC9173831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2022.100173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-spike protein antibody concentration was elevated by BNT162b2 vaccination. In a non-epidemic area, two BNT162b2 vaccine doses elicited good antibody responses. The seroconversion rate was 99.7%. Antibody responses to BNT162b2 in Asian females were higher than Asian males.
Background There are a few reports on antibody responses after a two-dose BNT162b2 vaccination in non-epidemic areas. We evaluated this phenomenon. Methods A total of 344 healthcare workers were vaccinated, and the serum anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibody concentrations before and after two weeks following the two-dose BNT162b2 vaccination were measured using electro chemiluminescence immunoassay system. Results Before vaccination, the antibody titers of all participants were less than 0.6 U/mL. After two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine injection in 342 participants (2 excluded), a high seroconversion rate (99.7%) was observed. The average (±standard deviation) serum anti-RBD antibody titers were 2324 ± 1739 U/mL. Antibody levels in females and males were 2443 ± 1833 U/mL and 1908 ± 1287 U/mL, respectively (p = 0.037). Conclusion In a non-epidemic area, two BNT162b2 doses induced a satisfactory antibody response, and the antibody concentrations in females were higher than in males.
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10
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Inchingolo AD, Malcangi G, Ceci S, Patano A, Corriero A, Vimercati L, Azzollini D, Marinelli G, Coloccia G, Piras F, Barile G, Settanni V, Mancini A, De Leonardis N, Garofoli G, Palmieri G, Isacco CG, Rapone B, Scardapane A, Curatoli L, Quaranta N, Ribezzi M, Massaro M, Jones M, Bordea IR, Tartaglia GM, Scarano A, Lorusso F, Macchia L, Larocca AMV, Aityan SK, Tafuri S, Stefanizzi P, Migliore G, Brienza N, Dipalma G, Favia G, Inchingolo F. Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines for Short- and Long-Term Immunity: A General Overview for the Pandemic Contrast. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158485. [PMID: 35955621 PMCID: PMC9369331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The recent COVID-19 pandemic produced a significant increase in cases and an emergency state was induced worldwide. The current knowledge about the COVID-19 disease concerning diagnoses, patient tracking, the treatment protocol, and vaccines provides a consistent contribution for the primary prevention of the viral infection and decreasing the severity of the SARS-CoV-2 disease. The aim of the present investigation was to produce a general overview about the current findings for the COVID-19 disease, SARS-CoV-2 interaction mechanisms with the host, therapies and vaccines’ immunization findings. Methods: A literature overview was produced in order to evaluate the state-of-art in SARS-CoV-2 diagnoses, prognoses, therapies, and prevention. Results: Concerning to the interaction mechanisms with the host, the virus binds to target with its Spike proteins on its surface and uses it as an anchor. The Spike protein targets the ACE2 cell receptor and enters into the cells by using a special enzyme (TMPRSS2). Once the virion is quietly accommodated, it releases its RNA. Proteins and RNA are used in the Golgi apparatus to produce more viruses that are released. Concerning the therapies, different protocols have been developed in observance of the disease severity and comorbidity with a consistent reduction in the mortality rate. Currently, different vaccines are currently in phase IV but a remarkable difference in efficiency has been detected concerning the more recent SARS-CoV-2 variants. Conclusions: Among the many questions in this pandemic state, the one that recurs most is knowing why some people become more seriously ill than others who instead contract the infection as if it was a trivial flu. More studies are necessary to investigate the efficiency of the treatment protocols and vaccines for the more recent detected SARS-CoV-2 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Danilo Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Giuseppina Malcangi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Sabino Ceci
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Assunta Patano
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Alberto Corriero
- Unit of Anesthesia and Resuscitation, Department of Emergencies and Organ Transplantations, Aldo Moro University, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (M.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Luigi Vimercati
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Daniela Azzollini
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Grazia Marinelli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Giovanni Coloccia
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Fabio Piras
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Giuseppe Barile
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Vito Settanni
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Antonio Mancini
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Nicole De Leonardis
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Grazia Garofoli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Giulia Palmieri
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Ciro Gargiulo Isacco
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Biagio Rapone
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Arnaldo Scardapane
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Luigi Curatoli
- Department Neurosciences & Sensory Organs & Musculoskeletal System, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Nicola Quaranta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
- Department Neurosciences & Sensory Organs & Musculoskeletal System, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Mario Ribezzi
- Unit of Anesthesia and Resuscitation, Department of Emergencies and Organ Transplantations, Aldo Moro University, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (M.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Maria Massaro
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Megan Jones
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Ioana Roxana Bordea
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Gianluca Martino Tartaglia
- UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy;
| | - Antonio Scarano
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Felice Lorusso
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (F.I.); Tel.: +39-3282132586 (F.L.)
| | - Luigi Macchia
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Angela Maria Vittoria Larocca
- Hygiene Complex Operating Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Place Giulio Cesare 11 BARI CAP, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | | | - Silvio Tafuri
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Pasquale Stefanizzi
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (P.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Giovanni Migliore
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy; (P.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Nicola Brienza
- Unit of Anesthesia and Resuscitation, Department of Emergencies and Organ Transplantations, Aldo Moro University, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (M.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Gianna Dipalma
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Gianfranco Favia
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
| | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (G.M.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (L.V.); (D.A.); (G.M.); (G.C.); (F.P.); (G.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (N.D.L.); (G.G.); (G.P.); (C.G.I.); (B.R.); (A.S.); (N.Q.); (M.J.); (G.D.); (G.F.)
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (F.I.); Tel.: +39-3282132586 (F.L.)
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11
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Upreti S, Samant M. A Review on Immunological Responses to SARS-CoV-2 and Various COVID-19 Vaccine Regimens. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2119-2134. [PMID: 35773445 PMCID: PMC9247891 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03323-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has caused serious health crises globally. So far, 7 vaccines that are already being assessed in Phase IV clinical trials are, Comirnaty/ Pfizer; Spikevax/Moderna (m RNA vaccine); Vaxzevria or Covishield; Ad26.COV2.S; Ad5-nCoV (adenoviral vector-based vaccine); CoronaVac and BBIBP-CorV (inactivated virus vaccine). Besides, there are about 280 vaccines that are undergoing preclinical and clinical trials including Sputnik-V, Covaxin or BBV152, and NVX-CoV2373. These vaccines are being studied for their immunological responses and efficiency against COVID-19, and have been reported to demonstrate effective T and B cell responses. However, the long-lasting immunity of these vaccine regimens still needs to be investigated. An in-depth understanding of the vaccine efficacy and immune control mechanism is imperative for the rational purposing and implementation of the vaccines. Hence, in this review, we have comprehensively discussed the immune response induced in COVID-19 patients, as well as in the convalescent individuals to avoid reinfection. Moreover, we have also summarized the immunological responses and prophylactic efficacy of various COVID-19 vaccine regimens. In this context, this review can give insights into the development of effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobha Upreti
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department Of Zoology, Soban Singh Jeena University Campus, Almora, Uttarakhand, India.,Department Of Zoology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mukesh Samant
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department Of Zoology, Soban Singh Jeena University Campus, Almora, Uttarakhand, India.
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12
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Costa C, Scozzari G, Migliore E, Galassi C, Ciccone G, Ricciardelli G, Scarmozzino A, Angelone L, Cassoni P, Cavallo R. Cellular Immune Response to BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in a Large Cohort of Healthcare Workers in a Tertiary Care University Hospital. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071031. [PMID: 35891194 PMCID: PMC9316283 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the results of a T-cell immunity evaluation performed after a median elapsed time of 7 months from second-dose BNT162b2 vaccine administration, in a representative sample of 419 subjects from a large cohort of hospital workers. Overall, the Quantiferon SARS-CoV-2 assay detected a responsive pattern in 49.9%, 59.2% and 68.3% of subjects to three different antigenic stimuli from SARS-CoV-2, respectively, with 72.3% of positivity to at least one antigenic stimulus. Potential predictors of cellular response were explored by multivariable analyses; factors associated with positivity to cellular response (to Ag1 antigenic stimulus) were a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR = 4.24, 95% CI 2.34−7.67, p < 0.001), increasing age (per year: OR = 1.03 95% CI 1.01−1.06, p = 0.019 and currently smoking (compared to never smoking) (OR = 1.93, 95% CI 1.11−3.36, p = 0.010). Increasing time interval between vaccine administration and T-cell test was associated with decreasing cellular response (per week of time: OR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.91−0.98, p = 0.003). A blood group A/AB/B (compared to group O) was associated with higher levels of cellular immunity, especially when measured as Ag2 antigenic stimulus. Levels of cellular immunity tended to be lower among subjects that self-reported an autoimmune disorder or an immunodeficiency and among males. Further studies to assess the protective significance of different serological and cellular responses to the vaccine toward the risk of reinfection and the severity of COVID-19 are needed to better understand these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Costa
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.R.); (R.C.)
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-6335953
| | - Gitana Scozzari
- Molinette Hospital Medical Direction, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.S.); (A.S.); (L.A.)
| | - Enrica Migliore
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino and CPO Piemonte, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (C.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Claudia Galassi
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino and CPO Piemonte, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (C.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Giovannino Ciccone
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino and CPO Piemonte, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (C.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Guido Ricciardelli
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.R.); (R.C.)
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio Scarmozzino
- Molinette Hospital Medical Direction, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.S.); (A.S.); (L.A.)
| | - Lorenzo Angelone
- Molinette Hospital Medical Direction, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.S.); (A.S.); (L.A.)
| | - Paola Cassoni
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Rossana Cavallo
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.R.); (R.C.)
