AMP-activated protein kinase: an energy sensor that regulates all aspects of cell function

Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomics analysis of ovary in Nilaparvata lugens after trehalase inhibition

The fecundity of Nilaparvata lugens (brown planthopper) is influenced by trehalase (TRE). To investigate the mechanism by which trehalose affects the reproduction of N. lugens, we conducted a comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of the ovaries of N. lugens following injection with dsTREs and validamycin (a TRE inhibitor). The results revealed that 844 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the dsGFP and dsTREs injection groups, with 317 up-regulated genes and 527 down-regulated genes. Additionally, 1451 DEGs were identified between the water and validamycin injection groups, with 637 up-regulated genes and 814 down-regulated genes. The total number of DEGs identified between the two comparison groups was 236. The overlapping DEGs were implicated in various biological processes, including protein metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, AMPK signaling, mTOR signaling, insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS), the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and the cellular process of meiosis in oocytes. These results suggest that the inhibition of TRE expression may lead to alterations in ovarian nutrient and energy metabolism by modulating glucose transport and affecting amino acid metabolic pathways. These alterations may influence the reproduction of N. lugens by modulating reproductive regulatory signals. These findings provide robust evidence supporting the mechanism through which trehalase inhibition reduces the reproductive capacity of N. lugens.

Targeting TTK Inhibits Tumorigenesis of T-Cell Lymphoma Through Dephosphorylating p38α and Activating AMPK/mTOR Pathway

T-cell lymphoma (TCL) is a group of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with high heterogeneity and unfavorable prognosis. Current standard treatments have demonstrated limited efficacy in improving the outcomes for TCL patients. Therefore, identification of novel drug targets is urgently needed to improve the prognosis of TCL patients. Through multi-omics analysis, aberrant expression of threonine tyrosine kinase (TTK) in TCL is identified. High expression of TTK is closely associated with poor prognosis in TCL patients. Targeting TTK through gene knockdown exerts anti-tumor effects in vitro and in vivo, including inhibiting the cell proliferation, inducing G2/M phase arrest, enhancing DNA damage and cell apoptosis. Mechanically, p38α is identified as the potential phosphorylation substrate of TTK through phosphoproteomic quantification and motif prediction. Furthermore, inhibition of TTK suppresses activation of p38α through dephosphorylating it at Thr180/Tyr182, thereby promoting the activation of AMPK/mTOR pathway. In addition, targeting TTK enhances the autophagy in TCL cells through dephosphorylating p38α. CFI-402257, a specific inhibitor of TTK, is found to exhibit anti-tumor effects and exerted synergistic efficacy with PI3K inhibitor, Duvelisib, in TCL. The study shows that TTK contributes to the development of TCL by regulating p38α-mediated AMPK/mTOR pathway. CFI-402257 is expected to be a promising strategy for TCL treatment.

Mitochondrial uncouplers inhibit oncogenic E2F1 activity and prostate cancer growth

Mitochondrial uncouplers dissipate proton gradients and deplete ATP production from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). While the growth of prostate cancer depends on OXPHOS-generated ATP, the oncogenic pathway mediated by the transcription factor E2F1 is crucial for the progression of this deadly disease. Here, we report that mitochondrial uncouplers, including tizoxanide (TIZ), the active metabolite of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved anthelmintic nitazoxanide (NTZ), inhibit E2F1-mediated expression of genes involved in cell cycle progression, DNA synthesis, and lipid synthesis. Consequently, NTZ/TIZ induces S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2)-mediated G1 arrest while impeding DNA synthesis, lipogenesis, and the growth of prostate cancer cells. The anti-cancer activity of TIZ correlates with its OXPHOS-uncoupling activity. NTZ/TIZ appears to inhibit ATP production, thereby activating the AMP-activated kinase (AMPK)-p38 pathway, leading to cyclin D1 degradation, Rb dephosphorylation, and subsequent E2F1 inhibition. Our results thus connect OXPHOS uncoupling to the inhibition of an essential oncogenic pathway, supporting repositioning NTZ and other mitochondrial uncouplers for prostate cancer therapy.

Salinity stress impairs disease resistance in white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei through AMPK pathway, ameliorated by dietary glucose-mediated energy homeostasis

This study presents a comprehensive examination of the physiological adaptations of white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) to low-salinity conditions and evaluates the effects of supplementing dietary glucose on disease resistance. Compared to the control group, shrimp cultured at a salinity of 4 psu exhibit significantly elevated expression levels of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the hepatopancreas, which leads to increased energy expenditure and a corresponding reduction in resistance to infection by Vibrio alginolyticus. The suppression of AMPK via dsAMPK treatment markedly enhances disease resistance. Moreover, shrimp raised in low salinity conditions exhibit downregulation of mTOR-associated molecules, including Lipin-1 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α), both of which are essential for immune regulation. Metabolic assessments revealed reduced ATP levels and disrupted ATP/AMP and ATP/ADP ratios, indicating energy imbalance under low salinity stress. Notably, supplementing the diet with 1 % glucose significantly increased glycogen reserves and ATP content, stabilized hemolymph glucose levels, and upregulated glycolysis-related genes, thereby optimizing energy metabolism and enhancing resilience to stress. This study underscores that AMPK activation in response to low salinity conditions leads to increased energy expenditure, which in turn lowers disease resistance. Furthermore, it underscores the critical role of strategic dietary management in maintaining energy homeostasis and improving disease resistance in white shrimp under stressful environmental conditions associated with climate change, offering valuable insights for aquaculture nutrition strategies.

Small molecule-driven LKB1 deacetylation is responsible for the inhibition of hepatic lipid response in NAFLD

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a progressive condition characterized by ectopic fat accumulation in the liver, for which no FAD-approved drugs currently exist. Emerging evidence highlights the role of liver kinase B1 (LKB1), a key metabolic regulator, has been proposed in NAFLD, particularly in response to excessive nutrient levels. However, few agents have been identified that can prevent the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) by targeting LKB1 deacetylation. Through comprehensive screening of our in-house chemical library, we identified tranilast, a small molecule with remarkable inhibitory efficacy against lipid deposition induced by palmitic acid/oleic acid (PO). In this study, we investigated the novel biological function and mechanism of tranilast in regulating hepatic lipid response in NAFLD, focusing on its role in LKB1 deacetylation within hepatocytes. Our findings demonstrate that tranilast effectively reduced hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in NASH models induced by high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFHC) and methionine choline-deficient (MCD) diets. Mechanistic analysis using RNA sequencing revealed that tranilast mitigated hepatic lipid response by promoting LKB1 deacetylation and activating AMPK. Notably, in vivo experiments showed that the beneficial effects of tranilast in MCD diet-induced NASH model were reversed by the compound C (C-C), a known AMPK inhibitor, confirming that tranilast's effects on hepatic lipid response are mediated through the AMPK pathway. In summary, tranilast inhibits hepatic lipid response in NAFLD through LKB1 deacetylation, providing robust experimental evidence for the role of LKB1 in NAFLD. These findings position tranilast as a promising therapeutic candidate for the pharmacological management of metabolic diseases.

Investigation of Signaling in Primary Populations of Human Senescent T Cells

Mitogen-activated protein kinases, a family of three stress-related kinases, the Erks and Jnks and p38s, are activated by three-layer transphosphorylation cascades and are important for the activation, differentiation, and effector functions of lymphocytes. Recent studies on the aged immune systems from both humans and mice have uncovered a different mode of MAPK signaling that is independent of canonical activation cascades and instead occurs through simultaneous self-phosphorylation reactions within the sestrin-MAPK activation complex (sMAC), an immune-inhibitory complex not previously observed. In this chapter, we discuss methodologies to study these pathways at the population and single cell level, which allows rejuvenating immune cell differentiation and fate.

