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Sun Y, Huang W, Xiang H, Nie J. SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Assays Used in Clinical Trials: A Narrative Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:554. [PMID: 38793805 PMCID: PMC11125816 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of COVID-19, extensive research efforts have been undertaken to accelerate the development of multiple types of vaccines to combat the pandemic. These include inactivated, recombinant subunit, viral vector, and nucleic acid vaccines. In the development of these diverse vaccines, appropriate methods to assess vaccine immunogenicity are essential in both preclinical and clinical studies. Among the biomarkers used in vaccine evaluation, the neutralizing antibody level serves as a pivotal indicator for assessing vaccine efficacy. Neutralizing antibody detection methods can mainly be classified into three types: the conventional virus neutralization test, pseudovirus neutralization test, and surrogate virus neutralization test. Importantly, standardization of these assays is critical for their application to yield results that are comparable across different laboratories. The development and use of international or regional standards would facilitate assay standardization and facilitate comparisons of the immune responses induced by different vaccines. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the principles, advantages, limitations, and application of different SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assays in vaccine clinical trials. This will provide guidance for the development and evaluation of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqing Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing 102629, China;
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing 102629, China;
| | - Hongyu Xiang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
| | - Jianhui Nie
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing 102629, China;
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Angeles-Martinez J, Monroy-Muñoz IE, Muñoz-Medina JE, Fernandes-Matano L, Salas-Lais ÁG, Hernández-Cueto MDLÁ, Bravo-Flores E, León-Juárez M, Santacruz-Tinoco CE, Montes-Herrera D. A Potential Association between Abdominal Obesity and the Efficacy of Humoral Immunity Induced by COVID-19 and by the AZD1222, Convidecia, BNT162b2, Sputnik V, and CoronaVac Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:88. [PMID: 38250901 PMCID: PMC10819553 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Abdominal obesity is highly prevalent in Mexico and has a poor prognosis in terms of the severity of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and low levels of antibodies induced by infection and vaccination. We evaluated the humoral immune response induced by COVID-19 and five different vaccination schedules in Mexican individuals with abdominal obesity and the effects of other variables. This prospective longitudinal cohort study included 2084 samples from 389 participants. The levels of anti-S1/S2 and anti-RBD IgG antibodies were measured at various time points after vaccination. A high prevalence of hospitalization and oxygen use was observed in individuals with abdominal obesity (AO) who had COVID-19 before vaccination; however, they also had high levels of anti-S1/S2 and anti-RBD-neutralizing IgG antibodies. The same was true for vaccination-induced antibody levels. However, their longevity was low. Interestingly, we did not observe significant differences in vaccine reactogenicity between abdominally obese and abdominally non-obese groups. Finally, individuals with a higher body mass index, older age, and previous COVID-19 had higher levels of antibodies induced by COVID-19 and vaccination. Therefore, it is important to evaluate other immunological and inflammatory factors to better understand the pathogenesis of COVID-19 in the presence of risk factors and to propose effective vaccination schedules for vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Angeles-Martinez
- Central Epidemiology Laboratory, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 02990, Mexico; (Á.G.S.-L.); (M.D.L.Á.H.-C.)
| | - Irma Eloisa Monroy-Muñoz
- Reproductive and Perinatal Health Research Department, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City 11000, Mexico;
| | - José Esteban Muñoz-Medina
- Quality of Supplies and Specialized Laboratories Coordination, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (J.E.M.-M.); (L.F.-M.)
| | - Larissa Fernandes-Matano
- Quality of Supplies and Specialized Laboratories Coordination, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; (J.E.M.-M.); (L.F.-M.)
| | - Ángel Gustavo Salas-Lais
- Central Epidemiology Laboratory, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 02990, Mexico; (Á.G.S.-L.); (M.D.L.Á.H.-C.)
| | | | | | - Moisés León-Juárez
- Immunobiochemistry Department, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City 11000, Mexico;
| | | | - Daniel Montes-Herrera
- Central Epidemiology Laboratory, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 02990, Mexico; (Á.G.S.-L.); (M.D.L.Á.H.-C.)
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Sandoval X, Domínguez R, Recinos D, Zelaya S, Cativo P, Docena GH. Safety and immunogenicity of different booster vaccination schemes for COVID-19 used in El Salvador. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2024; 13:35-41. [PMID: 38362366 PMCID: PMC10864880 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2024.13.1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The effectiveness of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination schemes and the combination of vaccines of various platforms for administering booster doses is still being studied since it will depend on the population's response to vaccines. We aimed to evaluate the safety, protection, and immunogenicity of the Salvadorean population's third dose booster COVID-19 vaccine and the potential benefit of homologous vs. heterologous regimens. Materials and Methods This is an analytical observational cohort study in a population aged 18 to 65 years that was primarily vaccinated with AstraZeneca, Sinovac, or Pfizer/BioNTech. Volunteers were recruited (n=223) and followed up for 3 months after receiving the 3rd vaccine (BNT162b2) as a booster. Adverse reactions were monitored, serum anti-spike immunoglobulin G (IgG) was assessed by chemiluminescence, and a polymerase chain reaction was carried out when subjects developed clinical signs. Results The cohorts finally included 199 participants, and we observed only mild adverse effects in all cohorts. A significant increase in specific IgG levels was found after the booster dose in all cohorts. The heterologous scheme with Sinovac showed the greatest increase in antibody titer, and a decrease was observed in all participants after 3 months. During the follow-up period, 30 participants showed symptomatology compatible with COVID-19, but only four were laboratory-confirmed and they showed mild clinical signs. Conclusion These findings indicate that the booster doses used were safe and promoted an immediate increase in immunogenicity, which decreased over time. The heterologous regimen showed stronger immunogenicity compared to the messenger RNA-based homologous scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xochitl Sandoval
- Instituto Nacional de Salud de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Rhina Domínguez
- Instituto Nacional de Salud de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Delmy Recinos
- Instituto Nacional de Salud de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Susana Zelaya
- Instituto Nacional de Salud de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Patricia Cativo
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Dr. José Matías Delgado, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Guillermo Horacio Docena
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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4
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Liang Z, Lu X, Jiao X, He Y, Meng B, Xie J, Qu Z, Zhu M, Gong X, Zhao Y, Peng T, Fang X, Dai X. Traceable value of immunoglobulin G against receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 confirmation and application to point-of-care testing system development. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:417. [PMID: 37768390 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
A highly purified and bioactive immunoglobulin G monoclonal antibody against receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 (RBD-IgG-MAb) has been accurately quantified by amino acid determination using isotope dilution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Absolute quantification of RBD-IgG-MAb was achieved by averaging 4 amino acid certified reference materials, which allows the quantitative value (66.1 ± 5.8 μg/L) to be traced to SI unit (mol). Afterwards, the RBD-IgG-MAb was employed as control and calibration compound for the development of a point-of-care testing (POCT) system based on colloidal gold lateral flow immunoassay, which aimed to rapidly and accurately detect the level of protective RBD-IgG after vaccination. Under the detection parameters, a sigmoidal curve has been plotted between signal intensity and the logarithmic concentration for quantitative detection with the limit of detection of about 0.39 μg/mL. The relative standard deviations of intra-assay and inter-assay were lower than 2.3% and 14%, and the recoveries ranged from 87 to 100%, respectively. Fingertip blood samples from 37 volunteers after vaccination were analyzed by the POCT system; results showed that levels of RBD-IgG in 33 out of 37 samples ranged from 0.45 to 2.46 μg/mL with the average level of 0.91 μg/mL. The developed POCT system has been successfully established with the quantity-traceability RBD-IgG-MAb as control and calibration compound, and the scientific contribution of this work can be promoted to other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanwei Liang
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Lu
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueshima Jiao
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi He
- Novoprotein Scientific Incorporation, Suzhou, 215200, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Meng
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xie
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Qu
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Manman Zhu
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Gong
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Peng
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiang Fang
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinhua Dai
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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Edelman-Klapper H, Rabinowitz KM, Zittan E, Bar-Gil Shitrit A, Goren I, Avni-Biron I, Ollech JE, Lichtenstein L, Banai-Eran H, Yanai H, Snir Y, Pauker MH, Friedenberg A, Levy-Barda A, Broitman Y, Ben Zvi H, Perets TT, Eliakim R, Barkan R, Goren S, Cohen D, Dotan I. Serologic Response and Safety after a Third Dose of the COVID-19 BNT162b2 Vaccine in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1263. [PMID: 37515078 PMCID: PMC10386081 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are pivotal for control of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) treated with antitumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α have lower serologic response after two COVID-19 vaccine doses. Data regarding a third vaccine dose are scarce. An Israeli multicenter prospective observational study recruited 319 subjects: 220 with IBD (79 treated with anti-TNFα) and 99 healthy control (HC) participants. All patients received two mRNA-BNT162b2 vaccines (Pfizer/BioNTech), 80% of whom received a third vaccine dose. Evaluation included disease activity, anti-spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) antibody levels, anti-TNFα drug levels, and adverse events (AEs). All participants showed significant serologic response one month after receiving a third dose. However, three months later, the anti-S levels decreased significantly in patients treated with anti-TNFα compared with the non-anti-TNFα and HC groups. A correlation between serologic response to the third vaccine dose and anti-TNF drug levels was not found. No significant AE or IBD exacerbation was observed. Importantly, lower serologic response after the third vaccine dose predicted infection. A third dose of BNT162b2 is effective and safe in patients with IBD. Lower serologic response predicted infection, even in seropositive subjects. Lower serologic responses and their rapid decline suggest a fourth vaccine dose in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Edelman-Klapper
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Keren Masha Rabinowitz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Eran Zittan
- The Abraham and Sonia Rochlin IBD Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, HaEmek Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Israel Institute of Technology, Afula 1834111, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Ariella Bar-Gil Shitrit
- IBD MOM Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Digestive Diseases Institute, Jerusalem 9103102, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Idan Goren
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Irit Avni-Biron
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Jacob E Ollech
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Lev Lichtenstein
- Clalit Health Services, Petah Tikva 4933355, Israel
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 4077625, Israel
| | - Hagar Banai-Eran
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Henit Yanai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Yifat Snir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Maor H Pauker
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Adi Friedenberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel
| | - Adva Levy-Barda
- Biobank, Rabin Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel
| | - Yelena Broitman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Haim Ben Zvi
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Microbiology Laboratory, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel
| | - Tsachi-Tsadok Perets
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel
- Holon Institute of Technology, Department of Digital Medical Technologies, Holon 5810201, Israel
| | - Rami Eliakim
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel
| | - Revital Barkan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel
| | - Sophy Goren
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Dani Cohen
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Iris Dotan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Warpechowski J, Leszczyńska P, Juchnicka D, Olichwier A, Szczerbiński Ł, Krętowski AJ. Assessment of the Immune Response in Patients with Insulin Resistance, Obesity, and Diabetes to COVID-19 Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1203. [PMID: 37515018 PMCID: PMC10383449 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-19 pandemic overwhelmed multiple healthcare systems across the world. Patients with underlying medical conditions such as obesity or diabetes were particularly vulnerable, had more severe symptoms, and were more frequently hospitalized. To date, there have been many studies on the severity of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with metabolic disorders, but data on the efficiency of vaccines against COVID-19 are still limited. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in individuals with diabetes, insulin resistance, and obesity. A comparison is made between the immune response after vaccination in patients with and without metabolic comorbidities. Additionally, an attempt is made to highlight the mechanisms of immune stimulation affected by SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and how metabolic comorbidities modulate these mechanisms. The focus is on the most common COVID-19 vaccines, which include mRNA vaccines such as Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, as well as viral vector vaccines such as AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson. Furthermore, an effort is made to clarify how the functional differences between these vaccines may impact the response in individuals with metabolic disorders, drawing from available experimental data. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the post-vaccination response to COVID-19 in the context of metabolic comorbidities such as diabetes, insulin resistance, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jędrzej Warpechowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Paula Leszczyńska