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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13
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Muhar BK, Nehira J, Malhotra A, Kotchoni SO. The Race for COVID-19 Vaccines: The Various Types and Their Strengths and Weaknesses. J Pharm Pract 2022:8971900221097248. [PMID: 35723017 PMCID: PMC9207585 DOI: 10.1177/08971900221097248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 causes the highly contagious coronavirus disease (COVID-19), first discovered in Wuhan, China, in December of 2019. As of August 21, 2021, over 211 million people have been diagnosed with COVID-19 and 4.42 million people have died from the disease worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected world economies, global public health infrastructure, and social behaviors. Despite physical distancing and the advent of symptomatic and monoclonal antibody therapies, perhaps the most effective method to combat COVID-19 remains the creation of immunity through vaccines. Scientific communities globally have been diligently working to develop vaccines since the start of the pandemic. Though a few have been authorized for use, the Pfizer vaccine was the first to be given full approval in the United States in August 2021 – being the quickest vaccine to ever be developed. Although several vaccines produced via different approaches are in use, no mortality has been reported thus far from vaccine use. Here, we highlight the latest advances in the development of the COVID-19 vaccines, specifically the lead candidates that are in late-stage clinical trials or authorized for emergency use. As SARS-CoV-2 uses its spike protein to enter a host cell and cause infection, most vaccine candidates target this protein. This review describes the various COVID-19 vaccines - authorized and/or under development - and their composition, advantages, and potential limitations as the world continues to fight this devastating pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahaar K Muhar
- College of Graduate Studies, 436933California Northstate University, Elk-Grove, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Nehira
- College of Pharmacy, 436933California Northstate University, Elk-Grove, CA, USA
| | - Ashim Malhotra
- College of Pharmacy, 436933California Northstate University, Elk-Grove, CA, USA
| | - Simeon O Kotchoni
- College of Graduate Studies, 436933California Northstate University, Elk-Grove, CA, USA.,College of Pharmacy, 436933California Northstate University, Elk-Grove, CA, USA.,College of Medicine, 436933California Northstate University, Elk-Grove, CA, USA
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14
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Rallis KI, Ting DSJ, Said DG, Dua HS. Corneal graft rejection following COVID-19 vaccine. Eye (Lond) 2022; 36:1319-1320. [PMID: 34426655 PMCID: PMC8380858 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01671-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos I. Rallis
- grid.415598.40000 0004 0641 4263Department of Ophthalmology, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Darren S. J. Ting
- grid.415598.40000 0004 0641 4263Department of Ophthalmology, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK ,grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868Academic Ophthalmology, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Dalia G. Said
- grid.415598.40000 0004 0641 4263Department of Ophthalmology, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK ,grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868Academic Ophthalmology, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK ,grid.419139.70000 0001 0529 3322Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Harminder S. Dua
- grid.415598.40000 0004 0641 4263Department of Ophthalmology, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK ,grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868Academic Ophthalmology, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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15
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Akamine CM, El Sahly HM. Messenger ribonucleic acid vaccines for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 - a review. Transl Res 2022; 242:1-19. [PMID: 34954088 PMCID: PMC8695521 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mRNA therapeutics have been studied since the 1970s and the currently available mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 are the culmination of decades of scientific research. The mRNA vaccines BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 have played a key role in our global response to the COVID-19 pandemic as they have demonstrated significant advantages over conventional vaccines and have proven to be highly effective against COVID-19 associated hospitalization and severe illness in large clinical trials and studies using real-world data.
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Key Words
- covid-19, coronavirus disease of 2019
- sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- mrna, messenger ribonucleic acid
- lnp, liposomal nanoparticle
- sam, self-amplifying mrna
- dsrna, double-stranded rna
- ad5, adenovirus type 5
- apcs, antigen presenting cells
- rbd, receptor-binding domain
- mers-cov, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- gmt, geometric mean titer
- bmi, body mass index
- eua, emergency use authorization
- cdc, centers for disease control
- b.1.1.7, alpha variant
- b.1.351, beta variant
- covid-net, covid-19-associated hospitalization surveillance network
- voc, variants of concern
- utr, untranslated regions
- pamps, pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- mhc, major histocompatibility complex
- dcs, dendritic cells
- ace-2, angiotensin converting enzyme receptor
- cvncov, curevac
- gmc, geometric mean concentration
- fda, food and drug administration
- vaers, vaccine adverse event reporting system
- bau, binding antibody units
- dna, deoxyribonucleic acid
- trna, transfer ribonucleic acid
- prnt50, plaque reduction neutralization test
- nab, neutralizing antibodies
- bla, biologics license application
- ve, vaccine efficacy
- vsd, vaccine safety datalink
- va, department of veterans affairs
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hana M El Sahly
- Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas
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16
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Zhang R, Shin B, Gadsden TM, Petrosyan A, Vo A, Ammerman N, Sethi S, Huang E, Peng A, Najjar R, Atienza J, Kim I, Jordan SC. Assessment of humoral and cellular immune responses to SARS CoV-2 vaccination (BNT162b2) in immunocompromised renal allograft recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2022; 24:e13813. [PMID: 35202497 PMCID: PMC9115352 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessing the composition of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is critical for our understanding of protective immunity, especially for immune compromised patients. The Pfizer (BNT162b2) vaccination showed >90% efficacy in protecting individuals from infection. However, these studies did not examine responses in immunocompromised kidney transplant patients (KT). Subsequent reports in KT have shown severe deficiencies in Spike-specific immunoglobin G (IgG) responses prompting booster vaccinations, but a broader understanding of T-cell immunity to vaccinating is lacking. METHODS We examined SARS-CoV-2 Spike IgG and CD4+/CD8+ Spike-specific T-cell responses in 61 KT patients maintained on different immunosuppressive protocols (ISP) (Tac + mycophenolate mofetil + prednisone) versus (belatacept + MMF + prednisone) and compared to 41 healthy controls. We also examined cytomegalovirus-cytotoxic T-cell responses (CMV-Tc) in both groups to assess T-cell memory. RESULTS Our data confirmed poor Spike IgG responses in vaccinated KT patients with both ISP (21% demonstrating Spike IgG 1M post-second dose of BNT162b2 vs. 93% in controls). However, 35% of Spike IgG (-) patients demonstrated CD4+ and/or CD8+ T-cell responses. All but one CMV-IgG+ patient demonstrated good CMV-Tc responses. No differences in T-cell immunity by ISP were seen. CONCLUSION Immunocompromised KT recipients showed severe defects in humoral and T-cell immune response after vaccination. No differences in immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 Spike peptides were observed in KT patients by ISP post-vaccination. The detection of Spike-specific T-cell immunity in the absence of Spike IgG suggests that vaccination in immunocompromised KT patients may provide partial immunity, although not preventing infection, T-cell immunity may limit its severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Zhang
- Comprehensive Transplant CenterTransplant Immunology LaboratoryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Bong‐Ha Shin
- Comprehensive Transplant CenterTransplant Immunology LaboratoryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Terry‐Ann M. Gadsden
- Comprehensive Transplant CenterTransplant Immunology LaboratoryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Anna Petrosyan
- Comprehensive Transplant CenterTransplant Immunology LaboratoryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ashley Vo
- Comprehensive Transplant CenterTransplant Immunology LaboratoryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Noriko Ammerman
- Comprehensive Transplant CenterTransplant Immunology LaboratoryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Supreet Sethi
- Comprehensive Transplant CenterTransplant Immunology LaboratoryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Edmund Huang
- Comprehensive Transplant CenterTransplant Immunology LaboratoryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alice Peng
- Comprehensive Transplant CenterTransplant Immunology LaboratoryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Reiad Najjar
- Comprehensive Transplant CenterTransplant Immunology LaboratoryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Janet Atienza
- Comprehensive Transplant CenterTransplant Immunology LaboratoryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Irene Kim
- Comprehensive Transplant CenterTransplant Immunology LaboratoryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Stanley C. Jordan
- Comprehensive Transplant CenterTransplant Immunology LaboratoryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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17
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Mortezaee K, Majidpoor J. CD8 + T Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Induced Disease and Cancer-Clinical Perspectives. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864298. [PMID: 35432340 PMCID: PMC9010719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated innate and adaptive immunity is a sign of SARS-CoV-2-induced disease and cancer. CD8+ T cells are important cells of the immune system. The cells belong to the adaptive immunity and take a front-line defense against viral infections and cancer. Extreme CD8+ T-cell activities in the lung of patients with a SARS-CoV-2-induced disease and within the tumor microenvironment (TME) will change their functionality into exhausted state and undergo apoptosis. Such diminished immunity will put cancer cases at a high-risk group for SARS-CoV-2-induced disease, rendering viral sepsis and a more severe condition which will finally cause a higher rate of mortality. Recovering responses from CD8+ T cells is a purpose of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. The aim of this review is to discuss the CD8+ T cellular state in SARS-CoV-2-induced disease and in cancer and to present some strategies for recovering the functionality of these critical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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18
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Smatti MK, Alkhatib HA, Al Thani AA, Yassine HM. Will Host Genetics Affect the Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines? Historical Precedents. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:802312. [PMID: 35360730 PMCID: PMC8962369 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.802312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in genomics and bioinformatics technologies have allowed for the emergence of immunogenomics field. This intersection of immunology and genetics has broadened our understanding of how the immune system responds to infection and vaccination. While the immunogenetic basis of the huge clinical variability in response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is currently being extensively studied, the host genetic determinants of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines remain largely unknown. Previous reports evidenced that vaccines may not protect all populations or individuals equally, due to multiple host- and vaccine-specific factors. Several studies on vaccine response to measles, rubella, hepatitis B, smallpox, and influenza highlighted the contribution of genetic mutations or polymorphisms in modulating the innate and adaptive immunity following vaccination. Specifically, genetic variants in genes encoding virus receptors, antigen presentation, cytokine production, or related to immune cells activation and differentiation could influence how an individual responds to vaccination. Although such knowledge could be utilized to generate personalized vaccine strategies to optimize the vaccine response, studies in this filed are still scarce. Here, we briefly summarize the scientific literature related to the immunogenetic determinants of vaccine-induced immunity, highlighting the possible role of host genetics in response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K. Smatti
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Hadi M. Yassine
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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19
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Abusalah MAH, Khalifa M, Al-Hatamleh MAI, Jarrar M, Mohamud R, Chan YY. Nucleic Acid-Based COVID-19 Therapy Targeting Cytokine Storms: Strategies to Quell the Storm. J Pers Med 2022; 12:386. [PMID: 35330388 PMCID: PMC8948998 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12030386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has shaken the world and triggered drastic changes in our lifestyle to control it. Despite the non-typical efforts, COVID-19 still thrives and plagues humanity worldwide. The unparalleled degree of infection has been met with an exceptional degree of research to counteract it. Many drugs and therapeutic technologies have been repurposed and discovered, but no groundbreaking antiviral agent has been introduced yet to eradicate COVID-19 and restore normalcy. As lethality is directly correlated with the severity of disease, hospitalized severe cases are of the greatest importance to reduce, especially the cytokine storm phenomenon. This severe inflammatory phenomenon characterized by elevated levels of inflammatory mediators can be targeted to relieve symptoms and save the infected patients. One of the promising therapeutic strategies to combat COVID-19 is nucleic acid-based therapeutic approaches, including microRNAs (miRNAs). This work is an up-to-date review aimed to comprehensively discuss the current nucleic acid-based therapeutics against COVID-19 and their mechanisms of action, taking into consideration the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, as well as providing potential future directions. miRNAs can be used to run interference with the expression of viral proteins, while endogenous miRNAs can be targeted as well, offering a versatile platform to control SARS-CoV-2 infection. By targeting these miRNAs, the COVID-19-induced cytokine storm can be suppressed. Therefore, nucleic acid-based therapeutics (miRNAs included) have a latent ability to break the COVID-19 infection in general and quell the cytokine storm in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Abdel Haleem Abusalah
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Moad Khalifa
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Mohammad A. I. Al-Hatamleh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (M.A.I.A.-H.); (R.M.)