Pharmacological targeting of AMPK to restore glucose and fatty acid metabolism homeostasis attenuates transplanted kidney fibrosis

Chronic fibrosis often occurs in transplanted kidneys, leading to progressive functional decline. The underlying mechanisms may involve disruption in the metabolism of renal tubular epithelial cells. The liver kinase B1 (LKB1)-AMPK pathway is a pivotal regulatory hub for glucose and fatty acid metabolism and may play a role in transplanted kidney fibrosis, but it has not been reported. In this study we administered fenofibrate, 2-deoxyglucose, or metformin to modulate metabolism in Brown Norway rat kidney transplants and investigated pathways involved in fibrosis using various assays. We identified an impaired LKB1-AMPK pathway within epithelial cells, resulting in perturbed glucose and fatty acid metabolism, collagen secretion, extracellular matrix remodeling, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. ACOX1, a pivotal enzyme in the fatty acid peroxisomal β-oxidation pathway, played an important role in transplanted renal fibrosis. Furthermore, several metabolism-targeting drugs, particularly metformin, emerged as potent fibrosis inhibitors. Metformin attenuated fibrosis, improved renal function, and reduced inflammation and macrophage infiltration in the transplanted kidneys. These results provide new perspectives for understanding the complex molecular basis underlying transplanted renal fibrosis and developing novel therapeutic strategies.

Enhancing metabolic and inflammatory status in insulin-resistant rats: Acute intervention with cocoa flavanols and submaximal aerobic exercise activates intracellular signaling pathways for glucose metabolism

INTRODUCTION

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by hyperglycemia, is closely linked to obesity and low-grade inflammation. Acute cocoa flavanols (CF) intake has demonstrated benefits in vasoreactivity, cognitive functions, and antioxidant enzyme activity. However, the physiological mechanisms of CF concerning glucose uptake, inflammatory mediators, and their interplay with aerobic exercise remain unclear in populations with metabolic diseases.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to investigate the acute effects of CF, alone or combined with acute aerobic exercise on mechanisms involved in glucose uptake and inflammatory mediators in the liver, skeletal muscle, pancreas, and adipose tissue in insulin-resistant (IR) rats.

METHODS

Sixty-four Wistar rats (250 ± 10g; 15 weeks age) were subjected to a regular chow (CON) or an obesity-associated insulin-resistant (IR) state induced by a high-fat diet and fructose-rich beverage for 30 days. Seventy-two hours after an incremental maximal treadmill running test, rats received a placebo solution or CF supplementation (45 mg·kg-1 of body weight). One hour later, they either rested or ran on a treadmill at 60 % of peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) for 30 min. Euthanasia occurred 30 min post-experimental sessions. Inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were assayed using ELISA in the liver, pancreas, gastrocnemius muscle, and epididymal adipose tissues. TRB3 and CPT1 mRNA were assessed by q-RTPCR in the liver and gastrocnemius muscle while Akt and AMPK phosphorylation were examined by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

CF attenuated hyperglycemia observed after submaximal aerobic exercise in IR rats (p < 0.001). In the liver, CF exhibited additive effects to aerobic exercise, enhancing Akt protein phosphorylation, potentially contributing to improved glucose uptake in IR rats. Submaximal aerobic exercise and CF increased AMPK protein phosphorylation in the liver (p < 0.001) and skeletal muscle (p < 0.001), reduced TRB3 gene expression (p < 0.01), elevated CPT-1a gene expression (p < 0.001), and ameliorated the inflammatory milieu in the pancreas, adipose tissue, liver, and gastrocnemius muscle.

CONCLUSION

Acute intake, of CF combined with submaximal aerobic exercise activates key proteins and genes involved in glucose uptake and lipid metabolism, improving the inflammatory milieu. This synergistic effect may contribute to mitigating metabolic complications associated with insulin resistance.

Effects of Capsicum Oleoresin on the Energy Expenditure and Mitochondrial Content of Brown Adipose Tissue in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

Capsicum oleoresin (CO) is a concentrated extract derived from peppers (Capsicum annum L.) containing capsaicin (the active compound responsible for its pungency) and other bioactive components. The present study aimed to determine whether CO affects the energy expenditure and mitochondrial content of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in diet-induced obese mice. Four-week-old C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups and fed with a normal chow diet, 45% high-fat diet (HF), or HF supplemented with 0.01% CO (HF+CO) for 16 weeks. The results showed that CO supplementation significantly suppressed weight gain and improved serum lipid profiles compared with HF feeding. The energy expenditure was significantly higher in the HF+CO group than in the HF group. Compared with the HF group, the HF+CO group had significantly upregulated the messenger RNA expression levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) in BAT. The mitochondrial DNA content, which was reduced by HF intake, was significantly restored in the HF+CO group. Furthermore, the mitochondrial size and number were restored in the HF+CO group than in in the HF group. The activity of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in BAT was significantly increased in the HF+CO group than in the HF group. In conclusion, CO potentially inhibits weight gain by increasing energy expenditure in diet-induced obese mice. This beneficial effect is likely associated with the enhancement of mitochondrial content by upregulating key markers, including UCP1, PGC-1α, and AMPK, in BAT.

AMPK Phosphorylates LMX1b to Regulate a Brainstem Neurogenic Network Important for Control of Breathing in Neonatal Mice

Ventilatory drive is modulated by a variety of neurochemical inputs that converge on spatially oriented clusters of cells within the brainstem. This regulation is required to maintain energy homeostasis and is essential to sustain life across all mammalian organisms. Therefore, the anatomical orientation of these cellular clusters during development must have a defined mechanistic basis with redundant genomic variants. Failure to completely develop these features causes several conditions including apnea of prematurity (AOP) and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). AOP is associated with many adverse outcomes including increased risk of interventricular hemorrhage. However, there are no pharmacological interventions that reduce SIDS and AOP prevalence by promoting brainstem development. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a kinase that regulates ventilatory control to maintain homeostasis. This study identifies a signaling axis in which the pharmacological activation of AMPK in vivo via metformin in brainstem ventilatory control centers results in the phosphorylation of LIM homeobox transcription factor 1-beta (Lmx1b), a key player in dorsal-ventral patterning during fetal development. The phosphorylation of Lmx1b transactivates a neurogenic interactome important for the development and regulation of ventilatory control centers. These findings highlight the potential for metformin in the treatment and prevention of AOP.

Immunometabolic shifts in autoimmune disease: Mechanisms and pathophysiological implications

Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system abnormally attacks the body's normal tissues, causing inflammation and damage. Each disease has unique immune and metabolic dysfunctions during pathogenesis. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), immune cells have different metabolic patterns and mitochondrial/lysosomal dysfunctions at different disease stages. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), type I interferon (IFN) causes immune cell metabolic dysregulation, linking activation to metabolic shifts that may worsen the disease. In systemic sclerosis (SSc), mitochondrial changes affect fibroblast metabolism and the immune response. Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) patients have mitochondrial and metabolic issues. In primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), immune cell metabolism is imbalanced and mitochondrial damage can lead to cell/tissue damage. Metabolic reprogramming links cellular energy needs and immune dysfunctions, causing inflammation, damage, and symptoms in these diseases. It also affects immune cell functions like differentiation, proliferation, and secretion. This review discusses the potential of targeting metabolic pathways to restore immune balance, offering directions for future autoimmune disease research and treatment.

AMP kinase: A promising therapeutic drug target for post-COVID-19 complications

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has resulted in severe respiratory issues and persistent complications, particularly affecting glucose metabolism. Patients with or without pre-existing diabetes often experience worsened symptoms, highlighting the need for innovative therapeutic approaches. AMPK, a crucial regulator of cellular energy balance, plays a pivotal role in glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and inflammatory responses. AMPK activation, through allosteric or kinase-dependent mechanisms, impacts cellular processes like glucose uptake, fatty acid oxidation, and autophagy. The tissue-specific distribution of AMPK emphasizes its role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis throughout the body. Intriguingly, SARS-CoV-2 infection inhibits AMPK, contributing to metabolic dysregulation and post-COVID-19 complications. AMPK activators like capsaicinoids, curcumin, phytoestrogens, cilostazol, and momordicosides have demonstrated the potential to regulate AMPK activity. Compounds from various sources improve fatty acid oxidation and insulin sensitivity, with metformin showing opposing effects on AMPK activation compared to the virus, suggesting potential therapeutic options. The diverse effects of AMPK activation extend to its role in countering viral infections, further highlighting its significance in COVID-19. This review explores AMPK activation mechanisms, its role in metabolic disorders, and the potential use of natural compounds to target AMPK for post-COVID-19 complications. Also, it aims to review the possible methods of activating AMPK to prevent post-COVID-19 diabetes and cardiovascular complications. It also explores the use of natural compounds for their therapeutic effects in targeting the AMPK pathways. Targeting AMPK activation emerges as a promising avenue to mitigate the long-term effects of COVID-19, offering hope for improved patient outcomes and a better quality of life.

