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Yang Y, Wang J, Wan J, Cheng Q, Cheng Z, Zhou X, Wang O, Shi K, Wang L, Wang B, Zhu X, Chen J, Feng D, Liu Y, Jahan-Mihan Y, Haddock AN, Edenfield BH, Peng G, Hohenstein JD, McCabe CE, O'Brien DR, Wang C, Ilyas SI, Jiang L, Torbenson MS, Wang H, Nakhleh RE, Shi X, Wang Y, Bi Y, Gores GJ, Patel T, Ji B. PTEN deficiency induces an extrahepatic cholangitis-cholangiocarcinoma continuum via aurora kinase A in mice. J Hepatol 2024; 81:120-134. [PMID: 38428643 PMCID: PMC11259013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The PTEN-AKT pathway is frequently altered in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (eCCA). We aimed to evaluate the role of PTEN in the pathogenesis of eCCA and identify novel therapeutic targets for this disease. METHODS The Pten gene was genetically deleted using the Cre-loxp system in biliary epithelial cells. The pathologies were evaluated both macroscopically and histologically. The characteristics were further analyzed by immunohistochemistry, reverse-transcription PCR, cell culture, and RNA sequencing. Some features were compared to those in human eCCA samples. Further mechanistic studies utilized the conditional knockout of Trp53 and Aurora kinase A (Aurka) genes. We also tested the effectiveness of an Aurka inhibitor. RESULTS We observed that genetic deletion of the Pten gene in the extrahepatic biliary epithelium and peri-ductal glands initiated sclerosing cholangitis-like lesions in mice, resulting in enlarged and distorted extrahepatic bile ducts in mice as early as 1 month after birth. Histologically, these lesions exhibited increased epithelial proliferation, inflammatory cell infiltration, and fibrosis. With aging, the lesions progressed from low-grade dysplasia to invasive carcinoma. Trp53 inactivation further accelerated disease progression, potentially by downregulating senescence. Further mechanistic studies showed that both human and mouse eCCA showed high expression of AURKA. Notably, the genetic deletion of Aurka completely eliminated Pten deficiency-induced extrahepatic bile duct lesions. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of Aurka alleviated disease progression. CONCLUSIONS Pten deficiency in extrahepatic cholangiocytes and peribiliary glands led to a cholangitis-to-cholangiocarcinoma continuum that was dependent on Aurka. These findings offer new insights into preventive and therapeutic interventions for extrahepatic CCA. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS The aberrant PTEN-PI3K-AKT signaling pathway is commonly observed in human extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (eCCA), a disease with a poor prognosis. In our study, we developed a mouse model mimicking cholangitis to eCCA progression by conditionally deleting the Pten gene via Pdx1-Cre in epithelial cells and peribiliary glands of the extrahepatic biliary duct. The conditional Pten deletion in these cells led to cholangitis, which gradually advanced to dysplasia, ultimately resulting in eCCA. The loss of Pten heightened Akt signaling, cell proliferation, inflammation, fibrosis, DNA damage, epigenetic signaling, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell dysplasia, and cellular senescence. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of Aurka successfully halted disease progression. This model will be valuable for testing novel therapies and unraveling the mechanisms of eCCA tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jiale Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Jianhua Wan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Qianqian Cheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Zenong Cheng
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Xueli Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Oliver Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Kelvin Shi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Lingxiang Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Xiaohui Zhu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Jiaxiang Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Dongfeng Feng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Ashley N Haddock
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Guang Peng
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Chantal E McCabe
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel R O'Brien
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sumera I Ilyas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Liuyan Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael S Torbenson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Huamin Wang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Raouf E Nakhleh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Xuemei Shi
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yan Bi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tushar Patel
- Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Baoan Ji
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
