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Ding J, Wang Y, Liang J, He Z, Zhai C, He Y, Xu J, Lei L, Mu J, Zheng M, Liu B, Shi M. Spatiotemporal pattern and suitable areas analysis of equine influenza in global scale (2005-2022). Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1395327. [PMID: 38887536 PMCID: PMC11182002 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1395327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Equine influenza (EI) is a severe infectious disease that causes huge economic losses to the horse industry. Spatial epidemiology technology can explore the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and occurrence risks of infectious diseases, it has played an important role in the prevention and control of major infectious diseases in humans and animals. For the first time, this study conducted a systematic analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution of EI using SaTScan software and investigated the important environmental variables and suitable areas for EI occurrence using the Maxent model. A total of 517 occurrences of EI from 2005 to 2022 were evaluated, and 14 significant spatiotemporal clusters were identified. Furthermore, a Maxent model was successfully established with high prediction accuracy (AUC = 0.920 ± 0.008). The results indicated that annual average ultraviolet radiation, horse density, and precipitation of the coldest quarter were the three most important environmental variables affecting EI occurrence. The suitable areas for EI occurrence are widely distributed across all continents, especially in Asia (India, Mongolia, and China) and the Americas (Brazil, Uruguay, USA, and Mexico). In the future, these suitable areas will expand and move eastward. The largest expansion is predicted under SSP126 scenarios, while the opposite trend will be observed under SSP585 scenarios. This study presents the spatial epidemiological characteristics of EI for the first time. The results could provide valuable scientific insights that can effectively inform prevention and control strategies in regions at risk of EI worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Nanning New Technology Entrepreneur Center, Nanning, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinjiao Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhenhuan He
- Shenyang Zhengda Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Shenyang, China
| | - Changhong Zhai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yinghao He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiayin Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Lei Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jing Mu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Boyang Liu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingxian Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Kleij L, Bruder E, Raoux-Barbot D, Lejal N, Nevers Q, Deloizy C, Da Costa B, Legrand L, Barrey E, Chenal A, Pronost S, Delmas B, Dhorne-Pollet S. Genomic characterization of equine influenza A subtype H3N8 viruses by long read sequencing and functional analyses of the PB1-F2 virulence factor of A/equine/Paris/1/2018. Vet Res 2024; 55:36. [PMID: 38520035 PMCID: PMC10960481 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01289-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Equine influenza virus (EIV) remains a threat to horses, despite the availability of vaccines. Strategies to monitor the virus and prevent potential vaccine failure revolve around serological assays, RT-qPCR amplification, and sequencing the viral hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes. These approaches overlook the contribution of other viral proteins in driving virulence. This study assesses the potential of long-read nanopore sequencing for fast and precise sequencing of circulating equine influenza viruses. Therefore, two French Florida Clade 1 strains, including the one circulating in winter 2018-2019 exhibiting more pronounced pathogenicity than usual, as well as the two currently OIE-recommended vaccine strains, were sequenced. Our results demonstrated the reliability of this sequencing method in generating accurate sequences. Sequence analysis of HA revealed a subtle antigenic drift in the French EIV strains, with specific substitutions, such as T163I in A/equine/Paris/1/2018 and the N188T mutation in post-2015 strains; both substitutions were in antigenic site B. Antigenic site E exhibited modifications in post-2018 strains, with the N63D substitution. Segment 2 sequencing also revealed that the A/equine/Paris/1/2018 strain encodes a longer variant of the PB1-F2 protein when compared to other Florida clade 1 strains (90 amino acids long versus 81 amino acids long). Further biological and biochemistry assays demonstrated that this PB1-F2 variant has enhanced abilities to abolish the mitochondrial membrane potential ΔΨm and permeabilize synthetic membranes. Altogether, our results highlight the interest in rapidly characterizing the complete genome of circulating strains with next-generation sequencing technologies to adapt vaccines and identify specific virulence markers of EIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Kleij
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Elise Bruder
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Dorothée Raoux-Barbot
- CNRS UMR 3528, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Lejal
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Quentin Nevers
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Charlotte Deloizy
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bruno Da Costa
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Loïc Legrand
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280, Saint-Contest, France
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Eric Barrey
- AgroParisTech, Unité de Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- CNRS UMR 3528, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280, Saint-Contest, France
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Bernard Delmas
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Sophie Dhorne-Pollet