Coniferaldehyde activates autophagy and enhances oxidative stress resistance and lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans via par-4/aak-2/skn-1 pathway

Aging represents the gradual accumulation of alterations within an organism over time. The physical and chemical characteristics of our cells gradually change as we age, making it more difficult for our tissues and organs to self-regulate, regenerate, and maintain their structural and functional integrity. AMP- activated protein kinase (AMPK), a well-known sensor of cellular energy status acts as a central regulator of an integrated signalling network that control homeostasis, metabolism, stress resistance, cell survival and autophagy. Coniferaldehyde (CFA), a phenolic compound found in many edible plants, has multiple biological and pharmacological functions. Our findings demonstrated that 50 µM CFA could significantly activate autophagy and reduce oxidative stress, which enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes and increased resistance under oxidative stress. CFA treatment could efficiently decrease reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and positively enhance the expression of antioxidant genes in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). On the other hand, CFA did not have any role in the lifespan extension of the several mutants linked to the AAK-2/AMPK pathway and it promotes SKN-1 (Skinhead-1) localization into the nucleus, which modulates downstream gene gst-4 (Glutathione S-transferase). In depth investigations revealed that CFA could lower oxidative stress and enhance the lifespan of C. elegans by activating the PAR-4/LKB-1-AAK-2/AMPK-SKN-1/NRF-2 pathway, with crucial involvement of bec-1 and lgg-1 genes for autophagy mediated lifespan extension. This study might contribute to understanding the interactions and mechanisms that allow natural compounds like CFA to treat age-related disorders among several species.

Upstream targeting for the prevention of atrial fibrillation: Targeting Risk Interventions and Metformin for Atrial Fibrillation (TRIM-AF)-rationale and study design

BACKGROUND

Despite advances in ablation and other therapies for AF, progression of atrial fibrillation (AF) remains a significant clinical problem, associated with worse prognosis and worse treatment outcomes. Upstream therapies targeting inflammatory or antifibrotic mechanisms have been disappointing in preventing AF progression, but more recently genetic and genomic studies in AF suggest novel cellular and metabolic stress targets, supporting prior studies of lifestyle and risk factor modification (LRFM) for AF. However, while obesity is a significant risk factor, weight loss and risk factor modification have not been successfully applied in a US population with AF. Metformin, a common drug that targets metabolic stress pathways, has demonstrated potential in reducing the burden of AF.

METHODS

The Targeting Risk Interventions and Metformin for Atrial Fibrillation (TRIM-AF, NCT03603912) is a randomized clinical trial designed to examine reduction of AF burden and progression, targeting metabolic upstream therapies. This single center trial, at the Cleveland Clinic, is designed as a prospective randomized open-label blinded endpoint (PROBE) 2 × 2 factorial study of metformin extended release up to 750 mg twice daily and lifestyle and risk factor modification (LRFM) in patients with a cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) that have had at least one ≥ 5-min episode of atrial fibrillation (AF) over the prior 3 months. Randomization is stratified by pacemaker vs. ICD and rhythm at enrollment (sinus rhythm/atrial paced vs. AF).

CONCLUSION

TRIM-AF trial aims to determine if metformin, lifestyle, and risk factor modification (LRFM) reduce AF burden and its progression and assess whether combined therapy outperforms individual treatments.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ ; Unique Identifier: NCT03603912.

Maduramicin ammonium impairs autophagic flux through activating AMPK-mediated eIF2α-ATF4 endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway in skeletal muscle

BACKGROUND

Maduramicin ammonium (MA), a widely used coccidiostat, has been reported to cause skeletal muscle degeneration in animals and even humans. In this study, we explore the underlying mechanism of its toxicity in skeletal muscle.

RESULTS

First, we observed that MA impaired autophagic flux which was evidenced by increased protein level of LC3-II and p62 in skeletal myoblast C2C12 and L6 cell lines and rectus femoris muscle tissues of rats and broilers. Then, we found that MA induced eIF2α phosphorylation and ATF4 expression in the cells and tissues. Co-treatment with ISRIB attenuated MA-induced LC3-II and p62 in C2C12 and L6 cells, suggesting that MA-induced eIF2α-ATF4 pathway contributed to impairment of autophagic flux in the cells. Lastly, we showed that MA activated AMPK signaling in skeletal muscle, since the phosphorylation of AMPK was increased by MA treatment in skeletal myoblast cell lines and muscle tissues. Furthermore, in AMPK downregulated C2C12 cells, MA-induced LC3-II, ATF4 and phosphorylation of eIF2α was reversed, supporting that AMPK was involved in the regulation of the eIF2α-ATF4 pathway and autophagic flux during MA exposure.

CONCLUSION

Our findings showed that MA impairs autophagic flux through activating the AMPK-induced eIF2α-ATF4 pathway in skeletal muscle. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

The Emerging Role of p21 in Diabetes and Related Metabolic Disorders

In the context of cell cycle inhibition, anti-proliferation, and the dysregulation observed in certain cancer pathologies, the protein p21 assumes a pivotal role. p21 links DNA damage responses to cellular processes such as apoptosis, senescence, and cell cycle arrest, primarily functioning as a regulator of the cell cycle. However, accumulating empirical evidence suggests that p21 is both directly and indirectly linked to a number of different metabolic processes. Intriguingly, recent investigations indicate that p21 significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetes. In this review, we present a comprehensive evaluation of the scientific literature regarding the involvement of p21 in metabolic processes, diabetes etiology, pancreatic function, glucose homeostasis, and insulin resistance. Furthermore, we provide an encapsulated overview of therapies that target p21 to alleviate metabolic disorders. A deeper understanding of the complex interrelationship between p21 and diabetes holds promise for informing current and future therapeutic strategies to address this rapidly escalating health crisis.

Myeloid Cell-Specific Deletion of AMPKα1 Worsens Ocular Bacterial Infection by Skewing Macrophage Phenotypes

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a crucial role in governing essential cellular functions such as growth, proliferation, and survival. Previously, we observed increased vulnerability to bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus) endophthalmitis in global AMPKα1 knockout mice. In this study, we investigated the specific involvement of AMPKα1 in myeloid cells using LysMCre;AMPKα1fl mice. Our findings revealed that whereas endophthalmitis resolved in wild-type C57BL/6 mice, the severity of the disease progressively worsened in AMPKα1-deficient mice over time. Moreover, the intraocular bacterial load and inflammatory mediators (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and CXCL2) were markedly elevated in the LysMCre;AMPKα1fl mice. Mechanistically, the deletion of AMPKα1 in myeloid cells skewed macrophage polarization toward the inflammatory M1 phenotype and impaired the phagocytic clearance of S. aureus by macrophages. Notably, transferring AMPK-competent bone marrow from wild-type mice to AMPKα1 knockout mice preserved retinal function and mitigated the severity of endophthalmitis. Overall, our study underscores the role of myeloid-specific AMPKα1 in promoting the resolution of inflammation in the eye during bacterial infection. Hence, therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring or enhancing AMPKα1 activity could improve visual outcomes in endophthalmitis and other ocular infections.