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Desponds E, Kioseoglou K, Zdimerova H, Ongaro M, Verdeil G, Leblond MM. Development of Traceable Mouse Models of Advanced and Metastatic Bladder Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2245. [PMID: 38927950 PMCID: PMC11202260 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16122245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the fourth most common cancer in men, with a poor patient prognosis for advanced disease. The poor survival of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and metastatic status emphasizes the urgent need to develop new therapies. Lacking in the field of BC is the availability of relevant advanced BC mouse models, especially metastatic ones, that accurately recapitulate the complexities of human pathology to test and study new therapeutic strategies. Addressing this need, we developed a traceable mouse model of BC that expresses tumor-associated antigens within the context of advanced muscle-invasive BC. This novel system was achieved through the deletion of the tp53 and pten genes, alongside the incorporation of the fusion construct of Firefly luciferase (Luc) and the SIYRYYGL (SIY) T-cell antigen. We validate that the presence of the transgene did not impact on the development of the tumors while allowing us to measure tumor progression by bioluminescence. We show that the transgene did not influence the composition of the immune tumor microenvironment. More importantly, we report that this model was unresponsive to anti-PD-1 treatment, as in the majority of patients with BC. We also develop a new model based on the orthotopic injection of BC clonal cell lines derived from our first model. We demonstrate that this new model invades the muscle layer and has a metastasis development rate of 83%. The advantage of this model is that we can visualize tumor growth and metastasis development in vivo. These mouse models' characteristics, displaying many similarities with the human pathology, provide a valuable tool for tracking tumor progression, metastasis spread in vivo, and treatment resistance, as well as exploring fundamental and translational aspects of BC biology. This work contributes to the improvement in the landscape of mouse models of advanced BC for testing new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Desponds
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (E.D.); (K.K.); (H.Z.); (M.O.)
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Konstantina Kioseoglou
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (E.D.); (K.K.); (H.Z.); (M.O.)
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hana Zdimerova
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (E.D.); (K.K.); (H.Z.); (M.O.)
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco Ongaro
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (E.D.); (K.K.); (H.Z.); (M.O.)
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Verdeil
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (E.D.); (K.K.); (H.Z.); (M.O.)
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marine M. Leblond
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (E.D.); (K.K.); (H.Z.); (M.O.)
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Sekihara K, Himuro H, Toda S, Saito N, Hirayama R, Suganuma N, Sasada T, Hoshino D. Recent Trends and Potential of Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1286. [PMID: 38927493 PMCID: PMC11201408 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare but highly aggressive malignancy characterized by advanced disease at diagnosis and a poor prognosis. Despite multimodal therapeutic approaches that include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, an optimal treatment strategy remains elusive. Current developments in targeted therapies and immunotherapy offer promising avenues for improved outcomes, particularly for BRAF-mutant patients. However, challenges remain regarding overcoming drug resistance and developing effective treatments for BRAF-wild-type tumors. This comprehensive review examines the clinical and biological features of ATC, outlines the current standards of care, and discusses recent developments with a focus on the evolving role of radiotherapy. Moreover, it emphasizes the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach and highlights the urgent need for further research to better understand ATC pathogenesis and identify new therapeutic targets. Collaborative efforts, including large-scale clinical trials, are essential for translating these findings into improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Sekihara
- Cancer Biology Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Yokohama 2418515, Japan; (K.S.); (S.T.); (N.S.)
- Biospecimen Center, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 2418515, Japan
| | - Hidetomo Himuro
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Yokohama 2418515, Japan; (H.H.); (T.S.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 2418515, Japan
| | - Soji Toda
- Cancer Biology Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Yokohama 2418515, Japan; (K.S.); (S.T.); (N.S.)
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama 2320024, Japan
| | - Nao Saito
- Cancer Biology Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Yokohama 2418515, Japan; (K.S.); (S.T.); (N.S.)
- Biospecimen Center, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 2418515, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Hirayama
- Department of Charged Particle Therapy Research, QST Hospital, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 2638555, Japan;
| | - Nobuyasu Suganuma
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 2360004, Japan;
| | - Tetsuro Sasada
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Yokohama 2418515, Japan; (H.H.); (T.S.)
| | - Daisuke Hoshino
- Cancer Biology Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Yokohama 2418515, Japan; (K.S.); (S.T.); (N.S.)