- AgroParisTech, Unité de Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Ricci I, Tofani S, Lelli D, Vincifori G, Rosone F, Carvelli A, Diaconu EL, La Rocca D, Manna G, Sabatini S, Costantini D, Conti R, Pacchiarotti G, Scicluna MT. First Reported Circulation of Equine Influenza H3N8 Florida Clade 1 Virus in Horses in Italy. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:598. [PMID: 38396566 PMCID: PMC10886299 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious viral disease of equids characterized by pyrexia and respiratory signs. Like other influenza A viruses, antigenic drift or shift could lead to a vaccine-induced immunity breakdown if vaccine strains are not updated. The aim of this study was to genetically characterize EIV strains circulating in Italy, detected in PCR-positive samples collected from suspected cases, especially in the absence of formal active surveillance. METHODS Between February and April 2019, blood samples and nasal swabs collected from each of the 20 symptomatic horses from North and Central Italy were submitted to the National Reference Centre for Equine Diseases in Italy to confirm preliminary analysis performed by other laboratories. RESULTS None of the sera analysed using haemagglutination inhibition and single radial haemolysis presented a predominant serological reactivity pattern for any antigen employed. All nasal swabs were positive with IAV RRT-PCR. Only one strain, isolated in an embryonated chicken egg from a sample collected from a horse of a stable located in Brescia, Lombardy, was identified as H3N8 Florida lineage clade 1 (FC1). In the constructed phylogenetic trees, this strain is located within the FC1, together with the virus isolated in France in 2018 (MK501761). CONCLUSIONS This study reports the first detection of H3N8 FC1 in Italy, highlighting the importance of monitoring circulating EIV strains to verify the vaccine composition appropriateness for maximum efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Ricci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Silvia Tofani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Giacomo Vincifori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Francesca Rosone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Andrea Carvelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Elena Lavinia Diaconu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Davide La Rocca
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Manna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Samanta Sabatini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Donatella Costantini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Raffaella Conti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Giulia Pacchiarotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Maria Teresa Scicluna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
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Wen F, Wang C, Guo J, Yu H, Yuan S, Li Y, Li Z, Huang S, Liang Z. Development and application of a triplex real-time PCR assay for the detection of H3, H4, and H5 subtypes of avian influenza virus. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103333. [PMID: 38113705 PMCID: PMC10770746 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) poses a significant threat to the poultry industry and public health. Among the diverse AIV subtypes, H3, H4, and H5 are frequently detected in waterfowl and live poultry markets (LPM). The expeditious and precise identification of these subtypes is imperative in impeding the dissemination of the disease. In this study, we have developed a triplex real-time PCR assay endowed with the capacity to simultaneously discriminate AIV subtypes H3, H4, and H5. This method showcases remarkable specificity, selectively amplifying H3, H4, and H5 AIV subtypes sans any cross-reactivity with other subtypes or common avian pathogens. Furthermore, this method exhibits high sensitivity, with a detection threshold of 2.1 × 102 copies/μL for H3, H4, and H5 AIV subtypes. Additionally, the assay demonstrates reproducibility, as evidenced by intra- and interassay variability, with a coefficient of variation below 1.5%. A total of 338 cloacal swabs were collected from LPM to evaluate the performance of our assay. The obtained results evinced a high level of concordance with the sequencing data. In summary, our study has developed a triplex real-time PCR method that can be employed in laboratory-based testing and surveillance of AIV. This assay holds promise in augmenting our ability to detect and monitor AIV subtypes, thereby facilitating timely interventions and safeguarding both the poultry industry and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Congying Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinyue Guo
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhili Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaoping Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.
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Wyżewski Z, Stępkowska J, Kobylińska AM, Mielcarska A, Mielcarska MB. Mcl-1 Protein and Viral Infections: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1138. [PMID: 38256213 PMCID: PMC10816053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
MCL-1 is the prosurvival member of the Bcl-2 family. It prevents the induction of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. The molecular mechanisms dictating the host cell viability gain importance in the context of viral infections. The premature apoptosis of infected cells could interrupt the pathogen replication cycle. On the other hand, cell death following the effective assembly of progeny particles may facilitate virus dissemination. Thus, various viruses can interfere with the apoptosis regulation network to their advantage. Research has shown that viral infections affect the intracellular amount of MCL-1 to modify the apoptotic potential of infected cells, fitting it to the "schedule" of the replication cycle. A growing body of evidence suggests that the virus-dependent deregulation of the MCL-1 level may contribute to several virus-driven diseases. In this work, we have described the role of MCL-1 in infections caused by various viruses. We have also presented a list of promising antiviral agents targeting the MCL-1 protein. The discussed results indicate targeted interventions addressing anti-apoptotic MCL1 as a new therapeutic strategy for cancers as well as other diseases. The investigation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in viral infections engaging MCL1 may contribute to a better understanding of the regulation of cell death and survival balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Wyżewski
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Stępkowska
- Institute of Family Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Maria Kobylińska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.K.); (M.B.M.)
| | - Adriana Mielcarska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutritional Disorders and Pediatrics, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Av. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Matylda Barbara Mielcarska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.K.); (M.B.M.)
