Interferon γ and Its Important Roles in Promoting and Inhibiting Spontaneous and Therapeutic Cancer Immunity

Sigma1 inhibitor suppression of adaptive immune resistance mechanisms mediated by cancer cell derived extracellular vesicles

Adaptive immune resistance in cancer describes the various mechanisms by which tumors adapt to evade anti-tumor immune responses. IFN-γ induction of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) was the first defined and validated adaptive immune resistance mechanism. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is central to adaptive immune resistance as immune modulatory secreted and integral membrane proteins are dependent on ER. Sigma1 is a unique ligand-regulated integral membrane scaffolding protein enriched in the ER of cancer cells. PD-L1 is an integral membrane glycoprotein that is translated into the ER and processed through the cellular secretory pathway. At the cell surface, PD-L1 is an immune checkpoint molecule that binds PD-1 on activated T-cells and blocks anti-tumor immunity. PD-L1 can also be incorporated into cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), and EV-associated PD-L1 can inactivate T-cells within the tumor microenvironment. Here, we demonstrate that a selective small molecule inhibitor of Sigma1 can block IFN-γ mediated adaptive immune resistance in part by altering the incorporation of PD-L1 into cancer cell-derived EVs. Sigma1 inhibition blocked post-translational maturation of PD-L1 downstream of IFN-γ/STAT1 signaling. Subsequently, EVs released in response to IFN-γ stimulation were significantly less potent suppressors of T-cell activation. These results suggest that by reducing tumor derived immune suppressive EVs, Sigma1 inhibition may promote antitumor immunity. Sigma1 modulation presents a novel approach to regulating the tumor immune microenvironment by altering the content and production of EVs. Altogether, these data support the notion that Sigma1 may play a role in adaptive immune resistance in the tumor microenvironment.

Transient inhibition of type I interferon enhances CD8+ T cell stemness and vaccine protection

Developing vaccines that promote CD8+ T cell memory is a challenge for infectious disease and cancer immunotherapy. TCF-1+ stem cell-like memory CD8+ T (TSCM) cells are important determinants of long-lived memory. Yet, the developmental requirements for TSCM cell formation are unclear. Here, we identify the temporal window for type I interferon receptor (IFNAR) blockade to drive TSCM cell generation following viral infection and mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccination. We reveal a reversible developmental trajectory where transcriptionally distinct TSCM cells emerged from a transitional precursor of exhausted T cellular state concomitant with viral clearance. TSCM cell differentiation correlated with T cell retention within the lymph node paracortex due to disrupted CXCR3 chemokine gradient formation. These effects were linked to increased antigen load and a counterintuitive increase in IFNγ, which controlled cell location. Vaccination with the IFNAR blockade promoted TSCM cell differentiation and enhanced protection against chronic infection. These findings propose an approach to vaccine design whereby modulation of inflammation promotes memory formation and function.

Ferroptosis: CD8+T cells' blade to destroy tumor cells or poison for self-destruction

Ferroptosis represents an emerging, iron-dependent form of cell death driven by lipid peroxidation. In recent years, it has garnered significant attention in the realm of cancer immunotherapy, particularly in studies involving immune checkpoint inhibitors. This form of cell death not only enhances our comprehension of the tumor microenvironment but is also considered a promising therapeutic strategy to address tumor resistance, investigate immune activation mechanisms, and facilitate the development of cancer vaccines. The combination of immunotherapy with ferroptosis provides innovative targets and fresh perspectives for advancing cancer treatment. Nevertheless, tumor cells appear to possess a wider array of ferroptosis evasion strategies compared to CD8+T cells, which have been conclusively shown to be more vulnerable to ferroptosis. Furthermore, ferroptosis in the TME can create a favorable environment for tumor survival and invasion. Under this premise, both inducing tumor cell ferroptosis and inhibiting T cell ferroptosis will impact antitumor immunity to some extent, and even make the final result run counter to our therapeutic purpose. This paper systematically elucidates the dual-edged sword role of ferroptosis in the antitumor process of T cells, briefly outlining the complexity of ferroptosis within the TME. It explores potential side effects associated with ferroptosis-inducing therapies and critically considers the combined application of ferroptosis-based therapies with ICIs. Furthermore, it highlights the current challenges faced by this combined therapeutic approach and points out future directions for development.

Dendritic cell maturation in cancer

Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that are present at low abundance in the circulation and tissues; they serve as crucial immune sentinels by continually sampling their environment, migrating to secondary lymphoid organs and shaping adaptive immune responses through antigen presentation. Owing to their ability to orchestrate tolerogenic or immunogenic responses to a specific antigen, DCs have a pivotal role in antitumour immunity and the response to immune checkpoint blockade and other immunotherapeutic approaches. The multifaceted functions of DCs are acquired through a complex, multistage process called maturation. Although the role of inflammatory triggers in driving DC maturation was established decades ago, less is known about DC maturation in non-inflammatory contexts, such as during homeostasis and in cancer. The advent of single-cell technologies has enabled an unbiased, high-dimensional characterization of various DC states, including mature DCs. This approach has clarified the molecular programmes associated with DC maturation and also revealed how cancers exploit these pathways to subvert immune surveillance. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms by which cancer disrupts DC maturation and highlight emerging therapeutic opportunities to modulate DC states. These insights could inform the development of DC-centric immunotherapies, expanding the arsenal of strategies to enhance antitumour immunity.

Immunogenic shift of arginine metabolism triggers systemic metabolic and immunological reprogramming to suppress HER2 + breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Arginine metabolism in tumors is often shunted into the pathway producing pro-tumor and immune suppressive polyamines (PAs), while downmodulating the alternative nitric oxide (NO) synthesis pathway. Aiming to correct arginine metabolism in tumors, arginine deprivation therapy and inhibitors of PA synthesis have been developed. Despite some therapeutic advantages, these approaches have often yielded severe side effects, making it necessary to explore an alternative strategy. We previously reported that supplementing sepiapterin (SEP), the endogenous precursor of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4, the essential NO synthase cofactor), could correct arginine metabolism in tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and induce their metabolic and phenotypic reprogramming. We saw that oral SEP treatment effectively suppressed the growth of HER2-positive mammary tumors in animals. SEP also has no reported dose-dependent toxicity in clinical trials for metabolic disorders. In the present study, we tested our hypothesis that a long-term administration of SEP to individuals susceptible to HER2-positive mammary tumor would protect them against tumor occurrence.

METHODS

We administered SEP, in comparison to control DMSO, to MMTV-neu mice susceptible to HER2-positive mammary tumors for 8 months starting at their pre-pubertal stage. We monitored tumor onsets to determine the rate of tumor-free survival. After 8 months of treatment, we grouped animals into DMSO treatment with or without tumors and SEP treatment with or without tumors. We analyzed blood metabolites, PBMC, and bone marrow of DMSO vs. SEP treated animals.

RESULTS

We found that a long-term use of SEP in animals susceptible to HER2-positive mammary tumors effectively suppressed tumor occurrence. These SEP-treated animals had undergone reprogramming of the systemic metabolism and immunity, elevating total T cell counts in the circulation and bone marrow. Given that bone marrow-resident T cells are mostly memory T cells, it is plausible that chronic SEP treatment promoted memory T cell formation, leading to a potent tumor prevention.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest the possible roles of the SEP/BH4/NO axis in promoting memory T cell formation and its potential therapeutic utility for preventing HER2-positive breast cancer.

KCa3.1 Contributes to Neuroinflammation and Nigral Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in Experimental models of Parkinson's Disease

Chronic neuroinflammation and misfolded α-synuclein (αSyn) have been identified as key pathological correlates driving Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis; however, the contribution of ion channels to microglia activation in the context of α-synucleinopathy remains elusive. Herein, we show that KCa3.1, a calcium-activated potassium channel, is robustly upregulated within microglia in multiple preclinical models of PD and, most importantly, in human PD and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) brains. Pharmacological inhibition of KCa3.1 via senicapoc or TRAM-34 inhibits KCa3.1 channel activity and the associated reactive microglial phenotype in response to aggregated αSyn, as well as ameliorates of PD like pathology in diverse PD mouse models. Additionally, proteomic and transcriptomic profiling of microglia revealed that senicapoc ameliorates aggregated αSyn-induced, inflammation-associated pathways and dysregulated metabolism in primary microglial cells. Mechanistically, FYN kinase in a STAT1 dependent manner regulates KCa3.1 mediated the microglial reactive activation phenotype after α-synucleinopathy. Moreover, reduced neuroinflammation and subsequent PD-like neuropathology were observed in SYN AAV inoculated KCa3.1 knockout mice. Together, these findings suggest that KCa3.1 inhibition represents a novel therapeutic strategy for treating patients with PD and related α-synucleinopathies.

IL-4 mediated TAP2 downregulation is a dominant and reversible mechanism of immune evasion and immunotherapy resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND

Resistance to both naturally occurring anti-cancer immunity and to immunotherapy is common in patients with aggressive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Recent studies indicate a role of loss of the HLA class-I antigen presentation machinery (APM) protein β-2-microglobulin in acquired resistance to immune checkpoint blockers. However, the mechanisms, functional consequences and therapeutic potential of APM defects in NSCLC remain poorly understood.