- Biospecimen Center, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 2418515, Japan
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4
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Matye D, Leak J, Woolbright BL, Taylor JA. Preclinical models of bladder cancer: BBN and beyond. Nat Rev Urol 2024:10.1038/s41585-024-00885-9. [PMID: 38769130 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-024-00885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Preclinical modelling is a crucial component of advancing the understanding of cancer biology and therapeutic development. Several models exist for understanding the pathobiology of bladder cancer and evaluating therapeutics. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN)-induced bladder cancer is a commonly used model that recapitulates many of the features of human disease. Particularly in mice, BBN is a preferred laboratory model owing to a high level of reproducibility, high genetic fidelity to the human condition, and its relative ease of use. However, important aspects of the model are often overlooked in laboratory studies. Moreover, the advent of new models has yielded a variety of methodologies that complement the use of BBN. Toxicokinetics, histopathology, molecular genetics and sex can differ between available models and are important factors to consider in bladder cancer modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Matye
- School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Juliann Leak
- School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Benjamin L Woolbright
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - John A Taylor
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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Yadav D, Yadav A, Bhattacharya S, Dagar A, Kumar V, Rani R. GLUT and HK: Two primary and essential key players in tumor glycolysis. Semin Cancer Biol 2024; 100:17-27. [PMID: 38494080 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Cancer cells reprogram their metabolism to become "glycolysis-dominant," which enables them to meet their energy and macromolecule needs and enhancing their rate of survival. This glycolytic-dominancy is known as the "Warburg effect", a significant factor in the growth and invasion of malignant tumors. Many studies confirmed that members of the GLUT family, specifically HK-II from the HK family play a pivotal role in the Warburg effect, and are closely associated with glucose transportation followed by glucose metabolism in cancer cells. Overexpression of GLUTs and HK-II correlates with aggressive tumor behaviour and tumor microenvironment making them attractive therapeutic targets. Several studies have proven that the regulation of GLUTs and HK-II expression improves the treatment outcome for various tumors. Therefore, small molecule inhibitors targeting GLUT and HK-II show promise in sensitizing cancer cells to treatment, either alone or in combination with existing therapies including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and photodynamic therapy. Despite existing therapies, viable methods to target the glycolysis of cancer cells are currently lacking to increase the effectiveness of cancer treatment. This review explores the current understanding of GLUT and HK-II in cancer metabolism, recent inhibitor developments, and strategies for future drug development, offering insights into improving cancer treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Yadav
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India; Drug Discovery, Jubilant Biosys, Greater Noida, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anubha Yadav
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India
| | - Sujata Bhattacharya
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India
| | - Akansha Dagar
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Vinit Kumar
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India.
| | - Reshma Rani
- Drug Discovery, Jubilant Biosys, Greater Noida, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Totonji S, Ramos-Triguero A, Willmann D, Sum M, Urban S, Bauer H, Rieder A, Wang S, Greschik H, Metzger E, Schüle R. Lysine Methyltransferase 9 (KMT9) Is an Actionable Target in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1532. [PMID: 38672614 PMCID: PMC11049522 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Novel treatment modalities are imperative for the challenging management of muscle-invasive and metastatic BC to improve patient survival rates. The recently identified KMT9, an obligate heterodimer composed of KMT9α and KMT9β, regulates the growth of various types of tumors such as prostate, lung, and colon cancer. While the overexpression of KMT9α was previously observed to be associated with aggressive basal-like MIBC in an analysis of patients' tissue samples, a potential functional role of KMT9 in this type of cancer has not been investigated to date. In this study, we show that KMT9 regulates proliferation, migration, and invasion of various MIBC cell lines with different genetic mutations. KMT9α depletion results in the differential expression of genes regulating the cell cycle, cell adhesion, and migration. Differentially expressed genes include oncogenes such as EGFR and AKT1 as well as mediators of cell adhesion or migration such as DAG1 and ITGA6. Reduced cell proliferation upon KMT9α depletion is also observed in Pten/Trp53 knockout bladder tumor organoids, which cannot be rescued with an enzymatically inactive KMT9α mutant. In accordance with the idea that the catalytic activity of KMT9 is required for the control of cellular processes in MIBC, a recently developed small-molecule inhibitor of KMT9 (KMI169) also impairs cancer cell proliferation. Since KMT9α depletion also restricts the growth of xenografts in mice, our data suggest that KMT9 is an actionable novel therapeutic target for the treatment of MIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sainab Totonji
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.T.)
| | - Anna Ramos-Triguero
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.T.)
| | - Dominica Willmann
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.T.)
| | - Manuela Sum
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.T.)
| | - Sylvia Urban
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.T.)
| | - Helena Bauer
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.T.)
| | - Astrid Rieder
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.T.)
| | - Sheng Wang
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.T.)
| | - Holger Greschik
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.T.)
| | - Eric Metzger
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.T.)
- Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung, Standort Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Schüle
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.T.)
- Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung, Standort Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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7
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Desponds E, Croci D, Wosika V, Hadadi N, Fonseca Costa SS, Ciarloni L, Ongaro M, Zdimerova H, Leblond MM, Hosseinian Ehrensberger S, Romero P, Verdeil G. Immuno-Transcriptomic Profiling of Blood and Tumor Tissue Identifies Gene Signatures Associated with Immunotherapy Response in Metastatic Bladder Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:433. [PMID: 38275874 PMCID: PMC10814931 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood-based biomarkers represent ideal candidates for the development of non-invasive immuno-oncology-based assays. However, to date, no blood biomarker has been validated to predict clinical responses to immunotherapy. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing (RNAseq) on bulk RNA extracted from whole blood and tumor samples in a pre-clinical MIBC mouse model. We aimed to identify biomarkers associated with immunotherapy response and assess the potential application of simple non-invasive blood biomarkers as a therapeutic decision-making assay compared to tissue-based biomarkers. We established that circulating immune cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) display highly organ-specific transcriptional responses to ICIs. Interestingly, in both, a common lymphocytic activation signature can be identified associated with the efficient response to immunotherapy, including a blood-specific CD8+ T cell activation/proliferation signature which predicts the immunotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Desponds
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (E.D.); (M.O.); (H.Z.); (M.M.L.)
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Davide Croci
- Novigenix SA, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; (D.C.); (N.H.); (S.S.F.C.); (L.C.); (S.H.E.); (P.R.)
| | - Victoria Wosika
- Novigenix SA, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; (D.C.); (N.H.); (S.S.F.C.); (L.C.); (S.H.E.); (P.R.)
| | - Noushin Hadadi
- Novigenix SA, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; (D.C.); (N.H.); (S.S.F.C.); (L.C.); (S.H.E.); (P.R.)
| | - Sara S. Fonseca Costa
- Novigenix SA, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; (D.C.); (N.H.); (S.S.F.C.); (L.C.); (S.H.E.); (P.R.)
| | - Laura Ciarloni
- Novigenix SA, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; (D.C.); (N.H.); (S.S.F.C.); (L.C.); (S.H.E.); (P.R.)
| | - Marco Ongaro
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (E.D.); (M.O.); (H.Z.); (M.M.L.)
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hana Zdimerova
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (E.D.); (M.O.); (H.Z.); (M.M.L.)
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marine M. Leblond
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (E.D.); (M.O.); (H.Z.); (M.M.L.)
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Pedro Romero
- Novigenix SA, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; (D.C.); (N.H.); (S.S.F.C.); (L.C.); (S.H.E.); (P.R.)
| | - Grégory Verdeil
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (E.D.); (M.O.); (H.Z.); (M.M.L.)
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Iqbal MJ, Kabeer A, Abbas Z, Siddiqui HA, Calina D, Sharifi-Rad J, Cho WC. Interplay of oxidative stress, cellular communication and signaling pathways in cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:7. [PMID: 38167159 PMCID: PMC10763046 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a significant global public health concern, with increasing incidence and mortality rates worldwide. Oxidative stress, characterized by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cells, plays a critical role in the development of cancer by affecting genomic stability and signaling pathways within the cellular microenvironment. Elevated levels of ROS disrupt cellular homeostasis and contribute to the loss of normal cellular functions, which are associated with the initiation and progression of various types of cancer. In this review, we have focused on elucidating the downstream signaling pathways that are influenced by oxidative stress and contribute to carcinogenesis. These pathways include p53, Keap1-NRF2, RB1, p21, APC, tumor suppressor genes, and cell type transitions. Dysregulation of these pathways can lead to uncontrolled cell growth, impaired DNA repair mechanisms, and evasion of cell death, all of which are hallmark features of cancer development. Therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting oxidative stress have emerged as a critical area of investigation for molecular biologists. The objective is to limit the response time of various types of cancer, including liver, breast, prostate, ovarian, and lung cancers. By modulating the redox balance and restoring cellular homeostasis, it may be possible to mitigate the damaging effects of oxidative stress and enhance the efficacy of cancer treatments. The development of targeted therapies and interventions that specifically address the impact of oxidative stress on cancer initiation and progression holds great promise in improving patient outcomes. These approaches may include antioxidant-based treatments, redox-modulating agents, and interventions that restore normal cellular function and signaling pathways affected by oxidative stress. In summary, understanding the role of oxidative stress in carcinogenesis and targeting this process through therapeutic interventions are of utmost importance in combating various types of cancer. Further research is needed to unravel the complex mechanisms underlying oxidative stress-related pathways and to develop effective strategies that can be translated into clinical applications for the management and treatment of cancer. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayesha Kabeer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zaighum Abbas
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan
| | | | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania.
| | | | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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9
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Shuman L, Pham J, Wildermuth T, Wu XR, Walter V, Warrick JI, DeGraff DJ. Urothelium-Specific Expression of Mutationally Activated Pik3ca Initiates Early Lesions of Noninvasive Bladder Cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:2133-2143. [PMID: 37544503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Although approximately 70% of bladder cancers are noninvasive and have high recurrence rates, early-stage disease is understudied. The lack of models to validate the contribution of molecular drivers of bladder tumorigenesis is a significant issue. Although mutations in PIK3CA are frequent in human bladder cancer, an in vivo model for understanding their contribution to bladder tumorigenesis is unavailable. Therefore, a Upk2-Cre/Pik3caH1047R mouse model expressing one or two R26-Pik3caH1047R alleles in a urothelium-specific manner was generated. Pik3caH1047R functionality was confirmed by quantifying Akt phosphorylation, and mice were characterized by assessing urothelial thickness, nuclear atypia, and expression of luminal and basal markers at 6 and 12 months of age. While at 6 months, Pik3caH1047R mice developed increased urothelial thickness and nuclear atypia, progressive disease was not observed at 12 months. Immunohistochemistry showed urothelium maintained luminal differentiation characterized by high forkhead box A1 (Foxa1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ expression. Surprisingly, Pik3caH1047R mice subjected to low-dose carcinogen exposure [N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine] exhibited no significant differences after exposure relative to mice without exposure. Furthermore, single-sample gene set enrichment analysis of invasive human tumors showed those with mutant PIK3CA did not exhibit significantly increased phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathway activity compared with wild-type PIK3CA tumors. Overall, these data suggest that Pik3caH1047R can elicit early tumorigenic changes in the urothelium, but progression to invasion may require additional genetic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Shuman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Urology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan Pham
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas Wildermuth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, New York
| | - Vonn Walter
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua I Warrick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Urology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - David J DeGraff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Urology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.
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10
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Yao Z, Xu N, Shang G, Wang H, Tao H, Wang Y, Qin Z, Tan S, Feng J, Zhu J, Ma F, Tian S, Zhang Q, Qu Y, Hou J, Guo J, Zhao J, Hou Y, Ding C. Proteogenomics of different urothelial bladder cancer stages reveals distinct molecular features for papillary cancer and carcinoma in situ. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5670. [PMID: 37704624 PMCID: PMC10499981 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The progression of urothelial bladder cancer (UC) is a complicated multi-step process. We perform a comprehensive multi-omics analysis of 448 samples from 190 UC patients, covering the whole spectrum of disease stages and grades. Proteogenomic integration analysis indicates the mutations of HRAS regulated mTOR signaling to form urothelial papilloma rather than papillary urothelial cancer (PUC). DNA damage is a key signaling pathway in the progression of carcinoma in situ (CIS) and related to APOBEC signature. Glucolipid metabolism increase and lower immune cell infiltration are associated with PUC compared to CIS. Proteomic analysis distinguishes the origins of invasive tumors (PUC-derived and CIS-derived), related to distinct clinical prognosis and molecular features. Additionally, loss of RBPMS, associated with CIS-derived tumors, is validated to increase the activity of AP-1 and promote metastasis. This study reveals the characteristics of two distinct branches (PUC and CIS) of UC progression and may eventually benefit clinical practice.