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Dominika Juchnicka
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Olichwier
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Łukasz Szczerbiński
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Adam Jacek Krętowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
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7
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Radziejewska J, Arkowski J, Susło R, Kędzierski K, Wawrzyńska M. Analysis of COVID-19 Incidence and Protective Potential of Persisting IgG Class Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Hospital Staff in Poland. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1198. [PMID: 37515014 PMCID: PMC10383555 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune responses to both SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccines are of key importance in prevention efforts. In April and May 2020, 703 study participants tested for COVID-19 by PCR tests were registered. In June and July 2020, they were examined for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG. From October 2020 to January 2021, those among the study population with COVID-19 confirmed by PCR tests were registered, and the same group of participants was invited to be examined again for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. In June 2020, antibodies were detected in only 88% of those who had PCR-confirmed COVID-19 in April-May 2020, which suggests that a significant proportion of persons in the Polish population do not produce antibodies after contact with SARS-CoV-2 antigens or rapidly lose them and reach levels below the lab detection limit. The levels of IgG class anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were significantly lower among people who previously had COVID-19 than for those who had received COVID-19 vaccination, which confirms the high immunogenicity of the vaccines against COVID-19 in the Polish population. The study confirms that a detectable level of IgG class anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies cannot be considered a reliable marker of the presence and strength of COVID-19 immunity preventing individuals from acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek Arkowski
- Centre for Preclinical Studies, Wrocław Medical University, Ul. Marcinkowskiego 1, 53-220 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Robert Susło
- Epidemiology and Health Education Unit, Population Health Department, Wroclaw Medical University, Ul. Bujwida 44, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Kędzierski
- Department of Medical Emergencies, Wroclaw Medical University, Ul. Parkowa 34, 51-616 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wawrzyńska
- Centre for Preclinical Studies, Wrocław Medical University, Ul. Marcinkowskiego 1, 53-220 Wroclaw, Poland
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Verheul MK, Nijhof KH, de Zeeuw-Brouwer ML, Duijm G, Ten Hulscher H, de Rond L, Beckers L, Eggink D, van Tol S, Reimerink J, Boer M, van Beek J, Rots N, van Binnendijk R, Buisman AM. Booster Immunization Improves Memory B Cell Responses in Older Adults Unresponsive to Primary SARS-CoV-2 Immunization. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1196. [PMID: 37515012 PMCID: PMC10384172 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of a specific long-term immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is considered important for protection against COVID-19 infection and disease. Memory B cells, responsible for the generation of antibody-producing plasmablasts upon a new antigen encounter, play an important role in this process. Therefore, the induction of memory B cell responses after primary and booster SARS-CoV-2 immunizations was investigated in the general population with an emphasis on older adults. Participants, 20-99 years of age, due to receive the mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine were included in the current study. Specific memory B cells were determined by ex vivo ELISpot assays. In a subset of participants, antibody levels, avidity, and virus neutralization capacity were compared to memory B cell responses. Memory B cells specific for both Spike S1 and receptor-binding domain (RBD) were detected in the majority of participants following the primary immunization series. However, a proportion of predominantly older adults showed low frequencies of specific memory B cells. Booster vaccination resulted in a large increase in the frequencies of S1- and RBD-specific memory B cells also for those in which low memory B cell frequencies were detected after the primary series. These data show that booster immunization is important for the generation of a memory B cell response, as a subset of older adults shows a suboptimal response to the primary SARS-CoV-2 immunization series. It is anticipated that these memory B cells will play a significant role in the immune response following viral re-exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije K Verheul
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Kim H Nijhof
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mary-Lène de Zeeuw-Brouwer
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Geraly Duijm
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hinke Ten Hulscher
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lia de Rond
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Beckers
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, WHO COVID-19 Reference Laboratory, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie van Tol
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, WHO COVID-19 Reference Laboratory, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Reimerink
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, WHO COVID-19 Reference Laboratory, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mardi Boer
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Josine van Beek
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke Rots
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rob van Binnendijk
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Buisman
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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9
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Soegiarto G, Mahdi BA, Wulandari L, Fahmita KD, Hadmoko ST, Gautama HI, Prasetyaningtyas D, Prasetyo ME, Negoro PP, Arafah N, Purnomosari D, Tinduh D, Husada D, Baskoro A, Fetarayani D, Nurani WK, Oceandy D. Evaluation of Antibody Response and Adverse Effects following Heterologous COVID-19 Vaccine Booster with mRNA Vaccine among Healthcare Workers in Indonesia. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1160. [PMID: 37514976 PMCID: PMC10386191 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The administration of the third (or booster) dose of COVID-19 vaccine is important in maintaining protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection or the severity of the disease. In Indonesia, health care workers (HCWs) are among the first to receive a booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. In this study, we evaluated the antibody response and adverse events following heterologous booster vaccine using mRNA-1273 among HCWs that were fully vaccinated with inactivated viral vaccine as the priming doses. Methods: 75 HCWs at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia, participated in this study. The level of antibody against the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain was analyzed at 1, 3, and 5 months following the second priming dose and at 1, 3, and 5 months after the booster dose. Results: We found a significantly higher level of antibody response in subjects receiving a booster dose of the mRNA-1273 vaccine compared to those receiving an inactivated viral vaccine as a booster. Interestingly, participants with hypertension and a history of diabetes mellitus showed a lower antibody response following the booster dose. There was a higher frequency of adverse events following injection with the mRNA-1273 vaccine compared to the inactivated viral vaccine, although the overall adverse events were considered minor. Conclusions: A heterologous booster dose using mRNA vaccine resulted in a high antibody response; however, participants with hypertension and diabetes mellitus displayed a lower antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gatot Soegiarto
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga-Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
- Postgraduate School, Master Program on Immunology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
| | - Bagus Aulia Mahdi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga-Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
| | - Laksmi Wulandari
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga-Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
| | - Karin Dhia Fahmita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga-Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
| | - Satrio Tri Hadmoko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga-Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
| | - Hendra Ikhwan Gautama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga-Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Prasetyaningtyas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga-Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Edwin Prasetyo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga-Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
| | - Pujo Prawiro Negoro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga-Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
| | - Nur Arafah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga-Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
| | - Dewajani Purnomosari
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Damayanti Tinduh
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga-Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
| | - Dominicus Husada
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga-Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
| | - Ari Baskoro
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga-Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
| | - Deasy Fetarayani
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga-Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
| | - Wita Kartika Nurani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga-Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
| | - Delvac Oceandy
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
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10
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Pavlidis G, Giannoulis V, Pirounaki M, Lampropoulos IC, Siafi E, Nitsa A, Pavlou E, Xanthaki A, Perlepe G, Fortis SP, Charalambous G, Kampolis CF, Pantazopoulos I. Evaluation of Antibody Kinetics Following COVID-19 Vaccination in Greek SARS-CoV-2 Infected and Naïve Healthcare Workers. J Pers Med 2023; 13:910. [PMID: 37373899 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13060910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the antibody kinetics after vaccination against COVID-19 in healthcare workers of a Greek tertiary hospital. Eight hundred and three subjects were included, of whom 758 (94.4%) received the BNT162b2 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech), eight (1%) mRNA-1273 (Moderna), 14 (1.7%) ChAdOx1 (Oxford-AstraZeneca) and 23 (2.9%) Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen). Before the second dose, at 2, 6 and 9 months after the second dose and at 2 and 6 months after the third dose, anti-spike IgG were quantified by the chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay method. One hundred subjects were infected before vaccination (group A), 335 were infected after receiving at least one vaccine dose (group B), while 368 had never been infected (group C). Group A presented a greater number of hospitalizations and reinfections compared to group B (p < 0.05). By multivariate analysis, younger age was associated with an increased risk of reinfection (odds ratio: 0.956, p = 0.004). All subjects showed the highest antibody titers at 2 months after the second and third dose. Group A showed higher antibody titers pre-second dose, which remained elevated 6 months post-second dose compared to groups B and C (p < 0.05). Pre-vaccine infection leads to rapid development of high antibody titer and a slower decline. Vaccination is associated with fewer hospitalizations and fewer reinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Pavlidis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasileios Giannoulis
- Transfusion and Haemophilia Centre, Hippokration General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Pirounaki
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis C Lampropoulos
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Eirini Siafi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Alkippi Nitsa
- Microbiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Efthymia Pavlou
- Transfusion and Haemophilia Centre, Hippokration General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Xanthaki
- Microbiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Garyfallia Perlepe
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Sotirios P Fortis
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Laboratory Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, Greece
| | - George Charalambous
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos F Kampolis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Pantazopoulos
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
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11
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Papaioannidou P, Skoumpa K, Bostanitis C, Michailidou M, Stergiopoulou T, Bostanitis I, Tsalidou M. Age, Sex and BMI Relations with Anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike IgG Antibodies after BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine in Health Care Workers in Northern Greece. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1279. [PMID: 37317253 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study age, sex, and BMI (Body Mass Index)-related differences in the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike IgG antibodies, after vaccination with the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine, in health care workers of a General Hospital in a city in Northern Greece. Blood sampling was drawn two to four weeks following the second dose of the vaccine, and six months after the first blood sample collection. Measurement of serum IgG antibodies against the spike domain of SARS-CoV-2 was performed using the SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant assay. All participants had sufficient serum IgG titers in the first measurement. Women developed higher IgG titers than men. The IgG titers were inversely related to age in both sexes; there was also a small, insignificant tendency to be inversely related to BMI. Six months after the first measurement, the IgG titers decreased dramatically to values less than 5% of the initial. This decrease was observed in both men and women and was inversely related to age. Multivariate regression analysis showed that age and sex explained with statistical significance 9% of the variance in SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers in our study population; the role of BMI was limited and insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Papaioannidou