METHODS

Using multiplexed immunofluorescence, we spatially mapped CD8+ effector Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) and the APM components TAP1 and TAP2 in 819 baseline/pre-treatment NSCLCs from patients treated with and without PD-1 axis blockers in 4 independent cohorts. The impact of TAP1/2 silencing in lung cancer cells using siRNAs and CRISPR/Cas9 was studied using transcriptomic analysis, phosphoprotein arrays, ATAC-sequencing, measurement of surface HLA-peptide complexes and in vitro tumor-antigen specific T-cell killing. We established autologous co-cultures of tumor and immune cells from primary human NSCLCs to study the functional impact of IL4Rα and/or PD-1 blockade using monoclonal antibodies. A high-throughput drug screen supported the identification of compounds able to increase TAP2 expression in NSCLC cells.

RESULTS

We identified cancer cell selective TAP2 protein downregulation in 42.4% of treatment naïve NSCLCs associated with reduced sensitivity to immune checkpoint blockers. TAP1 downregulation occurred in 24.4% of lung tumors without survival impact. Silencing of TAP2 in lung cancer cells altered key intracellular immunomodulatory pathways, limited sensitivity to proinflammatory cytokines, reduced the levels of surface peptide-HLA complexes and protected malignant cells from tumor antigen-specific T-cell killing via SOCS1 upregulation. TAP2 loss in human NSCLCs was associated with reduced TAP2 promoter chromatin accessibility and elevated IL-4 IL-4 expression. Treatment with IL-4 reduced TAP2 levels and the chromatin accessibility of the TAP2 gene promoter in NSCLC cells and reproduced all the functional consequences of TAP2 loss. In intact human NSCLC, IL-4 IL-4 transcripts were detected in intratumoral myeloid cells and IL-4Rα blockade increased human NSCLC cell killing by autologous TILs. Epigenetic modulators and other drugs with known anti-cancer activity increased TAP2 expression and its function in lung cancer cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study reveals previously unrecognized functions of TAP2 beyond antigen presentation and establishes a reversible multi-cellular axis mediating adaptive immune evasion and immunotherapy resistance with clinical potential.

N6-methyladenosine RNA modification in stomach carcinoma: Novel insights into mechanisms and implications for diagnosis and treatment

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation is crucially involved in the genesis and advancement of gastric cancer (GC) by controlling various pathobiological aspects including gene expression, signal transduction, metabolism, cell death, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and exosome function. Despite its importance, the exact mechanisms by which m6A modification influences GC biology remain inadequately explored. This review consolidates the latest advances in uncovering the mechanisms and diverse roles of m6A in GC and proposes new research and translational directions. Key regulators (writers, readers, and erasers) of m6A, such as METTL3/14/16 and WTAP, significantly affect cancer progression, anticancer immune response, and treatment outcomes. m6A modification also impacts immune cell infiltration and the tumor microenvironment, highlighting its potential as a diagnostic and prognostic marker. Interactions between m6A methylation and non-coding RNAs offer further novel insights into GC development and therapeutic targets. Targeting m6A regulators could enhance immunotherapy response, overcome treatment resistance, and improve oncological and clinical outcomes. Models based on m6A can precisely predict treatment response and prognosis in GC. Additional investigation is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of m6A methylation and its potential clinical applications and relevance (e.g., as precise markers for early detection, prediction of outcome, and response to therapy and as therapeutic targets) in GC. Future research should focus on in vivo studies, potential clinical trials, and the examination of m6A modification in other types of cancers.

Effect of sakuranetin against cyclophosphamide-induced immunodeficiency mice: role of IFN-γ/TNF-α/IgG/IgM/interleukins

Cyclophosphamide is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent known for its effectiveness in treating various cancers; however, it is associated with significant immunosuppressive side effects. This study investigates the potential of sakuranetin, a natural flavonoid, in mice under cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive conditions. Mice were grouped into four groups: one control group, two treated with cyclophosphamide and two sakuranetin-treated groups receiving different doses (10 and 20 mg/kg). Immune organ indices, lymphocyte proliferation, hematological parameters, nitric oxide levels, cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha-TNF-α, interferon γ-IFN-γ), interleukins (interleukin-1β-IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6), immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM levels, plague-forming cells quantification, qualitative hemolysis, and delayed-type hypersensitivity were assessed. Cyclophosphamide significantly (P < 0.05) reduced immune organ indices, lymphocyte proliferation, changes in hematological parameters, and nitric oxide levels. Treatment with both sakuranetin doses restored these parameters and normalized cytokine, IgG, and IgM levels (P < 0.05). Sakuranetin significantly (P < 0.05) improved the immunomodulatory action with elevated immune response with downregulation in immune response mediated by cells. Sakuranetin effectively counteracts cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression by modulating the IFN-γ, TNF-α, IgG, and interleukin pathway, suggesting its potential as a protective agent.

Chronic suppurative otitis media: disrupted host-microbial interactions and immune dysregulation

Recent research has uncovered new mechanisms that disrupt the balance between the host and microbes in the middle ear, potentially leading to dysbiosis and chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). Dysbiotic microbial communities, including core pathogens such as persister cells, are recognized for displaying cooperative virulence. These microbial communities not only evade the host's immune defenses but also promote inflammation that leads to tissue damage. This leads to uncontrolled disorder and pathogen proliferation, potentially causing hearing loss and systemic complications. In this discussion, we examine emerging paradigms in the study of CSOM that could provide insights into other polymicrobial inflammatory diseases. Additionally, we underscore critical knowledge gaps essential for developing a comprehensive understanding of how microbes interact with both the innate and adaptive immune systems to trigger and maintain CSOM.

Comparing the cannabidiol-induced transcriptomic profiles in human and mouse Sertoli cells

Cannabidiol (CBD), a major cannabinoid found in Cannabis sativa L., has been used in the treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex. Recently, concerns have been raised regarding the male reproductive toxicity of CBD in animal models, such as monkeys, rats, and mice. In our previous studies, we reported that CBD inhibited cell proliferation in both primary human Sertoli cells and mouse Sertoli TM4 cells. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that in primary human Sertoli cells CBD disrupted DNA replication, cell cycle, and DNA repair, ultimately causing cellular senescence. In this study, we further investigated the molecular changes induced by CBD in mouse Sertoli TM4 cells using RNA-sequencing analyses and compared the transcriptomic profile with that of primary human Sertoli cells. Our findings demonstrated that, unlike in primary human Sertoli cells, CBD did not induce cellular senescence but caused apoptosis in mouse Sertoli TM4 cells. Through transcriptomic data analysis in mouse Sertoli TM4 cells, immune and cellular stress responses were identified. Moreover, transcriptomic comparisons revealed major differences in molecular changes induced by CBD between mouse Sertoli TM4 and primary human Sertoli cells. This suggests that primary human Sertoli cells and mouse Sertoli cells may respond differently to CBD.

Exploring the impact of interferon-gamma single nucleotide polymorphisms on HTLV-1 infection: Unraveling genetic influences in viral pathogenesis

Human T-lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) induces neoplastic adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and neurological HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (HAM) in approximately 3 %-5 % of infected individuals. The precise factors that facilitate disease manifestation are still unknown; interaction between the virus and the host's immune response is key. Cytokines regulates physiological activities and their dysregulation may initiate the pathogenesis of various malignant and infectious diseases. Genetic variations, particularly polymorphisms in gene regulatory regions, lead to varying cytokine production patterns. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), a key cytokine in HTLV-1 infection, is a signature cytokine for T-helper 1 (Th1) cells that interferes with viral replication and enhances innate and adaptive immune responses during viral infections. The IFNG gene possesses several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), among which the + 874 A/T SNP has been widely studied for its functional role in HTLV-1 infection. The purpose of this review was to provide insight into the impact of IFNG SNPs on HTLV-1 Infection.

Glutamine deprivation confers immunotherapy resistance by inhibiting IFN-γ signaling in cancer cells

Glutamine metabolism is emerging as a target for improving immunotherapy efficacy. However, the outcomes remain inconclusive. Given that the tumor-intrinsic response to interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a key determinant of immunotherapy efficacy, we investigated whether and how glutamine deprivation in cancer cells affects their response to IFN-γ. By using human lung cancer cell lines, patient-derived tumor explants, and a syngeneic mouse model of lung cancer, we demonstrated that glutamine deprivation reduced the IFN-γ-driven response in cancer cells by promoting autophagy-dependent IFN-γ receptor (IFNGR1) degradation and rendering tumors resistant to anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 therapy. Treatment with V9302, an inhibitor of the alanine-serine-cysteine transporter (ASCT2), enhanced the IFN-γ-driven response of cancer cells and increased the efficacy of PD-1 blockade therapy. Mechanistic analysis revealed that V9302 inhibited autophagy by impairing lysosomal activity independent of glutamine deprivation, likely because of its physiochemical properties, thereby preventing IFNGR1 degradation. Moreover, V9302 also increased Glut1 expression through the inhibition of lysosomal pathway-dependent degradation of Glut1 and consequently increased cancer cell glucose uptake, in turn retaining the levels of intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and ATP, which are involved in maintaining IFN-γ signal transduction in cancer cells. In support of these findings, targeting lysosomal activity with chloroquine (CQ) also increased IFNGR1 expression and the IFN-γ-driven response in cancer cells. The administration of CQ increased the sensitivity of ASCT2-deficient tumors to anti-PD-L1 therapy. Glutamine deprivation per se leads to resistance to immunotherapy, whereas V9302 treatment results in increased immunotherapy efficacy through impaired lysosomal activity, which is independent of glutamine deprivation.