FBXL19 Targeted STK11 Degradation Enhances Cigarette Smoke-Induced Airway Epithelial Cell Cytotoxicity

Objective: To investigate the effects of cigarette smoke (CS) on Serine/Threonine Kinase 11 (STK11) and to determine STK11's role in CS-induced airway epithelial cell cytotoxicity.Methods: STK11 expression levels in the lung tissues of smokers with or without COPD and mice exposed to CS or room air (RA) were determined by immunoblotting and RT-PCR. BEAS-2Bs-human bronchial airway epithelial cells were exposed to CS extract (CSE), and the changes in STK11 expression levels were determined by immunoblotting and RT-PCR. BEAS-2B cells were transfected with STK11-specific siRNA or STK11 expression plasmid, and the effects of CSE on airway epithelial cell cytotoxicity were measured. To determine the specific STK11 degradation-proteolytic pathway, BEAS-2Bs were treated with cycloheximide alone or combined with MG132 or leupeptin. Finally, to identify the F-box protein mediating the STK11 degradation, a screening assay was performed using transfection with a panel of FBXL E3 ligase subunits.Results: STK11 protein levels were significantly decreased in the lung tissues of smokers with COPD relative to smokers without COPD. STK11 protein levels were also significantly decreased in mouse lung tissues exposed to CS compared to RA. Exposure to CSE shortened the STK11 mRNA and protein half-life to 4 h in BEAS-2B cells. STK11 protein overexpression attenuated the CSE-induced cytotoxicity; in contrast, its knockdown augmented CSE-induced cytotoxicity. FBXL19 mediates CSE-induced STK11 protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in cultured BEAS-2B cells. FBXL19 overexpression led to accelerated STK11 ubiquitination and degradation in a dose-dependent manner.Conclusions: Our results suggest that CSE enhances the degradation of STK11 protein in airway epithelial cells via the FBXL19-mediated ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway, leading to augmented cell death.HIGHLIGHTSLung tissues of COPD-smokers exhibited a decreased STK11 RNA and protein expression.STK11 overexpression attenuates CS-induced airway epithelial cell cytotoxicity.STK11 depletion augments CS-induced airway epithelial cell cytotoxicity.CS diminishes STK11 via FBXL19-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome degradation.

Pelargonic acid's interaction with the auxin transporter PIN1: A potential mechanism behind its phytotoxic effects on plant metabolism

Pelargonic acid (PA) is a saturated fatty acid commonly found in several organisms, that is known for its phytotoxic effect and its use as bioherbicide for sustainable weed management. Although PA is already commercialised as bioherbicide, its molecular targets and mode of action is unknown according to the Herbicide Resistance Action Committee. Therefore, the aim of this work was focusing on the way this natural active substance impacts the plant metabolism of the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. PA caused increase of secondary and adventitious roots, as well as torsion, loss of gravitropism and phytotoxic effects. Moreover, PA altered the cellular arrangement and the PIN proteins activity. Computational simulations revealed that the intermolecular interactions between PA and the polar auxin transporter protein PIN1 are very similar to those established between the natural auxin IAA and PIN1. However, under intracellular conditions, the PA-PIN1 binding is more energetically stable than the IAA-PIN1. These results suggest that PA could act as an auxin-mimics bioherbicide. The exogenous application of PA would be responsible for the alterations observed both at structural and ultrastructural levels, which would be caused by the alteration on the transport of auxins into the plant, inducing root inhibition and ultimately total stop of root growth.

Type 2 diabetes: a sacrifice program handling energy surplus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is closely associated with obesity, while interactions between the two diseases remain to be fully elucidated. To this point, we offer this perspective to introduce a set of new insights into the interpretation of T2DM spanning the etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment approaches. These include a definition of T2DM as an energy surplus-induced diabetes characterized by the gradual decline of β cell insulin secretion function, which ultimately aims to prevent the onset of severe obesity through mechanisms of weight loss. The body employs three adaptive strategies in response to energy surplus: the first one is adipose tissue expansion to store the energy for weight gain under normal weight conditions; the second one is insulin resistance to slow down adipose tissue expansion and weight gain under overweight conditions; and the third one is the onset of T2DM following β cell failure to reverse the weight gain in obese conditions. The primary signaling molecules driving the compensatory responses are adenosine derivatives, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). These molecules exert their effects through allosteric, post-translational, and transcriptional regulation of metabolic pathways. The insights suggest that insulin resistance and T2DM are protective mechanisms in the defense against excessive adiposity to avert severe obesity. The perspective provides a unified framework explaining the interactions between the two diseases and opens new avenues in the study of T2DM.

Ramadan fasting model modulates biomarkers of longevity and metabolism in male obese and non-obese rats

The health advantages of Ramadan fasting, a time-restricted eating from dawn to dusk, have garnered attention. Nevertheless, prior observational studies have found inconsistent findings because of challenges regulating variables such as sleep patterns, dietary habits, and physical activity. This study sought to investigate the impact of the Ramadan fasting model (RFM) on longevity and metabolic biomarkers in obese and non-obese rats. For 12 weeks, 48 male Wistar albino rats were separated into two groups and fed either a standard or a high-fat diet (HFD). During the final four weeks, rats in each group were separated into four subgroups to investigate the effect of RFM with/without training (on Treadmill) or glucose administration on the biomarkers of interest. The HFD groups subjected to RFM had significantly lower Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) serum, whereas AMPK, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative stress serum levels were significantly higher. All groups reported decreased serum levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) compared to the HFD control group. Furthermore, the Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) results indicated a significant elevation in the TP53 gene expression in groups subjected to RFM. The data indicate that RFM can improve longevity and metabolic biomarkers and reduce pro-inflammation and oxidative stress. Also, RFM improves anti-inflammatory and antioxidant markers in HFD-induced obese rats.

AMPK and O-GlcNAcylation: interplay in cardiac pathologies and heart failure

Heart failure (HF) represents a multifaceted clinical syndrome characterized by the heart's inability to pump blood efficiently to meet the body's metabolic demands. Despite advances in medical management, HF remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In recent years, considerable attention has been directed toward understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying HF pathogenesis, with a particular focus on the role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and protein O-GlcNAcylation. This review comprehensively examines the current understanding of AMPK and O-GlcNAcylation signalling pathways in HF, emphasizing their interplay and dysregulation. We delve into the intricate molecular mechanisms by which AMPK and O-GlcNAcylation contribute to cardiac energetics, metabolism, and remodelling, highlighting recent preclinical and clinical studies that have explored novel therapeutic interventions targeting these pathways.

A Spatiotemporally Controlled and Mitochondria-Targeted Prodrug of Hydrogen Sulfide Enables Mild Mitochondrial Uncoupling for the Prevention of Lipid Deposition

Mild mitochondrial uncoupling offers therapeutic benefits for various diseases like obesity by regulating cellular energy metabolism. However, effective chemical intervention tools for inducing mild mitochondria-targeted uncoupling are limited. Herein, we have developed a mitochondria-targeted H2S prodrug M1 with a unique property of on-demand photoactivated generation of H2S accompanied by self-reporting fluorescence for real-time tracking. Upon photoirradiation, M1 decomposes in mitochondria to generate H2S and a turn-on fluorescent coumarin derivative for the visualization and quantification of H2S. M1 is confirmed to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent mild mitochondrial uncoupling, activating mitochondria-associated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to suppress palmitic acid (PA)-induced lipid deposition in hepatocytes. The uncoupling functions induced by M1 are strictly controlled in mitochondria, representing a fresh strategy to prevent lipid deposition and improve metabolic syndrome by increasing cellular energy expenditure.

The Role of Adenosine in Overcoming Resistance in Sarcomas

Resistance to systemic therapies in sarcomas poses a significant challenge to improving clinical outcomes. Recent research has concentrated on the tumor microenvironment's role in sarcoma progression and treatment resistance. This microenvironment comprises a variety of cell types and signaling molecules that influence tumor behavior, including proliferation, metastasis, and resistance to therapy. Adenosine, abundant in the tumor microenvironment, has been implicated in promoting immunosuppression and chemoresistance. Targeting adenosine receptors and associated pathways offers a novel approach to enhancing immune responses against tumors, potentially improving immunotherapy outcomes in cancers, including sarcomas. Manipulating adenosine signaling also shows promise in overcoming chemotherapy resistance in these tumors. Clinical trials investigating adenosine receptor antagonists in sarcomas have fueled interest in this pathway for sarcoma treatment. Ultimately, a comprehensive understanding of the tumor and vascular microenvironments, as well as the adenosine pathway, may open new avenues for improving treatment outcomes and overcoming resistance in sarcoma. Further studies and clinical trials are crucial to validate these findings and optimize therapeutic strategies, particularly for osteosarcoma. This study provides a literature review exploring the potential role of the adenosine pathway in sarcomas.