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Khalil AM, Martinez-Sobrido L, Mostafa A. Zoonosis and zooanthroponosis of emerging respiratory viruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1232772. [PMID: 38249300 PMCID: PMC10796657 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1232772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung infections in Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) are triggered by a variety of respiratory viruses. All human pandemics have been caused by the members of two major virus families, namely Orthomyxoviridae (influenza A viruses (IAVs); subtypes H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2) and Coronaviridae (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2). These viruses acquired some adaptive changes in a known intermediate host including domestic birds (IAVs) or unknown intermediate host (SARS-CoV-2) following transmission from their natural reservoirs (e.g. migratory birds or bats, respectively). Verily, these acquired adaptive substitutions facilitated crossing species barriers by these viruses to infect humans in a phenomenon that is known as zoonosis. Besides, these adaptive substitutions aided the variant strain to transmit horizontally to other contact non-human animal species including pets and wild animals (zooanthroponosis). Herein we discuss the main zoonotic and reverse-zoonosis events that occurred during the last two pandemics of influenza A/H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2. We also highlight the impact of interspecies transmission of these pandemic viruses on virus evolution and possible prophylactic and therapeutic interventions. Based on information available and presented in this review article, it is important to close monitoring viral zoonosis and viral reverse zoonosis of pandemic strains within a One-Health and One-World approach to mitigate their unforeseen risks, such as virus evolution and resistance to limited prophylactic and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Magdy Khalil
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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Lim SI, Kim MJ, Kim MJ, Lee SK, Yang HS, Kwon M, Lim EH, Ouh IO, Kim EJ, Hyun BH, Lee YH. Assessment of Equine Influenza Virus Status in the Republic of Korea from 2020 to 2022. Viruses 2023; 15:2135. [PMID: 37896912 PMCID: PMC10612032 DOI: 10.3390/v15102135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine influenza virus (EIV) causes acute respiratory disease in horses and belongs to the influenza A virus family Orthomyxoviridae, genus Orthomyxovirus. This virus may have severe financial implications for the horse industry owing to its highly contagious nature and rapid transmission. In the Republic of Korea, vaccination against EIV has been practiced with the active involvement of the Korea Racing Authority since 1974. In this study, we monitored the viral RNA for EIV using PCR, as well as the antibody levels against 'A/equine/South Africa/4/03 (H3N8, clade 1)', from 2020 to 2022. EIV was not detected using RT-PCR. The seropositivity rates detected using a hemagglutination inhibition assay were 90.3% in 2020, 96.7% in 2021, and 91.8% in 2022. The geometric mean of antibody titer (GMT) was 83.4 in 2020, 135.7 in 2021, and 95.6 in 2022. Yearlings and two-year-olds in training exhibited lower positive rates (59.1% in 2020, 38.9% in 2021, and 44.1% in 2022) than the average. These younger horses may require more attention for vaccination and vaccine responses against EIV. Continuous surveillance of EIV should be performed to monitor the prevalence and spread of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-In Lim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (S.-I.L.); (M.J.K.); (M.-J.K.); (M.K.); (E.H.L.); (E.-J.K.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (S.-I.L.); (M.J.K.); (M.-J.K.); (M.K.); (E.H.L.); (E.-J.K.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Min-Ji Kim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (S.-I.L.); (M.J.K.); (M.-J.K.); (M.K.); (E.H.L.); (E.-J.K.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Sang-Kyu Lee
- Veterinary Center, Korea Racing Authority, Gwacheon 13822, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyoung-Seok Yang
- Animal Health Diagnosis Division, Jeju Self-Governing Provincial Veterinary Research Institute, Jeju 63344, Republic of Korea;
| | - MiJung Kwon
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (S.-I.L.); (M.J.K.); (M.-J.K.); (M.K.); (E.H.L.); (E.-J.K.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Eui Hyeon Lim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (S.-I.L.); (M.J.K.); (M.-J.K.); (M.K.); (E.H.L.); (E.-J.K.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - In-Ohk Ouh
- Division of Vaccine Development Coordination, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eun-Jung Kim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (S.-I.L.); (M.J.K.); (M.-J.K.); (M.K.); (E.H.L.); (E.-J.K.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (S.-I.L.); (M.J.K.); (M.-J.K.); (M.K.); (E.H.L.); (E.-J.K.); (B.-H.H.)
| | - Yoon-Hee Lee
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (S.-I.L.); (M.J.K.); (M.-J.K.); (M.K.); (E.H.L.); (E.-J.K.); (B.-H.H.)