GRHL3 drives radiotherapy resistance and blocks the anti-tumor response of NK and CD4+ T cells in lung squamous cell carcinoma via RNF2

Grainyhead-like protein 3 homolog (GRHL3) has been identified as a top transcription factor associated with keratinization in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). We designed this study to elucidate the function of GRHL3 in radioresistance in LUSC and the mechanism involved. Transcriptome differences between radioresistant and parental cells were analyzed to identify the hub transcription factor. GRHL3 expression was overexpressed in radioresistant cells relative to parental cells, and the knockdown of GRHL3 conferred sensitivity to radioresistant LUSC cells, induced DNA damage, inhibited cell survival, and reduced tumor load in mice. GRHL3 promoted ring finger protein 2 (RNF2) transcription by binding to the RNF2 promoter. GRHL3 induced a radioresistant phenotype in parental cells and led to compromised anti-tumor immune responses of CD4+ T cells and NK cells. The GRHL3-promoted tumor progression was reversed by the knockdown of RNF2. The DNA methylation of GRHL3 was reduced in radioresistant cells. All in all, as GRHL3, helps LUSC cells escape from the immune surveillance and mediates radioresistance, it might be an attractive target for therapy-resistant LUSC.

Micro-environmental changes indicate potential for subclinical intestinal tissue damage in early-age-onset colorectal cancer patients

Background

While improved screening rates have contributed to an overall decrease in the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC), the incidence of early-age-onset CRC (EAO CRC; age <50 years) has increased. Here, we characterize the genetic alterations and tumor microenvironment (TME) for EAO and later-age-onset (LAO) CRCs to identify relevant biological differences that might point to etiologic factors.

Methods

A cohort of EAO (n = 60) and LAO (n = 93) CRC patients were evaluated for mutations by using targeted DNA sequencing and for TME differences by using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) PanCancer Atlas colorectal adenocarcinoma cohort was evaluated for transcriptional changes between EAO (n = 82) and LAO (n = 510) patients.

Results

KRAS and BRAF mutations were less frequent in EAO CRCs. Gene-set enrichment analysis of TCGA data revealed the downregulation of immune-related pathways in EAO CRCs. Both age cohorts had similar numbers of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), although LAO patients had more CD4+ TILs and Th1-polarized CD4s. While significant associations between immune subsets and versican (VCAN), versikine, and alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) were found, none of these trends differed between age cohorts. EAO patients trended towards greater VCAN accumulation in adjacent normal tissue, lower rates of VCAN proteolysis, and decreased αSMA accumulation vs LAO patients.

Conclusions

Overall, established EAO cancers are similar to LAO cancers in mutational profile and key TME features. High VCAN and αSMA expression in adjacent normal colon indicates a presence of factors that are associated with increased intestinal subclinical inflammation. Future mechanistic studies will be conducted to better understand the importance of these findings and related processes should be prioritized as potential etiologic factors for EAO tumorigenesis.

The Past, Present, and Future of Cervical Cancer Vaccines

Since the introduction of prophylactic HPV vaccines, both HPV infection rates and cervical cancer rates have subsequently dropped. Yet, cervical cancer remains the fourth most common cancer diagnosis in women globally. As HPV and its role in the development of cervical cancer become better understood, vaccines have emerged as a front runner for improved therapeutic cervical cancer treatment. Recent studies have shown that protein and DNA vaccines may be effectively delivered via the use of several different vectors, while combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors provides even more effective treatment. Further investigation and additional clinical studies into specific vaccine strategies are necessary to determine how effective vaccines are as therapeutic treatment for cervical cancer. This review intends to summarize some of the most promising research on cervical cancer vaccines. Such a study may be helpful for gynecologists to prevent and manage patients with HPV infection.

Enhanced and Prolonged Immunogenicity in Mice of Thermally Stabilized Fatty Acid-Conjugated Vaccine Antigen

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Influenza vaccines require good thermal stability without the need for refrigerator storage. Although the fatty acid-conjugated hemagglutinin (Heg) vaccine antigen provides good stability in both solid and liquid states, its therapeutic effectiveness must be validated in vivo. This study aimed to investigate the immunogenicity of the thermally stabilized Heg-oleic acid conjugate (HOC) and compare it with native Heg as a reference.

METHOD

To evaluate HOC immunogenicity, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) titers, serum IgG antibody titers (IgG1, IgG2a), and cytokine secretion levels (IFN-γ, IL-4) in BALB/c mice after intramuscular (IM) injection.

RESULTS

Thermally stabilized HOC induced higher and more sustained serum IgG1 and IgG2a responses than the native Heg vaccine antigen. IgG1 is typically associated with a Th2 response, whereas IgG2a is associated with a Th1 response. HOC appeared to enhance both responses, inducing a more balanced immune response. Moreover, HOC antigens stimulate broader immune responses, suggesting stronger and longer-lasting immune memory. The cytokine levels of IFN-γ (2.8-fold) and IL-4 (6-fold) were significantly increased in the HOC-immunized group compared to the Heg group. IFN-γ, a cytokine that activates the Th1 immune response, demonstrated the enhanced ability of HOC to induce a Th1 response. IL-4, a cytokine that promotes the Th2 response, indicated that HOC also strongly induced a Th2 response. The thermal stability of HOC antigens was crucial for maintaining their structural integrity, enabling the continuous exposure to the stable antigen without denaturation. This allows immune cells to recognize stable antigens efficiently and form long-term immune memory.

CONCLUSIONS

The stability of HOC antigens enhanced the antigen processing efficiency of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and stimulated immune responses. The fatty acid-conjugated vaccine antigen could provide improved storage stability but also enhance immunogenic efficacy compared to the native antigen, supporting its potential for further applications.

Retrotrans-genomics identifies aberrant THE1B endogenous retrovirus fusion transcripts in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis

Transposon-like human element 1B (THE1B) originates from ancient retroviral sequences integrated into the primate genome approximately 50 million years ago, now accounting for at least 27,233 copies in the human genome, suggesting their extensive influence on human genomic architecture. Here we report identification of 19 THE1B fusion transcripts through short- and long-read RNA-seq analysis, 15 of which are previously unmapped, showing elevated expression in 16 individuals with sarcoid myopathy (SM), as compared to 400 controls with various other muscle diseases. Analysis of publicly available RNA-seq data indicated a correlation between the reduced expression of eight THE1B fusion transcripts and clinical improvement in individuals with cutaneous sarcoidosis receiving tofacitinib treatment. Single-cell or single-nucleus RNA-seq analyses of sarcoidosis not only confirmed these transcripts but also revealed a novel read-through transcript, SIRPB1-SIRPD, and TREM2.1, predominantly in granuloma-associated macrophages. The expression profiles of THE1B fusion transcripts in tuberculosis (TB) significantly differed from SM in single-cell RNA-seq data, suggesting that the differences between TB's caseous granulomas and sarcoidosis's non-caseous granulomas might be linked to disparate expression patterns of THE1B fusion transcripts. Our retrotrans-genomics approach has not only identified the genomic landscape of sarcoidosis but also provided new insights into its etiology.

CAR-CIK vs. CAR-T: benchmarking novel cytokine-induced killer cells as solid tumor immunotherapy in ErbB2+ rhabdomyosarcoma

Introduction

CAR-T cell therapy, though successful in hematologic malignancies, faces challenges in solid tumors due to limitations of autologous T cells. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells can be given safely across allogeneic barriers and constitute alternative effector cells generated from healthy donors. CIK cells are a heterogenous population of predominantly T cells with a mixed natural killer (NK) phenotype and combine non-MHC-restricted cytotoxicity with potent anti-tumor capacity of the adaptive immune system. Here, we characterize and compare efficacy, phenotypic subpopulations and modes of action of CAR-CIK cells and conventional CAR-T cells from same-donor samples in ErbB2+ rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS).

Methods

To benchmark CAR-CIK against conventional CAR-T cells, effector cells were generated from same-donor samples and lentivirally transduced with a second generation CD28-CD3ζ CAR. Effector subpopulations and their dynamics upon target cell exposure were phenotypically characterized by flow cytometry. Efficacy was assessed in human ErbB2+ RMS cancer cell lines and primary patient samples in vitro and ex vivo using cytotoxicity and spheroid co-incubation assays. Modes of action were assessed by comparing cytokine secretion profiles using bead-based multiplexed flow cytometry and by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry whole cell proteomics. Finally, we used an in vivo model of RMS mimicking minimal metastatic residual disease to compare anti-tumor potency of CAR-CIK vs. CAR-T cells and to assess their target organ infiltration.

Results

In vitro assays demonstrated superior cytotoxicity of CAR-CIK cells against RMS cell lines and primary tumor samples. Long-term co-incubation with tumor spheroids led to expansion of CAR-CIK cells and enrichment of CD3+CD56+ TNK cells. CAR-CIK cell cytokine signature showed significantly increased secretion of effector molecules like interferon-γ, perforin and granulysin, and lower secretion of Th2 cytokines IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10. Whole cell proteomics showed corresponding upregulation of chemokine signaling and NK-cytotoxicity pathways in CAR-CIK cells. In NSG mice xenografted with ErbB2+ RMS, a single injection of either CAR-effector cells strongly impeded metastatic tumor development and significantly improved survival.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that CAR-CIK cells are at least equipotent to CAR-T cells. Combined with their favorable safety profile and allogeneic applicability, these findings position CAR-CIK cells as promising immune effectors for solid tumors.