Stress response regulation of mRNA translation: Implications for antioxidant enzyme expression in cancer

From tumorigenesis to advanced metastatic stages, tumor cells encounter stress, ranging from limited nutrient and oxygen supply within the tumor microenvironment to extrinsic and intrinsic oxidative stress. Thus, tumor cells seize regulatory pathways to rapidly adapt to distinct physiologic conditions to promote cellular survival, including manipulation of mRNA translation. While it is now well established that metastatic tumor cells must up-regulate their antioxidant capacity to effectively spread and that regulation of antioxidant enzymes is imperative to disease progression, relatively few studies have assessed how translation and the hijacking of RNA systems contribute to antioxidant responses of tumors. Here, we review the major stress signaling pathways involved in translational regulation and discuss how these are affected by oxidative stress to promote prosurvival changes that manipulate antioxidant enzyme expression. We describe how tumors elicit these adaptive responses and detail how stress-induced translation can be regulated by kinases, RNA-binding proteins, RNA species, and RNA modification systems. We also highlight opportunities for further studies focused on the role of mRNA translation and RNA systems in the regulation of antioxidant enzyme expression, which may be of particular importance in the context of metastatic progression and therapeutic resistance.

Crosstalk between adipogenesis and aging: role of polyphenols in combating adipogenic-associated aging

In the last forty years, the number of people over 60 years of age has increased significantly owing to better nutrition and lower rates of infectious diseases in developing countries. Aging significantly impacts adipose tissue, which plays crucial role in hormone regulation and energy storage. This can lead to imbalances in glucose, and overall energy homeostasis within the body. Aging is irreversible phenomena and potentially causing lipid infiltration in other organs, leading to systemic inflammation, metabolic disorders. This review investigates various pathways contributing to aging-related defects in adipogenesis, such as changes in adipose tissue function and distribution. Polyphenols, a diverse group of natural compounds, can mitigate aging effects via free radicals, oxidative stress, inflammation, senescence, and age-related diseases. Polyphenols like resveratrol, quercetin and EGCG exhibit distinct mechanisms and regulate crucial pathways, such as the TGF-β, AMPK, Wnt, PPAR-γ, and C/EBP transcription factors, and influence epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone modification. This review highlights the critical importance of understanding the intricate relationship between aging and adipogenesis for optimizing well-being with increasing age. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of polyphenols like quercetin and resveratrol in enhancing adipose tissue function and promoting healthy aging.

Beyond conventional treatment: ASGR1 Leading the new era of hypercholesterolemia management

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, with hypercholesterolemia being a major risk factor. Although various lipid-lowering therapies exist, many patients fail to achieve optimal cholesterol control, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic approaches. ASGR1 (asialoglycoprotein receptor 1), predominantly expressed on hepatocytes, has emerged as a key regulator of cholesterol metabolism and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) clearance. This receptor's ability to regulate lipid homeostasis positions it as a promising target for therapeutic intervention in hypercholesterolemia and related cardiovascular diseases. This review critically examines the biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of ASGR1 in cholesterol metabolism, with a focus on its potential as a therapeutic target for hypercholesterolemia and related cardiovascular diseases. By analyzing recent advances in ASGR1 research, this article explores its role in liver-specific pathways, the implications of ASGR1 variants in CVD risk, and the prospects for developing ASGR1-targeted therapies. This review aims to provide a foundation for future research and clinical applications in hypercholesterolemia management.

Hyperglycemia-driven signaling bridges between diabetes and cancer

Growing epidemiological evidence indicates an association between obesity, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers, suggesting the existence of common underlying mechanisms in these diseases. Frequent hyperglycemias in type 2 diabetes promote pro-inflammatory responses and stimulate intracellular metabolic flux which rewires signaling pathways and influences the onset and advancement of different types of cancers. Here, we review the provocative impact of hyperglycemia on a subset of interconnected signalling pathways that regulate (i) cell growth and survival, (ii) metabolism adjustments, (iii) protein function modulation in response to nutrient availability (iv) and cell fate and proliferation and which are driven respectively by PI3K (Phosphoinositide 3-kinase), AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), O-GlcNAc (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine) and Wnt/β-catenin. Specifically, we will elaborate on their involvement in glucose metabolism, inflammation, and cell proliferation, highlighting their interplay in the pathogenesis of diabetes and cancer. Furthermore, the influence of antineoplastic and antidiabetic drugs on the unbridled cellular pathways will be examined. This review aims to inspire the next molecular studies to understand how type 2 diabetes may lead to certain cancers. This will contribute to personalized medicine and direct better prevention strategies.

Moderate embryonic delay of paternal mitochondrial elimination impairs mating and cognition and alters behaviors of adult animals

Rapid elimination of paternal mitochondria following fertilization is a conserved event in most animals, but its physiological significance remains unclear. We find that modest delay of paternal mitochondrial elimination (PME) in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos unexpectedly impairs mating and cognition of adult animals and alters their locomotion behaviors. Delayed PME causes decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in early embryos, which lead to impaired physiological functions of adult animals through an energy-sensing pathway mediated by an adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase, AAK-2, and a forkhead box class O (FOXO) transcription factor, DAF-16. Treatment of PME-delayed animals with MK-4, a subtype of vitamin K2 that can improve mitochondrial ATP production, restores ATP levels in early embryos, and rescues physiological defects of adult animals. Our results suggest that moderate PME delay during embryo development adversely affects crucial physiological functions in adults, which could be evolutionarily disadvantageous. These observations provide mechanistic explanations for the need to swiftly remove paternal mitochondria early during embryo development.

The paradox of autophagy in cancer: NEAT1's role in tumorigenesis and therapeutic resistance

Cancer remains a current active problem of modern medicine, a process during which cell growth and proliferation become uncontrolled. However, the role of autophagy in the oncological processes is counterintuitive and, at the same time, increasingly influential on the formation, development, and response to therapy of oncological diseases. Autophagy is a vital cellular process that removes defective proteins and organelles and supports cellular homeostasis. Autophagy can enhance the ability to form new tumors and suppress this formation in cancer. The dual potential of apoptosis may be the reason for this duality in either promoting or impeding the survival of cancer cells, depending on the situation, including starvation or treatment stress. Furthermore, long non-coding RNA NEAT1, which has been linked to several stages of carcinogenesis and in all forms of the illness, has drawn attention as a major player in cancer biology. NEAT1 is a structural portion of nuclear paraspeckles and has roles in deactivating expression in both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. NEAT1 acts in carcinogenesis in numerous ways, comprising interactions with microRNAs, the influence of gene articulation, regulation of epigenetics, and engagement in signalling cascades. In addition, the complexity of NEAT1's role in cancer occurrence is amplified by its place in regulating cancer stem cells and the tumor microenvironment. NEAT1's interaction with autophagy further complicates the already complicated function of this RNA in cancer biology. NEAT1 has been linked to autophagy in several types of cancer, influencing autophagy pathways and altering its stress response and tumor cell viability. Understanding the interrelation between NEAT1, autophagy, and cancer will enable practitioners to identify novel treatment targets and approaches to disrupt oncogenic processes, reduce the occurrence of treatment resistance, and increase patient survival rates. Specialized treatment strategies and regimens are thus achievable. In the present review, the authors analyze sophisticated relationship schemes in cancer: The NEAT1 pathway and the process of autophagy.