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Morens DM, Park J, Taubenberger JK. Many potential pathways to future pandemic influenza. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadj2379. [PMID: 37851826 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adj2379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Although influenza A viruses have caused pandemics for centuries, future pandemics cannot be predicted with our current understanding and resources. Concern about an H5N1 avian influenza pandemic has caused alarm since 1997, but there are many other possible routes to pandemic influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Morens
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jaekeun Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jeffery K Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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9
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Wasik BR, Rothschild E, Voorhees IEH, Reedy SE, Murcia PR, Pusterla N, Chambers TM, Goodman LB, Holmes EC, Kile JC, Parrish CR. Understanding the divergent evolution and epidemiology of H3N8 influenza viruses in dogs and horses. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead052. [PMID: 37692894 PMCID: PMC10484056 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-species virus transmission events can lead to dire public health emergencies in the form of epidemics and pandemics. One example in animals is the emergence of the H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV), first isolated in 1963 in Miami, FL, USA, after emerging among horses in South America. In the early 21st century, the American lineage of EIV diverged into two 'Florida' clades that persist today, while an EIV transferred to dogs around 1999 and gave rise to the H3N8 canine influenza virus (CIV), first reported in 2004. Here, we compare CIV in dogs and EIV in horses to reveal their host-specific evolution, to determine the sources and connections between significant outbreaks, and to gain insight into the factors controlling their different evolutionary fates. H3N8 CIV only circulated in North America, was geographically restricted after the first few years, and went extinct in 2016. Of the two EIV Florida clades, clade 1 circulates widely and shows frequent transfers between the USA and South America, Europe and elsewhere, while clade 2 was globally distributed early after it emerged, but since about 2018 has only been detected in Central Asia. Any potential zoonotic threat of these viruses to humans can only be determined with an understanding of its natural history and evolution. Our comparative analysis of these three viral lineages reveals distinct patterns and rates of sequence variation yet with similar overall evolution between clades, suggesting epidemiological intervention strategies for possible eradication of H3N8 EIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Wasik
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Evin Rothschild
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ian E H Voorhees
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Stephanie E Reedy
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Pablo R Murcia
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Thomas M Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Laura B Goodman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Public and Ecosystems Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - James C Kile
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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10
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Abdelwhab EM, Mettenleiter TC. Zoonotic Animal Influenza Virus and Potential Mixing Vessel Hosts. Viruses 2023; 15:980. [PMID: 37112960 PMCID: PMC10145017 DOI: 10.3390/v15040980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae with a negative-sense, single-stranded segmented RNA genome. They infect a wide range of animals, including humans. From 1918 to 2009, there were four influenza pandemics, which caused millions of casualties. Frequent spillover of animal influenza viruses to humans with or without intermediate hosts poses a serious zoonotic and pandemic threat. The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic overshadowed the high risk raised by animal influenza viruses, but highlighted the role of wildlife as a reservoir for pandemic viruses. In this review, we summarize the occurrence of animal influenza virus in humans and describe potential mixing vessel or intermediate hosts for zoonotic influenza viruses. While several animal influenza viruses possess a high zoonotic risk (e.g., avian and swine influenza viruses), others are of low to negligible zoonotic potential (e.g., equine, canine, bat and bovine influenza viruses). Transmission can occur directly from animals, particularly poultry and swine, to humans or through reassortant viruses in "mixing vessel" hosts. To date, there are less than 3000 confirmed human infections with avian-origin viruses and less than 7000 subclinical infections documented. Likewise, only a few hundreds of confirmed human cases caused by swine influenza viruses have been reported. Pigs are the historic mixing vessel host for the generation of zoonotic influenza viruses due to the expression of both avian-type and human-type receptors. Nevertheless, there are a number of hosts which carry both types of receptors and can act as a potential mixing vessel host. High vigilance is warranted to prevent the next pandemic caused by animal influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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11
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Antigenic comparison of H3N8 equine influenza viruses belonging to Florida sublineage clade 1 between vaccine strains and North American strains isolated in 2021-2022. Arch Virol 2023; 168:94. [PMID: 36806782 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05720-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Equine influenza virus strains of Florida sublineage clade 1 (Fc1) have been circulating in North America. In this study, virus neutralization assays were performed to evaluate antigenic differences between Fc1 vaccine strains and North American Fc1 strains isolated in 2021-2022, using equine antisera against A/equine/South Africa/4/2003 (a vaccine strain recommended by the World Organisation for Animal Health) and A/equine/Ibaraki/1/2007 (a Japanese vaccine strain). Antibody titers against four North American Fc1 strains isolated in 2021-2022 were comparable to those against the homologous vaccine strains. These results suggest that current Fc1 vaccine strains are effective against North American strains from 2021-2022.