Aqueous Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract in drinking water mitigates aflatoxin B1 toxicity in broilers: effects on performance, biomarker analysis, and liver histology

This study evaluated aqueous Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract in drinking water as a mitigation strategy against Aflatoxin B1-induced toxicity in broilers, focusing on performance, haematology, serum biochemistry, pro-inflammatory cytokines, cellular stress markers, and liver histology. Two hundred and forty (240) day-old chicks (mixed sex), of the Cobb 500 breed were divided into four groups: control (CONT), AFB1-exposed (AFLB1), and two treatment groups (VE1AF and VE2AF) receiving 0.5 mg/kg AFB1 and Vernonia amygdalina aqueous extract at 1 g/L and 2 g/L, respectively. At 42 days, VE1AF and VE2AF chickens showed higher (P < 0.05) final weights and weight gains than CONT and AFLB1 groups. The red blood cells, packed cell volume, haemoglobin, and white blood cell counts were higher (P < 0.05) in CONT, VE1AF, and VE2AF groups compared to AFLB1. Mean cell volume, and mean cell haemaoglobin were higher (P < 0.05) in AFLB1 and VE2AF. Serum analysis revealed lower (P < 0.05) total protein, globulin, and albumin in AFLB1, which were restored by the extract. The tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and interferon-γ, were elevated (P < 0.05) in AFLB1 but reduced in VE1AF and VE2AF. The heat shock protein 70, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and adiponectin levels were higher (P < 0.05) in AFLB1, but were normalized by the extract in VE1AF and VE2AF. Leptin and triiodothyronine levels were significantly (P < 0.05) better in VE1AF and VE2AF, compared to AFLB1. Liver histology showed reduced inflammation in VE1AF and VE2AF, with near-normal hepatic architecture. In conclusion, Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract effectively counteracts AFB1 toxicity, enhancing overall health and performance in broiler chickens.

Interferon-driven Metabolic Reprogramming and Tumor Microenvironment Remodeling

IFNs play a critical role in cancer biology, including impacting tumor cell behavior and instructing the tumor microenvironment (TME). IFNs recently have been shown to reprogram tumor metabolism through distinct mechanisms. Furthermore, IFNs shape the TME by modulating immune cell infiltration and function, contributing to the intricate interaction between the tumor and stromal cells. This review summarizes the effects of IFNs on metabolic reprogramming and their impacts on the function of immune cells within the TME, with a particular focus on the dual roles of IFNs in mediating both anti-tumor and pro-tumor immune responses. Understanding the significance of IFNs-mediated processes aids to advise future therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment.

The role of IL‑17, IFN‑γ, 4‑1BBL and tumour‑infiltrating lymphocytes in the occurrence, development and prognosis of pancreatic cancer

Immunotherapy has made progress in the treatment of tumours; however, in patients with pancreatic cancer, immunotherapy has not achieved effective results. The present study investigated changes in the immune microenvironment during tumour development and progression, and the relationship between the immune microenvironment and prognosis, to clarify the mechanism of immune escape in pancreatic cancer. A total of 40 patients with pancreatic cancer (including 22 with stage I-II disease and 18 with stage III-IV disease) and 20 patients with chronic pancreatitis were included in the present study. The expression of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD56, IFN-γ, IL-17 and 4-1BBL was assessed by immunohistochemistry, and the mRNA expression levels were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The clinicopathological characteristics and prognoses of patients with pancreatic cancer were analysed to further explore the role of IL-17, IFN-γ, 4-1BBL and tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in pancreatic cancer. Notably, the expression levels of CD3, CD8, CD56, IFN-γ and 4-1BBL in patients with stages I-II and III-IV cancer were lower than those in patients with chronic pancreatitis (P<0.05), especially in patients with stage III-IV cancer (P<0.05). In addition, the expression of IL-17 in patients with stages I-II and III-IV cancer was greater than in patients with chronic pancreatitis (P<0.05), especially in patients with stage III-IV cancer (P<0.05). The RT-qPCR results regarding CD3, CD4, CD8, CD56, IFN-γ and IL-17 were almost the same as those obtained from immunohistochemical analysis; however, the mRNA expression levels of 4-1BBL were not significantly different between stages I-II and III-IV. Furthermore, patients with pancreatic cancer with higher expression levels of CD3, CD8, CD56, IFN-γ and 4-1BBL exhibited longer survival, whereas those with higher expression of IL-17 had a shorter survival time. The expression levels of CD3, CD8, CD56, cytokines IL-17 and IFN-γ, and costimulatory molecule 4-1BBL were revealed to be related to the degree of differentiation, Tumour-Node-Metastasis staging and the prognosis of pancreatic cancer, and may serve as novel immunological indicators for evaluating the condition and treatment effectiveness in patients with pancreatic cancer.

Development of a multi-epitope chimeric vaccine in silico against Babesia bovis, Theileria annulata, and Anaplasma marginale using computational biology tools and reverse vaccinology approach

The three rickettsial parasites- Babesia bovis, Theileria annulata and Anaplasma Marginale are responsible for causing Babesiosis, Theileriosis and Anaplasmosis among cattle. These diseases exist due to spreading of infected ticks. A large number of cattle were found to suffer from mixed infections caused by the three parasites at the same time. Due to these reasons cattle have been devoid of milk production with reduced meat availability. Hence, it is a matter of urgency for the immunity of cattle to exhibit resilience against all three rickettsial parasites. It could be possible if trials are carried out after producing a subunit chimeric vaccine against the rickettsial protozoan parasites and introducing it into the bloodstream of the cattle species. In this paper, we have used the process of reverse vaccinology to conduct a study in which we have developed a multi-epitope subunit chimeric vaccine against three protozoan parasites. We constructed three chimeric vaccine sequences from which only one chimeric vaccine construct was found to be an effective and efficient vaccine which is stable with high solubility and negative allergenicity. Following that, we performed molecular docking of the refined chimeric vaccine construct with Rp-105 and TLR-9. It was observed that the chimeric vaccines interacted with the receptors with high binding energy. Immune simulation was also performed to determine the potentiality of the chimeric vaccine for eliciting an immune response. The best-designed chimeric vaccine construct was then reverse transcribed and adapted for the host E. coli K12 strain which was later inserted into the pET28a (+) vector for the cloning and expression of the vaccine. The study could be a good initiative for the development of an effective chimeric vaccine against bovine parasites.

Effects of Jianpi therapy for cancer-related fatigue:a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Purpose

The Jianpi therapeutic strategy in traditional Chinese medicine aims to enhance the spleen's digestive function and overall wellness. It has shown promise in improving cancer-related fatigue (CRF). This research systematically evaluates the effectiveness of Jianpi therapy in reducing fatigue in cancer patients through a meta-analytic review.

Methods

An exhaustive search was performed within PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, SinoMed, Wanfang Data, China Science and Technology Journal Database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) for randomized controlled trials concerning the application of Jianpi therapy to address CRF. The search spanned from the commencement of each database's records to April 1, 2024. The extracted data were subjected to analysis using Stata (Version 15.1), with the selection of either a random-effects or fixed-effects model based on the heterogeneity among studies. Outcome measures were demonstrated with standardized mean differences (SMDs) or mean differences (MDs), and each complemented by a 95% confidence interval (CI). The Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool 2.0 was utilized to assess the potential biases within the studies.

Results

A comprehensive analysis was performed on 45 eligible studies, all of which were conducted within China and encompassed a total of 3,596 participants. The meta-analysis indicated that Jianpi decoction alone exhibited the most significant improvement in the proportion of CD4 cells (SMD=1.34, 95% CI 0.54 to 2.31, P<0.001) and hemoglobin (MD=7.45, 95% CI 4.18 to 10.72, Z=4.47, P<0.001), while also more significantly reducing Piper Fatigue Scale scores (SMD=-2.05, 95% CI -2.71 to -1.39, P<0.001). The combined therapy, which integrated Jianpi therapy with standard care, demonstrated the greatest advantage in enhancing the proportion of CD3 cells (SMD=1.25, 95% CI 0.46 to 2.04, P<0.001). Furthermore, Jianpi therapy was found to be effective in lowering tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels (MD=-7.79, 95% CI -11.24 to -4.34, P<0.001) and concurrently enhancing interferon-gamma (MD=5.15, 95% CI 3.20 to 7.09, P=0.002), interleukin-2 (MD=8.37, 95% CI 6.14 to 10.59, P<0.001).

Conclusion

Our research indicates that Jianpi therapy effectively alleviates CRF, reduces inflammation, and strengthens immune function. However, further high-quality, multicenter randomized controlled trials are essential to confirm these findings and strengthen the evidence.

Systematic review registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42024566739.