Complex Interplay Between Metabolism and CD4+ T-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Function: a Novel Perspective for Atherosclerosis Immunotherapy

Atherosclerosis is a complex pathological process that results from the chronic inflammatory reaction of the blood vessel wall and involves various immune cells and cytokines. An imbalance in the proportion and function of the effector CD4+ T-cell (Teff) and regulatory T-cell (Treg) subsets is an important cause of the occurrence and development of atherosclerotic plaques. Teff cells depend on glycolytic metabolism and glutamine catabolic metabolism for energy, while Treg cells mainly rely on fatty acid oxidation (FAO), which is crucial for determining the fate of CD4+ T cells during differentiation and maintaining their respective immune functions. Here, we review recent research achievements in the field of immunometabolism related to CD4+ T cells, focusing on the cellular metabolic pathways and metabolic reprogramming involved in the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of CD4+ T cells. Subsequently, we discuss the important roles of mTOR and AMPK signaling in regulating CD4+ T-cell differentiation. Finally, we evaluated the links between CD4+ T-cell metabolism and atherosclerosis, highlighting the potential of targeted modulation of CD4+ T-cell metabolism in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis in the future.

Pde3a and Pde3b regulation of murine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell growth and metabolism

A role for metabolically active adipose tissue in pulmonary hypertension (PH) pathogenesis is emerging. Alterations in cellular metabolism in metabolic syndrome are triggers of PH-related vascular dysfunction. Metabolic reprogramming in proliferative pulmonary vascular cells causes a metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. PDE3A and PDE3B subtypes in the regulation of metabolism in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) are poorly understood. We previously found that PDE3A modulates the cellular energy sensor, AMPK, in human PASMC. We demonstrate that global Pde3a knockout mice have right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy, elevated RV systolic pressures, and metabolic dysfunction with elevated serum free fatty acids (FFA). Therefore, we sought to delineate Pde3a/Pde3b regulation of metabolic pathways in PASMC. We found that PASMC Pde3a deficiency, and to a lesser extent Pde3b deficiency, downregulates AMPK, CREB and PPARγ, and upregulates pyruvate kinase dehydrogenase expression, suggesting decreased oxidative phosphorylation. Interestingly, siRNA Pde3a knockdown in adipocytes led to elevated FFA secretion. Furthermore, PASMC exposed to siPDE3A-transfected adipocyte media led to decreased α-SMA, AMPK and CREB phosphorylation, and greater viable cell numbers compared to controls under the same conditions. These data demonstrate that deficiencies of Pde3a and Pde3b alter pathways that affect cell growth and metabolism in PASMC.

ICP5249 Promotes Hair Growth by Activating the AMPK-Autophagy Signaling Pathway

Autophagy is essential for regulating hair growth. Accordingly, we developed autophagy activator ICP5249 (pentasodium tetracarboxymethyl palmitoyl dipeptide) and investigated its potential role in hair growth. We evaluated its effect on hair growth using in vitro human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs) culture model, human hair follicles (hHFs) organ culture model, and telogenic mouse model. ICP5249 increased hDPCs proliferation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression. It also increased microtubule-associated protein (MAP) light chain 3-II (LC3-II) expression and AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) and unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) phosphorylation in hDPCs. ICP5249 extended the length of hHFs and increased LC3-II please revised from LC3 II to LC3-II in all manuscript expression. Consistently, ICP5249 also significantly increased hair growth area, dermis thickness, and anagen and telogen ratio in telogenic mice. Furthermore, it upregulated Ki-67 and LC3-II expression and AMPKα phosphorylation on the mice’s dorsal skin. To investigate whether AMPK regulates ICP5249-induced hair growth, following treatment with the compound C, AMPK inhibitor, the activity of ICP5249 was evaluated.

The effects of ICP5249 on hair growth were assessed following pretreatment with the AMPK inhibitor compound C. The results showed that compound C suppressed ICP5249-mediated proliferation and hair inductivity in hDPCs. Additionally, compound C inhibited ICP5249-mediated hair growth area, dermis thickness, anagen and telogen ration, and LC3-II expression in mice, suggesting that ICP5249 promotes hair growth by modulating autophagy, with AMPKα playing a regulatory role in this process. Taken together, we demonstrate that ICP5249 has the potential as an ingredient for improving hair growth.

Development of a Dual Reporter System to Simultaneously Visualize Ca2+ Signals and AMPK Activity

In this study, we introduce a new separation of phases-based activity reporter of kinase (SPARK) for AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), named AMPK-SPARK, which reports the AMPK activation by forming bright fluorescent clusters. Furthermore, we introduce a dual reporter system, named GCaMP-AMPK-SPARK, by incorporating a single-fluorescent protein (FP)-based Ca2+ biosensor, GCaMP6f, into our initial design, enabling simultaneous monitoring of Ca2+ levels and AMPK activity. This system offers the essential quality of information by single-channel fluorescence microscopy without the need for coexpression of different biosensors and elaborate filter layouts to overcome spectral limitations. We used AMPK-SPARK to map endogenous AMPK activity in different cell types and visualized the dynamics of AMPK activation in response to various stimuli. Using GCaMP-AMPK-SPARK, we revealed cell-to-cell heterogeneities in AMPK activation by Ca2+ mobilization. We anticipate that this dual reporter strategy can be employed to study the intricate interplays between different signaling networks and kinase activities.

c-Jun N-terminal Kinase Supports Autophagy in Testicular Ischemia but Triggers Apoptosis in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Oxidative stress triggered by testicular torsion and detorsion in young males could negatively impact future fertility. Using a rat animal model for testicular IRI (tIRI), we aim to study the induction of autophagy (ATG) during testicular ischemia and tIRI and the role of oxidative-stress-induced c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) as a cytoprotective mechanism. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: sham, ischemia only, ischemia+SP600125 (a JNK inhibitor), tIRI only, and tIRI+SP600125. The tIRI rats underwent an ischemic injury for 1 h followed by 4 h of reperfusion, while ischemic rats were subjected to 1 h of ischemia only without reperfusion. Testicular-ischemia-induced Beclin 1 and LC3B expression was associated with decreased p62/SQSTM1 expression, increased ATP and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, and slightly impaired spermatogenesis. SP600125 treatment improved p62 expression and reduced the levels of Beclin 1 and LC3B but did not affect ATP or AP levels. The tIRI-induced apoptosis lowered the expression of the three ATG proteins and AP activity, activated caspase 3, and caused spermatogenic arrest. SP600125-inhibited JNK during tIRI restored sham levels to all investigated parameters. This study emphasizes the regulatory role of JNK in balancing autophagy and apoptosis during testicular oxidative injuries.

A Descriptive Review of the Antioxidant Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Berberine and Silymarin

Oxidative stress is a key factor in the development of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and liver disorders. Antioxidant therapies that target oxidative damage show significant promise in preventing and treating these conditions. Berberine, an alkaloid derived from various plants in the Berberidaceae family, enhances cellular defenses against oxidative stress through several mechanisms. It activates the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, which reduces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and improves energy metabolism. Furthermore, it boosts the activity of key antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), thus protecting cells from oxidative damage. These actions make berberine effective in managing diseases like type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular conditions, and neurodegenerative disorders. Silymarin, a flavonolignan complex derived from Silybum marianum, is particularly effective for liver protection. It activates the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, enhancing antioxidant enzyme expression and stabilizing mitochondrial membranes. Additionally, silymarin reduces the formation of ROS by chelating metal ions, and it also diminishes inflammation. This makes it beneficial for conditions like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcohol-related liver disorders. This review aims to highlight the distinct mechanisms by which berberine and silymarin exert their antioxidant effects.

Metabolic regulation of preimplantation embryo development in vivo and in vitro: Molecular mechanisms and insights

Understanding of embryonic development has led to the clinical application of Assisted Reproductive technologies (ART), with the resulting birth of millions of children. Recent developments in metabolomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics have brought to light new insights into embryonic growth dynamics, with implications spanning reproductive medicine, stem cell research, and regenerative medicine. The review explores the key metabolic processes and molecular pathways active during preimplantation embryo development, including PI3K-Akt, mTOR, AMPK, Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β, Notch and Jak-Stat signaling pathways. We focused on analyzing the differences occurring in vitro as opposed to in vivo development and we discussed significant physiological and clinical implications.