| | - Mu’taman Jarrar
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia;
- Medical Education Department, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar 34445, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (M.A.I.A.-H.); (R.M.)
| | - Yean Yean Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
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20
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COVID-19 Vaccine: Between Myth and Truth. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030349. [PMID: 35334981 PMCID: PMC8950941 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019, a pandemic caused by the newly identified SARS-CoV-2 spread across the entire globe, causing 364,191,494 confirmed cases of COVID-19 to date. SARS-CoV-2 is a betacoronavirus, a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus with four structural proteins: spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N). The S protein plays a crucial role both in cell binding and in the induction of a strong immune response during COVID-19 infection. The clinical impact of SARS-CoV-2 and its spread led to the urgent need for vaccine development to prevent viral transmission and to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. Multiple platforms have been involved in the rapid development of vaccine candidates, with the S protein representing a major target because it can stimulate the immune system, yielding neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), blocking viral entry into host cells, and evoking T-cell immune responses. To date, 178 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates have been challenged in clinical trials, of which 33 were approved by various national regulatory agencies. In this review, we discuss the FDA- and/or EMA-authorized vaccines that are mostly based on mRNA or viral vector platforms. Furthermore, we debunk false myths about the COVID-19 vaccine as well as discuss the impact of viral variants and the possible future developments.
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21
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Huang Z, Su Y, Zhang T, Xia N. A review of the safety and efficacy of current COVID-19 vaccines. Front Med 2022; 16:39-55. [PMID: 35122210 PMCID: PMC8815389 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-021-0893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective and feasible way to contain the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The rapid development of effective COVID-19 vaccines is an extraordinary achievement. This study reviewed the efficacy/effectiveness, immunogenicity, and safety profile of the 12 most progressed COVID-19 vaccines and discussed the challenges and prospects of the vaccine-based approaches in a global crisis. Overall, most of the current vaccines have shown safety and efficacy/effectiveness during actual clinical trials or in the real-world studies, indicating a development of pandemic control. However, many challenges are faced by pandemic control in terms of maximizing the effect of vaccines, such as rapid vaccine coverage, strategies to address variants with immune escape capability, and surveillance of vaccine safety in the medium- and long-terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yingying Su
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Tianying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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22
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Massarweh A, Tschernichovsky R, Stemmer A, Benouaich-Amiel A, Siegal T, Eliakim-Raz N, Stemmer SM, Yust-Katz S. Immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in patients with primary brain tumors: a prospective cohort study. J Neurooncol 2022; 156:483-489. [PMID: 35018613 PMCID: PMC8752179 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-021-03911-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Immunogenicity of Covid-19 vaccines may be negatively impacted by anti-cancer treatment. The management of primary brain tumors (PBTs) routinely includes temozolomide and steroids, which are immune-suppressive. We aimed to determine the rate of seropositivity in PBT patients following receipt of two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine. Methods We prospectively evaluated IgG levels against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in 17 PBT patients following two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine. IgG levels were collected at two time points: T1—after a median of 44 days from the second vaccine dose and T2—after a median of 130 days from the second dose. Titers were compared against a group of healthy controls (HC) comprised of patients’ family members. Results At T1, 88.2% (15/17) of PBT patients achieved seroconversion, compared with 100% (12/12) of HCs. Median IgG titer was significantly lower in the PBT group (1908 AU/mL vs 8,198 AU/mL; p = 0.002). At T2, 80% (12/15) of PBT patients seroconverted, compared to 100% (10/10) of HCs. Median IgG titer remained significantly lower in the PBT group (410 AU/mLvs 1687 AU/mL; p = 0.002). During the peri-vaccination period, 15 patients received systemic treatment and 8 patients were treated with corticosteroids. All 3 patients who failed to seroconvert at T2 were treated with corticosteroids. In a univariate analysis, steroid use was negatively associated with antibody titer. Conclusion Most PBT patients successfully seroconvert following two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine, albeit with lower antibody titer compared to HCs. Steroid use during the vaccination period is associated with lower titer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Massarweh
- Department of Oncology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Roi Tschernichovsky
- Department of Oncology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel.
| | - Amos Stemmer
- Department of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Alexandra Benouaich-Amiel
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Tali Siegal
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Noa Eliakim-Raz
- Department of Medicine E, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Infectious Disease Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Salomon M Stemmer
- Department of Oncology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shlomit Yust-Katz
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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23
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Boedecker-Lips SC, Lautem A, Runkel S, Klimpke P, Kraus D, Keil P, Holtz S, Tomalla V, Marczynski P, Boedecker CB, Galle PR, Koch M, Weinmann-Menke J. Six-Month Follow-Up after Vaccination with BNT162b2: SARS-CoV-2 Antigen-Specific Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Hemodialysis Patients and Kidney Transplant Recipients. Pathogens 2022; 11:67. [PMID: 35056015 PMCID: PMC8780885 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemodialysis patients (HDP) and kidney transplant recipients (KTR) have a high risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 with poor clinical outcomes. Because of this, vaccination of these groups of patients against SARS-CoV-2 is particularly important. However, immune responses may be impaired in immunosuppressed and chronically ill patients. Here, our aim was to compare the efficacy of an mRNA-based vaccine in HDP, KTR, and healthy subjects. DESIGN In this prospective observational cohort study, the humoral and cellular response of prevalent 192 HDP, 50 KTR, and 28 healthy controls (HC) was assessed 1, 2, and 6 months after the first immunization with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. RESULTS After 6 months, 97.5% of HDP, 37.9% of KTR, and 100% of HC had an antibody response. Median antibody levels were 1539.7 (±3355.8), 178.5 (±369.5), and 2657.8 (±2965.8) AU/mL in HDP, KTR, and HC, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). A SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific cell response to vaccination was found in 68.8% of HDP, 64.5% of KTR, and 90% of HC. CONCLUSION The humoral response rates to mRNA-based vaccination of HDPs are comparable to HCs, but antibody titers are lower. Furthermore, HDPs have weaker T-cell response to vaccination than HCs. KTRs have very low humoral and antigen-specific cellular response rates and antibody titers, which requires other vaccination strategies in addition to booster vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cosima Boedecker-Lips
- Department of Nephrology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, D 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.C.B.-L.); (P.K.); (D.K.); (P.K.); (S.H.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
| | - Anja Lautem
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, D 55131 Mainz, Germany; (A.L.); (C.B.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Stefan Runkel
- Blood Transfusion Center, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes-Gutenberg University, D 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Pascal Klimpke
- Department of Nephrology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, D 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.C.B.-L.); (P.K.); (D.K.); (P.K.); (S.H.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
| | - Daniel Kraus
- Department of Nephrology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, D 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.C.B.-L.); (P.K.); (D.K.); (P.K.); (S.H.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
| | - Philipp Keil
- Department of Nephrology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, D 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.C.B.-L.); (P.K.); (D.K.); (P.K.); (S.H.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
| | - Stefan Holtz
- Department of Nephrology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, D 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.C.B.-L.); (P.K.); (D.K.); (P.K.); (S.H.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
| | - Vanessa Tomalla
- Department of Nephrology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, D 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.C.B.-L.); (P.K.); (D.K.); (P.K.); (S.H.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
| | - Paul Marczynski
- Department of Nephrology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, D 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.C.B.-L.); (P.K.); (D.K.); (P.K.); (S.H.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
| | - Christian Benedikt Boedecker
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, D 55131 Mainz, Germany; (A.L.); (C.B.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Peter Robert Galle
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, D 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Martina Koch
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, D 55131 Mainz, Germany; (A.L.); (C.B.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Julia Weinmann-Menke
- Department of Nephrology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, D 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.C.B.-L.); (P.K.); (D.K.); (P.K.); (S.H.); (V.T.); (P.M.)