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12
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Chappell DE, Barnett DC, James K, Craig B, Bain F, Gaughan E, Schneider C, Vaala W, Barnum SM, Pusterla N. Voluntary Surveillance Program for Equine Influenza Virus in the United States during 2008-2021. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020192. [PMID: 36839464 PMCID: PMC9961984 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A voluntary upper respiratory biosurveillance program in the USA received 9740 nasal swab submissions during the years 2008-2021 from 333 veterinarians and veterinary clinics. The nasal swabs were submitted for qPCR testing for six common upper respiratory pathogens:equine influenza virus (EIV), equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), equine herpesvirus-4 (EHV-4), Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi), equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV), and equine rhinitis B virus (ERBV). Additional testing was performed for equine gamma herpesvirus-2 (EHV-2) and equine gamma herpesvirus-5 (EHV-5) and the results are reported. Basic frequency statistics and multivariate logistic regression models were utilized to determine the associations between risk factors and EIV positivity. The EIV qPCR-positivity rate was 9.9%. Equids less than 9 years of age with a recent history of travel and seasonal occurrence in winter and spring were the most common population that were qPCR positive for EIV. This ongoing biosurveillance program emphasizes the need for molecular testing for pathogen identification, which is critical for decisions associated with therapeutics and biosecurity intervention for health management and vaccine evaluations and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane E. Chappell
- Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-866-349-3497
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Samantha M. Barnum
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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13
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Ohta M, Kambayashi Y, Mita H, Kuroda T, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Garvey M, Cullinane A, Yamayoshi S, Kawaoka Y, Nemoto M. Protective efficacy of a reverse genetics-derived inactivated vaccine against equine influenza virus in horses. Vaccine 2022; 40:6362-6366. [PMID: 36175213 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Updating vaccine strains is essential to control equine influenza. We evaluated the protective efficacy of an inactivated equine influenza vaccine derived from viruses generated by reverse genetics (RG) in horses in an experimental viral challenge study. Wild-type (WT) virus (A/equine/Tipperary/1/2019) and virus generated by RG (consisting of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes from A/equine/Tipperary/1/2019 and six other genes from high-growth A/Puerto Rico/8/34) were inactivated by formalin for vaccine use. Twelve 1-year-old naïve horses with no antibodies against equine influenza virus were assigned to three groups (each n = 4): control, WT, and RG. They were vaccinated twice, 4 weeks apart, and were challenged with A/equine/Tipperary/1/2019 2 weeks after the second vaccination. All four horses in the control group and one horse in the WT group had pyrexia for multiple days and respiratory illness, and one horse in the RG group had pyrexia for 2 days without respiratory illness. The mean rectal temperatures and the mean concentrations of serum amyloid A in the WT and RG groups were significantly lower than those in the control group, with no significant differences between them. The WT and RG vaccines significantly reduced viral shedding relative to the control. The protective efficacy of the RG-derived inactivated vaccine against equine influenza virus is comparable to that of the vaccine derived from WT viruses in horses. The RG technique can make it easy to update equine influenza vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Ohta
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Mita
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kuroda
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Marie Garvey
- Virology Unit, Irish Equine Centre, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Ann Cullinane
- Virology Unit, Irish Equine Centre, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan.
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14
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Gonzalez-Obando J, Forero JE, Zuluaga-Cabrera AM, Ruiz-Saenz J. Equine Influenza Virus: An Old Known Enemy in the Americas. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101718. [PMID: 36298583 PMCID: PMC9610386 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine influenza is a highly contagious disease caused by the H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV), which is endemically distributed throughout the world. It infects equids, and interspecies transmission to dogs has been reported. The H3N8 Florida lineage, which is divided into clades 1 and 2, is the most representative lineage in the Americas. The EIV infects the respiratory system, affecting the ciliated epithelial cells and preventing the elimination of foreign bodies and substances. Certain factors related to the disease, such as an outdated vaccination plan, age, training, and close contact with other animals, favor the presentation of equine influenza. This review focuses on the molecular, pathophysiological, and epidemiological characteristics of EIV in the Americas to present updated information to achieve prevention and control of the virus. We also discuss the need for monitoring the disease, the use of vaccines, and the appropriate application of those biologicals, among other biosecurity measures that are important for the control of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Gonzalez-Obando
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales—GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
| | - Jorge Eduardo Forero
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología Veterinaria, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Angélica M Zuluaga-Cabrera
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Circular 73 N°35-04, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Julián Ruiz-Saenz
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales—GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
- Correspondence:
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15
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Sit TH, Sun W, Tse AC, Brackman CJ, Cheng SM, Tang AWY, Cheung JT, Peiris M, Poon LL. Novel Zoonotic Avian Influenza A(H3N8) Virus in Chicken, Hong Kong, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:2009-2015. [PMID: 36037827 PMCID: PMC9514342 DOI: 10.3201/eid2810.221067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic and pandemic influenza continue to pose threats to global public health. Pandemics arise when novel influenza A viruses, derived in whole or in part from animal or avian influenza viruses, adapt to transmit efficiently in a human population that has little population immunity to contain its onward transmission. Viruses of previous pandemic concern, such as influenza A(H7N9), arose from influenza A(H9N2) viruses established in domestic poultry acquiring a hemagglutinin and neuraminidase from influenza A viruses of aquatic waterfowl. We report a novel influenza A(H3N8) virus in chicken that has emerged in a similar manner and that has been recently reported to cause zoonotic disease. Although they are H3 subtype, these avian viruses are antigenically distant from contemporary human influenza A(H3N2) viruses, and there is little cross-reactive immunity in the human population. It is essential to heighten surveillance for these avian A(H3N8) viruses in poultry and in humans.