- 1st Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalypso Skoumpa
- Microbiological Department, General Hospital of Katerini, 601 00 Katerini, Greece
| | - Christos Bostanitis
- 1st Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Michailidou
- 1st Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodouli Stergiopoulou
- 1st Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Bostanitis
- 1st Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Tsalidou
- 1st Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Microbiological Department, General Hospital of Katerini, 601 00 Katerini, Greece
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12
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Syrimi N, Sourri F, Giannakopoulou MC, Karamanis D, Pantousas A, Georgota P, Rokka E, Vladeni Z, Tsiantoula E, Soukara E, Lavda N, Gkaragkanis D, Zisaki A, Vakalidis P, Goula V, Loupou E, Palaiodimos L, Hatzigeorgiou D. Humoral and Cellular Response and Associated Variables Nine Months following BNT162b2 Vaccination in Healthcare Workers. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12093172. [PMID: 37176612 PMCID: PMC10179201 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12093172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to illustrate the trajectory of humoral and cellular immunity nine months after primary vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine among 189 healthcare workers (HCWs). Additionally, we endeavored to identify correlations between immunity parameters and a number of common variables and comorbidities. A total of 189 healthcare workers (HCWs), vaccinated against COVID-19, were finally included in the study. All of the subjects had received two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine; had undergone antibody tests one, four and nine months post-vaccination; and had completed a medical questionnaire. Further samples taken at nine months were tested for cellular immunity. No participants had evidence of COVID-19 infection pre- or post-vaccination. An anti-S1 receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody assay was used to assess humoral response, and cellular immunity was estimated with an INF-γ release assay (IGRA). Statistical analysis was performed using STATA. We report a statistically significant antibody drop over time. Being above the age of 40 or a smoker reduces the rise of antibodies by 37% and 28%, respectively. More than half of the participants did not demonstrate T-cell activation at nine months. Female gender and antibody levels at four months predispose detection of cellular immunity at nine months post-immunization. This study furthers the qualitative, quantitative, and temporal understanding of the immune response to the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine and the effect of correlated factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Syrimi
- Paediatric Department, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
- Infection Prevention and Control Department, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Flora Sourri
- Infection Prevention and Control Department, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria-Christina Giannakopoulou
- COVID-19 Ward, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
- Medical Directorate, Hellenic National and Defence General Staff, Mesogeion 227-231, 15561 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Karamanis
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers School of Health Professions, 65 Bergen St., Newark, NJ 07107, USA
- Department of Economics, University of Piraeus, Karaoli and Dimitriou 80, 18534 Piraeus, Greece
| | - Asterios Pantousas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece
| | - Persefoni Georgota
- Immunology Laboratory, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Rokka
- Oncology Ward, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Zoe Vladeni
- Infection Prevention and Control Department, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Euaggelia Tsiantoula
- Biochemistry Laboratory, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Soukara
- COVID-19 Ward, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikoletta Lavda
- COVID-19 Ward, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Gkaragkanis
- COVID-19 Ward, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Zisaki
- Infection Prevention and Control Department, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Vakalidis
- Biochemistry Laboratory, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Goula
- Biochemistry Laboratory, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Evdokia Loupou
- Biochemistry Laboratory, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Palaiodimos
- Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Dimitrios Hatzigeorgiou
- Medical Directorate, Hellenic National and Defence General Staff, Mesogeion 227-231, 15561 Athens, Greece
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13
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Campbell E, Dobkin J, Osorio LJ, Kolloli A, Ramasamy S, Kumar R, Sant'Angelo DB, Subbian S, Denzin LK, Anderson S. A SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Designed for Manufacturability Results in Unexpected Potency and Non-Waning Humoral Response. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040832. [PMID: 37112744 PMCID: PMC10145385 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of several highly efficacious SARS-CoV-2 vaccines was an unprecedented scientific achievement that saved millions of lives. However, now that SARS-CoV-2 is transitioning to the endemic stage, there exists an unmet need for new vaccines that provide durable immunity and protection against variants and can be more easily manufactured and distributed. Here, we describe a novel protein component vaccine candidate, MT-001, based on a fragment of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that encompasses the receptor binding domain (RBD). Mice and hamsters immunized with a prime-boost regimen of MT-001 demonstrated extremely high anti-spike IgG titers, and remarkably this humoral response did not appreciably wane for up to 12 months following vaccination. Further, virus neutralization titers, including titers against variants such as Delta and Omicron BA.1, remained high without the requirement for subsequent boosting. MT-001 was designed for manufacturability and ease of distribution, and we demonstrate that these attributes are not inconsistent with a highly immunogenic vaccine that confers durable and broad immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging variants. These properties suggest MT-001 could be a valuable new addition to the toolbox of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and other interventions to prevent infection and curtail additional morbidity and mortality from the ongoing worldwide pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Campbell
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Macrotope, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Julie Dobkin
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Louis J Osorio
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Afsal Kolloli
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Santhamani Ramasamy
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Ranjeet Kumar
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Derek B Sant'Angelo
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Lisa K Denzin
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Stephen Anderson
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Macrotope, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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14
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Fogolari M, Leoni BD, De Cesaris M, Italiano R, Davini F, Miccoli GA, Donati D, Clerico L, Stanziale A, Savini G, Petrosillo N, Ciccozzi M, Sommella L, Riva E, Fazii P, Angeletti S. Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Beta and Omicron Variants Inhibition Comparison after BNT162b2 mRNA Booster Doses with a New PETIA sVNT Assay. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:889. [PMID: 36900033 PMCID: PMC10000738 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring antibody response following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is strategic, and neutralizing antibodies represent the gold standard. The neutralizing response to Beta and Omicron VOCs was evaluated versus the gold standard by a new commercial automated assay. METHODS Serum samples from 100 healthcare workers from the Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Biomedico and the Pescara Hospital were collected. IgG levels were determined by chemiluminescent immunoassay (Abbott Laboratories, Wiesbaden, Germany) and serum neutralization assay as the gold standard. Moreover, a new commercial immunoassay, the PETIA test Nab (SGM, Rome, Italy), was used for neutralization evaluation. Statistical analysis was performed with R software, version 3.6.0. RESULTS Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers decayed during the first ninety days after the vaccine second dose. The following booster dose significantly (p < 0.001) increased IgG levels. A correlation between IgG expression and neutralizing activity modulation was found with a significant increase after the second and the third booster dose (p < 0.05. Compared to the Beta variant of the virus, the Omicron VOC was associated with a significantly larger quantity of IgG antibodies needed to achieve the same degree of neutralization. The best Nab test cutoff for high neutralization titer (≥1:80) was set for both Beta and Omicron variants. CONCLUSION This study correlates vaccine-induced IgG expression and neutralizing activity using a new PETIA assay, suggesting its usefulness for SARS-CoV2 infection management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fogolari
- Clinical Laboratory Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marina De Cesaris
- Clinical Laboratory Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Flavio Davini
- Clinical Laboratory Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Ginevra Azzurra Miccoli
- Infection Prevention and Control Service, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Donati
- Infection Prevention and Control Service, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Clerico
- Clinical Microbiology and Virology, Spirito Santo Hospital, 65122 Pescara, Italy
| | - Andrea Stanziale
- Clinical Microbiology and Virology, Spirito Santo Hospital, 65122 Pescara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G Caporale’, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Nicola Petrosillo
- Infection Prevention and Control Service, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Sommella
- Health Management, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Riva
- Clinical Laboratory Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Unit of Virology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Fazii
- Clinical Microbiology and Virology, Spirito Santo Hospital, 65122 Pescara, Italy
| | - Silvia Angeletti
- Clinical Laboratory Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
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15
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Epitope Coverage of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid IgA and IgG Antibodies Correlates with Protection against Re-Infection by New Variants in Subsequent Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020584. [PMID: 36851798 PMCID: PMC9967965 DOI: 10.3390/v15020584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to affect individuals across the globe, with some individuals experiencing more severe disease than others. The relatively high frequency of re-infections and breakthrough infections observed with SARS-CoV-2 highlights the importance of extending our understanding of immunity to COVID-19. Here, we aim to shed light on the importance of antibody titres and epitope utilization in protection from re-infection. Health care workers are highly exposed to SARS-CoV-2 and are therefore also more likely to become re-infected. We utilized quantitative, multi-antigen, multi-epitope SARS-CoV-2 protein microarrays to measure IgG and IgA titres against various domains of the nucleocapsid and spike proteins. Potential re-infections in a large, diverse health care worker cohort (N = 300) during the second wave of the pandemic were identified by assessing the IgG anti-N titres before and after the second wave. We assessed epitope coverage and antibody titres between the 'single infection' and 're-infection' groups. Clear differences were observed in the breadth of the anti-N response before the second wave, with the epitope coverage for both IgG (p = 0.019) and IgA (p = 0.015) being significantly increased in those who did not become re-infected compared to those who did. Additionally, the IgG anti-N (p = 0.004) and anti-S titres (p = 0.018) were significantly higher in those not re-infected. These results highlight the importance of the breadth of elicited antibody epitope coverage following natural infection in protection from re-infection and disease in the COVID-19 pandemic.
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16
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Kamal SM, Naghib MM, Daadour M, Alsuliman MN, Alanazi ZG, Basalem AA, Alaskar AM, Saed K. The Outcome of BNT162b2, ChAdOx1-Sand mRNA-1273 Vaccines and Two Boosters: A Prospective Longitudinal Real-World Study. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020326. [PMID: 36851540 PMCID: PMC9960999 DOI: 10.3390/v15020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines and booster doses has yet to be evaluated in longitudinal head-to-head studies. This single-center longitudinal study assessed the effectiveness of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, BNT162b2, and mRNA-1273 vaccines and assessed two BNT162b2 boosters in 1550 participants, of whom 26% had comorbidities. In addition, the SARS-CoV-2 antibody dynamics was monitored. A group of 1500 unvaccinated subjects was included as the controls. The study's endpoint was the development of virologically-proven COVID-19 cases after vaccine completion, while the secondary endpoint was hospitalizations due to severe COVID-19. Overall, 23 (4.6%), 16 (3%), and 18 (3.8%) participants vaccinated with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, BNT162b2, and mRNA-1273, respectively, developed COVID-19 after vaccine completion, with an effectiveness of 89%, 92%, and 90%. Ten COVID-19 cases were reported in participants with comorbidities, three of whom were hospitalized. No hospitalizations occurred after boosters. SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels peaked 2-4 weeks after the second vaccine dose but declined after a mean of 28.50 ± 3.48 weeks. Booster doses significantly enhanced antibody responses. Antibody titers ≤ 154 U/mL were associated with a higher risk of COVID-19 emergence. Thus, COVID-19 vaccines effectively reduced COVID-19 and prevented severe disease. The vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses declined after 28-32 weeks. Booster doses induced significant maintained responses. SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels may help determine the timing and need for vaccine booster doses.