Syngeneic natural killer cell therapy activates dendritic and T cells in metastatic lungs and effectively treats low-burden metastases

Natural killer (NK) cells can control metastasis through cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production independently of T cells in experimental metastasis mouse models. The inverse correlation between NK activity and metastasis incidence supports a critical role for NK cells in human metastatic surveillance. However, autologous NK cell therapy has shown limited benefit in treating patients with metastatic solid tumors. Using a spontaneous metastasis mouse model of MHC-I+ breast cancer, we found that transfer of IL-15/IL-12-conditioned syngeneic NK cells after primary tumor resection promoted long-term survival of mice with low metastatic burden and induced a tumor-specific protective T cell response that is essential for the therapeutic effect. Furthermore, NK cell transfer augments activation of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), Foxp3-CD4+ T cells and stem cell-like CD8+ T cells in metastatic lungs, to which IFN-γ of the transferred NK cells contributes significantly. These results imply direct interactions between transferred NK cells and endogenous cDCs to enhance T cell activation. We conducted an investigator-initiated clinical trial of autologous NK cell therapy in six patients with advanced cancer and observed that the NK cell therapy was safe and showed signs of effectiveness. These findings indicate that autologous NK cell therapy is effective in treating established low burden metastases of MHC-I+ tumor cells by activating the cDC-T cell axis at metastatic sites.

PMN-MDSCs are responsible for immune suppression in anti-PD-1 treated TAP1 defective melanoma

INTRODUCTION

The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) is a key component of the classical HLA I antigen presentation pathway. Our previous studies have demonstrated that the downregulation of TAP1 contributes to tumor progression and is associated with an increased presence of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the tumor microenvironment. However, it remains unclear whether the elevation of MDSCs leads to immune cell exhaustion in tumors lacking TAP1. In this study, we established mouse models of tumors with TAP1 deficiency, and we employed PMN-MDSC depletion to investigate their impact on the immune microenvironment within the tumors. We found that MDSC depletion significantly altered the immune-suppressive effects of TAP1-deficient tumor when anti-PD-1 treatment was administered. Targeting PMN-MDSC may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of tumors with TAP1 deficiency during ICB treatment.

METHODS

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was conducted to assess TAP1 expression in mouse melanoma tissues. Ly6G, F4/80, and NKp46 markers were detected in B16 parental and TAP1 knockout tissues, respectively. To enhance anti-tumor immunity, hyperthermia-treated B16F10 WT cell suspension was injected prior to tumor cell introduction. Subsequently, we established B16F10 TAP1 knockout and WT melanoma mouse models. Tumors were collected, and the immune microenvironment was monitored accordingly. Anti-Ly6G antibody was administered to deplete polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs). Finally, flow cytometry analysis for immune infiltration, quantitative PCR for cytokine levels, and immunofluorescence assays were performed to analyze the immune response.

RESULTS

The level of Ly6G+ cell infiltration was significantly higher in samples exhibiting low TAP1 expression, while no differences were observed in the infiltration of F4/80+ cells or NKp46+ cells. Furthermore, the immune-suppressive effects associated with PMN-MDSCs were reversed following their elimination; this resulted in an increase in CD8+ T cells and a higher ratio of CD8+ T cells to Tregs, while the infiltration of innate immune cells remained unaffected. Functional markers of these immune cells indicated an active anti-tumoral immune response following the removal of PMN-MDSCs. Quantitative PCR analysis indicated elevated levels of TNF-α and IL-6, accompanied by decreased levels of TGF-β in the tumor microenvironment of TAP1.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data indicate that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs) play an essential role in creating a tumorigenic immune microenvironment in TAP1 knockout tumors. Therefore, targeting PMN-MDSCs may become a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of tumors with TAP1 deficiency during ICB treatment.

The Cell-Specific Effects of JAK1 Inhibitors in Ulcerative Colitis

JAK1 inhibitors have become an important addition to the therapeutic options for ulcerative colitis (UC), targeting key inflammatory pathways mediated by cytokines such as the IL-6 family, interferons, IL-2 family, IL-10 family, and G-CSF. However, not all patients respond equally, and chronic inflammation persists in a subset of individuals. The variability in treatment response may reflect the heterogeneity of UC. Immune cells, epithelial cells, and stromal cells may have distinct contributions to disease pathogenesis. While JAK inhibitors were originally designed to target immune cells, their impact on non-immune cell types, such as epithelial and stromal cells, remains poorly understood. Investigating the mechanisms through which JAK1 inhibitors affect these diverse cellular populations and identifying the factors underlying differential responses is crucial to optimizing outcomes. This review explores the roles of immune, epithelial, and stromal cells in response to JAK1 inhibition and discusses potential strategies to improve treatment precision, such as predicting responders and identifying complementary therapeutic targets.

MAF1 inhibits hepatocarcinogenesis by fostering an immunostimulatory tumor microenvironment

BACKGROUND

The biological significance of MAF1, a tumor suppressor, in carcinogenesis and immune response of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unreported. Understanding the underlying mechanisms by which MAF1 enhances anti-tumor immunity in HCC is crucial for developing novel immunotherapy strategies and enhancing clinical responses to treatment for patients with HCC.

METHODS

Mice were subjected to hydrodynamic tail vein injections of transposon vectors to overexpress AKT/NRas, or c-Myc, with or without wild-type (WT) or mutant-activated (-4A) MAF1, or short-hairpin MAF1 (shMAF1). Liver tissues and tumors were harvested and analyzed using histology, immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, quantitative reverse-transcription PCR, and flow cytometry. MAF1 was overexpressed or knocked down in HCC cells via lentiviral transfection. Cell lines were analyzed using RNA sequencing, immunoblotting, dual luciferase reporter, and chromatin precipitation assays.

RESULTS

Both MAF1-WT and MAF1-4A proteins significantly inhibit hepatocarcinogenesis in mice, with the mutant form exhibiting a stronger suppressive effect. Although MAF1 knockdown alone does not induce abnormalities in the mouse liver, it accelerates c-Myc-induced carcinogenesis. Our results provide the first in vivo evidence that MAF1 plays a tumor suppressor role by activating PTEN to suppress the AKT-mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway during hepatocarcinogenesis in physiologically relevant tumor models. More importantly, we found that MAF1 not only enhances the intratumoral infiltration of CD8+ T cells by increasing CXCL10 secretion but also enhances their functional activity by inhibiting PDL1 transcription in mouse liver cancer, which were confirmed in human HCC or in vitro experiments. Furthermore, PDL1 overexpression accelerates mouse hepatocarcinogenesis by antagonizing the tumor-suppressive role of MAF1.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study uncovers a novel anti-tumor immunity of MAF1 in hepatocarcinogenesis and human HCC. These findings suggest that the stimulated MAF1 could potentially improve immunotherapy in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors in HCC patients, especially in those with an absence of T cells in HCC tissues.

Immunological pathogenesis and treatment progress of adenovirus pneumonia in children

Human adenovirus is an infectious agent that causes respiratory infections in adults and children. It has been found that immunocompromised children are highly susceptible to this pathogen, as it can swiftly evolve into severe pneumonia with multiple sequelae. Due to the lack of immunity in children, the body's response mechanisms to innate and acquired immunity are specialized. We first examined the infection classification and clinical characteristics associated with adenovirus in children. Subsequently, we explored the in-depth understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of adenovirus pneumonia in children, focusing on immunological and cellular biological aspects. Adenovirus infection in children can disrupt the balance of the innate immune response, inducing immune cells to secrete an abundance of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This cascade results in a cytokine storm, which triggers an inflammatory response and causes lung tissue damage. As a result, the infection may progress to a severe state, potentially leading to multi-organ failure. Immunocompromised children exhibit impaired immune cell numbers and functions, which affects both the secretion of antibodies to humoral immunity and the immune response of cellular immunity to adenovirus. Lastly, we reviewed the progress in treating adenovirus pneumonia in children. There are many treatments for adenovirus pneumonia in children, which must be personalized based on a thorough assessment to optimize treatment outcomes. Recent advancements in pharmaceutical development have provided new treatment options for children. Immunomodulatory therapy can reduce inflammation in children, while adjuvant therapy can improve respiratory function; however, it can also lead to complications. Further, co-infections increased the complexity of diagnosis and treatment, necessitating dynamic adjustments to treatment regimens. This review could serve as the basis for identifying potential therapeutic approaches to alleviate the symptoms associated with adenovirus infections in children.

Emerging combined CAR-NK cell therapies in cancer treatment: Finding a dancing partner

In recent decades, immunotherapy with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has revolutionized cancer treatment and given hope where other cancer therapies have failed. CAR-natural killer (NK) cells are NK cells that have been engineered ex vivo with a CAR on the cell membrane with high specificity for specific target antigens of tumor cells. The impressive results of several studies suggest that CAR-NK cell therapy has significant potential and successful performance in cancer treatment. Despite its effectiveness, CAR-NK cell therapy can have significant challenges when it comes to treating cancer. These challenges include tumor heterogeneity, antigen escape, an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, limited tissue migration from blood, exhaustion of CAR-NK cells, and inhibition by immunosuppressive checkpoint molecule signaling, etc. In CAR-T cell therapy, the use of combined approaches has shown encouraging outcomes for tumor regression and improved cancer treatment compared to single therapies. Therefore, to overcome these significant challenges in CAR-NK cells, innovative combination therapies of CAR-NK cells with other conventional therapies (e.g., chemotherapy and radiotherapy) or other immunotherapies are needed to counteract the above challenges and thereby increase the activity of CAR-NK cells. This review comprehensively discusses various cancer-treatment approaches in combination with CAR-NK cell therapy in the hope of providing valuable insights that may improve cancer treatment in the near future.