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16
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Yassine HM, Smatti MK. Will influenza A(H3N8) cause a major public health threat? Int J Infect Dis 2022; 124:35-37. [PMID: 36075373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of zoonotic influenza viruses and their ability to cross the species barrier has always been alarming and requires continuous surveillance in both human and animal populations. Avian A(H3N8) influenza viruses are frequently detected in animals and represent one of the most common subtypes in wild birds. Cross-species transmission of avian A(H3N8) influenza viruses has been reported for multiple mammalian hosts, including the outbreaks in horses and dogs by the equine and canine lineages of A(H3N8), respectively. In humans, there was no evidence of influenza A(H3N8) infection until 25 April 2022, when the Chinese health authority reported the first-ever human H3N8 case in a 4-year-old boy from Henan province. Although there is no information that this virus can sustain human transmission, additional epidemiological and virological studies are needed to better assess the replication potency of the virus in human cells as well as the risk posed to public health. In this study, we briefly discuss the influenza A(H3N8) interspecies transmission of the virus, with emphasis on human transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi M Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar.
| | - Maria K Smatti
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
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17
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Frequency of Detection and Prevalence Factors Associated with Common Respiratory Pathogens in Equids with Acute Onset of Fever and/or Respiratory Signs (2008–2021). Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070759. [PMID: 35890002 PMCID: PMC9317490 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A voluntary biosurveillance program was established in 2008 in order to determine the shedding frequency and prevalence factors for common respiratory pathogens associated with acute onset of fever and/or respiratory signs in equids from the USA. Over a period of 13 years, a total of 10,296 equids were enrolled in the program and nasal secretions were analyzed for the qPCR detection of equine influenza virus (EIV), equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), EHV-4, equine rhinitis A and B virus (ERVs), and Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi). Single infections with respiratory pathogens were detected in 21.1% of the submissions with EIV (6.8%) and EHV-4 (6.6%) as the two most prevalent viruses, followed by S. equi (4.7%), ERVs (2.3%), and EHV-1 (0.7%). Multiple pathogens were detected in 274 horses (2.7%) and no respiratory pathogens in 7836 horses (76.2%). Specific prevalence factors were determined for each of the six respiratory pathogen groups; most differences were associated with age, breed, and use of the horses, while the clinical signs were fairly consistent between viral and bacterial respiratory infections. Monitoring the frequency of detection of common respiratory pathogens is important in order to gain a better understanding of their epidemiology and to implement management practices aimed at controlling disease spread.
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18
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Adaptation of Two Wild Bird-Origin H3N8 Avian Influenza Viruses to Mammalian Hosts. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051097. [PMID: 35632838 PMCID: PMC9147613 DOI: 10.3390/v14051097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild birds play an important role in the emergence, evolution, and spread of zoonotic avian influenza viruses (AIVs). However, there are few studies on the cross-species transmission of the H3N8 AIV originating from wild birds. In this study, we investigated the transmissibility and pathogenicity of two H3N8 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) isolated from wild birds, GZA1 and XJ47, to mammals. The HA genes of both strains belonged to Eurasian isolates, while the other genes were derived from a variety of other subtypes of AIVs. Both strains can infect specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, BALB/c mice, and guinea pigs. The XJ47 strain spread horizontally in SPF chickens and guinea pigs. The GZA1 strain did not spread horizontally but caused higher weight loss and mild lung inflammation in mice. P12-GZA1- and P12-XJ47-adapted strains obtained after 12 passages in the lung of mice showed enhanced pathogenicity in mice, which led to obvious clinical symptoms, lung inflammation, and 100% death. Both adapted strains have the reported mutation T97I in the PA, and the reported mutation D701N in PB2 has been found in the P12-GZA1-adapted strain. This study provides an important scientific basis for the continuous monitoring of wild AIVs and the mechanism underlying AIV cross-species transmission.