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17
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Monzon-Posadas WO, Zorn J, Peters K, Baum M, Proksch H, Schlüter CB, Menting T, Pušnik J, Streeck H. Longitudinal monitoring of mRNA-vaccine-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1066123. [PMID: 36742295 PMCID: PMC9893859 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1066123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Worldwide vaccination campaigns significantly reduced mortality caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection and diminished the devastating effects of the pandemic. The first approved vaccines are based on novel mRNA technology and elicit potent immune responses offering high levels of protection from severe disease. Methods Here we longitudinally assessed adaptive immune responses during a 12-month follow-up period after the initial immunization with 2 doses of mRNA vaccines and after the booster dose in blood and saliva. Results Our findings demonstrate a rapid waning of the anti-spike IgG titers between months 3 and 6 after the initial vaccination (1.7- and 2.5-fold decrease in plasma and saliva, respectively; P<0.0001). Conversely, the frequency of spike-specific memory B cells increased during this period (2.4-fold increase; P<0.0001) while the frequency of spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells remained stable for all assessed functions: cytotoxicity, IFNγ, IL-2, and TNFα expression. Booster vaccination significantly improved the antibody response in plasma and saliva, with the most profound changes observed in the neutralization capacity against the currently circulating omicron variant (25.6-fold increase; P<0.0001). The positive effect of booster vaccination was also evident for spike-specific IgG+ memory B cell (2.4-fold increase; P<0.0001) and cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses (1.7- and 1.9-fold increase respectively; P<0.05). Conclusions Collectively, our findings offer a detailed insight into the kinetics of adaptive immune response following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and underline the beneficial effects of a booster vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner O Monzon-Posadas
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany.,Occupational Medicine Department, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jasmin Zorn
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Peters
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Baum
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hannah Proksch
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Celina Beta Schlüter
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tanja Menting
- Occupational Medicine Department, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jernej Pušnik
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany
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18
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Immunogenicity of BNT162b2, BBIBP-CorV, Gam-COVID-Vac and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccines Six Months after the Second Dose: A Longitudinal Prospective Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010056. [PMID: 36679901 PMCID: PMC9865554 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many available SARS-CoV-2 vaccines demonstrated good humoral response, but studies directly comparing their immunogenicity in the general population are lacking. We evaluated the medium−term kinetics of anti-S SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (Abs) at one and six months after the second dose of BNT162b2, BBIBP-CorV, and Gam-COVID-Vac. Immunogenicity at six months was directly compared between BNT162b2, BBIBP-CorV, Gam-COVID-Vac, and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Participants ≥ 20 years old from Novi Sad, Serbia, without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, were included. Anti S1/S2 IgG antibodies were measured using quantitative LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 assay. A total of 368 participants were included: 231 (62.77%) had sera collected at two time points. Two doses of BNT162b2 were received by 37.50% of participants, followed by BBIBP-CorV (22.01%), Gam-COVID-Vac (21.47%), and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (19.02%). Mean Ab levels at the 28th day and 6 months were 216.55 (SD = 105.73) AU/mL and 75.68 (SD = 57.30) for BNT162b2, 194.38 (SD = 140.24) and 90.53 (SD = 111.30) for Gam-COVID-Vac, and 72.74 (SD = 80.04) and 24.43 (SD = 38.43) for BBIBP-CorV group (p < 0.01, between two time points across all three groups), with a significant difference between women and men (p < 0.01, for both sexes). At the sixth month post-vaccination, the highest mean Ab level was detected in Gam-COVID-Vac group (91.28 AU/mL, SD = 95.96), followed by BNT162b2 (85.25 AU/mL, SD = 60.02), ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (64.22 AU/mL, SD = 65.30), and BBIBP-CorV (25.26 AU/mL, SD = 36.92) (p < 0.01). Anti-spike IgG persistence was demonstrated six months post-vaccination with a significant decline in Ab levels. These results suggest a lower protection against SARS-CoV-2 over time. Our findings support the introduction of additional (booster) doses.
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19
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Samanovic MI, Oom AL, Cornelius AR, Gray-Gaillard SL, Karmacharya T, Tuen M, Wilson JP, Tasissa MF, Goins S, Herati RS, Mulligan MJ. Vaccine-Acquired SARS-CoV-2 Immunity versus Infection-Acquired Immunity: A Comparison of Three COVID-19 Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122152. [PMID: 36560562 PMCID: PMC9782527 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Around the world, rollout of COVID-19 vaccines has been used as a strategy to end COVID-19-related restrictions and the pandemic. Several COVID-19 vaccine platforms have successfully protected against severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent deaths. Here, we compared humoral and cellular immunity in response to either infection or vaccination. We examined SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific immune responses from Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2, Moderna mRNA-1273, Janssen Ad26.COV2.S, and SARS-CoV-2 infection approximately 4 months post-exposure or vaccination. We found that these three vaccines all generate relatively similar immune responses and elicit a stronger response than natural infection. However, antibody responses to recent viral variants are diminished across all groups. The similarity of immune responses from the three vaccines studied here is an important finding in maximizing global protection as vaccination campaigns continue.
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20
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Abu Fanne R, Lidawi G, Maraga E, Moed M, Roguin A, Meisel SR. Correlation between Baseline 25(OH) Vitamin D Levels and Both Humoral Immunity and Breakthrough Infection Post-COVID-19 Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122116. [PMID: 36560526 PMCID: PMC9784151 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Vaccines against COVID-19 induce specific antibodies whose titer is perceived as a reliable correlate of protection. Vitamin D confers complex regulatory effects on the innate and adaptive immunity. In this study, we explored a plausible impact of baseline vitamin D content on achieved immunity following COVID-19 vaccination. Methods: A retrospective observational study comprising 73,254 naïve subjects insured by the Leumit Health Service HMO, who were vaccinated between 1 February 2020 and 30 January 2022, with one available vitamin D level prior to vaccination, was performed. The association between 25(OH) vitamin D levels, SARS-CoV-2 antibody titer, and post-vaccination PCR results were evaluated. Results: Of the study population, 5026 (6.9%) tested positive for COVID-19. The proportion of low 25(OH)D levels (<30 ng/mL) was significantly higher in the PCR-positive group (81.5% vs. 79%, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed a higher incidence of breakthrough infection among non-smokers [1.37 (95% CI 1.22−1.54, p < 0.001)] and lower incidences among subjects with sufficient 25(OH)D levels (>30 ng/mL) [0.87 (95% CI 0.79−0.95, p—0.004)], hyperlipidemia [0.84 (95% CI 0.76−0.93, p < 0.001], depression [OR-0.87 (95% CI: 0.79−0.96, p < 0.005], socio-economic status >10 [0.67 (95% CI 0.61−0.73, p < 0.001)], and age >44 years. SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers were available in 3659 vaccinated individuals. The prevalence of antibody titers (<50 AU) among PCR-positive subjects was 42% compared to 28% among PCR-negative subjects (p < 0.001). Baseline 25(OH)D levels showed an inverse relation to total antibody titers. However, no association was found with an antibody titer <50 AU/mL fraction. Conclusion Baseline 25(OH)D levels correlated with the vaccination-associated protective COVID-19 immunity. Antibody titers <50 AU/mL were significantly linked to breakthrough infection but did not correlate with 25(OH)D levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Abu Fanne
- Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv 6473817, Israel
- Heart Institute, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera 3810101, Israel
- Correspondence:
| | - Ghalib Lidawi
- Urology Department, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera 3810101, Israel
| | - Emad Maraga
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 9103102, Israel
| | - Mahmud Moed
- Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv 6473817, Israel
| | - Ariel Roguin
- Heart Institute, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera 3810101, Israel
| | - Simcha-Ron Meisel
- Heart Institute, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera 3810101, Israel
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21
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Dürrwald R, Kolodziejek J, Oh DY, Herzog S, Liebermann H, Osterrieder N, Nowotny N. Vaccination against Borna Disease: Overview, Vaccine Virus Characterization and Investigation of Live and Inactivated Vaccines. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122706. [PMID: 36560710 PMCID: PMC9788498 DOI: 10.3390/v14122706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Vaccination of horses and sheep against Borna disease (BD) was common in endemic areas of Germany in the 20th century but was abandoned in the early 1990s. The recent occurrence of fatal cases of human encephalitis due to Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) has rekindled the interest in vaccination. (2) Methods: The full genomes of the BD live vaccine viruses "Dessau" and "Giessen" were sequenced and analyzed for the first time. All vaccination experiments followed a proof-of-concept approach. Dose-titration infection experiments were performed in rabbits, based on both cell culture- and brain-derived viruses at various doses. Inactivated vaccines against BD were produced from concentrated cell culture supernatants and investigated in rabbits and horses. The BoDV-1 live vaccine "Dessau" was administered to horses and antibody profiles were determined. (3) Results: The BD live vaccine viruses "Dessau" and "Giessen" belong to clusters 3 and 4 of BoDV-1. Whereas the "Giessen" virus does not differ substantially from field viruses, the "Dessau" virus shows striking differences in the M gene and the N-terminal part of the G gene. Rabbits infected with high doses of cell-cultured virus developed neutralizing antibodies and were protected from disease, whereas rabbits infected with low doses of cell-cultured virus, or with brain-derived virus did not. Inactivated vaccines were administered to rabbits and horses, following pre-defined vaccination schemes consisting of three vaccine doses of either adjuvanted or nonadjuvanted inactivated virus. Their immunogenicity and protective efficacy were compared to the BD live vaccine "Dessau". Seventy per cent of horses vaccinated with the BD live vaccine "Dessau" developed neutralizing antibodies after vaccination. (4) Conclusion: Despite a complex evasion of immunological responses by bornaviruses, some vaccination approaches can protect against clinical disease. For optimal effectiveness, vaccines should be administered at high doses, following vaccination schemes consisting of three vaccine doses as basic immunization. Further investigations are necessary in order to investigate and improve protection against infection and to avoid side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Dürrwald
- Unit 17: Influenza and Other Viruses of the Respiratory Tract, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-18754-2456
| | - Jolanta Kolodziejek
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Djin-Ye Oh
- Unit 17: Influenza and Other Viruses of the Respiratory Tract, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sibylle Herzog
- Institute of Virology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Liebermann
- retd., former Institute of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
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22
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Wakai H, Abe N, Tokuda T, Yamanaka R, Ebihara S, Izumaru K, Ishii D, Hyodo T, Yoshida K. Changes in spike protein antibody titer over 90 days after the second dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in Japanese dialysis patients. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:852. [PMID: 36376790 PMCID: PMC9661455 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07809-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives There is no report on antibody titers after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in Japanese dialysis patients. As dialysis is different between Japan and other countries, changes in antibody titers were examined. Methods Baseline characteristics and anti-spike protein antibody titers (Roche) over 90 days after administration of the BNT162b2 messenger RNA vaccine were investigated in dialysis patients. Results The maximum anti-spike protein antibody titer after the second dose was 738 (327 to 1143) U/mL and was reached at 19 (17 to 24) days after the second dose. Antibody titers decreased over time, with titers of 770 (316 to 1089) U/mL at 15 days, 385 (203 to 690) U/mL at 30 days, 254 (138 to 423) U/mL at 60 days, and 208 (107 to 375) U/mL at 90 days after the second dose. When an antibody titer of 137 U/mL was assumed to be a measure related to breakthrough infection, the proportion of subjects with antibody titers exceeding this level was 90.1% at 15 days, 85.3% at 30 days, 75.0% at 60 days, and 65.4% at 90 days after the second dose. When a decrease in antibody titers below the assumed breakthrough level was defined as an event, subjects with a pre-dialysis albumin ≥ 3.5 g/dL were significantly less likely to experience an event than subjects with a pre-dialysis albumin < 3.5 g/dL. Conclusions The presence of anti-spike protein levels ≥ 313 U/mL at 30 days after the second vaccine dose might be a factor in maintaining enough antibody titers at 90 days after. Whether an additional vaccine dose is needed should be determined based on indicators serving as factors in maintaining antibody titers as well as the status of the spread of infection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07809-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Wakai
- Reiseikai Medical Corporation Shinagawa Garden Clinic, Imasu Ohsaki Building 2F, 1-20-3 Ohsaki, Shinagawa, Tokyo 141-0032 Japan ,grid.410786.c0000 0000 9206 2938Department of Urology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374 Japan
| | - Natsumi Abe
- Reiseikai Medical Corporation Shinagawa Garden Clinic, Imasu Ohsaki Building 2F, 1-20-3 Ohsaki, Shinagawa, Tokyo 141-0032 Japan
| | - Touno Tokuda
- Reiseikai Medical Corporation Shinagawa Garden Clinic, Imasu Ohsaki Building 2F, 1-20-3 Ohsaki, Shinagawa, Tokyo 141-0032 Japan
| | - Rika Yamanaka
- Reiseikai Medical Corporation Shinagawa Garden Clinic, Imasu Ohsaki Building 2F, 1-20-3 Ohsaki, Shinagawa, Tokyo 141-0032 Japan
| | - Satoshi Ebihara
- Reiseikai Medical Corporation Shinagawa Garden Clinic, Imasu Ohsaki Building 2F, 1-20-3 Ohsaki, Shinagawa, Tokyo 141-0032 Japan
| | - Kensuke Izumaru
- Reiseikai Medical Corporation Gotanda Garden Clinic, Kanpai Building 7F, 5-22-27 Higashi-Gotanda, Shinagawa, Tokyo 141-0022 Japan
| | - Daisuke Ishii
- grid.410786.c0000 0000 9206 2938Department of Urology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374 Japan
| | - Toru Hyodo
- grid.410786.c0000 0000 9206 2938Department of Urology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374 Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshida
- grid.410786.c0000 0000 9206 2938Department of Urology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374 Japan ,grid.510033.4Reiseikai Medical Corporation Ebisu Garden Clinic, VORT Ebisu Maxim 9F, 3-9-19 Higashi, Shibuya, Tokyo 150-0011 Japan
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23