- Research Center of Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, D 55131 Mainz, Germany
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24
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Ishaqat A, Herrmann A. Polymers Strive for Accuracy: From Sequence-Defined Polymers to mRNA Vaccines against COVID-19 and Polymers in Nucleic Acid Therapeutics. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20529-20545. [PMID: 34841867 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Unquestionably, polymers have influenced the world over the past 100 years. They are now more crucial than ever since the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. The pandemic paved the way for certain polymers to be in the spotlight, namely sequence-defined polymers such as messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), which was the first type of vaccine to be authorized in the U.S. and Europe to protect against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This rise of mRNA will probably influence scientific research concerning nucleic acids in general and RNA therapeutics in specific. In this Perspective, we highlight the recent trends in sequence-controlled and sequence-defined polymers. Then we discuss mRNA vaccines as an example to illustrate the need of ultimate sequence control to achieve complex functions such as specific activation of the immune system. We briefly present how mRNA vaccines are produced, the importance of modified nucleotides, the characteristic features, and the advantages and challenges associated with this class of vaccines. Finally, we discuss the chances and opportunities for polymer chemistry to provide solutions and contribute to the future progress of RNA-based therapeutics. We highlight two particular roles of polymers in this context. One represents conjugation of polymers to nucleic acids to form biohybrids. The other is concerned with advanced polymer-based carrier systems for nucleic acids. We believe that polymers can help to address present problems of RNA-based therapeutic technologies and impact the field beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Ishaqat
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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25
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Jaganathan S, Stieber F, Rao SN, Nikolayevskyy V, Manissero D, Allen N, Boyle J, Howard J. Preliminary Evaluation of QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 and QIAreach Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Total Test in Recently Vaccinated Individuals. Infect Dis Ther 2021; 10:2765-2776. [PMID: 34435336 PMCID: PMC8386336 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-021-00521-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is an increasing body of evidence surrounding the importance of a T cell-mediated response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and after COVID-19 vaccination. In this internal feasibility study, we evaluated both the total antibody (IgA, IgM, and IgG) and T cell responses in a cohort of COVID-19 convalescents and vaccinated individuals. METHODS Whole blood specimens were collected weekly from 12 subjects at different time points within/after the COVID-19 mRNA vaccination regimen, and from 4 PCR-confirmed convalescent donors to measure durability of humoral and cell-mediated immune response. T cell and antibody responses were evaluated via the QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 research use only (QFN SARS-CoV-2) assay which is an interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) and QIAreach Anti-SARS-CoV-2 total (Anti-CoV-2) test, respectively. RESULTS In a cohort of recently vaccinated individuals, subjects demonstrated robust total antibody and CD4+/CD8+ T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines when followed for 2 months post-2nd dose. In most individuals, T cell response declined between the 1st and 2nd doses suggesting a need for a booster or the completion of the 2-dose vaccine series. In a group of convalescent donors tested with QFN SARS-CoV-2 and Anti-CoV-2 tests, all patients had an antibody and T cell response up to 1 year after natural infection. CONCLUSION This small feasibility study demonstrates that the QFN-SARS-CoV-2 test is able to identify CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-mediated responses in SARS-CoV-2-vaccinated subjects and those recovered from COVID-19, alongside a qualitative antibody response detectable via the QIAreach Anti-CoV2 test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Jaganathan
- QIAGEN Sciences Inc, 19300 Germantown Road, Germantown, MD, 20874, USA
| | - Francis Stieber
- QIAGEN Sciences Inc, 19300 Germantown Road, Germantown, MD, 20874, USA
| | - Sonia N Rao
- QIAGEN Sciences Inc, 19300 Germantown Road, Germantown, MD, 20874, USA.
| | | | | | - Nadia Allen
- QIAGEN Sciences Inc, 19300 Germantown Road, Germantown, MD, 20874, USA
| | - Jeff Boyle
- QIAGEN Sciences Inc, 19300 Germantown Road, Germantown, MD, 20874, USA
| | - Jenny Howard
- QIAGEN Sciences Inc, 19300 Germantown Road, Germantown, MD, 20874, USA
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Abstract
Coronavirus disease, COVID-19, has touched every country globally except five countries (North Korea, Turkmenistan, Tonga, Tuvalu and Nauru). Vaccination is the most effective method to protect against infectious diseases. The objective is to ensure that everyone has access to a COVID-19 vaccine. The conventional vaccine development platforms are complex and time-consuming to obtain desired approved vaccine candidates through rigorous regulatory pathways. These safeguards guarantee that the optimized vaccine product is safe and efficacious for various demographic populations prior to it being approved for general use. Nucleic acid vaccines employ genetic material from a pathogen, such as a virus or bacteria, to induce an immune response against it. Based on the vaccination, the genetic material might be DNA or RNA; as such, it offers instructions for producing a specific pathogen protein that the immune system will perceive as foreign and mount an immune response. Nucleic acid vaccines for multiple antigens might be made in the same facility, lowering costs even more. Most traditional vaccine regimens do not allow for this. Herein, we demonstrate the recent understanding and advances in nucleic acid vaccines (DNA and mRNA based) against COVID-19, specifically those in human clinical trials.
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Ramesh S, Govindarajulu M, Parise RS, Neel L, Shankar T, Patel S, Lowery P, Smith F, Dhanasekaran M, Moore T. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants: A Review of Its Mutations, Its Implications and Vaccine Efficacy. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1195. [PMID: 34696303 PMCID: PMC8537675 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread increase in multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants is causing a significant health concern in the United States and worldwide. These variants exhibit increased transmissibility, cause more severe disease, exhibit evasive immune properties, impair neutralization by antibodies from vaccinated individuals or convalescence sera, and reinfection. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has classified SARS-CoV-2 variants into variants of interest, variants of concern, and variants of high consequence. Currently, four variants of concern (B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, and B.1.617.2) and several variants of interests (B.1.526, B.1.525, and P.2) are characterized and are essential for close monitoring. In this review, we discuss the different SARS-CoV-2 variants, emphasizing variants of concern circulating the world and highlight the various mutations and how these mutations affect the characteristics of the virus. In addition, we discuss the most common vaccines and the various studies concerning the efficacy of these vaccines against different variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Ramesh
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (S.R.); (M.G.); (R.S.P.); (L.N.); (P.L.); (F.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Manoj Govindarajulu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (S.R.); (M.G.); (R.S.P.); (L.N.); (P.L.); (F.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Rachel S. Parise
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (S.R.); (M.G.); (R.S.P.); (L.N.); (P.L.); (F.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Logan Neel
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (S.R.); (M.G.); (R.S.P.); (L.N.); (P.L.); (F.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Tharanath Shankar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ramaiah Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru 560054, Karnataka, India;
| | - Shriya Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA;
| | - Payton Lowery
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (S.R.); (M.G.); (R.S.P.); (L.N.); (P.L.); (F.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Forrest Smith
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (S.R.); (M.G.); (R.S.P.); (L.N.); (P.L.); (F.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (S.R.); (M.G.); (R.S.P.); (L.N.); (P.L.); (F.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Timothy Moore
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (S.R.); (M.G.); (R.S.P.); (L.N.); (P.L.); (F.S.); (M.D.)
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28
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Ahn TK, Kang S, Paik JH, Seo YH. Adverse events and preventive measures related to COVID-19 vaccines. Clin Exp Emerg Med 2021; 8:153-159. [PMID: 34649403 PMCID: PMC8517461 DOI: 10.15441/ceem.21.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines are categorized according to the manufacturing technique, including mRNA vaccines and adenovirus vector vaccines. According to previous studies, the reported efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine is excellent regardless of the type of vaccine, and the majority of studies have shown similar results for safety. Most of the adverse reactions after vaccination were mild or moderate grade, and severe reactions were reported in a very small proportion. However, the adverse reactions that might occur after nationwide vaccinations can contribute to crowding of emergency departments, and this can further lead to significant obstacles to providing necessary treatment for life-threatening conditions. Therefore, as emergency physicians, we would like to present some concerns and suggestions to prevent these predictable problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Kyu Ahn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Soo Kang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jin Hui Paik
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Young Ho Seo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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29
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Klomjit N, Alexander MP, Fervenza FC, Zoghby Z, Garg A, Hogan MC, Nasr SH, Minshar MA, Zand L. COVID-19 vaccination and glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int Rep 2021; 6:2969-2978. [PMID: 34632166 PMCID: PMC8493782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction mRNA COVID-19 vaccine is more effective than traditional vaccines owing to superior immune activation. Nevertheless, the impact of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine on triggering de novo/relapsing glomerulonephritis (GN) is limited. We report a case series of patients who developed new or relapsing GN postvaccination. Methods We evaluated baseline characteristics, vaccine type, and clinical outcomes of 13 patients from our institution who had a new diagnosis or relapse of their GN post–mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. Results Of 13 patients, 8 patients were newly diagnosed with having GN and 5 patients had relapse. Median age was 62 years (range 19–83 years). Autoimmune disease (38%) was the most prevalent underlying disease followed by cancer (23%). Most patients were White males. IgA nephropathy (IgAN) was the most common GN in our series (5 patients, 38%) followed by membranous nephropathy (MN) (3 patients, 23%). There was 1 patient with IgAN who had evidence of IgA deposits before vaccination suggesting the immune activation after vaccination triggered a flare of the disease. Our case series also included the first case report of tip-variant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), NELL-1–associated MN, and atypical anti–glomerular basement membrane (GBM) nephritis. A total of 77% developed acute kidney injury (AKI) with most being Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes stage 1 (67%). Outcomes are favorable with 80% responding to therapy. Conclusion New cases and relapse of GN can present shortly after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. New cases of IgAN may result from unmasking of undiagnosed IgAN owing to robust immune activation rather than development of new deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattawat Klomjit
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, MN, USA.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mariam Priya Alexander
- Department of pathology and laboratory medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Fernando C Fervenza
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Ziad Zoghby
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Arvind Garg
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Marie C Hogan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Samih H Nasr
- Department of pathology and laboratory medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Marwan Abu Minshar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Essentia Health, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Ladan Zand
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, MN, USA
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Bauernfeind S, Salzberger B, Hitzenbichler F, Scigala K, Einhauser S, Wagner R, Gessner A, Koestler J, Peterhoff D. Association between Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity after Vaccination with BNT162b2. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1089. [PMID: 34696197 PMCID: PMC8538767 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is not clear whether there is an association between adverse reactions and immune response after vaccination. Seven hundred and thirty-five vaccinees from our University Medical Center vaccination clinic provided information about sex, age and adverse reactions after first and second vaccination with BNT162b2. Adverse reactions were categorized into three groups: no or minor on the injection side, moderate (not further classified) and severe-defined as any symptom(s) resulting in sick leave. We chose 38 vaccinees with the most severe adverse reactions and compared their humoral and T-cell-mediated immune responses after second vaccination with those of 38 sex and age matched controls without or only minor injection-side related adverse reactions. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG titers were detectable in all participants (median 5528; range 958-26,285). Men with severe adverse reactions had 1.5-fold higher median SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG titers compared to men without adverse reactions (median 7406 versus 4793; p < 0.001). Similarly; neutralization activity was significantly higher in men with severe adverse reactions (half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) median 769 versus 485; p < 0.001). Reactogenicity did not influence humoral immune response in women nor T-cell-mediated immune response in any sex. To conclude; adverse reactions after vaccination with BNT162b2 do influence humoral immune response yet only in men and are not a prerequisite for a robust antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stilla Bauernfeind
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (B.S.); (F.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Bernd Salzberger
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (B.S.); (F.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Florian Hitzenbichler
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (B.S.); (F.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Karolina Scigala
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (B.S.); (F.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Sebastian Einhauser
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.E.); (R.W.); (A.G.); (D.P.)