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19
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What Do Antibody Studies Tell Us about Viral Infections? Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050560. [PMID: 35631081 PMCID: PMC9143683 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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20
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Kessler S, Harder TC, Schwemmle M, Ciminski K. Influenza A Viruses and Zoonotic Events-Are We Creating Our Own Reservoirs? Viruses 2021; 13:v13112250. [PMID: 34835056 PMCID: PMC8624301 DOI: 10.3390/v13112250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic infections of humans with influenza A viruses (IAVs) from animal reservoirs can result in severe disease in individuals and, in rare cases, lead to pandemic outbreaks; this is exemplified by numerous cases of human infection with avian IAVs (AIVs) and the 2009 swine influenza pandemic. In fact, zoonotic transmissions are strongly facilitated by manmade reservoirs that were created through the intensification and industrialization of livestock farming. This can be witnessed by the repeated introduction of IAVs from natural reservoirs of aquatic wild bird metapopulations into swine and poultry, and the accompanied emergence of partially- or fully-adapted human pathogenic viruses. On the other side, human adapted IAV have been (and still are) introduced into livestock by reverse zoonotic transmission. This link to manmade reservoirs was also observed before the 20th century, when horses seemed to have been an important reservoir for IAVs but lost relevance when the populations declined due to increasing industrialization. Therefore, to reduce zoonotic events, it is important to control the spread of IAV within these animal reservoirs, for example with efficient vaccination strategies, but also to critically surveil the different manmade reservoirs to evaluate the emergence of new IAV strains with pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kessler
- Medical Center, Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (S.K.); (M.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Timm C. Harder
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Institute of Diagnostic Virology, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Medical Center, Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (S.K.); (M.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Ciminski
- Medical Center, Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (S.K.); (M.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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21
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Nemoto M, Ohta M, Yamanaka T, Kambayashi Y, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamayoshi S, Kawaoka Y, Cullinane A. Antigenic differences between equine influenza virus vaccine strains and Florida sublineage clade 1 strains isolated in Europe in 2019. Vet J 2021; 272:105674. [PMID: 33941332 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
From late 2018 to 2019, equine influenza virus (EIV) strains of Florida sublineage clade 1 (Fc1), which had until then been circulating mainly in the United States, suddenly spread across Europe causing many outbreaks, and Florida sublineage clade 2 (Fc2) strains, which had been circulating mainly in Europe, have not been detected in Europe since 2018. Since 2010, the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) has recommended that EIV vaccines contain an Fc1 strain that is like A/equine/South Africa/4/2003 or A/equine/Ohio/2003. Accordingly, Japanese vaccines contain A/equine/Ibaraki/1/2007 as the Fc1 strain. To evaluate the effectiveness of these vaccines against the Fc1 strains detected in Europe in 2019, we performed virus neutralization tests using horse antisera. Challenge viruses used were Irish strain A/equine/Tipperary/1/2019 and two recombinant viruses generated by reverse genetics. Recombinant viruses possessing hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) derived from A/equine/Tipperary/1/2019 (rA/equine/Tipperary/1/2019) or British strain A/equine/Essex/1/2019 (rA/equine/Essex/1/2019) were generated. Equine antisera against A/equine/South Africa/2003 and A/equine/Ibaraki/2007 were produced by experimental infection. Antibody titers against A/equine/Tipperary/1/2019, rA/equine/Tipperary/1/2019, and rA/equine/Essex/1/2019 were 2.5- to 6.3-fold lower than those against the homologous vaccine strains A/equine/South Africa/4/2003 or A/equine/Ibaraki/2007. These results suggest that the ongoing evolution of the Fc1 viruses may impact on antigenicity and although antibodies against current vaccine strains neutralize the 2019 strains, ongoing surveillance is essential for optimum choice of candidate vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
| | - Minoru Ohta
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kambayashi
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ann Cullinane
- Virology Unit, Irish Equine Centre, Naas, Co. Kildare, W91 RH93 Johnstown, Ireland
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22
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Ohta M, Bannai H, Kambayashi Y, Tamura N, Tsujimura K, Yamayoshi S, Kawaoka Y, Nemoto M. Growth properties and immunogenicity of a virus generated by reverse genetics for an inactivated equine influenza vaccine. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:139-144. [PMID: 33527477 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keeping vaccine strains up to date is the key to controlling equine influenza (EI). Viruses generated by reverse genetics (RG) are likely to be effective for quickly updating a vaccine strain. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the growth properties of an RG virus in embryonated chicken eggs, and to evaluate antibody responses to a formalin-inactivated vaccine derived from the RG virus in Thoroughbred horses. STUDY DESIGN In vitro and in vivo experiments. METHODS Wild-type (WT) viruses (A/equine/Ibaraki/1/2007) or RG viruses (consisting of haemagglutinin [HA] and neuraminidase genes derived from A/equine/Ibaraki/1/2007 and the six other genes derived from high-growth A/Puerto Rico/8/34) were inoculated into embryonated chicken eggs, and the allantoic fluids were harvested at every 24 hours after inoculation. WT and RG viruses were inactivated by formalin for vaccine use. Ten unvaccinated yearlings (five each for WT or RG vaccine) received the first two doses of a primary vaccination course 4 weeks apart followed by their third dose 12 weeks later. Twenty vaccinated adult horses (10 each for WT or RG vaccine) received a single dose of a booster vaccination. RESULTS The RG virus had high growth properties in embryonated chicken eggs. Unvaccinated yearlings responded poorly to the first vaccination, especially those that received the RG vaccine, but mounted better responses to the second and the third vaccinations, and maintained relatively high haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titres up to 28 weeks after the first vaccination. Vaccinated adult horses did not respond remarkably to the booster vaccination, but no horses showed titres below their pre-booster values even at 12 weeks after vaccination. The RG virus elicited immunogenicity in horses adequate for vaccine use. MAIN LIMITATIONS No virus challenge study was performed. CONCLUSIONS The RG viruses are useful as an EI vaccine strain, and quick updates of an EI vaccine strain can be achieved by using RG techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Ohta
- Molecular Biology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Molecular Biology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kambayashi
- Molecular Biology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Norihisa Tamura
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Molecular Biology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Molecular Biology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
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23
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Retrospective serological survey for influenza in horses from Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 52:461-466. [PMID: 33175343 PMCID: PMC7656090 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine influenza (EI) virus is one of the most economically important pathogens of respiratory diseases of horses worldwide. Despite availability of vaccines for control of EI, the highly contagious nature and variability properties of the virus mean global outbreaks occur. Thus, continuous surveillance programs, including seroprevalence studies of disease in different countries, may contribute to better control of the disease. In this study, the seroprevalence of equine influenza in 850 horses from Brazil was investigated. The serodiagnosis was based on the single radial hemolysis (SRH) assay using influenza A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 (H3N8) antigen. Antibodies against A/equine/Richmond/1/07 (H3N8) were detected in 44.7% (380/850, 95% CI: 41.4-48.1%) of horses. Seroprevalence was significantly lower (p = 0.001) in younger animals (< 5 years, 38.6%) than in "adult" animals (5-14 years, 52.1%). There was also a significant relationship between the year of sampling and seroprevalence (p < 0.0005). The mean SRH antibody value was 42.0 mm2 (range 4-238.9 mm2), with the majority of horses (95.3%) having an SRH value ≤ 150 mm2, which is considered an insufficient level for protection of equine hosts against influenza infections and potential virus shedding. These findings indicate the need to reinforce preventive/control measures against equine influenza in Brazil.