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Humoral immunity after second dose of BNT162b2 vaccine in Japanese communities: an observational cross-sectional study, Fukushima Vaccination Community Survey. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18929. [PMID: 36344597 PMCID: PMC9640658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21797-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To reveal waning humoral immunity after second dose BNT162b2 vaccinations in a rural Japanese community and determine factors affecting antibody titers. We aimed to report Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody against the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S1) protein levels and neutralizing activity in a large scale community based cohort. METHODS Participants in the observational cross-sectional study received a second dose of vaccination with BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) and were not previously infected with COVID-19. Questionnaire-collected data on sex, age, adverse vaccine reactions, and medical history was obtained. RESULTS Data from 2496 participants revealed that older age groups reached a low antibody titer 90-120 days after the second vaccination. Neutralizing activity decreased with age; 35 (13.3%) of those aged ≥ 80 years had neutralizing activity under the cut-off value. Neutralizing activity > 179 days from the second vaccination was 11.6% compared to that at < 60 days from the second vaccination. Significantly lower IgG antibody titers and neutralizing activity were associated with age, male sex, increased time from second vaccination, smoking, steroids, immunosuppression, and comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS Antibody titer decreased substantially over time. Susceptible populations, older people, men, smokers, steroid users, immunosuppression users, and people with three or more comorbidities may require a special protection strategy.
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24
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Grupper A, Rabinowich L, Ben-Yehoyada M, Katchman E, Baruch R, Freund T, Hagin D, Shlomo SB, Schwartz D, Schwartz IF, Shashar M, Bassat OKB, Halperin T, Turner D, Saiag E, Goykhman Y, Shibolet O, Levy S, Houri I, Katchman H. Humoral Response to the Third Dose of Sars-Cov-2 Vaccine in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Transplant Proc 2022; 54:1439-1445. [PMID: 35346486 PMCID: PMC8885288 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most solid organ transplant recipients did not develop an appreciable serologic response after 2 doses of the mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. METHODS We analyzed the humoral response after a third dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine in 130 kidney transplant recipients, compared to 48 health care workers, and associated factors, including prevaccine cellular immune response, by evaluating intracellular cytokine production after stimulation of donor's peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS After 2 doses, most of the controls (47 out of 48, 98%) and only 40% of kidney recipients (52 of 130) kidney recipients were seropositive (P < .001). Most seronegative recipients developed a serologic response after the booster (47 out 78, 60%), thus bringing the total number of seropositive recipients to 99 out of 130 (76%). After the third dose, there was a significant increase in antibodies titers in both groups. Decreased humoral response was significantly associated with an older age, lower lymphocyte count, and a lower level of antibodies before booster administration. CD4+TNFα+ and CD4+INFγ+ were correlated with mean increase in antibody titers. CONCLUSIONS A third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in kidney recipients is safe and effectively results in increased IgG anti-S levels, including in individuals who were seronegative after 2 doses. Long-term studies of the length of the immune response and protection are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Grupper
- Nephrology Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Organ Transplantation Unit, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Liane Rabinowich
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Organ Transplantation Unit, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Liver Unit, Gastroenterology Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Merav Ben-Yehoyada
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Liver Unit, Gastroenterology Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Affiliated to Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eugene Katchman
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Roni Baruch
- Nephrology Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Organ Transplantation Unit, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Tal Freund
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - David Hagin
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Shani Ben Shlomo
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Affiliated to Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Doron Schwartz
- Nephrology Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Idit F Schwartz
- Nephrology Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Moshe Shashar
- Nephrology Section, Laniado Hospital, Netanya, Israel; Ruth and Bruce Rappoport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa
| | - Orit Kliuk-Ben Bassat
- Nephrology Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Tami Halperin
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Dan Turner
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Esther Saiag
- Information and Operation Branch, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yaacov Goykhman
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Organ Transplantation Unit, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Oren Shibolet
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Organ Transplantation Unit, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Liver Unit, Gastroenterology Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Sharon Levy
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Organ Transplantation Unit, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Liver Unit, Gastroenterology Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Inbal Houri
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Organ Transplantation Unit, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Liver Unit, Gastroenterology Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Helena Katchman
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Organ Transplantation Unit, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Liver Unit, Gastroenterology Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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25
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Ogrič M, Žigon P, Podovšovnik E, Lakota K, Sodin-Semrl S, Rotar Ž, Čučnik S. Differences in SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibody Responses After the First, Second, and Third Doses of BNT162b2 in Naïve and Previously Infected Individuals: A 1-Year Observational Study in Healthcare Professionals. Front Immunol 2022; 13:876533. [PMID: 35711413 PMCID: PMC9196038 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.876533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Safe and effective vaccines against COVID-19 are critical for preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2, but little is known about the humoral immune response more than 9 months after vaccination. We aimed to assess the humoral immune response after the first, second, and third (booster) doses of BNT162b2 vaccine in SARS-CoV-2 naïve and previously infected healthcare professionals (HCP) and the humoral immune response after infection in vaccinated HCP. Methods We measured anti-spike (anti-S) and anti-nucleocapsid antibodies at different time points up to 12 months in the sera of 300 HCP who had received two or three doses of BNT162b2 vaccine. Mixed-model analyses were used to assess anti-S antibody dynamics and to determine their predictors (age, sex, BMI, and previous infection). Results Naïve individuals had statistically lower anti-S antibody concentrations after the first dose (median 253 BAU/ml) than previously infected individuals (median 3648 BAU/ml). After the second dose, anti-S antibody concentrations increased in naïve individuals (median 3216 BAU/ml), whereas the second dose did not significantly increase concentrations in previously infected individuals (median 4503 BAU/ml). The third dose resulted in an additional increase in concentrations (median 4844 BAU/ml in naïve and median 5845 BAU/ml in previously infected individuals). Anti-S antibody concentrations steadily decreased after the second dose and after the third dose in naïve and previously infected individuals. In addition, we found that age had an effect on the humoral immune response. Younger individuals had higher anti-S antibody concentrations after the first and second doses. After infection with the new variant Omicron, a further increase in anti-S antibody concentrations to a median value of 4794 BAU/ml was observed in three times vaccinated HCP whose anti-S antibody concentrations were relatively high before infection (median 2141 BAU/ml). Our study also showed that individuals with systemic adverse events achieved higher anti-S antibody concentrations. Conclusion In this study, significant differences in humoral immune responses to BNT162b2 vaccine were observed between naïve and previously infected individuals, with age playing an important role, suggesting that a modified vaccination schedule should be practiced in previously infected individuals. In addition, we showed that the high anti-S antibodies were not protective against new variants of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manca Ogrič
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Polona Žigon
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Primorska, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, Koper, Slovenia
| | | | - Katja Lakota
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Primorska, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Snezna Sodin-Semrl
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Primorska, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Rotar
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Saša Čučnik
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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26
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Filchtinski D, Sundberg M, Berthold H, Steller L, Kayser J, Holz S, Hinze M, Braeutigam O, Schulte-Pelkum J, Fiedler R. Application of the SARS-CoV-2-S1 ACE-2 receptor interaction as the basis of the fully automated assay to detect neutralizing SARS-CoV-2-S1 antibodies in blood samples. J Immunol Methods 2022; 504:113258. [PMID: 35304119 PMCID: PMC8923036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative, high throughput, fully automated diagnostic method for the detection of neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was developed on the Phadia system based on the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein and the human ACE-2 receptor. This method was compared to the current state of the art plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) and a high correlation between the two methods was observed. Using a large cohort of blood samples from convalescent patients and controls the method displays very high sensitivity and specificity (99,8% and 99.99%, respectively). Neutralizing antibody titers of mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2-vaccinated persons can also be quantified with this method as well. This fully automated method provides the possibility to determine anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody concentrations in just 2 h.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heike Berthold
- Assay Design, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura Steller
- Assay Design, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Freiburg, Germany
| | - José Kayser
- Assay Design, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sanja Holz
- Assay Design, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mario Hinze
- Assay Design, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Freiburg, Germany
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27
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van den Hoogen LL, Verheul MK, Vos ERA, van Hagen CCE, van Boven M, Wong D, Wijmenga-Monsuur AJ, Smits G, Kuijer M, van Rooijen D, Bogaard-van Maurik M, Zutt I, van Vliet J, Wolf J, van der Klis FRM, de Melker HE, van Binnendijk RS, den Hartog G. SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1-specific IgG kinetic profiles following mRNA or vector-based vaccination in the general Dutch population show distinct kinetics. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5935. [PMID: 35396570 PMCID: PMC8990276 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
mRNA- and vector-based vaccines are used at a large scale to prevent COVID-19. We compared Spike S1-specific (S1) IgG antibodies after vaccination with mRNA-based (Comirnaty, Spikevax) or vector-based (Janssen, Vaxzevria) vaccines, using samples from a Dutch nationwide cohort. In adults 18-64 years old (n = 2412), the median vaccination interval between the two doses was 77 days for Vaxzevria (interquartile range, IQR: 69-77), 35 days (28-35) for Comirnaty and 33 days (28-35) for Spikevax. mRNA vaccines induced faster inclines and higher S1 antibodies compared to vector-based vaccines. For all vaccines, one dose resulted in boosting of S1 antibodies in adults with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. For Comirnaty, two to four months following the second dose (n = 196), S1 antibodies in adults aged 18-64 years old (436 BAU/mL, IQR: 328-891) were less variable and median concentrations higher compared to those in persons ≥ 80 years old (366, 177-743), but differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.100). Nearly all participants seroconverted following COVID-19 vaccination, including the aging population. These data confirm results from controlled vaccine trials in a general population, including vulnerable groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotus L van den Hoogen
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marije K Verheul
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Eric R A Vos
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cheyenne C E van Hagen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel van Boven
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Denise Wong
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alienke J Wijmenga-Monsuur
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gaby Smits
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marjan Kuijer
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Debbie van Rooijen
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marjan Bogaard-van Maurik
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse Zutt
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey van Vliet
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Janine Wolf
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona R M van der Klis
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hester E de Melker
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Robert S van Binnendijk
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gerco den Hartog
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Rapid Quantitative Point-Of-Care Diagnostic Test for Post COVID-19 Vaccination Antibody Monitoring. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0039622. [PMID: 35357223 PMCID: PMC9045215 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00396-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Point-of-care (POC) quantification of antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein can enable decentralized monitoring of immune responses after infection or vaccination. We evaluated a novel POC microfluidic cartridge-based device (ViroTrack Sero COVID-19 Total Ab) for quantitative detection of total antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike trimeric spike protein compared to standard laboratory chemiluminescence (CLIA)-based tests. Antibody responses of 101 individuals were measured on capillary blood, venous whole blood, plasma, and diluted plasma samples directly on the POC. Results were available within 7 min. As the reference, plasma samples were analyzed on DiaSorin LIAISON XL CLIA analyzer using LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 IgM, LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG, and LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG assays. The Spearman rank’s correlation coefficient between ViroTrack Sero COVID-19 Total Ab and LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG and LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG assays was found to be 0.83 and 0.89, respectively. ViroTrack Sero COVID-19 Total Ab showed high correlation between the different matrixes. Agreement for determination of samples of >230 binding antibody units (BAU)/mL on POC and CLIA methods is estimated to be around 90%. ViroTrack Sero Covid Total Ab is a rapid and simple-to-use POC test with high sensitivity and correlation of numerical results expressed in BAU/mL compared to those of a commercial CLIA assay. IMPORTANCE Serological testing is an important diagnostic support tool in the fight against COVID-19. So far, serological testing has been performed on either lateral flow assays, which perform only qualitatively and can be difficult for the individual to read, or standard laboratory assays, which are time- and resource-consuming. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the performance of a new POC microfluidic cartridge-based device based on immunomagnetic agglutination assay that can provide an accurate numerical quantification of the total antibodies within only 7 min from a single drop of capillary blood. We demonstrated a high level of correlation between the POC and the two CLIA laboratory-based immunoassays from Diasorin, thus allowing a potentially wider use of quantitative serology tests in the COVID-19 pandemic.