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.E.); (R.W.); (A.G.); (D.P.)
- Institute for Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - André Gessner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.E.); (R.W.); (A.G.); (D.P.)
- Institute for Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Josef Koestler
- Institute for Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - David Peterhoff
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.E.); (R.W.); (A.G.); (D.P.)
- Institute for Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
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Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, Anti-Ad5 Antibodies, and Reactogenicity in Response to Ad5-nCoV (CanSino Biologics) Vaccine in Individuals with and without Prior SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9091047. [PMID: 34579284 PMCID: PMC8472849 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first study outside of clinical trials (phase I–III) evaluating the ability of the Ad5-nCoV vaccine to generate neutralizing antibodies and the factors associated with optimal or suboptimal response. In a longitudinal assay, 346 people (117 with prior COVID-19 and 229 without prior COVID-19) vaccinated with Ad5-nCoV were recruited. The percentage of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 (Surrogate Virus Neutralization Test) and antibodies against Ad5 (ADV-Ad5 IgG ELISA) were quantified pre and post-vaccination effects. The Ad5-nCoV vaccine induces higher neutralizing antibodies percentage in individuals with prior COVID-19 than those without prior COVID-19 (median [IQR]: 98% [97–98.1] vs. 72% [54–90], respectively; p < 0.0001). Furthermore, a natural infection (before vaccination) induces more neutralizing antibodies percentage than immunized individuals without prior COVID-19 (p < 0.01). No patient had vaccine-severe adverse effects. The age, antidepressant, and immunosuppressive treatments, reactogenicity, and history of COVID-19 are associated with impaired antibody production. The anti-Ad5 antibodies increased after 21 days of post-vaccination in all groups (p < 0.01). We recommend the application of a booster dose of Ad5-nCoV, especially for those individuals without previous COVID-19 infection. Finally, the induction of anti-Ad5 antibodies after vaccination should be considered if a booster with the same vaccine is planned.
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Jangra S, Landers JJ, Rathnasinghe R, O’Konek JJ, Janczak KW, Cascalho M, Kennedy AA, Tai AW, Baker JR, Schotsaert M, Wong PT. A Combination Adjuvant for the Induction of Potent Antiviral Immune Responses for a Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Protein Vaccine. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729189. [PMID: 34603303 PMCID: PMC8481386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Several SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have received EUAs, but many issues remain unresolved, including duration of conferred immunity and breadth of cross-protection. Adjuvants that enhance and shape adaptive immune responses that confer broad protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants will be pivotal for long-term protection as drift variants continue to emerge. We developed an intranasal, rationally designed adjuvant integrating a nanoemulsion (NE) that activates TLRs and NLRP3 with an RNA agonist of RIG-I (IVT DI). The combination adjuvant with spike protein antigen elicited robust responses to SARS-CoV-2 in mice, with markedly enhanced TH1-biased cellular responses and high virus-neutralizing antibody titers towards both homologous SARS-CoV-2 and a variant harboring the N501Y mutation shared by B1.1.7, B.1.351 and P.1 variants. Furthermore, passive transfer of vaccination-induced antibodies protected naive mice against heterologous viral challenge. NE/IVT DI enables mucosal vaccination, and has the potential to improve the immune profile of a variety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates to provide effective cross-protection against future drift variants.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity/immunology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cross Protection/immunology
- DEAD Box Protein 58
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunity, Humoral/immunology
- Immunization, Passive
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, Immunologic/agonists
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Jangra
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jeffrey J. Landers
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Raveen Rathnasinghe
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jessica J. O’Konek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Katarzyna W. Janczak
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Marilia Cascalho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrew A. Kennedy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrew W. Tai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Medicine Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - James R. Baker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pamela T. Wong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies formed in response to the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1237 mRNA vaccine by commercial antibody tests. Vaccine 2021; 39:5563-5570. [PMID: 34454782 PMCID: PMC8354789 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background With rapid approval of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, the ability of clinical laboratories to detect vaccine-induced antibodies with available high-throughput commercial assays is unknown. We aimed to determine if commercial serology assays can detect vaccine-induced antibodies (VIAs) and understand the vaccination response. Methods This cohort study recruited healthcare workers and residents of long-term care facilities (receiving the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 products, respectively) who underwent serum collection pre-vaccination (BNT162b2 group), 2-weeks post vaccination (both groups), and pre-2nd dose (both groups). Sera were tested for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG using four commercial assays (Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG, Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant, DiaSorin Trimeric S IgG, and GenScript cPASS) to detect VIAs. Secondary outcomes included description of post-vaccination antibody response and correlation with neutralizing titers. Results 225 participants (177 receiving BNT162b2 and 48 receiving mRNA-1273) were included (median age 41 years; 66–78% female). Nucleocapsid IgG was found in 4.1% and 21.9% of the BNT162b2 (baseline) and mRNA-1273 (2-weeks post first dose). All anti-spike assays detected antibodies post-vaccination, with an average increase of 87.2% (range 73.8–94.3%; BNT162b2), and 25.2% (range 23.8–26.7%; mRNA-1273) between the first and last sampling time points (all p < 0.05). Neutralizing antibodies were detected at all post-vaccine timepoints for both vaccine arms, with increasing titers over time (all p < 0.05). Conclusions Anti-spike vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2 IgG are detectable by commercially available high-throughput assays and increases over time. Prior to second dose of vaccination, neutralizing antibodies are detectable in 73–89% of individuals, suggesting most individuals would have some degree of protection from subsequent infection.
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Soh SM, Kim Y, Kim C, Jang US, Lee HR. The rapid adaptation of SARS-CoV-2-rise of the variants: transmission and resistance. J Microbiol 2021; 59:807-818. [PMID: 34449057 PMCID: PMC8390340 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-1348-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The causative factor of COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is continuously mutating. Interestingly, identified mutations mainly occur in the spike (S) protein which interacts with the ACE2 receptor and is cleaved via serine protease TMPRSS2. Some mutated strains are becoming dominant in various parts of the globe because of increased transmissibility as well as cell entry efficacy. Remarkably, the neutralizing activity of monoclonal antibodies, convalescent sera, and vaccines against the variants has been reported to be significantly reduced. Therefore, the efficacy of various monoclonal antibodies therapy and vaccines against these variants is becoming a great global concern. We herein summarize the current status of SARS-CoV-2 with gears shifted towards the recent and most common genetic variants in relation to transmission, neutralizing activity, and vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine M Soh
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanwoo Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Ui Soon Jang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ra Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Lab Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Yu J, Azzam EI, Jadhav AB, Wang Y. COVID-19: The Disease, the Immunological Challenges, the Treatment with Pharmaceuticals and Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation. Cells 2021; 10:2212. [PMID: 34571861 PMCID: PMC8470324 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The year 2020 will be carved in the history books-with the proliferation of COVID-19 over the globe and with frontline health workers and basic scientists worldwide diligently fighting to alleviate life-threatening symptoms and curb the spread of the disease. Behind the shocking prevalence of death are countless families who lost loved ones. To these families and to humanity as a whole, the tallies are not irrelevant digits, but a motivation to develop effective strategies to save lives. However, at the onset of the pandemic, not many therapeutic choices were available besides supportive oxygen, anti-inflammatory dexamethasone, and antiviral remdesivir. Low-dose radiation (LDR), at a much lower dosage than applied in cancer treatment, re-emerged after a 75-year silence in its use in unresolved pneumonia, as a scientific interest with surprising effects in soothing the cytokine storm and other symptoms in severe COVID-19 patients. Here, we review the epidemiology, symptoms, immunological alterations, mutations, pharmaceuticals, and vaccine development of COVID-19, summarizing the history of X-ray irradiation in non-COVID diseases (especially pneumonia) and the currently registered clinical trials that apply LDR in treating COVID-19 patients. We discuss concerns, advantages, and disadvantages of LDR treatment and potential avenues that may provide empirical evidence supporting its potential use in defending against the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihang Yu
- Radiobiology and Health, Isotopes, Radiobiology & Environment Directorate (IRED), Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada; (J.Y.); (E.I.A.); (A.B.J.)
| | - Edouard I. Azzam
- Radiobiology and Health, Isotopes, Radiobiology & Environment Directorate (IRED), Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada; (J.Y.); (E.I.A.); (A.B.J.)
| | - Ashok B. Jadhav
- Radiobiology and Health, Isotopes, Radiobiology & Environment Directorate (IRED), Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada; (J.Y.); (E.I.A.); (A.B.J.)
| | - Yi Wang
- Radiobiology and Health, Isotopes, Radiobiology & Environment Directorate (IRED), Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada; (J.Y.); (E.I.A.); (A.B.J.)
- Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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36
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Pascual-Iglesias A, Canton J, Ortega-Prieto AM, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Regla-Nava JA. An Overview of Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era. Pathogens 2021; 10:1030. [PMID: 34451494 PMCID: PMC8402174 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019 led to the COVID-19 pandemic all over the world. When the virus was first isolated and its genome was sequenced in the early months of 2020, the efforts to develop a vaccine began. Based on prior well-known knowledge about coronavirus, the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein was selected as the main target. Currently, more than one hundred vaccines are being investigated and several of them are already authorized by medical agencies. This review summarizes and compares the current knowledge about main approaches for vaccine development, focusing on those authorized and specifically their immunogenicity, efficacy preventing severe disease, adverse side effects, protection, and ability to cope with emergent SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pascual-Iglesias
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Canton
- International Institute for Defense and Security (CISDE), 41007 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Ana Maria Ortega-Prieto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK;
| | - Jose M. Jimenez-Guardeño
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK;
| | - Jose Angel Regla-Nava
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University Center for Health Science (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
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37
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Malladi S, Patel UR, Rajmani RS, Singh R, Pandey S, Kumar S, Khaleeq S, van Vuren PJ, Riddell S, Goldie S, Gayathri S, Chakraborty D, Kalita P, Pramanick I, Agarwal N, Reddy P, Girish N, Upadhyaya A, Khan MS, Kanjo K, Bhat M, Mani S, Bhattacharyya S, Siddiqui S, Tyagi A, Jha S, Pandey R, Tripathi S, Dutta S, McAuley AJ, Singanallur N, Vasan SS, Ringe RP, Varadarajan R. Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of a Highly Thermotolerant, Trimeric SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain Derivative. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2546-2564. [PMID: 34260218 PMCID: PMC8996237 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies. We designed a trimeric, highly thermotolerant glycan engineered RBD by fusion to a heterologous, poorly immunogenic disulfide linked trimerization domain derived from cartilage matrix protein. The protein expressed at a yield of ∼80-100 mg/L in transiently transfected Expi293 cells, as well as CHO and HEK293 stable cell lines and formed homogeneous disulfide-linked trimers. When lyophilized, these possessed remarkable functional stability to transient thermal stress of up to 100 °C and were stable to long-term storage of over 4 weeks at 37 °C unlike an alternative RBD-trimer with a different trimerization domain. Two intramuscular immunizations with a human-compatible SWE adjuvanted formulation elicited antibodies with pseudoviral neutralizing titers in guinea pigs and mice that were 25-250 fold higher than corresponding values in human convalescent sera. Against the beta (B.1.351) variant of concern (VOC), pseudoviral neutralization titers for RBD trimer were ∼3-fold lower than against wildtype B.1 virus. RBD was also displayed on a designed ferritin-like Msdps2 nanoparticle. This showed decreased yield and immunogenicity relative to trimeric RBD. Replicative virus neutralization assays using mouse sera demonstrated that antibodies induced by the trimers neutralized all four VOC to date, namely B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, and B.1.617.2 without significant differences. Trimeric RBD immunized hamsters were protected from viral challenge. The excellent immunogenicity, thermotolerance, and high yield of these immunogens suggest that they are a promising modality to combat COVID-19, including all SARS-CoV-2 VOC to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer
Kumar Malladi
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit (MBU), Indian Institute
of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Unnatiben Rajeshbhai Patel
- Mynvax
Private Limited, ES12, Entrepreneurship Centre, SID, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Raju S. Rajmani
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit (MBU), Indian Institute
of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Randhir Singh
- Mynvax
Private Limited, ES12, Entrepreneurship Centre, SID, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Suman Pandey
- Mynvax
Private Limited, ES12, Entrepreneurship Centre, SID, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Sahil Kumar
- Virology
Unit, Institute of Microbial Technology,
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Sara Khaleeq
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit (MBU), Indian Institute
of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Petrus Jansen van Vuren
- Australian
Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shane Riddell
- Australian
Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Goldie
- Australian
Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia
| | - Savitha Gayathri
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit (MBU), Indian Institute
of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Debajyoti Chakraborty
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit (MBU), Indian Institute
of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Parismita Kalita
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit (MBU), Indian Institute
of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Ishika Pramanick
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit (MBU), Indian Institute
of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Nupur Agarwal
- Mynvax
Private Limited, ES12, Entrepreneurship Centre, SID, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Poorvi Reddy
- Mynvax
Private Limited, ES12, Entrepreneurship Centre, SID, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Nidhi Girish
- Mynvax
Private Limited, ES12, Entrepreneurship Centre, SID, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Aditya Upadhyaya
- Mynvax
Private Limited, ES12, Entrepreneurship Centre, SID, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Mohammad Suhail Khan
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit (MBU), Indian Institute
of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Kawkab Kanjo
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit (MBU), Indian Institute
of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Madhuraj Bhat
- Mynvax
Private Limited, ES12, Entrepreneurship Centre, SID, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Shailendra Mani
- Translational
Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Third Milestone, Gurugram-Faridabad
Expressway, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Sankar Bhattacharyya
- Translational
Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Third Milestone, Gurugram-Faridabad
Expressway, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Samreen Siddiqui
- Max Super
Speciality Hospital (A Unit of Devki Devi Foundation), Max Healthcare, Delhi 1100017, India
| | - Akansha Tyagi
- Max Super
Speciality Hospital (A Unit of Devki Devi Foundation), Max Healthcare, Delhi 1100017, India
| | - Sujeet Jha
- Max Super
Speciality Hospital (A Unit of Devki Devi Foundation), Max Healthcare, Delhi 1100017, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- Integrative
Genomics of Host-Pathogen (INGEN-HOPE) Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Shashank Tripathi
- Department
of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian
Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
- Centre
for Infectious Disease Research, Indian
Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Somnath Dutta
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit (MBU), Indian Institute
of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Alexander J. McAuley
- Australian
Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nagendrakumar
Balasubramanian Singanallur
- Australian
Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seshadri S. Vasan
- Australian
Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia
- Department
of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Rajesh P. Ringe
- Virology
Unit, Institute of Microbial Technology,
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Raghavan Varadarajan
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit (MBU), Indian Institute
of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
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38
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Wu Q, Dudley MZ, Chen X, Bai X, Dong K, Zhuang T, Salmon D, Yu H. Evaluation of the safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines: a rapid review. BMC Med 2021; 19:173. [PMID: 34315454 PMCID: PMC8315897 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid process of research and development and lack of follow-up time post-vaccination aroused great public concern about the safety profile of COVID-19 vaccine candidates. To provide comprehensive overview of the safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines by using meta-analysis technique. METHODS English-language articles and results posted on PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, PMC, official regulatory websites, and post-authorization safety surveillance data were searched through June 12, 2021. Publications disclosing safety data of COVID-19 candidate vaccines in humans were included. A meta-analysis of proportions was performed to estimate the pooled incidence and the pooled rate ratio (RR) of safety outcomes of COVID-19 vaccines using different platforms. RESULTS A total of 87 publications with safety data from clinical trials and post-authorization studies of 19 COVID-19 vaccines on 6 different platforms were included. The pooled rates of local and systemic reactions were significantly lower among inactivated vaccines (23.7%, 21.0%), protein subunit vaccines (33.0%, 22.3%), and DNA vaccines (39.5%, 29.3%), compared to RNA vaccines (89.4%, 83.3%), non-replicating vector vaccines (55.9%, 66.3%), and virus-like particle vaccines (100.0%, 78.9%). Solicited injection-site pain was the most common local reactions, and fatigue and headache were the most common systemic reactions. The frequency of vaccine-related serious adverse events was low (< 0.1%) and balanced between treatment groups. Vaccine platforms and age groups of vaccine recipients accounted for much of the heterogeneity in safety profiles between COVID-19 vaccines. Reporting rates of adverse events from post-authorization observational studies were similar to results from clinical trials. Crude reporting rates of adverse events from post-authorization safety monitoring (passive surveillance) were lower than in clinical trials and varied between countries. CONCLUSIONS Available evidence indicates that eligible COVID-19 vaccines have an acceptable short-term safety profile. Additional studies and long-term population-level surveillance are strongly encouraged to further define the safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhui Wu
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Matthew Z Dudley
- Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Xinghui Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Xufang Bai
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaige Dong
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingyu Zhuang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Daniel Salmon
- Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Hongjie Yu
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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39
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Sattler A, Schrezenmeier E, Weber UA, Potekhin A, Bachmann F, Straub-Hohenbleicher H, Budde K, Storz E, Proß V, Bergmann Y, Thole LM, Tizian C, Hölsken O, Diefenbach A, Schrezenmeier H, Jahrsdörfer B, Zemojtel T, Jechow K, Conrad C, Lukassen S, Stauch D, Lachmann N, Choi M, Halleck F, Kotsch K. Impaired humoral and cellular immunity after SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 (tozinameran) prime-boost vaccination in kidney transplant recipients. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:150175. [PMID: 34101623 PMCID: PMC8279581 DOI: 10.1172/jci150175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel mRNA-based vaccines have been proven to be powerful tools in combating the global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, with BNT162b2 (trade name: Comirnaty) efficiently protecting individuals from COVID-19 across a broad age range. Still, it remains largely unknown how renal insufficiency and immunosuppressive medication affect development of vaccine-induced immunity. We therefore comprehensively analyzed humoral and cellular responses in kidney transplant recipients after the standard second vaccination dose. As opposed to all healthy vaccinees and the majority of hemodialysis patients, only 4 of 39 and 1 of 39 transplanted individuals showed IgA and IgG seroconversion at day 8 ± 1 after booster immunization, with minor changes until day 23 ± 5, respectively. Although most transplanted patients mounted spike-specific T helper cell responses, frequencies were significantly reduced compared with those in controls and dialysis patients and this was accompanied by a broad impairment in effector cytokine production, memory differentiation, and activation-related signatures. Spike-specific CD8+ T cell responses were less abundant than their CD4+ counterparts in healthy controls and hemodialysis patients and almost undetectable in transplant patients. Promotion of anti-HLA antibodies or acute rejection was not detected after vaccination. In summary, our data strongly suggest revised vaccination approaches in immunosuppressed patients, including individual immune monitoring for protection of this vulnerable group at risk of developing severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Schrezenmeier
- Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike A. Weber
- Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Potekhin
- Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- MVZ Diaverum Neubrandenburg, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Friederike Bachmann
- Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Henriette Straub-Hohenbleicher
- Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Klemens Budde
- Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Storz
- Department for General and Visceral Surgery and
| | | | | | | | - Caroline Tizian
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and BIH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Hölsken
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and BIH, Berlin, Germany