Nature killer cell for solid tumors: Current obstacles and prospective remedies in NK cell therapy and beyond

In recent years, cell therapy has emerged as an innovative treatment method for the management of clinical tumors following immunotherapy. Among them, Natural killer (NK) cell therapy has achieved a significant breakthrough in the treatment of hematological tumors. However, the therapeutic effectiveness of NK cells in the treatment of solid tumors remains challenging. With the progress of gene editing and culture techniques and their application to NK cell engineering, it is expected that NK cell therapy will revolutionize the treatment of solid tumors. In this review, we explore the discovery and biological properties of NK cells, their role in the tumor microenvironment, and the therapeutic strategies, clinical trials, challenges, and prospects of NK cells in the treatment of solid tumors.

PEG-Polymeric Nanocarriers Alleviate the Immunosuppressive Effects of Free 4-Thiazolidinone-Based Chemotherapeutics on T Lymphocyte Function and Cytokine Production

Purpose

Our study aimed to assess the effects of anticancer 4-thiazolidinone-based free water-insoluble therapeutics Les-3288 and Les-3833 and their waterborne complexes with branched PEG-containing polymeric carriers (A24-PEG550 and A24-PEG750) on immune response.

Methods

Human peripheral blood was used to study in vitro lymphocyte proliferative function, leukocyte phagocytic activity and respiratory burst, and cytokine production.

Results

The binding of the polymer to the anticancer drug Les-3288, which is intended to mitigate the immunosuppressive effects of the free drug on the proliferative activity of T lymphocytes and T-dependent B cells, demonstrated comparable efficacy for both A24-PEG750 and A24-PEG550 nanocarriers. Furthermore, it was observed that the drug-polymer complex significantly increased the reduced levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α resulting from free Les-3288. Conversely, the reduced levels of IL-6 and IL-4 remained unchanged. Administration of either form of Les-3288 had no effect on the phagocytic activity of monocytes, granulocytes or the respiratory burst of granulocytes. Due to the reduced cell viability and increased cytotoxicity associated with Les-3833, tenfold lower doses were selected for the immune assays. The effects of free Les-3833 on lymphocyte proliferative function resulted in significant stimulation of T-dependent B cells. The binding of Les-3833 to the smaller carrier, A24-PEG550 was found to maintain the stimulatory effect on B lymphocytes. While no effect of free Les-3833 on the granulocyte phagocytic activity was observed, binding of Les-3833 to both polymeric carriers resulted in a decrease in granulocyte phagocytic activity and respiratory burst, with no observable effect on monocytes. Monitoring of cytokine production showed no significant effect of either form of Les-3833 on the production of IFN-γ and IL-6. In the context of TNF-α and IL-4, the positive effect of polymer binding on restoring suppressed cytokine levels induced by the Les-3833 free drug was slightly more favorable for A24-PEG750.

Conclusion

The drug complexation with novel PEGylated carriers is a promising way for efficient therapeutic development.

Cytosolic bacterial pathogens activate TLR pathways in tumors that synergistically enhance STING agonist cancer therapies

Intracellular bacterial pathogens are distinctive tools for fighting cancer, as they can proliferate in tumors and deliver therapeutic payloads to the eukaryotic cytosol. Cytosol-dwelling bacteria have undergone extensive preclinical and clinical testing, yet the mechanisms of activating innate immunity in tumors are unclear. We report that phylogenetically distinct cytosolic pathogens, including Listeria, Rickettsia, and Burkholderia species, elicited anti-tumor responses in poorly immunogenic melanoma and lymphoma in mice. Although the bacteria required cytosolic access, anti-tumor responses were largely independent of the cytosolic sensors cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING), but instead required Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Combining pathogens with STING agonists elicited profound, synergistic anti-tumor effects with complete responses in >80% of mice. Small molecule TLR agonists also synergistically enhanced STING agonists. The responses required RAG2 but not interferons, and cured mice developed immunity to cancer rechallenge requiring CD8+ T cells. These studies provide a framework for enhancing microbial and small molecule innate agonists for cancer, via co-activating STING and TLRs.

Genes Associated with the Immune System Affected by Ionizing Radiation and Estrogen in an Experimental Breast Cancer Model

Breast cancer is a global health issue that, when in the metastasis stage, is characterized by the lack of estrogen receptor-α, the progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth receptor expressions. The present study analyzed the differential gene expression related to the immune system affected by ionizing radiation and estrogen in cell lines derived from an experimental breast cancer model that was previously developed; where the immortalized human breast epithelial cell line MCF-10F, a triple-negative breast cancer cell line, was exposed to low doses of high linear energy transfer α particle radiation (150 keV/μm), it subsequently grew in the presence or absence of 17β-estradiol. Results indicated that interferon-related developmental regulator 1 gene expression was affected in the estrogen-treated cell line; this interferon, as well as the Interferon-Induced Transmembrane protein 2, and the TNF alpha-induced Protein 6 gene expression levels were higher than the control in the Alpha3 cell line. Furthermore, the interferon-related developmental regulator 1, the Interferon-Induced Transmembrane protein 2, the TNF alpha-induced Protein 6, the Nuclear Factor Interleukin 3-regulated, and the Interferon-Gamma Receptor 1 showed high expression levels in the Alpha5 cell line, and the Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 was high in the Tumor2 cell line. Additionally, to further strengthen these data, publicly available datasets were analyzed. This analysis was conducted to assess the correlation between estrogen receptor alpha expression and the genes mentioned above in breast cancer patients, the differential gene expression between tumor and normal tissues, the immune infiltration level, the ER status, and the survival outcome adjusted by the clinical stage factor. It can be concluded that the genes of the interferon family and Tumor Necrosis factors can be potential therapeutic targets for breast cancer, since they are active before tumor formation as a defense of the body under radiation or estrogen effects.

Pasteurella multocida Serotype D Infection Induces Activation of the IL-17 Signaling Pathway in Goat Lymphocytes

(1) Background: Pasteurellosis is a global zoonotic bacterial disease, which has caused significant economic impacts in animal husbandry. Nevertheless, there is limited understanding of the immune response between goat peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and goat-derived Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida). (2) Methods: To investigate the immune response of host PBLs during infection with P. multocida type D, we established an in vitro cell model utilizing isolated primary goat PBLs. Utilizing this in vitro infection model, we employed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to assess the cytokine profile variation in goat PBLs following infection. Meanwhile, RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods were employed to analyze the gene expression profile. (3) Results: The ELISA test results indicated that the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IFN-γ, CXCL10, and IL-17A, were significantly elevated within 12 h after infection with P. multocida. In contrast, the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were found to be reduced. RNA sequencing and functional enrichment analysis identified 2114 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were primarily associated with cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, viral protein-cytokine interactions, and the IL-17 signaling pathway. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and qPCR highlighted CD86, CCL5, CD8A, CXCL8, CTLA4, TNF, CD274, IL-10, IL-6, CXCL10, IFNG, and IL-17A that were crucial for the response of PBLs to P. multocida infection. (4) Conclusions: This study systematically revealed the characteristics of PBLs in goats following infection with goat-derived P. multocida type D through the analysis of cytokines and gene expression, providing important theoretical insights for a deeper understanding of the defense mechanisms in goats against P. multocida.

Role of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling axis in oncogenesis and its targeting by bioactive natural compounds for cancer immunotherapy

Cancer is a global health problem and one of the leading causes of mortality. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized the field of oncology, emerging as a powerful treatment strategy. A key pathway that has garnered considerable attention is programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1). The interaction between PD-L1 expressed on tumor cells and PD-1 reduces the innate immune response and thus compromises the capability of the body's immune system. Furthermore, it controls the phenotype and functionality of innate and adaptive immune components. A range of monoclonal antibodies, including avelumab, atezolizumab, camrelizumab, dostarlimab, durvalumab, sinitilimab, toripalimab, and zimberelimab, have been developed for targeting the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1. These agents can induce a broad spectrum of autoimmune-like complications that may affect any organ system. Recent studies have focused on the effect of various natural compounds that inhibit immune checkpoints. This could contribute to the existing arsenal of anticancer drugs. Several bioactive natural agents have been shown to affect the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling axis, promoting tumor cell apoptosis, influencing cell proliferation, and eventually leading to tumor cell death and inhibiting cancer progression. However, there is a substantial knowledge gap regarding the role of different natural compounds targeting PD-1 in the context of cancer. Hence, this review aims to provide a common connection between PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and the anticancer effects of distinct natural molecules. Moreover, the primary focus will be on the underlying mechanism of action as well as the clinical efficacy of bioactive molecules. Current challenges along with the scope of future research directions targeting PD-1/PD-L1 interactions through natural substances are also discussed.

Protective effect of interferon type I on barrier function of human airway epithelium during rhinovirus infections in vitro

The airway epithelium provides a crucial barrier against infection with respiratory pathogens. This barrier can be impaired following viral infection, paving the way for bacterial superinfections. Type I interferons (IFNs) are important antiviral mediators, and inhaled formulations of these glycoproteins are considered a potential approach for the treatment of respiratory viral infections. To investigate if type I IFNs can also protect against virus-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction, differentiated primary bronchial epithelial cells were pre-treated with IFN-β1a and subsequently infected with human rhinovirus (HRV) for 24 to 72h. Moreover, to functionally assess the effects of IFN-β1a pre-treatment on barrier integrity, we conducted co-infection experiments, in which cells were initially infected with HRV, and superinfected with Streptococcus pneumoniae 24 to 72 h later. In untreated cells, HRV infection significantly damaged ZO-1 positive tight junctions and cilia, and transiently increased permeability, whereas the barrier of cultures pre-treated with IFN-β1a remained intact. In co-infection experiments, bacteria were able to penetrate deeper into the cell layers of HRV-infected cultures than into those of uninfected cells. IFN-β1a pre-treatment abrogated virus-induced damage to the epithelial barrier. Taken together, these data demonstrate a beneficial effect of IFN-β in protecting epithelial barrier function in addition to its antiviral effects.