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29
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Evaluation of a commercial ELISA as alternative to plaque reduction neutralization test to detect neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3549. [PMID: 35241780 PMCID: PMC8894493 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07597-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput detection of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 presents a valuable tool for vaccine trials or investigations of population immunity. We evaluate the performance of the first commercial surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT, GenScript Biotech) against SARS-CoV-2 plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) in convalescent and vaccinated individuals. We compare it to five other ELISAs, two of which are designed to detect neutralizing antibodies. In 491 pre-vaccination serum samples, sVNT missed 23.6% of PRNT-positive samples when using the manufacturer-recommended cutoff of 30% binding inhibition. Introducing an equivocal area between 15 and 35% maximized sensitivity and specificity against PRNT to 72.8–93.1% and 73.5–97.6%, respectively. The overall diagnostic performance of the other ELISAs for neutralizing antibodies was below that of sVNT. Vaccinated individuals exhibited higher antibody titers by PRNT (median 119.8, IQR 56.7–160) and binding inhibition by sVNT (median 95.7, IQR 88.1–96.8) than convalescent patients (median 49.1, IQR 20–62; median 52.9, IQR 31.2–76.2). GenScript sVNT is suitable to screen for SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies; however, to obtain accurate results, confirmatory testing by PRNT in a equivocal area is required. This equivocal area may require adaptation for use in vaccinated individuals, due to higher antibody titers.
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30
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Liu Y, Zeng Q, Deng C, Li M, Li L, Liu D, Liu M, Ruan X, Mei J, Mo R, Zhou Q, Liu M, Peng S, Wang J, Zhang H, Xiao H. Robust induction of B cell and T cell responses by a third dose of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Cell Discov 2022; 8:10. [PMID: 35102140 PMCID: PMC8803973 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccines have shown remarkable efficacy in clinical trials, especially in reducing severe illness and casualty. However, the waning of humoral immunity over time has raised concern over the durability of immune memory following vaccination. Thus, we conducted a nonrandomized trial among the healthcare workers (HCWs) to investigate the long-term sustainability of SARS-CoV-2-specific B cells and T cells stimulated by inactivated vaccines and the potential need for a third booster dose. Although neutralizing antibodies elicited by the standard two-dose vaccination schedule dropped from a peak of 29.3 arbitrary units (AU)/mL to 8.8 AU/mL 5 months after the second vaccination, spike-specific memory B and T cells were still detectable, forming the basis for a quick recall response. As expected, the faded humoral immune response was vigorously elevated to 63.6 AU/mL by 7.2 folds 1 week after the third dose along with abundant spike-specific circulating follicular helper T cells in parallel. Meanwhile, spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were also robustly elevated by 5.9 and 2.7 folds respectively. Robust expansion of memory pools by the third dose potentiated greater durability of protective immune responses. Another key finding in this trial was that HCWs with low serological response to two doses were not truly "non-responders" but fully equipped with immune memory that could be quickly recalled by a third dose even 5 months after the second vaccination. Collectively, these data provide insights into the generation of long-term immunological memory by the inactivated vaccine, which could be rapidly recalled and further boosted by a third dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Clinical Trials Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qin Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Caiguanxi Deng
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liubing Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dayue Liu
- Department of Medical Affairs, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinyuan Ruan
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Mei
- Clinical Trials Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruohui Mo
- Clinical Trials Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Clinical Trials Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sui Peng
- Clinical Trials Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Haipeng Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Szczepanek J, Skorupa M, Goroncy A, Jarkiewicz-Tretyn J, Wypych A, Sandomierz D, Jarkiewicz-Tretyn A, Dejewska J, Ciechanowska K, Pałgan K, Rajewski P, Tretyn A. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG against the S Protein: A Comparison of BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, ChAdOx1 nCoV-2019 and Ad26.COV2.S Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:99. [PMID: 35062760 PMCID: PMC8778136 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 vaccines induce a differentiated humoral and cellular response, and one of the comparable parameters of the vaccine response is the determination of IgG antibodies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Concentrations of IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were analyzed at three time points (at the beginning of May, at the end of June and at the end of September). Serum samples were obtained from 954 employees of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (a total of three samples each were obtained from 511 vaccinated participants). IgG antibody concentrations were determined by enzyme immunoassay. The statistical analysis included comparisons between vaccines, between convalescents and COVID-19 non-patients, between individual measurements and included the gender, age and blood groups of participants. RESULTS There were significant differences in antibody levels between mRNA and vector vaccines. People vaccinated with mRNA-1273 achieved the highest levels of antibodies, regardless of the time since full vaccination. People vaccinated with ChAdOx1 nCoV-2019 produced several times lower antibody levels compared to the mRNA vaccines, while the antibody levels were more stable. In the case of each of the vaccines, the factor having the strongest impact on the level and stability of the IgG antibody titers was previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. There were no significant correlations with age, gender and blood type. SUMMARY mRNA vaccines induce a stronger humoral response of the immune system with the fastest loss of antibodies over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szczepanek
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Monika Skorupa
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.S.); (A.W.)
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Goroncy
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Joanna Jarkiewicz-Tretyn
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory Ltd., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.J.-T.); (D.S.); (A.J.-T.); (J.D.); (K.C.)
| | - Aleksandra Wypych
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.S.); (A.W.)
- Academic Research Center AKAMED Ltd., 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Dorota Sandomierz
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory Ltd., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.J.-T.); (D.S.); (A.J.-T.); (J.D.); (K.C.)
| | - Aleksander Jarkiewicz-Tretyn
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory Ltd., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.J.-T.); (D.S.); (A.J.-T.); (J.D.); (K.C.)
- Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology, 02-008 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Joanna Dejewska
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory Ltd., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.J.-T.); (D.S.); (A.J.-T.); (J.D.); (K.C.)
| | - Karolina Ciechanowska
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory Ltd., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.J.-T.); (D.S.); (A.J.-T.); (J.D.); (K.C.)