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Grants
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFA1303200 [C.D.], 2022YFA1303201 [C.D.], 2020YFE0201600 [C.D.], 2018YFE0201600 [C.D.], 2018YFE0201603 [C.D.], 2018YFA0507500 [C.D.], 2018YFA0507501 [C.D.], 2017YFA0505100 [C.D.], 2017YFA0505102 [C.D.], 2017YFA0505101 [C.D.], 2017YFC0908404 [C.D.], and 2016YFA0502500 [C.D.]), Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader (22XD1420100 [C.D.]), Shuguang Program of Shanghai Education Development Foundation and Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (19SG02 [C.D.]),the Major Project of Special Development Funds of Zhangjiang National Independent Innovation Demonstration Zone (ZJ2019‐ZD‐004 [C.D.]), the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (2017SHZDZX01 [C.D.]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenmei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ning Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Guoguo Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Haixing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hui Tao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, and Cardiovascular Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yunzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhaoyu Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Subei Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jinwen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jiajun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Fahan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Sha Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jun Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Jianming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Jianyuan Zhao
- Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Yingyong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Chen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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11
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Ottaiano A, Ianniello M, Santorsola M, Ruggiero R, Sirica R, Sabbatino F, Perri F, Cascella M, Di Marzo M, Berretta M, Caraglia M, Nasti G, Savarese G. From Chaos to Opportunity: Decoding Cancer Heterogeneity for Enhanced Treatment Strategies. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1183. [PMID: 37759584 PMCID: PMC10525472 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Cancer manifests as a multifaceted disease, characterized by aberrant cellular proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion. Tumors exhibit variances across diverse dimensions, encompassing genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptional realms. This heterogeneity poses significant challenges in prognosis and treatment, affording tumors advantages through an increased propensity to accumulate mutations linked to immune system evasion and drug resistance. In this review, we offer insights into tumor heterogeneity as a crucial characteristic of cancer, exploring the difficulties associated with measuring and quantifying such heterogeneity from clinical and biological perspectives. By emphasizing the critical nature of understanding tumor heterogeneity, this work contributes to raising awareness about the importance of developing effective cancer therapies that target this distinct and elusive trait of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ottaiano
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (M.D.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Monica Ianniello
- AMES, Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale srl, Via Padre Carmine Fico 24, 80013 Casalnuovo Di Napoli, Italy; (M.I.); (R.R.); (R.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Mariachiara Santorsola
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (M.D.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Raffaella Ruggiero
- AMES, Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale srl, Via Padre Carmine Fico 24, 80013 Casalnuovo Di Napoli, Italy; (M.I.); (R.R.); (R.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Roberto Sirica
- AMES, Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale srl, Via Padre Carmine Fico 24, 80013 Casalnuovo Di Napoli, Italy; (M.I.); (R.R.); (R.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Francesco Sabbatino
- Oncology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy;
| | - Francesco Perri
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (M.D.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Marco Cascella
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (M.D.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Massimiliano Di Marzo
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (M.D.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Massimiliano Berretta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy;
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Via Luigi De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Guglielmo Nasti
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (M.D.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Giovanni Savarese
- AMES, Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale srl, Via Padre Carmine Fico 24, 80013 Casalnuovo Di Napoli, Italy; (M.I.); (R.R.); (R.S.); (G.S.)