Causality between gut microbiota, immune cells, and breast cancer: Mendelian randomization analysis

The association between gut microbiota (GM) and breast cancer (BC) has been studied. Nevertheless, the causal relationship between them and the potential mediating factors have not been clearly defined. Therefore, in this study, Mendelian randomization analysis (MR) was employed to explore the causal relationship between 473 GM and BC, as well as the mediating effect of potential immune cells. In this investigation, we availed ourselves of the publicly accessible summary statistics from the genome-wide association study to undertake two-sample and reverse Mendelian randomization analyses on GM and BC, with the intention of clarifying the causal association between GM and BC. Subsequently, through the application of the two-step Mendelian randomization analysis, it was revealed that the relationship between GM and BC was mediated by immune cells. The stability of the research outcomes was verified via sensitivity analysis. Mendelian randomization analysis elucidated the protective impacts of 8 genera on BC (such as Phylum Actinobacteriota, Species Bacteroides A plebeius A, Species Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Species CAG-841 sp002479075, Family Fibrobacteraceae, Order Fibrobacterales, Class Fibrobacteria, and Species Phascolarctobacterium sp003150755). Additionally, there are 23 immune cell traits related to BC. Our research findings showed that the species Megamonas funiformis was associated with an increased risk of BC, and 11.20% of this effect was mediated by CD38 on IgD+ CD24-. Likewise, HLA DR on CD33br HLA DR+ CD14- mediated the causal relationship between Species Prevotellamassilia and BC, having a mediating ratio of 7.89%. This study clarifies a potential causal relationship between GM, immune cells, and BC and provides genetic evidence for this causal connection. It offers research directions for the subsequent prevention and treatment of BC through the interaction between GM and immune cells, and provides a reference for future mechanistic and clinical studies in this field.

Therapeutic vaccine targeting dual immune checkpoints induces potent multifunctional CD8+ T cell anti-tumor immunity

BACKGROUND

Vaccines targeting immune checkpoints represent a promising immunotherapeutic approach for solid tumors. However, the therapeutic efficacy of dual targeting immune checkpoints is still unclear in renal carcinoma.

METHODS

An adenovirus (Ad) vaccine targeting B7H1 and B7H3 was developed and evaluated for its therapeutic efficacy in subcutaneous, lung metastasis or orthotopic renal carcinoma mouse and humanized models using flow cytometry, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT), cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) killing, cell deletion, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays.

RESULTS

The Ad-B7H1/B7H3 immunization effectively inhibited tumor growth and increased the induction and percentages of CD8+ T cells in subcutaneous tumor models. The vaccine enhanced the induction and maturation of CD11c+ or CD8+CD11c+ cells, promoting tumor-specific CD8+ T cell immune responses. This was evidenced by increased proliferation of CD8+ T cells and enhanced CTL killing activity. Deletion of CD8+ T cells in vivo abolished the anti-tumor effect of the Ad-B7H1/B7H3 vaccine, highlighting the pivotal role of functional CD8+ T cell immune responses. Moreover, significant therapeutic efficacy of the Ad-B7H1/B7H3 vaccine was observed in lung metastasis, orthotopic, and humanized tumor models through multifunctional CD8+ T cell immune responses.

CONCLUSIONS

The Ad vaccine targeting dual immune checkpoints B7H1 and B7H3 exerts a potent therapeutic effect for renal carcinoma and holds promise for solid tumor treatment.

Tumor microenvironment: Nurturing cancer cells for immunoevasion and druggable vulnerabilities for cancer immunotherapy

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is an intricate ecosystem where cancer cells thrive, encompassing a wide array of cellular and non-cellular components. The TME co-evolves with tumor progression in a spatially and temporally dynamic manner, which endows cancer cells with the adaptive capability of evading immune surveillance. To this end, diverse cancer-intrinsic mechanisms were exploited to dampen host immune system, such as upregulating immune checkpoints, impairing antigens presentation and competing for nutrients. In this review, we discuss how cancer immunoevasion is tightly regulated by hypoxia, one of the hallmark biochemical features of the TME. Moreover, we comprehensively summarize how immune evasiveness of cancer cells is facilitated by the extracellular matrix, as well as soluble components of TME, including inflammatory factors, lactate, nutrients and extracellular vesicles. Given their important roles in dictating cancer immunoevasion, various strategies to target TME components are proposed, which holds promising translational potential in developing novel therapeutics to sensitize anti-cancer immunotherapy such as immune checkpoint blockade.

Myeloid activation clears ascites and reveals IL27-dependent regression of metastatic ovarian cancer

Patients with metastatic ovarian cancer (OvCa) have a 5-year survival rate of <30% due to the persisting dissemination of chemoresistant cells in the peritoneal fluid and the immunosuppressive microenvironment in the peritoneal cavity. Here, we report that intraperitoneal administration of β-glucan and IFNγ (BI) induced robust tumor regression in clinically relevant models of metastatic OvCa. BI induced tumor regression by controlling fluid tumor burden and activating localized antitumor immunity. β-glucan alone cleared ascites and eliminated fluid tumor cells by inducing intraperitoneal clotting in the fluid and Dectin-1-Syk-dependent NETosis in the omentum. In omentum tumors, BI expanded a novel subset of immunostimulatory IL27+ macrophages and neutralizing IL27 impaired BI efficacy in vivo. Moreover, BI directly induced IL27 secretion in macrophages where single agent treatment did not. Finally, BI extended mouse survival in a chemoresistant model and significantly improved chemotherapy response in a chemo-sensitive model. In summary, we propose a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of metastatic OvCa.

IFN-γ-induced Th1-Treg polarization in inflamed brains limits exacerbation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most widely used rodent model for multiple sclerosis. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) are individually well known to play beneficial roles in amelioration of EAE. However, little is known about the relationship between IFN-γ and Tregs during the disease. Here, we show that IFN-γ polarizes Tregs into T helper 1 (Th1)-type Tregs (Th1-Tregs) to recover from EAE. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis revealed that brain Tregs showed signs of IFN-γ stimulation during EAE. Loss of IFN-γ signaling in Tregs and of T cell-derived IFN-γ impaired the Th1-Treg polarization and worsened the disease. Moreover, selective ablation of Th1-Tregs using an intersectional genetic method promoted proinflammatory features of macrophages in the inflamed brains and exacerbated the EAE. Taken together, our study highlights a critical role of T cell-derived IFN-γ for Th1-Treg polarization in inflamed brain to ameliorate EAE.

Advancing osteosarcoma 3D modeling in vitro for novel tumor microenvironment-targeted therapies development

Osteosarcoma (OS) represents one of the most common primary bone cancers affecting children and young adults. The available treatments have remained unimproved for the past decades, hampered by the poor knowledge of OS etiology/pathophysiology and the lack of innovative, predictive and biologically relevant in vitro models, that can recapitulate the 3D OS tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we report the development and characterization of an innovative 3D model of OS, composed of OS tumor cells, immune cells (macrophages) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), that formed a multicellular tissue spheroid (MCTS). This fully humanized 3D model was shown to accurately mimic the native histological features of OS, while innately leading to the polarization of macrophages towards an M2-like phenotype, highly aggressive and pro-tumor profile. Upon the exposure to immunomodulatory molecules, the MCTS were shown to be responsive by shifting macrophages polarization, and dramatically altering the TME secretome. In agreement, when treated with immunomodulatory/stimulatory nanoparticles (NPSs), we were able to revert the TME secretome towards an anti-inflammatory profile. This study establishes an advanced 3D OS model capable of shedding light on macrophages and MSCs contributions to disease progression, paving the way for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches targeting the OS TME, while providing a biologically relevant in vitro tool for the efficacy screening of novel OS therapeutic approaches.

Immunogenic shift of arginine metabolism triggers systemic metabolic and immunological reprogramming to prevent HER2+ breast cancer

Arginine metabolism in tumors is often shunted into the pathway producing pro-tumor and immune suppressive polyamines (PAs), while downmodulating the alternative nitric oxide (NO) synthesis pathway. Aiming to correct arginine metabolism in tumors, arginine deprivation therapy and inhibitors of PA synthesis have been developed. Despite some therapeutic advantages, these approaches have often yielded severe side effects, making it necessary to explore an alternative strategy. We previously reported that supplementing SEP, the endogenous precursor of BH4 (the essential NO synthase cofactor), could correct arginine metabolism in tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and induce their metabolic and phenotypic reprogramming. We saw that oral SEP treatment effectively suppressed the growth of HER2-positive mammary tumors in animals. SEP also has no reported dose-dependent toxicity in clinical trials for metabolic disorders. In the present study, we report that a long-term use of SEP in animals susceptible to HER2-positive mammary tumors effectively prevented tumor occurrence. These SEP-treated animals had undergone reprogramming of the systemic metabolism and immunity, elevating total T cell counts in the circulation and bone marrow. Given that bone marrow-resident T cells are mostly memory T cells, it is plausible that chronic SEP treatment promoted memory T cell formation, leading to a potent tumor prevention. These findings suggest the possible roles of the SEP/BH4/NO axis in promoting memory T cell formation and its potential therapeutic utility for preventing HER2-positive breast cancer.