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24
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Nemoto M, Okita N, Kitahata M, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Kinoshita Y, Kambayashi Y, Cullinane A, Yamanaka T, Ohta M. Evaluation of cobas Influenza A/B & RSV Test for Diagnosis of Equine Influenza. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 94:103249. [PMID: 33077083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive diagnostic method is needed to help prevent the spread of equine influenza virus. The cobas Influenza A/B & RSV test for the cobas Liat system (Roche Diagnostics) is based on real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and is designed to broadly detect influenza A virus RNA within 20 minutes. It detected a broad range of equine influenza virus strains, and detected equine influenza virus RNA from nasal swabs of infected horses at the same level as real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, although it returned some invalid results (7.7%). This suggests that cobas Influenza A/B & RSV test is highly sensitive to equine influenza virus, but should be improved to reduce the rate of invalid results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
| | - Noriyuki Okita
- Molecular Diagnostics, Roche Diagnostics K.K., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yuta Kinoshita
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Ann Cullinane
- Virology Unit, Irish Equine Centre, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Minoru Ohta
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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25
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Kinsley R, Pronost S, De Bock M, Temperton N, Daly JM, Paillot R, Scott S. Evaluation of a Pseudotyped Virus Neutralisation Test for the Measurement of Equine Influenza Virus-Neutralising Antibody Responses Induced by Vaccination and Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030466. [PMID: 32825702 PMCID: PMC7565038 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine influenza is a major respiratory disease of horses that is largely controlled by vaccination in some equine populations. Virus-neutralising antibodies, the mainstay of the protective immune response, are problematic in assaying for equine influenza virus, as most strains do not replicate efficiently in cell culture. Surrogate measures of protective antibody responses include the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and single radial haemolysis (SRH) assay. For this study, a pseudotyped virus, bearing an envelope containing the haemagglutinin (HA) from the Florida clade 2 equine influenza virus strain A/equine/Richmond/1/07 (H3N8), was generated to measure HA-specific neutralising antibodies in serum samples (n = 134) from vaccinated or experimentally-infected ponies using a pseudotyped virus neutralization test (PVNT). Overall, the results of PVNT were in good agreement with results from the SRH assay (100% sensitivity, 68.53% specificity) and HI test (99.2% sensitivity, 49.03% specificity). The PVNT was apparently more sensitive than either the SRH assay or the HI test, which could be advantageous for studying the antibody kinetics, particularly when antibody levels are low. Nevertheless, further studies are required to determine whether a protective antibody level can be defined for the SRH assay and to ascertain the inter-laboratory reproducibility. In conclusion, the PVNT efficiently measures neutralising antibodies after immunization and/or experimental infection in the natural host, and may complement existing antibody assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kinsley
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU), Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent & Greenwich, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK; (R.K.); (N.T.)
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen CEDEX 4, France;
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Manuelle De Bock
- Elanco Animal Health, Plantin en Moretuslei, B-2018 Antwerpen, Belgium;
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU), Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent & Greenwich, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK; (R.K.); (N.T.)
| | - Janet M. Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK;
| | - Romain Paillot
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen CEDEX 4, France;
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Animal Health Trust, Centre for Preventive Medicine, Lanwades Park, Kentford Newmarket CB8 7UU, UK
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (S.S.); Tel.: +33-231-471-926 (R.P.); +44-1634-202957 (S.S.)
| | - Simon Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU), Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent & Greenwich, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK; (R.K.); (N.T.)
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (S.S.); Tel.: +33-231-471-926 (R.P.); +44-1634-202957 (S.S.)
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