Advances in the Insulin-Heart Axis: Current Therapies and Future Directions

The insulin-heart axis plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in insulin-resistant states, including type 2 diabetes mellitus. Insulin resistance disrupts glucose and lipid metabolism, leading to systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and atherogenesis, which contribute to heart failure (HF) and other CVDs. This review was conducted by systematically searching PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for peer-reviewed studies published in the past decade, focusing on therapeutic interventions targeting the insulin-heart axis. Studies were selected based on their relevance to insulin resistance, cardiovascular outcomes, and the efficacy of pharmacologic treatments. Key findings from the review highlight the efficacy of lifestyle modifications, such as dietary changes and physical activity, which remain the cornerstone of managing insulin resistance and improving cardiovascular outcomes. Moreover, pharmacologic interventions, such as metformin, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, have shown efficacy in reducing cardiovascular risk by addressing metabolic dysfunction, reducing inflammation, and improving endothelial function. Furthermore, emerging treatments, such as angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors, and mechanical interventions like ventricular assist devices offer new avenues for managing HF in insulin-resistant patients. The potential of these therapies to improve left ventricular ejection fraction and reverse pathological cardiac remodeling highlights the importance of early intervention. However, challenges remain in optimizing treatment regimens and understanding the long-term cardiovascular effects of these agents. Future research should focus on personalized approaches that integrate lifestyle and pharmacologic therapies to effectively target the insulin-heart axis and mitigate the burden of cardiovascular complications in insulin-resistant populations.

Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal the Potential Mechanisms of Dynamic Ovarian Development in Goats during Sexual Maturation

The ovary is a crucial reproductive organ in mammals, and its development directly influences an individual's sexual maturity and reproductive capacity. To comprehensively describe ovarian sexual maturation in goats, we integrated phenotypic, hormonal, metabolomic, and transcriptomic data from four specific time points: after birth (D1), at 2 months old (M2), at 4 months old (M4), and at 6 month old (M6). The study showed that during the early stage (D1-M2), ovarian growth was the most rapid, with weight and morphology increasing by 284% and 65%, respectively, and hormone levels rose significantly, with estradiol increasing by 57%. Metabolomic analysis identified 1231 metabolites, primarily lipids, lipid molecules, and organic acids, which can support hormone balance and follicle development by providing energy and participating in signaling transduction. Transcriptomic analysis identified 543 stage-specific differentially expressed genes, mainly enriched in steroid biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, and the PI3K/AKT pathway, which are key factors influencing ovarian cell proliferation, apoptosis, hormone secretion, and metabolism. The integrated analysis revealed the key processes in the ovarian steroid hormone biosynthesis pathway and gene/metabolite networks associated with ovarian phenotypes and hormone levels, ultimately highlighting scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SCARB1), Cytochrome P450 Family 1 Subfamily A Member 1 (CYP11A1), 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3BHSD), progesterone, estradiol, and L-phenylalanine as key regulators of ovarian morphological and functional changes at different developmental stages. This study is the first to reveal the metabolic changes and molecular regulatory mechanisms during ovarian sexual maturation in goats, providing valuable insights for understanding reproductive system development and optimizing reproductive performance and breeding efficiency.

DBT is a metabolic switch for maintenance of proteostasis under proteasomal impairment

Proteotoxic stress impairs cellular homeostasis and underlies the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The proteasomal and autophagic degradation of proteins are two major pathways for protein quality control in the cell. Here, we report a genome-wide CRISPR screen uncovering a major regulator of cytotoxicity resulting from the inhibition of the proteasome. Dihydrolipoamide branched chain transacylase E2 (DBT) was found to be a robust suppressor, the loss of which protects against proteasome inhibition-associated cell death through promoting clearance of ubiquitinated proteins. Loss of DBT altered the metabolic and energetic status of the cell and resulted in activation of autophagy in an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent mechanism in the presence of proteasomal inhibition. Loss of DBT protected against proteotoxicity induced by ALS-linked mutant TDP-43 in Drosophila and mammalian neurons. DBT is upregulated in the tissues of ALS patients. These results demonstrate that DBT is a master switch in the metabolic control of protein quality control with implications in neurodegenerative diseases.

Differential symbiotic compatibilities between rhizobium strains and cultivated and wild soybeans revealed by anatomical and transcriptome analyses

Various species of rhizobium establish compatible symbiotic relationships with soybean (Glycine max) leading to the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules in roots. The formation of functional nodules is mediated through complex developmental and transcriptional reprogramming that involves the activity of thousands of plant genes. However, host transcriptome that differentiate between functional or non-functional nodules remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated differential compatibilities between rhizobium strains (Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA110 Bradyrhizobium sp. strain LVM105) and cultivated and wild soybeans. The nodulation assays revealed that both USDA110 and LVM105 strains effectively nodulate G. soja but only USDA110 can form symbiotic relationships with Williams 82. LVM105 formed pseudonodules on Williams 82 that consist of a central nodule-like mass that are devoid of any rhizobia. RNA-seq data revealed that USDA110 and LVM105 induce distinct transcriptome programing in functional mature nodules formed on G. soja roots, where genes involved in nucleosome assembly, DNA replication, regulation of cell cycle, and defense responses play key roles. Transcriptome comparison also suggested that activation of genes associated with cell wall biogenesis and organization and defense responses together with downregulation of genes involved in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids and antioxidant stress are associated with the formation of non-functional nodules on Williams 82 roots. Moreover, our analysis implies that increased activity of genes involved in oxygen binding, amino acid transport, and nitrate transport differentiates between fully-developed nodules in cultivated versus wild soybeans.

Unraveling the Mystery of Energy-Sensing Enzymes and Signaling Pathways in Tumorigenesis and Their Potential as Therapeutic Targets for Cancer

Cancer research has advanced tremendously with the identification of causative genes, proteins, and signaling pathways. Numerous antitumor drugs have been designed and screened for cancer therapeutics; however, designing target-specific drugs for malignant cells with minimal side effects is challenging. Recently, energy-sensing- and homeostasis-associated molecules and signaling pathways playing a role in proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, and angiogenesis have received increasing attention. Energy-metabolism-based studies have shown the contribution of energetics to cancer development, where tumor cells show increased glycolytic activity and decreased oxidative phosphorylation (the Warburg effect) in order to obtain the required additional energy for rapid division. The role of energy homeostasis in the survival of normal as well as malignant cells is critical; therefore, fuel intake and expenditure must be balanced within acceptable limits. Thus, energy-sensing enzymes detecting the disruption of glycolysis, AMP, ATP, or GTP levels are promising anticancer therapeutic targets. Here, we review the common energy mediators and energy sensors and their metabolic properties, mechanisms, and associated signaling pathways involved in carcinogenesis, and explore the possibility of identifying drugs for inhibiting the energy metabolism of tumor cells. Furthermore, to corroborate our hypothesis, we performed meta-analysis based on transcriptomic profiling to search for energy-associated biomarkers and canonical pathways.

Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Patients Taking Metformin: Pathogenesis and Recommendations

Metformin is a cornerstone therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus due to its glucose-lowering efficacy and additional benefits such as reducing cardiovascular mortality. However, accumulating evidence suggests an association between long-term metformin use and vitamin B12 deficiency, which can lead to serious clinical consequences. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the pathogenesis, prevalence, clinical implications, and management of metformin-induced vitamin B12 deficiency. Given the significant clinical implications, it is crucial to monitor and manage vitamin B12 levels in patients using metformin. This review emphasizes the importance of early detection and supplementation to prevent adverse outcomes. By analyzing the current evidence, the review aims to inform healthcare professionals about best practices for managing vitamin B12 deficiency in patients on metformin, offering insights to guide future clinical practices and research directions.