Pangenome analysis of five representative Tropheryma whipplei strains following multiepitope-based vaccine design via immunoinformatic approaches

Whipple disease caused by Tropheryma whipplei a gram-positive bacterium is a systemic disorder that impacts not only the gastrointestinal tract but also the vascular system, joints, central nervous system, and cardiovascular system. Due to the lack of an approved vaccine, this study aimed to utilize immunoinformatic approaches to design multiepitope -based vaccine by utilizing the proteomes of five representative T. whipplei strains. The genomes initially comprised a total of 4,844 proteins ranging from 956 to 1012 proteins per strain. We collected 829 nonredundant lists of core proteins, that were shared among all the strains. Following subtractive proteomics, one extracellular protein, WP_033800108.1, a WhiB family transcriptional regulator, was selected for the chimeric-based multiepitope vaccine. Five immunodominant epitopes were retrieved from the WhiB family transcriptional regulator protein, indicating MHC-I and MHC-II with a global population coverage of 70.61%. The strong binding affinity, high solubility, nontoxicity, nonallergenic properties and high antigenicity scores make the selected epitopes more appropriate. Integration of the epitopes into a chimeric vaccine was carried out by applying appropriate adjuvant molecules and linkers, leading to the vaccine construct having enhanced immunogenicity and successfully eliciting both innate and adaptive immune responses. Moreover, the abilityof the vaccine to bind TLR4, a core innate immune receptor, was confirmed. Molecular dynamics simulations have also revealed the promising potential stability of the designed vaccine at 400 ns. In summary, we have designed a potential vaccine construct that has the ability not only to induce targeted immunogenicity for one strain but also for global T. whipplei strains. This study proposes a potential universal vaccine, reducing Whipple's disease risk and laying the groundwork for future research on multi-strain pathogens.

Predictive immunoinformatics reveal promising safety and anti-onchocerciasis protective immune response profiles to vaccine candidates (Ov-RAL-2 and Ov-103) in anticipation of phase I clinical trials

Onchocerciasis (river blindness) is a debilitating tropical disease that causes significant eye and skin damage, afflicting millions worldwide. As global efforts shift from disease management to elimination, vaccines have become crucial supplementary tools. The Onchocerciasis Vaccine for Africa (TOVA) Initiative was established in 2015, to advance at least one vaccine candidate initially targeting onchocerciasis in infants and children below 5 years of age, through Phase I human trials by 2025. Notably, Ov-RAL-2 and Ov-103 antigens have shown great promise during pre-clinical development, however, the overall success rate of vaccine candidates during clinical development remains relatively low due to certain adverse effects and immunogenic limitations. This study, thus, aimed at predicting the safety and immunogenicity of Ov-RAL-2 and Ov-103 potential onchocerciasis vaccine candidates prior to clinical trials. Advanced molecular simulation models and analytical immunoinformatics algorithms were applied to predict potential adverse side effects and efficacy of these antigens in humans. The analyses revealed that both Ov-RAL-2 and Ov-103 demonstrate favourable safety profiles as toxicogenic and allergenic epitopes were found to be absent within each antigen. Also, both antigens were predicted to harbour substantial numbers of a wide range of distinct epitopes (antibodies, cytokines, and T- Cell epitopes) associated with protective immunity against onchocerciasis. In agreement, virtual vaccination simulation forecasted heightened, but sustained levels of primary and secondary protective immune responses to both vaccine candidates over time. Ov-103 was predicted to be non-camouflageable, as it lacked epitopes identical to protein sequences in the human proteome. Indeed, both antigens were able to bind with high affinity and activate the innate immune TLR4 receptor, implying efficient immune recognition. These findings suggest that Ov-RAL-2 and Ov-103 can induce sufficient protective responses through diverse humoral and cellular mechanisms. Overall, our study provides additional layer of evidence for advancing the clinical development of both vaccine candidates against onchocerciasis.

A plant-based oligomeric CD2v extracellular domain antigen exhibits equivalent immunogenicity to the live attenuated vaccine ASFV-G-∆I177L

African swine fever (ASF), caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a deadly, highly contagious disease in both domestic pigs and wild boar. With mortality up to 100%, the disease has been making a serious impact on the swine industry worldwide. Because no effective antiviral treatment has been observed, proactive prevention such as vaccination remains the key to controlling the outbreak. In the pursuit of expediting vaccine development, our current work has made the first report for heterologous production of the viral outer envelope glycoprotein CD2v extracellular domain (CD2v ED), a proposed promising vaccine antigen candidate in the "green" synthetic host Nicotiana benthamiana. Protein oligomerization strategies were implemented to increase the immunogenicity of the target antigen. Herein, the protein was expressed in oligomeric forms based on the C-terminally fused GCN4pII trimerization motif and GCN4pII_TP oligomerization motif. Quantitative western blot analysis showed significantly higher expression of trimeric CD2v ED_GCN4pII with a yield of about 12 mg/100 g of fresh weight, in comparison to oligomeric CD2v ED_GCN4pII_TP, revealing the former is the better choice for further studies. The results of purification and size determination by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) illustrated that CD2v ED_GCN4pII was successfully produced in stable oligomeric forms throughout the extraction, purification, and analysis process. Most importantly, purified CD2v ED_GCN4pII was demonstrated to induce both humoral and cellular immunity responses in mice to extents equivalent to those of the live attenuated vaccine ASFV-G-∆I177L, suggesting it as the potential subunit vaccine candidate for preventing ASFV.

INTASYL self-delivering RNAi decreases TIGIT expression, enhancing NK cell cytotoxicity: a potential application to increase the efficacy of NK adoptive cell therapy against cancer

Natural killer (NK) cells are frontline defenders against cancer and are capable of recognizing and eliminating tumor cells without prior sensitization or antigen presentation. Due to their unique HLA mismatch tolerance, they are ideal for adoptive cell therapy (ACT) because of their ability to minimize graft-versus-host-disease risk. The therapeutic efficacy of NK cells is limited in part by inhibitory immune checkpoint receptors, which are upregulated upon interaction with cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. Overexpression of inhibitory receptors reduces NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity by impairing the ability of NK cells to secrete effector cytokines and cytotoxic granules. T-cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domains (TIGIT), a well-known checkpoint receptor involved in T-cell exhaustion, has recently been implicated in the exhaustion of NK cells. Overcoming TIGIT-mediated inhibition of NK cells may allow for a more potent antitumor response following ACT. Here, we describe a novel approach to TIGIT inhibition using self-delivering RNAi compounds (INTASYL™) that incorporates the features of RNAi and antisense technology. INTASYL compounds demonstrate potent activity and stability, are rapidly and efficiently taken up by cells, and can be easily incorporated into cell product manufacturing. INTASYL PH-804, which targets TIGIT, suppresses TIGIT mRNA and protein expression in NK cells, resulting in increased cytotoxic capacity and enhanced tumor cell killing in vitro. Delivering PH-804 to NK cells before ACT has emerged as a promising strategy to counter TIGIT inhibition, thereby improving the antitumor response. This approach offers the potential for more potent off-the-shelf products for adoptive cell therapy, particularly for hematological malignancies.

The Effect of Exercise on Immune Response in Population with Increased Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review

This systematic review aimed to provide information on existing interventional studies that evaluate the efficacy of exercise in populations with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors through immune functional perspectives. A literature search was conducted in four databases: PubMed, Scopus, Taylor & Francis and ScienceDirect from January 2012 to February 2023. The articles were screened and evaluated for quality before data were extracted. The review protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42022321704). In total, 18 studies were included for quality appraisal and synthesised evidence indicated that exercise contributes to enhancing the functioning of both innate and adaptive immune responses, potentially serving as an anti-immunosenescent response to exercise in individuals with elevated CVD risk factors. Furthermore, the review emphasised that exercise, irrespective of its type, intensity or mode, was well tolerated by individuals at increased risk for CVD and may have significant implications in generating anti-inflammatory effects.

CAR immunotherapy in autoimmune diseases: promises and challenges

In recent years, the use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells has emerged as a promising immunotherapy in multiple diseases. CAR-T cells are T cells genetically modified to express a surface receptor, known as CAR, for the targeting of cognate antigens on specific cells. The effectiveness of CAR-T cell therapy in hematologic malignancies including leukemia, myeloma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has led to consider its use as a potential avenue of treatment for autoimmune diseases. However, broadening the use of CAR-T cell therapy to a large spectrum of autoimmune conditions is challenging particularly because of the possible development of side effects including cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity. The design of CAR therapy that include additional immune cells such as double-negative T cells, γδ T cells, T regulatory cells and natural killer cells has shown promising results in preclinical studies and clinical trials in oncology, suggesting a similar potential utility in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. This review examines the mechanisms, efficacy, and safety of CAR approaches with a focus on their use in autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, systemic sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, lupus nephritis and other autoimmune diseases. Advantages and disadvantages as compared to CAR-T cell therapy will also be discussed.