- Heidelberg Bioscience International Graduate School, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and BIH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Baden-Württemberg—Hessen and University Hospital Ulm, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernd Jahrsdörfer
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Baden-Württemberg—Hessen and University Hospital Ulm, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Diana Stauch
- HLA Laboratory, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and BIH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Lachmann
- HLA Laboratory, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and BIH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mira Choi
- Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Halleck
- Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
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40
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Morales-Núñez JJ, Muñoz-Valle JF, Meza-López C, Wang LF, Machado Sulbarán AC, Torres-Hernández PC, Bedolla-Barajas M, De la O-Gómez B, Balcázar-Félix P, Hernández-Bello J. Neutralizing Antibodies Titers and Side Effects in Response to BNT162b2 Vaccine in Healthcare Workers with and without Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:742. [PMID: 34358158 PMCID: PMC8310237 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The main expected result of a vaccine against viruses is the ability to produce neutralizing antibodies. Currently, several vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are being applied to prevent mortal complications, being Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) one of the first to be authorized in the USA and Mexico (11 December 2020). This study evaluated the efficacy of this vaccine on antibody production with neutralizing capacity and its side effects in healthcare workers with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and in a group of unvaccinated individuals with prior COVID-19. The main findings are the production of 100% neutralizing antibodies in both groups after the second dose, well-tolerated adverse effects, the possible presence of immunosenescence, and finally, we support that a single dose of this vaccine in individuals with prior COVID-19 would be sufficient to achieve an immunization comparable to people without prior COVID-19 with a complete vaccination program (2 doses).
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier Morales-Núñez
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico;
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico;
| | - Carlos Meza-López
- Pediatric Service, Nuevo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara “Dr. Juan I. Menchaca”, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico;
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programmed in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore;
| | - Andrea Carolina Machado Sulbarán
- Institute for Research on Cancer in Childhood and Adolescence, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico;
| | - Paola Carolina Torres-Hernández
- Immunology Laboratory, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (P.C.T.-H.); (P.B.-F.)
| | - Martín Bedolla-Barajas
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Service, Nuevo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara “Dr. Juan I. Menchaca”, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico;
| | - Brenda De la O-Gómez
- University Center for Exact Sciences and Engineering (CUCEI), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico;
| | - Paulina Balcázar-Félix
- Immunology Laboratory, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (P.C.T.-H.); (P.B.-F.)
| | - Jorge Hernández-Bello
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico;
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41
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Cowling BJ, Lim WW, Cobey S. Fractionation of COVID-19 vaccine doses could extend limited supplies and reduce mortality. Nat Med 2021; 27:1321-1323. [PMID: 34226735 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Cowling
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China. .,Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wey Wen Lim
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sarah Cobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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42
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Phylactou M, Li JPO, Larkin DFP. Characteristics of endothelial corneal transplant rejection following immunisation with SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA vaccine. Br J Ophthalmol 2021; 105:893-896. [PMID: 33910885 PMCID: PMC8098228 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-319338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIM We report two cases of endothelial corneal allograft rejection following immunisation with SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine BNT162b2 and describe the implications for management of transplant recipients postvaccination for COVID-19. METHODS A 66-year-old woman with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) and a unilateral Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) transplant received COVID-19 mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 14 days post-transplant. Seven days later, she presented with symptoms and signs of endothelial graft rejection. An 83-year-old woman with bilateral DMEK transplants for FECD 3 and 6 years earlier developed simultaneous acute endothelial rejection in both eyes, 3 weeks post second dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine BNT162b2. Rejection in both cases was treated successfully with topical corticosteroids. CONCLUSIONS We believe this is the first report of temporal association between corneal transplant rejection following immunisation against COVID-19 and the first report of DMEK rejection following any immunisation. We hypothesise that the allogeneic response may have been initiated by the host antibody response following vaccination. Clinicians and patients should be aware of the potential of corneal graft rejection associated with vaccine administration and may wish to consider vaccination in advance of planned non-urgent keratoplasties. Patients should be counselled on the symptoms and signs that require urgent review to allow early treatment of any confirmed rejection episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Phylactou
- Cornea and External Diseases, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ji-Peng Olivia Li
- Cornea and External Diseases, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Daniel F P Larkin
- Cornea and External Diseases, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Duerr R, Crosse KM, Valero-Jimenez AM, Dittmann M. SARS-CoV-2 Portrayed against HIV: Contrary Viral Strategies in Similar Disguise. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1389. [PMID: 34198973 PMCID: PMC8307803 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 and HIV are zoonotic viruses that rapidly reached pandemic scale, causing global losses and fear. The COVID-19 and AIDS pandemics ignited massive efforts worldwide to develop antiviral strategies and characterize viral architectures, biological and immunological properties, and clinical outcomes. Although both viruses have a comparable appearance as enveloped viruses with positive-stranded RNA and envelope spikes mediating cellular entry, the entry process, downstream biological and immunological pathways, clinical outcomes, and disease courses are strikingly different. This review provides a systemic comparison of both viruses' structural and functional characteristics, delineating their distinct strategies for efficient spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Duerr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; (K.M.C.); (A.M.V.-J.); (M.D.)
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Somogyi E, Csiszovszki Z, Molnár L, Lőrincz O, Tóth J, Pattijn S, Schockaert J, Mazy A, Miklós I, Pántya K, Páles P, Tőke ER. A Peptide Vaccine Candidate Tailored to Individuals' Genetics Mimics the Multi-Targeted T Cell Immunity of COVID-19 Convalescent Subjects. Front Genet 2021; 12:684152. [PMID: 34249101 PMCID: PMC8261158 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.684152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term immunity to coronaviruses likely stems from T cell activity. We present here a novel approach for the selection of immunoprevalent SARS-CoV-2-derived T cell epitopes using an in silico cohort of HLA-genotyped individuals with different ethnicities. Nine 30-mer peptides derived from the four major structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 were selected and included in a peptide vaccine candidate to recapitulate the broad virus-specific T cell responses observed in natural infection. PolyPEPI-SCoV-2-specific, polyfunctional CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were detected in each of the 17 asymptomatic/mild COVID-19 convalescents' blood against on average seven different vaccine peptides. Furthermore, convalescents' complete HLA-genotype predicted their T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2-derived peptides with 84% accuracy. Computational extrapolation of this relationship to a cohort of 16,000 HLA-genotyped individuals with 16 different ethnicities suggest that PolyPEPI-SCoV-2 vaccination will likely elicit multi-antigenic T cell responses in 98% of individuals, independent of ethnicity. PolyPEPI-SCoV-2 administered with Montanide ISA 51 VG generated robust, Th1-biased CD8+, and CD4+ T cell responses against all represented proteins, as well as binding antibodies upon subcutaneous injection into BALB/c and hCD34+ transgenic mice modeling human immune system. These results have implications for the development of global, highly immunogenic, T cell-focused vaccines against various pathogens and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Somogyi
- Treos Bio Ltd., London, United Kingdom
- Treos Bio Zrt, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Csiszovszki
- Treos Bio Ltd., London, United Kingdom
- Treos Bio Zrt, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Levente Molnár
- Treos Bio Ltd., London, United Kingdom
- Treos Bio Zrt, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Lőrincz
- Treos Bio Ltd., London, United Kingdom
- Treos Bio Zrt, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - József Tóth
- Treos Bio Ltd., London, United Kingdom
- Treos Bio Zrt, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Sofie Pattijn
- ImmunXperts Société Anonyme, A Nexelis Group Company, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Jana Schockaert
- ImmunXperts Société Anonyme, A Nexelis Group Company, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Mazy
- ImmunXperts Société Anonyme, A Nexelis Group Company, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - István Miklós
- Treos Bio Ltd., London, United Kingdom
- Treos Bio Zrt, Veszprém, Hungary
- Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Pántya
- Treos Bio Ltd., London, United Kingdom
- Treos Bio Zrt, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Péter Páles
- Treos Bio Ltd., London, United Kingdom
- Treos Bio Zrt, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Enikő R. Tőke
- Treos Bio Ltd., London, United Kingdom
- Treos Bio Zrt, Veszprém, Hungary
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45
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Woopen C, Schleußner K, Akgün K, Ziemssen T. Approach to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:701752. [PMID: 34234787 PMCID: PMC8256163 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than a year now, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been causing the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic with high mortality and detrimental effects on society, economy, and individual lives. Great hopes are being placed on vaccination as one of the most potent escape strategies from the pandemic and multiple vaccines are already in clinical use. However, there is still a lot of insecurity about the safety and efficacy of vaccines in patients with autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS), especially under treatment with immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive drugs. We propose strategic approaches to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination management in MS patients and encourage fellow physicians to measure the immune response in their patients. Notably, both humoral and cellular responses should be considered since the immunological equivalent for protection from SARS-CoV-2 after infection or vaccination still remains undefined and will most likely involve antiviral cellular immunity. It is important to gain insights into the vaccine response of immunocompromised patients in order to be able to deduce sensible strategies for vaccination in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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46
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Trinité B, Pradenas E, Marfil S, Rovirosa C, Urrea V, Tarrés-Freixas F, Ortiz R, Rodon J, Vergara-Alert J, Segalés J, Guallar V, Lepore R, Izquierdo-Useros N, Trujillo G, Trapé J, González-Fernández C, Flor A, Pérez-Vidal R, Toledo R, Chamorro A, Paredes R, Blanco I, Grau E, Massanella M, Carrillo J, Clotet B, Blanco J. Previous SARS-CoV-2 Infection Increases B.1.1.7 Cross-Neutralization by Vaccinated Individuals. Viruses 2021; 13:1135. [PMID: 34204754 PMCID: PMC8231627 DOI: 10.3390/v13061135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the spread of new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), there is a need to assess the protection conferred by both previous infections and current vaccination. Here we tested the neutralizing activity of infected and/or vaccinated individuals against pseudoviruses expressing the spike of the original SARS-CoV-2 isolate Wuhan-Hu-1 (WH1), the D614G mutant and the B.1.1.7 variant. Our data show that parameters of natural infection (time from infection and nature of the infecting variant) determined cross-neutralization. Uninfected vaccinees showed a small reduction in neutralization against the B.1.1.7 variant compared to both the WH1 strain and the D614G mutant. Interestingly, upon vaccination, previously infected individuals developed more robust neutralizing responses against B.1.1.7, suggesting that vaccines can boost the neutralization breadth conferred by natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Trinité
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Edwards Pradenas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Silvia Marfil
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Carla Rovirosa
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Víctor Urrea
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Ferran Tarrés-Freixas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Raquel Ortiz
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Jordi Rodon
- Institute de Recerca i Tecnologia Agrària (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.R.); (J.V.-A.)