LncRNAs are involved in regulating ageing and age-related disease through the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signalling pathway

A long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is longer than 200 bp. It regulates various biological processes mainly by interacting with DNA, RNA, or protein in multiple kinds of biological processes. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is activated during nutrient starvation, especially glucose starvation and oxygen deficiency (hypoxia), and exposure to toxins that inhibit mitochondrial respiratory chain complex function. AMPK is an energy switch in organisms that controls cell growth and multiple cellular processes, including lipid and glucose metabolism, thereby maintaining intracellular energy homeostasis by activating catabolism and inhibiting anabolism. The AMPK signalling pathway consists of AMPK and its upstream and downstream targets. AMPK upstream targets include proteins such as the transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), liver kinase B1 (LKB1), and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase β (CaMKKβ), and its downstream targets include proteins such as the mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1), hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α), and silencing information regulatory 1 (SIRT1). In general, proteins function relatively independently and cooperate. In this article, a review of the currently known lncRNAs involved in the AMPK signalling pathway is presented and insights into the regulatory mechanisms involved in human ageing and age-related diseases are provided.

Molecular Mechanisms of Healthy Aging: The Role of Caloric Restriction, Intermittent Fasting, Mediterranean Diet, and Ketogenic Diet-A Scoping Review

As the population ages, promoting healthy aging through targeted interventions becomes increasingly crucial. Growing evidence suggests that dietary interventions can significantly impact this process by modulating fundamental molecular pathways. This review focuses on the potential of targeted dietary strategies in promoting healthy aging and the mechanisms by which specific nutrients and dietary patterns influence key pathways involved in cellular repair, inflammation, and metabolic regulation. Caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, the Mediterranean diet, as well as the ketogenic diet showed promising effects on promoting healthy aging, possibly by modulating mTORC1 AMPK, an insulin signaling pathway. By understanding the intricate interplay between diet and molecular pathways, we can develop personalized dietary strategies that not only prevent age-related diseases, but also promote overall health and well-being throughout the aging process.

A SNF1-related protein kinase regulatory subunit functions as a molecular tuner

Metabolic processes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms are often modulated by kinases which are in turn, dependent on Ca2+ and the cyclic mononucleotides cAMP and cGMP. It has been established that some proteins have both kinase and cyclase activities and that active cyclases can be embedded within the kinase domains. Here, we identified phosphodiesterase (PDE) sites, enzymes that hydrolyse cAMP and cGMP, to AMP and GMP, respectively, in some of these proteins in addition to their kinase/cyclase twin-architecture. As an example, we tested the Arabidopsis thaliana KINγ, a subunit of the SnRK2 kinase, to demonstrate that all three enzymatic centres, adenylate cyclase (AC), guanylate cyclase (GC) and PDE, are catalytically active, capable of generating and hydrolysing cAMP and cGMP. These data imply that the signal output of the KINγ subunit modulates SnRK2, consequently affecting the downstream kinome. Finally, we propose a model where a single protein subunit, KINγ, is capable of regulating cyclic mononucleotide homeostasis, thereby tuning stimulus specific signal output.

The interaction between 20-hydroxyecdysone and AMPK through PI3K activation in Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis

In crustaceans, the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) initiates molting, and the molting process is also regulated by energy metabolism. AMPK is an energy sensor and plays a critical role in systemic energy balance. Here, the regulatory mechanism in the interaction between 20E and AMPK was investigated in Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. The results showed that the 20E concentration and the mRNA expression levels of 20E receptors in hepatopancreas were down-regulated post AMPK activator (AICAR) treatment, and were up-regulated after AMPK inhibitor (Compound C) injection in crabs. Besides, the molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH) gene expression in eyestalk showed the opposite patterns in response to the AICAR and Compound C treatment, respectively. Further investigation found that there was a significant reduction in 20E concentration post PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) treatment, and the phosphorylation level of PI3K was increased in hepatopancreas after AMPK inhibitor injection. On the other hand, the positive regulation of PI3K-mediated activation of AMPK was also observed, the phosphorylation levels of AMPKα, AMPKβ and PI3K in hepatopancreas were significantly increased post 20E injection. In addition, the phosphorylation levels of AMPKα and AMPKβ induced by 20E were decreased after the injection of PI3K inhibitor. Taken together, these results suggest that the regulatory cross-talk between 20E and AMPK is likely to act through PI3K pathway in E. sinensis, which appeared to be helpful for a better understanding in molting regulation.

Formation of functional, extended bile canaliculi, and increased bile acid production in sandwich-cultured human cryopreserved hepatocytes using commercially available culture medium

Drug-induced cholestasis results in drug discontinuation and market withdrawal, and the prediction of cholestasis risk is critical in the early stages of drug development. Animal tests and membrane vesicle assay are currently being conducted to assess the risk of cholestasis in the preclinical stage. However, these methods have drawbacks, such as species differences with humans and difficulties in evaluating the effects of drug metabolism and other transporters, implying the need for a cholestasis risk assessment system using human hepatocytes. However, human hepatocytes hardly form functional, extended bile canaliculi, a requirement for cholestasis risk assessment. We previously established a culture protocol for functional, extended bile canaliculi formation in human iPSC-derived hepatocytes. In this study, we modified this culture protocol to support the formation of functional, extended bile canaliculi in human cryopreserved hepatocytes (cryoheps). The production of bile acids, which induces bile canaliculi extension, increased time-dependently during bile canaliculi formation using this protocol, suggesting that increased bile acid production may be involved in the extended bile canaliculi formation. We have also shown that our culture protocol can be applied to cryoheps from multiple donors and that bile canaliculi can be formed stably among different culture batches. Furthermore, this protocol enables long-term maintenance of bile canaliculi and scaling down to culture in 96-well plates. We expect our culture protocol to be a breakthrough for in vitro cholestasis risk assessment.

Advances in the interaction of glycolytic reprogramming with lactylation

Lactylation is a novel post-translational modification (PTM) involving proteins that is induced by lactate accumulation. Histone lysine lactylation alters chromatin spatial configuration, influencing gene transcription and regulating the expression of associated genes. This modification plays a crucial role as an epigenetic regulatory factor in the progression of various diseases. Glycolytic reprogramming is one of the most extensively studied forms of metabolic reprogramming, recognized as a key hallmark of cancer cells. It is characterized by an increase in glycolysis and the inhibition of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, accompanied by significant lactate production and accumulation. The two processes are closely linked by lactate, which interacts in various physiological and pathological processes. On the one hand, lactylation levels generally correlate positively with the extent of glycolytic reprogramming, being directly influenced by the lactate concentration produced during glycolytic reprogramming. On the other hand, lactylation can also regulate glycolytic pathways by affecting the transcription and structural functions of essential glycolytic enzymes. This review comprehensively outlines the mechanisms of lactylation and glycolytic reprogramming and their interactions in tumor progression, immunity, and inflammation, with the aim of elucidating the relationship between glycolytic reprogramming and lactylation.

Inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase A by diclofenac sodium induces apoptosis in HeLa cells through activation of AMPK

Cancer cells exhibit a unique metabolic preference for the glycolytic pathway over oxidative phosphorylation for maintaining the tumor microenvironment. Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) is a key enzyme that facilitates glycolysis by converting pyruvate to lactate and has been shown to be upregulated in multiple cancers due to the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Diclofenac (DCF), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has been shown to exhibit anticancer effects by interfering with the glucose metabolism pathway. However, the specific targets of this drug remain unknown. Using in silico, biochemical, and biophysical studies, we show that DCF binds to LDHA adjacent to the substrate binding site and inhibits its activity in a dose-dependent and allosteric manner in HeLa cells. Thus, DCF inhibits the hypoxic microenvironment and induces apoptosis-mediated cell death. DCF failed to induce cytotoxicity in HeLa cells when LDHA was knocked down, confirming that DCF exerts its antimitotic effects via LDHA inhibition. DCF-induced LDHA inhibition alters pyruvate, lactate, NAD+, and ATP production in cells, and this could be a possible mechanism through which DCF inhibits glucose uptake in cancer cells. DCF-induced ATP deprivation leads to mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress, which results in DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis-mediated cell death. Reduction in intracellular ATP levels additionally activates the sensor kinase, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which further downregulates phosphorylated ribosomal S6 kinase (p-S6K), leading to apoptosis-mediated cell death. We find that in LDHA knocked down cells, intracellular ATP levels were depleted, resulting in the inhibition of p-S6K, suggesting the involvement of DCF-induced LDHA inhibition in the activation of the AMPK/S6K signaling pathway.