| | - Krzysztof Pałgan
- Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Paweł Rajewski
- Department of Internal and Infectious Diseases, Provincial Infectious Disease Hospital, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Tretyn
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
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32
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Giannotta G, Giannotta N. mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines and Long-Lived Plasma Cells: A Complicated Relationship. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1503. [PMID: 34960249 PMCID: PMC8703557 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
mRNA COVID-19 vaccines have hegemonized the world market, and their administration to the population promises to stop the pandemic. However, the waning of the humoral immune response, which does not seem to last so many months after the completion of the vaccination program, has led us to study the molecular immunological mechanisms of waning immunity in the case of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. We consulted the published scientific literature and from the few articles we found, we were convinced that there is an immunological memory problem after vaccination. Although mRNA vaccines have been demonstrated to induce antigen-specific memory B cells (MBCs) in the human population, there is no evidence that these vaccines induce the production of long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs), in a SARS-CoV-2 virus naïve population. This obstacle, in our point of view, is caused by the presence, in almost all subjects, of a cellular T and B cross-reactive memory produced during past exposures to the common cold coronaviruses. Due to this interference, it is difficult for a vaccination with the Spike protein alone, without adjuvants capable of prolonging the late phase of the generation of the immunological memory, to be able to determine the production of protective LLPCs. This would explain the possibility of previously and completely vaccinated subjects to become infected, already 4-6 months after the completion of the vaccination cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Giannotta
- Medical and Surgery Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
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Tarkowski M, de Jager W, Schiuma M, Covizzi A, Lai A, Gabrieli A, Corbellino M, Bergna A, Ventura CD, Galli M, Riva A, Antinori S. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulin Isotypes, and Neutralization Activity Against Viral Variants, According to BNT162b2-Vaccination and Infection History. Front Immunol 2021; 12:793191. [PMID: 34975897 PMCID: PMC8718396 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.793191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific antibody production and plasma neutralizing capacity against B.1 wild-type-like strain, and Gamma/P.1 and Delta/B.1.617.2 variants-of-concern, in subjects with different Covid-19 disease and vaccination histories. Methods Adult subjects were: 1) Unvaccinated/hospitalized for Covid-19; 2) Covid-19-recovered followed by one BNT162b2 vaccine dose; and 3) Covid-19-naïve/2-dose BNT162b2 vaccinated. Multiplex Luminex® immunoassays measured IgG, IgA, and IgM plasma levels against SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD), spike-1 (S), and nucleocapsid proteins. Neutralizing activity was determined in Vero E6 cytopathic assays. Results Maximum anti-RBD IgG levels were similar in Covid-19‑recovered individuals 8‒10 days after single-dose vaccination and in Covid-19-naïve subjects 7 days after 2nd vaccine dosing; both groups had ≈2‑fold higher anti-RBD IgG levels than Unvaccinated/Covid-19 subjects tracked through 2 weeks post-symptom onset. Anti-S IgG expression patterns were similar to RBD within each group, but with lower signal strengths. Viral antigen-specific IgA and IgM levels were more variable than IgG patterns. Anti-nucleocapsid immunoglobulins were not detected in Covid-19-naïve subjects. Neutralizing activity against the B.1 strain, and Gamma/P.1 and Delta/B.1.617.2 variants, was highest in Covid‑19-recovered/single-dose vaccinated subjects; although neutralization against the Delta variant in this group was only 26% compared to B.1 neutralization, absolute anti-Delta titers suggested maintained protection. Neutralizing titers against the Gamma and Delta variants were 33‒77% and 26‒67%, respectively, versus neutralization against the B.1 strain (100%) in the three groups. Conclusion These findings support SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine usefulness regardless of Covid-19 history, and confirm remarkable protection provided by a single vaccine dose in people who have recovered from Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Tarkowski
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marco Schiuma
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Covizzi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Lai
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Gabrieli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Corbellino
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Aziende Socio Sanitarie Territoriali (ASST) Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bergna
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Della Ventura
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Galli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Agostino Riva
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Spinello Antinori
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Padoan A, Cosma C, Bonfante F, Della Rocca F, Barbaro F, Santarossa C, Dall'Olmo L, Pagliari M, Bortolami A, Cattelan A, Cianci V, Basso D, Plebani M. Neutralizing antibody titers six months after Comirnaty vaccination: kinetics and comparison with SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 60:456-463. [PMID: 34911170 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES mRNA vaccines, including Comirnaty (BNT162b2 mRNA, BioNTech-Pfizer), elicit high IgG and neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses after the second dose, but the progressive decrease in serum antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 following vaccination have raised questions concerning long-term immunity, decreased antibody levels being associated with breakthrough infections after vaccination, prompting the consideration of booster doses. METHODS A total number of 189 Padua University-Hospital healthcare workers (HCW) who had received a second vaccine dose were asked to collect serum samples for determining Ab at 12 (t12) and 28 (t28) days, and 6 months (t6m) after their first Comirnaty/BNT162b2 inoculation. Ab titers were measured with plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), and three chemiluminescent immunoassays, targeting the receptor binding domain (RBD), the trimeric Spike protein (trimeric-S), and surrogate viral neutralization tests (sVNT). RESULTS The median percentages (interquartile range) for decrease in antibodies values 6 months after the first dose were 86.8% (67.1-92.8%) for S-RBD IgG, 82% (58.6-89.3%) for trimeric-S, 70.4% (34.5-86.4%) for VNT-Nab, 75% (50-87.5%) for PRNT50 and 75% (50-93.7%) for PRNT90. At 6 months, neither PRNT titers nor VNT-Nab and S-RBD IgG bAb levels correlated with age (p=0.078) or gender (p=0.938), while they were correlated with previous infection (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS After 6 months, a method-independent reduction of around 90% in anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was detected, while no significant differences were found between values of males and females aged between 24 and 65 years without compromised health status. Further efforts to improve analytical harmonization and standardization are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Padoan
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Cosma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Barbaro
- Infective and Tropical Disease Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Dall'Olmo
- Department of Surgical Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences - DISCOG, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Pagliari
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessio Bortolami
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cattelan
- Infective and Tropical Disease Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Vito Cianci
- Emergency Department, Padua University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Daniela Basso
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Plebani
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Chen RE, Gorman MJ, Zhu DY, Carreño JM, Yuan D, VanBlargan LA, Burdess S, Lauffenburger DA, Kim W, Turner JS, Droit L, Handley SA, Chahin S, Deepak P, O'Halloran JA, Paley MA, Presti RM, Wu GF, Krammer F, Alter G, Ellebedy AH, Kim AHJ, Diamond MS. Reduced antibody activity against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 delta virus in serum of mRNA-vaccinated individuals receiving tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors. MED 2021; 2:1327-1341.e4. [PMID: 34812429 PMCID: PMC8599018 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although vaccines effectively prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in healthy individuals, they appear to be less immunogenic in individuals with chronic inflammatory disease (CID) or receiving chronic immunosuppression therapy. METHODS Here we assessed a cohort of 77 individuals with CID treated as monotherapy with chronic immunosuppressive drugs for antibody responses in serum against historical and variant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viruses after immunization with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. FINDINGS Longitudinal analysis showed the greatest reductions in neutralizing antibodies and Fc effector function capacity in individuals treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors (TNFi), and this pattern appeared to be worse against the B.1.617.2 delta virus. Within 5 months of vaccination, serum neutralizing titers of all TNFi-treated individuals tested fell below the presumed threshold correlate for antibody-mediated protection. However, TNFi-treated individuals receiving a third mRNA vaccine dose boosted their serum neutralizing antibody titers by more than 16-fold. CONCLUSIONS Vaccine boosting or administration of long-acting prophylaxis (e.g., monoclonal antibodies) will likely be required to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in this susceptible population. FUNDING This study was supported by grants and contracts from the NIH (R01 AI157155, R01AI151178, and HHSN75N93019C00074; NIAID Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response (CEIRR) contracts HHSN272201400008C and 75N93021C00014; and Collaborative Influenza Vaccine Innovation Centers [CIVIC] contract 75N93019C00051).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Daniel Y Zhu
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dansu Yuan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura A VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samantha Burdess
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Wooseob Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jackson S Turner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lindsay Droit
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Scott A Handley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Salim Chahin
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Parakkal Deepak
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jane A O'Halloran
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael A Paley
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel M Presti
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gregory F Wu
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alfred H J Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Li D, Xu A, Mengesha E, Elyanow R, Gittelman RM, Chapman H, Prostko JC, Frias EC, Stewart JL, Pozdnyakova V, Debbas P, Mujukian A, Horizon AA, Merin N, Joung S, Botwin GJ, Sobhani K, Figueiredo JC, Cheng S, Kaplan IM, McGovern DP, Merchant A, Melmed GY, Braun J. The T-cell clonal response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in inflammatory bowel disease patients is augmented by anti-TNF therapy and often deficient in antibody-responders. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.12.08.21267444. [PMID: 34909785 PMCID: PMC8669852 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.08.21267444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is a highly effective strategy to protect against infection, which is predominantly mediated by vaccine-induced antibodies. Postvaccination antibodies are robustly produced by those with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) even on immune-modifying therapies but are blunted by anti-TNF therapy. In contrast, T-cell response which primarily determines long-term efficacy against disease progression,, is less well understood. We aimed to assess the post-vaccination T-cell response and its relationship to antibody responses in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on immune-modifying therapies. METHODS We evaluated IBD patients who completed SARS-CoV-2 vaccination using samples collected at four time points (dose 1, dose 2, 2 weeks after dose 2, 8 weeks after dose 2). T-cell clonal analysis was performed by T-cell Receptor (TCR) immunosequencing. The breadth (number of unique sequences to a given protein) and depth (relative abundance of all the unique sequences to a given protein) of the T-cell clonal response were quantified using reference datasets and were compared to antibody responses. RESULTS Overall, 303 subjects were included (55% female; 5% with prior COVID) (Table). 53% received BNT262b (Pfizer), 42% mRNA-1273 (Moderna) and 5% Ad26CoV2 (J&J). The Spike-specific clonal response peaked 2 weeks after completion of the vaccine regimen (3- and 5-fold for breadth and depth, respectively); no changes were seen for non-Spike clones, suggesting vaccine specificity. Reduced T-cell clonal depth was associated with chronologic age, male sex, and immunomodulator treatment. It was preserved by non-anti-TNF biologic therapies, and augmented clonal depth was associated with anti-TNF treatment. TCR depth and breadth were associated with vaccine type; after adjusting for age and gender, Ad26CoV2 (J&J) exhibited weaker metrics than mRNA-1273 (Moderna) (p=0.01 for each) or BNT262b (Pfizer) (p=0.056 for depth). Antibody and T-cell responses were only modestly correlated. While those with robust humoral responses also had robust TCR clonal expansion, a substantial fraction of patients with high antibody levels had only a minimal T-cell clonal response. CONCLUSION Age, sex and select immunotherapies are associated with the T-cell clonal response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, and T-cell responses are low in many patients despite high antibody levels. These factors, as well as differences seen by vaccine type may help guide reimmunization vaccine strategy in immune-impaired populations. Further study of the effects of anti-TNF therapy on vaccine responses are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalin Li
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Xu
- Cedars Sinai Cancer and Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emebet Mengesha
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - John C. Prostko
- Applied Research and Technology, Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL
| | - Edwin C. Frias
- Applied Research and Technology, Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL
| | - James L. Stewart
- Applied Research and Technology, Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL
| | - Valeriya Pozdnyakova
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Philip Debbas
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Angela Mujukian
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Noah Merin
- Cedars Sinai Cancer and Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sandy Joung
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gregory J. Botwin
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kimia Sobhani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jane C. Figueiredo
- Cedars Sinai Cancer and Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susan Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Dermot P.B. McGovern
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Akil Merchant
- Cedars Sinai Cancer and Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gil Y. Melmed
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Braun