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- Institute de Recerca i Tecnologia Agrària (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.R.); (J.V.-A.)
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (V.G.); (R.L.)
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosalba Lepore
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (V.G.); (R.L.)
| | - Nuria Izquierdo-Useros
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Glòria Trujillo
- Fundació Althaia, Hospital de Sant Joan de Déu, 08243 Manresa, Spain; (G.T.); (J.T.); (C.G.-F.); (A.F.); (R.P.-V.)
| | - Jaume Trapé
- Fundació Althaia, Hospital de Sant Joan de Déu, 08243 Manresa, Spain; (G.T.); (J.T.); (C.G.-F.); (A.F.); (R.P.-V.)
| | - Carolina González-Fernández
- Fundació Althaia, Hospital de Sant Joan de Déu, 08243 Manresa, Spain; (G.T.); (J.T.); (C.G.-F.); (A.F.); (R.P.-V.)
| | - Antonia Flor
- Fundació Althaia, Hospital de Sant Joan de Déu, 08243 Manresa, Spain; (G.T.); (J.T.); (C.G.-F.); (A.F.); (R.P.-V.)
| | - Rafel Pérez-Vidal
- Fundació Althaia, Hospital de Sant Joan de Déu, 08243 Manresa, Spain; (G.T.); (J.T.); (C.G.-F.); (A.F.); (R.P.-V.)
| | - Ruth Toledo
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (R.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Anna Chamorro
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (R.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Roger Paredes
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (R.T.); (A.C.)
| | | | - Eulàlia Grau
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Marta Massanella
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (R.T.); (A.C.)
- Chair of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, University of Vic–Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
- Chair of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, University of Vic–Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
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Löffler P. Review: Vaccine Myth-Buster - Cleaning Up With Prejudices and Dangerous Misinformation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:663280. [PMID: 34177902 PMCID: PMC8222972 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.663280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vaccines have already saved and will continue to save millions of lives, they are under attack. Vaccine safety is the main target of criticism. The rapid distribution of false information, or even conspiracy theories on the internet has tremendously favored vaccine hesitancy. The World Health Organization (WHO) named vaccine hesitancy one of the top ten threats to global health in 2019. Parents and patients have several concerns about vaccine safety, of which the ubiquitous anxieties include inactivating agents, adjuvants, preservatives, or new technologies such as genetic vaccines. In general, increasing doubts concerning side effects have been observed, which may lead to an increasing mistrust of scientific results and thus, the scientific method. Hence, this review targets five topics concerning vaccines and reviews current scientific publications in order to summarize the available information refuting conspiracy theories and myths about vaccination. The topics have been selected based on the author's personal perception of the most frequently occurring safety controversies: the inactivation agent formaldehyde, the adjuvant aluminum, the preservative mercury, the mistakenly-drawn correlation between vaccines and autism and genetic vaccines. The scientific literature shows that vaccine safety is constantly studied. Furthermore, the literature does not support the allegations that vaccines may cause a serious threat to general human life. The author suggests that more researchers explaining their research ideas, methods and results publicly could strengthen the general confidence in science. In general, vaccines present one of the safest and most cost-effective medications and none of the targeted topics raised serious health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Löffler
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
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Psichogiou M, Samarkos M, Mikos N, Hatzakis A. Reactivation of Varicella Zoster Virus after Vaccination for SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:572. [PMID: 34205861 PMCID: PMC8228758 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven immunocompetent patients aged > 50 years old presented with herpes zoster (HZ) infection in a median of 9 days (range 7-20) after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. The occurrence of HZ within the time window 1-21 days after vaccination defined for increased risk and the reported T cell-mediated immunity involvement suggest that COVID-19 vaccination is a probable cause of HZ. These cases support the importance of continuing assessment of vaccine safety during the ongoing massive vaccination for the COVID-19 pandemic and encourage reporting and communication of any vaccination-associated adverse event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Psichogiou
- First Department of Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Michael Samarkos
- First Department of Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos Mikos
- Allergology Department, Laiko General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Angelos Hatzakis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
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49
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Li J, Hui A, Zhang X, Yang Y, Tang R, Ye H, Ji R, Lin M, Zhu Z, Türeci Ö, Lagkadinou E, Jia S, Pan H, Peng F, Ma Z, Wu Z, Guo X, Shi Y, Muik A, Şahin U, Zhu L, Zhu F. Safety and immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b1 mRNA vaccine in younger and older Chinese adults: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase 1 study. Nat Med 2021; 27:1062-1070. [PMID: 33888900 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An effective vaccine is needed to end the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Here, we assess the preliminary safety, tolerability and immunogenicity data from an ongoing single-center (in Jiangsu province, China), parallel-group, double-blind phase 1 trial of the vaccine candidate BNT162b1 in 144 healthy SARS-CoV-2-naive Chinese participants. These participants are randomized 1:1:1 to receive prime and boost vaccinations of 10 µg or 30 µg BNT162b1 or placebo, given 21 d apart, with equal allocation of younger (aged 18-55 years) and older adults (aged 65-85 years) to each treatment group (ChiCTR2000034825). BNT162b1 encodes the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein receptor-binding domain (RBD) and is one of several messenger RNA-based vaccine candidates under clinical investigation. Local reactions and systemic events were generally dose dependent, transient and mild to moderate. Fever was the only grade 3 adverse event. BNT162b1 induced robust interferon-γ T cell responses to a peptide pool including the RBD in both younger and older Chinese adults, and geometric mean neutralizing titers reached 2.1-fold (for younger participants) and 1.3-fold (for the older participants) that of a panel of COVID-19 convalescent human sera obtained at least 14 d after positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction test. In summary, BNT162b1 has an acceptable safety profile and produces high levels of humoral and T cell responses in an Asian population.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- BNT162 Vaccine
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19/virology
- COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
- COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects
- China/epidemiology
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Pandemics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
- SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Young Adult
- mRNA Vaccines
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Xiang Zhang
- Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, China
| | | | - Rong Tang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Huayue Ye
- Taizhou Vaccine Clinical Research Center, Taizhou, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Mei Lin
- Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Zhongkui Zhu
- Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, China
| | | | | | - Siyue Jia
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxing Pan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Fuzhong Peng
- Taizhou Vaccine Clinical Research Center, Taizhou, China
- Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Zhilong Ma
- Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, China
| | | | - Xiling Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunfeng Shi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | - Li Zhu
- Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China.
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China.
- Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Cromer D, Juno JA, Khoury D, Reynaldi A, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ, Davenport MP. Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 21:395-404. [PMID: 33927374 PMCID: PMC8082486 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is central to long-term control of the current pandemic. Despite our rapidly advancing knowledge of immune memory to SARS-CoV-2, understanding how these responses translate into protection against reinfection at both the individual and population levels remains a major challenge. An ideal outcome following infection or after vaccination would be a highly protective and durable immunity that allows for the establishment of high levels of population immunity. However, current studies suggest a decay of neutralizing antibody responses in convalescent patients, and documented cases of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection are increasing. Understanding the dynamics of memory responses to SARS-CoV-2 and the mechanisms of immune control are crucial for the rational design and deployment of vaccines and for understanding the possible future trajectories of the pandemic. Here, we summarize our current understanding of immune responses to and immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and the implications for prevention of reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Cromer
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Khoury
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Arnold Reynaldi
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
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