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12
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Wong K, Abascal F, Ludwig L, Aupperle-Lellbach H, Grassinger J, Wright CW, Allison SJ, Pinder E, Phillips RM, Romero LP, Gal A, Roady PJ, Pires I, Guscetti F, Munday JS, Peleteiro MC, Pinto CA, Carvalho T, Cota J, Du Plessis EC, Constantino-Casas F, Plog S, Moe L, de Brot S, Bemelmans I, Amorim RL, Georgy SR, Prada J, Del Pozo J, Heimann M, de Carvalho Nunes L, Simola O, Pazzi P, Steyl J, Ubukata R, Vajdovich P, Priestnall SL, Suárez-Bonnet A, Roperto F, Millanta F, Palmieri C, Ortiz AL, Barros CSL, Gava A, Söderström ME, O'Donnell M, Klopfleisch R, Manrique-Rincón A, Martincorena I, Ferreira I, Arends MJ, Wood GA, Adams DJ, van der Weyden L. Cross-species oncogenomics offers insight into human muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Genome Biol 2023; 24:191. [PMID: 37635261 PMCID: PMC10464500 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-03026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is highly aggressive and associated with a poor prognosis. With a high mutation load and large number of altered genes, strategies to delineate key driver events are necessary. Dogs and cats develop urothelial carcinoma (UC) with histological and clinical similarities to human MIBC. Cattle that graze on bracken fern also develop UC, associated with exposure to the carcinogen ptaquiloside. These species may represent relevant animal models of spontaneous and carcinogen-induced UC that can provide insight into human MIBC. RESULTS Whole-exome sequencing of domestic canine (n = 87) and feline (n = 23) UC, and comparative analysis with human MIBC reveals a lower mutation rate in animal cases and the absence of APOBEC mutational signatures. A convergence of driver genes (ARID1A, KDM6A, TP53, FAT1, and NRAS) is discovered, along with common focally amplified and deleted genes involved in regulation of the cell cycle and chromatin remodelling. We identify mismatch repair deficiency in a subset of canine and feline UCs with biallelic inactivation of MSH2. Bovine UC (n = 8) is distinctly different; we identify novel mutational signatures which are recapitulated in vitro in human urinary bladder UC cells treated with bracken fern extracts or purified ptaquiloside. CONCLUSION Canine and feline urinary bladder UC represent relevant models of MIBC in humans, and cross-species analysis can identify evolutionarily conserved driver genes. We characterize mutational signatures in bovine UC associated with bracken fern and ptaquiloside exposure, a human-linked cancer exposure. Our work demonstrates the relevance of cross-species comparative analysis in understanding both human and animal UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Wong
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Federico Abascal
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Latasha Ludwig
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Heike Aupperle-Lellbach
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany and Institute of Pathology, Department Comparative Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Grassinger
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany and Institute of Pathology, Department Comparative Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Colin W Wright
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Simon J Allison
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Emma Pinder
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Roger M Phillips
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Laura P Romero
- Departmento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria Y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), CDMX, Mexico City, México
| | - Arnon Gal
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Patrick J Roady
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Isabel Pires
- Department of Veterinary Science, CECAV-Veterinary and Animal Research Center, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Franco Guscetti
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John S Munday
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Maria C Peleteiro
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos A Pinto
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - João Cota
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Lars Moe
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Simone de Brot
- Institute of Animal Pathology, COMPATH, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Renée Laufer Amorim
- Veterinary Clinic Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Smitha R Georgy
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Justina Prada
- Department of Veterinary Science, CECAV-Veterinary and Animal Research Center, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Jorge Del Pozo
- Royal Dick School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Pazzi
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Johan Steyl
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rodrigo Ubukata
- E+ Especialidades Veterinárias - Veterinary Oncology, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Peter Vajdovich
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Oncology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Simon L Priestnall
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Alejandro Suárez-Bonnet
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Franco Roperto
- Dipartimento Di Biologia, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Palmieri
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ana L Ortiz
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Claudio S L Barros
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Aldo Gava
- Pathology Laboratory of the Centro de Ciencias Agro-Veterinarias, Universidade Do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, SC, Brazil
| | - Minna E Söderström
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie O'Donnell
- Department of Pathology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Manrique-Rincón
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Inigo Martincorena
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ingrid Ferreira
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mark J Arends
- University of Edinburgh Division of Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Cancer Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Geoffrey A Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Louise van der Weyden
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
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13