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Ali H, Alahmad B, Al-Shammari AA, Alterki A, Hammad M, Cherian P, Alkhairi I, Sindhu S, Thanaraj TA, Mohammad A, Alghanim G, Deverajan S, Ahmad R, El-Shazly S, Dashti AA, Shehab M, Al-Sabah S, Alkandari A, Abubaker J, Abu-Farha M, Al-Mulla F. Previous COVID-19 Infection and Antibody Levels After Vaccination. Front Public Health 2021; 9:778243. [PMID: 34926392 PMCID: PMC8671167 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.778243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The emergence of new COVID-19 variants of concern coupled with a global inequity in vaccine access and distribution has prompted many public health authorities to circumvent the vaccine shortages by altering vaccination protocols and prioritizing persons at high risk. Individuals with previous COVID-19 infection may not have been prioritized due to existing humoral immunity. Objective: We aimed to study the association between previous COVID-19 infection and antibody levels after COVID-19 vaccination. Methods: A serological analysis to measure SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgA, and neutralizing antibodies was performed on individuals who received one or two doses of either BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 vaccines in Kuwait. A Student t-test was performed and followed by generalized linear regression models adjusted for individual characteristics and comorbidities were fitted to compare the average levels of IgG and neutralizing antibodies between vaccinated individuals with and without previous COVID-19 infection. Results: A total of 1,025 individuals were recruited. The mean levels of IgG, IgA, and neutralizing antibodies were higher in vaccinated subjects with previous COVID-19 infections than in those without previous infection. Regression analysis showed a steeper slope of decline for IgG and neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated individuals without previous COVID-19 infection compared to those with previous COVID-19 infection. Conclusion: Previous COVID-19 infection appeared to elicit robust and sustained levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in vaccinated individuals. Given the inconsistent supply of COVID-19 vaccines in many countries due to inequities in global distribution, our results suggest that even greater efforts should be made to vaccinate more people, especially individuals without previous COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad Ali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center (HSC), Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Barrak Alahmad
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Abdullah A. Al-Shammari
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, Kuwait University, Khaldiya, Kuwait
| | - Abdulmohsen Alterki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zain and Al-Sabah Hospitals, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Medical Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Maha Hammad
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Preethi Cherian
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Irina Alkhairi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Sardar Sindhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | | | - Anwar Mohammad
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Ghazi Alghanim
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Sriraman Deverajan
- National Dasman Diabetes Biobank, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Rasheed Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Sherief El-Shazly
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center (HSC), Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Ali A. Dashti
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center (HSC), Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Mohammad Shehab
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Salman Al-Sabah
- COVID-19 Research Group, Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Abdullah Alkandari
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Jehad Abubaker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Mohamed Abu-Farha
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
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Padoan A, Cosma C, Bonfante F, Rocca FD, Barbaro F, Santarossa C, Dall'Olmo L, Pagliari M, Bortolami A, Cattelan A, Cianci V, Basso D, Plebani M. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies after one or two doses of Comirnaty (BNT162b2, BioNTech/Pfizer): Kinetics and comparison with chemiluminescent assays. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 523:446-453. [PMID: 34755646 PMCID: PMC8553360 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies evaluating neutralizing antibody (NAb) after BNT162b2 vaccine are scarce. We therefore compared NAb using the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) in vaccinated subjects, with those from five chemiluminescent (CLIA) assays, two targeting ACE and S-RBD interaction. METHODS Sera from 174 completely Comirnaty/BNT162b2 vaccinated healthcare workers (HCW) were evaluated at t12 and t28. NAb titers at low (PRNT50) or high (PRNT90) stringency were compared with: Liaison SARS-CoV-2 Trimeric-S IgG, Elecsys S-RBD Ab, Maglumi SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG and SARS-CoV-2 Nab; iFlash 2019-nCoV NAb. RESULTS Neither PRNT50 nor PRNT90 correlated with age (range, 24-65 years); no significant differences were found for gender. PRNT50 and PRNT90 seropositive titers (≥1:20) were 43 (24.7%) and 15 (8.6%) at t12 and 167 (95.9%) and 149 (85.6%) at t28. CLIA results at t28 were uncorrelated with age, apart from Elecsys S-RBD Ab (r = -0.164, p = 0.046). Gender differences were found for Maglumi SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG (p = 0.037) and Maglumi NAb (p = 0.046). Considering PRNT50 at thresholds of 1:20 (or 1:40) and 1:160 (or 1:320), corresponding to different immune protective levels, CLIA cut-offs have been identified. CONCLUSIONS Comirnaty/BNT162b2 elicits strong NAb production, especially 28 days after first inoculum. Differences in correlation between Nab titers and circulating antibodies measured by 5 immunoassays have been found, being stronger the correlation for Maglumi Nab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Padoan
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padua, Italy
| | - Chiara Cosma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padua, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Barbaro
- Infective and Tropical Disease Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Dall'Olmo
- Department of Surgical Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences - DISCOG, University of Padua, Italy; Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Pagliari
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessio Bortolami
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cattelan
- Infective and Tropical Disease Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Vito Cianci
- Emergency Department, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Daniela Basso
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padua, Italy
| | - Mario Plebani
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padua, Italy.
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Israel A, Merzon E, Schäffer AA, Shenhar Y, Green I, Golan-Cohen A, Ruppin E, Magen E, Vinker S. Elapsed time since BNT162b2 vaccine and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection: test negative design study. BMJ 2021; 375:e067873. [PMID: 34819275 PMCID: PMC9083235 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2021-067873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether time elapsed since the second injection of the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine was significantly associated with the risk of covid-19 infection after vaccination in people who received two vaccine injections. DESIGN Test negative design study. SETTING Electronic health records of a large state mandated healthcare organisation, Israel. PARTICIPANTS Adults aged ≥18 years who had received a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test between 15 May 2021 and 17 September 2021, at least three weeks after their second vaccine injection, had not received a third vaccine injection, and had no history of covid-19 infection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Positive result for the RT-PCR test. Individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and controls were matched for week of testing, age category, and demographic group (ultra-orthodox Jews, individuals of Arab ancestry, and the general population). Conditional logistic regression was adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, and comorbid conditions. RESULTS 83 057 adults received an RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 during the study period and 9.6% had a positive result. Time elapsed since the vaccine injection was significantly longer in individuals who tested positive (P<0.001). Adjusted odds ratio for infection at time intervals >90 days since vaccination were significantly increased compared with the reference of <90 days: 2.37 (95% confidence interval 1.67 to 3.36) for 90-119 days, 2.66 (1.94 to 3.66) for 120-149 days, 2.82 (2.07 to 3.84) for 150-179 days, and 2.82 (2.07 to 3.85) for ≥180 days (P<0.001 for each 30 day interval). CONCLUSIONS In this large population of adults tested for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR after two doses of mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine, a gradual increase in the risk of infection was seen for individuals who received their second vaccine dose after at least 90 days.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugene Merzon
- Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | | | | | - Ilan Green
- Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Family Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avivit Golan-Cohen
- Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Family Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eytan Ruppin
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eli Magen
- Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Medicine C Department, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, Barzilai University Medical Centre, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - Shlomo Vinker
- Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Family Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Calusic M, Marcec R, Luksa L, Jurkovic I, Kovac N, Mihaljevic S, Likic R. Safety and efficacy of fluvoxamine in COVID-19 ICU patients: An open label, prospective cohort trial with matched controls. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 88:2065-2073. [PMID: 34719789 PMCID: PMC8653355 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Fluvoxamine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and sigma‐1 receptor agonist, has so far shown promise in the prevention of COVID‐19 progression as an early treatment option in three trials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of fluvoxamine in COVID‐19 patients if administered later in the course of the disease. Methods The study was designed as an open‐label, prospective cohort trial with matched controls. In April and May 2021, 51 ICU COVID‐19 patients hospitalised in the University Hospital Dubrava and University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Croatia, were treated with fluvoxamine 100 mg three times daily for 15 days in addition to standard therapy and they were prospectively matched for age, gender, vaccination against COVID‐19, disease severity and comorbidities with 51 ICU controls. Results No statistically significant differences between groups were observed regarding the number of days on ventilator support, duration of ICU or total hospital stay. However, overall mortality was lower in the fluvoxamine group, 58.8% (n = 30/51), than in the control group, 76.5% (n = 39/51), HR 0.58, 95% CI (0.36–0.94, P = .027). Conclusion Fluvoxamine treatment in addition to the standard therapy in hospitalised ICU COVID‐19 patients could have a positive impact on patient survival. Further studies on the effects of fluvoxamine in COVID‐19 patients are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Calusic
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Robert Marcec
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lea Luksa
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Jurkovic
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Natasa Kovac
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Slobodan Mihaljevic
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Robert Likic
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Jo DH, Minn D, Lim J, Lee KD, Kang YM, Choe KW, Kim KN. Rapidly Declining SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Titers within 4 Months after BNT162b2 Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1145. [PMID: 34696253 PMCID: PMC8539465 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy and safety of the BNT162b2 vaccine are known, but antibodies are expected to decrease over time after vaccination. We collected blood samples from 104 fully vaccinated health care workers at 3 and 5 weeks after first vaccination and 4 months after second vaccination. Antibody titers and neutralizing antibodies were measured. In our study, both antibody titers and neutralizing antibodies increased significantly at 5 weeks after first vaccination but decreased rapidly at 4 months after second vaccination. Additionally, the results showed a significant decrease regardless of gender or age. Further studies are needed to help determine the interval of SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ho Jo
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang 10475, Korea
| | - Dohsik Minn
- Seegene Medical Foundation, Seoul 05548, Korea
| | - Jaegyun Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang 10475, Korea
| | - Ki-Deok Lee
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang 10475, Korea
| | - Yu-Min Kang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang 10475, Korea
| | - Kang-Won Choe
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang 10475, Korea
| | - Kwang-Nam Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Myongji Hospital, Goyang 10475, Korea
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Bayart JL, Douxfils J, Gillot C, David C, Mullier F, Elsen M, Eucher C, Van Eeckhoudt S, Roy T, Gerin V, Wieers G, Laurent C, Closset M, Dogné JM, Favresse J. Waning of IgG, Total and Neutralizing Antibodies 6 Months Post-Vaccination with BNT162b2 in Healthcare Workers. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1092. [PMID: 34696200 PMCID: PMC8540417 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Data about the long-term duration of antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination are still scarce and are important to design vaccination strategies. In this study, 231 healthcare professionals received the two-dose regimen of BNT162b2. Of these, 158 were seronegative and 73 were seropositive at baseline. Samples were collected at several time points. The neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and antibodies against the nucleocapsid and the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 were measured. At day 180, a significant antibody decline was observed in seronegative (-55.4% with total antibody assay; -89.6% with IgG assay) and seropositive individuals (-74.8% with total antibody assay; -79.4% with IgG assay). The estimated half-life of IgG from the peak humoral response was 21 days (95% CI: 13-65) in seronegative and 53 days (95% CI: 40-79) in seropositive individuals. The estimated half-life of total antibodies was longer and ranged from 68 days (95% CI: 54-90) to 114 days (95% CI: 87-167) in seropositive and seronegative individuals, respectively. The decline of NAbs was more pronounced (-98.6%) and around 45% of the subjects tested were negative at day 180. Whether this decrease correlates with an equivalent drop in the clinical effectiveness against the virus would require appropriate clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Bayart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Pierre, 1340 Ottignies, Belgium; (J.-L.B.); (T.R.); (V.G.)
| | - Jonathan Douxfils
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.G.); (J.-M.D.); (J.F.)
- Qualiblood s.a., 5000 Namur, Belgium;
| | - Constant Gillot
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.G.); (J.-M.D.); (J.F.)
| | | | - François Mullier
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium; (F.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Marc Elsen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Luc Bouge, 5004 Bouge, Belgium; (M.E.); (C.E.)
| | - Christine Eucher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Luc Bouge, 5004 Bouge, Belgium; (M.E.); (C.E.)
| | | | - Tatiana Roy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Pierre, 1340 Ottignies, Belgium; (J.-L.B.); (T.R.); (V.G.)
| | - Vincent Gerin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Pierre, 1340 Ottignies, Belgium; (J.-L.B.); (T.R.); (V.G.)
| | - Grégoire Wieers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinique St-Pierre, 1340 Ottignies, Belgium;
| | - Christine Laurent
- Department of Internal Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium;
| | - Mélanie Closset
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium; (F.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Jean-Michel Dogné
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.G.); (J.-M.D.); (J.F.)
| | - Julien Favresse
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.G.); (J.-M.D.); (J.F.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Luc Bouge, 5004 Bouge, Belgium; (M.E.); (C.E.)
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