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Glaviano A, Foo ASC, Lam HY, Yap KCH, Jacot W, Jones RH, Eng H, Nair MG, Makvandi P, Geoerger B, Kulke MH, Baird RD, Prabhu JS, Carbone D, Pecoraro C, Teh DBL, Sethi G, Cavalieri V, Lin KH, Javidi-Sharifi NR, Toska E, Davids MS, Brown JR, Diana P, Stebbing J, Fruman DA, Kumar AP. PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling transduction pathway and targeted therapies in cancer. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:138. [PMID: 37596643 PMCID: PMC10436543 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01827-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 143.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR (PAM) signaling pathway is a highly conserved signal transduction network in eukaryotic cells that promotes cell survival, cell growth, and cell cycle progression. Growth factor signalling to transcription factors in the PAM axis is highly regulated by multiple cross-interactions with several other signaling pathways, and dysregulation of signal transduction can predispose to cancer development. The PAM axis is the most frequently activated signaling pathway in human cancer and is often implicated in resistance to anticancer therapies. Dysfunction of components of this pathway such as hyperactivity of PI3K, loss of function of PTEN, and gain-of-function of AKT, are notorious drivers of treatment resistance and disease progression in cancer. In this review we highlight the major dysregulations in the PAM signaling pathway in cancer, and discuss the results of PI3K, AKT and mTOR inhibitors as monotherapy and in co-administation with other antineoplastic agents in clinical trials as a strategy for overcoming treatment resistance. Finally, the major mechanisms of resistance to PAM signaling targeted therapies, including PAM signaling in immunology and immunotherapies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Glaviano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Aaron S C Foo
- Department of Surgery, National University Hospital Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hiu Y Lam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Kenneth C H Yap
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - William Jacot
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut du Cancer de Montpellier, Inserm U1194, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Robert H Jones
- Cardiff University and Velindre Cancer Centre, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Huiyan Eng
- Department of Surgery, National University Hospital Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Madhumathy G Nair
- Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, 324000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Birgit Geoerger
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Inserm U1015, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Matthew H Kulke
- Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard D Baird
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jyothi S Prabhu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Daniela Carbone
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Camilla Pecoraro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniel B L Teh
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, and Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Surgery, National University Hospital Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Vincenzo Cavalieri
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Kevin H Lin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Eneda Toska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew S Davids
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Brown
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrizia Diana
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Justin Stebbing
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - David A Fruman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, 216 Sprague Hall, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alan P Kumar
- Department of Surgery, National University Hospital Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.
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14
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Gu Y, Lu Y, Xiong Y, Zhan X, Liu T, Tang M, Xie A, Liu X, Fu B. Advances in the bladder cancer research using 3D culture models. Bladder (San Franc) 2023; 10:e21200005. [PMID: 37936584 PMCID: PMC10627085 DOI: 10.14440/bladder.2023.856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer represents the most common malignancy of the urinary system, posing a significant threat to patients' life. Animal models and two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures, among other traditional models, have been used for years to study various aspects of bladder cancer. However, these methods are subject to various limitations when mimicking the tumor microenvironment in vivo, thus hindering the further improvement of bladder cancer treatments. Recently, three-dimensional (3D) culture models have attracted extensive attention since they overcome the shortcomings of their traditional counterparts. Most importantly, 3D culture models more accurately reproduce the tumor microenvironment in the human body because they can recapitulate the cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. 3D culture models can thereby help us gain deeper insight into the bladder cancer. The 3D culture models of tumor cells can extend the culture duration and allow for co-culturing with different cell types. Study of patient-specific bladder cancer mutations and subtypes is made possible by the ability to preserve cells isolated from particular patients in 3D culture models. It will be feasible to develop customized treatments that target relevant signaling pathways or biomarkers. This article reviews the development, application, advantages, and limitations of traditional modeling systems and 3D culture models used in the study of bladder cancer and discusses the potential application of 3D culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yexin Gu
- Cyberiad Intelligent Technology, Shanghai 201112, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Cyberiad Intelligent Technology, Shanghai 201112, China
| | - Yunqiang Xiong
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Street, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiangpeng Zhan
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Street, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Taobin Liu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Street, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Min Tang
- Cyberiad Intelligent Technology, Shanghai 201112, China
| | - An Xie
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Street, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Street, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Bin Fu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Street, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
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15
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Hebert JD, Neal JW, Winslow MM. Dissecting metastasis using preclinical models and methods. Nat Rev Cancer 2023; 23:391-407. [PMID: 37138029 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00568-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis has long been understood to lead to the overwhelming majority of cancer-related deaths. However, our understanding of the metastatic process, and thus our ability to prevent or eliminate metastases, remains frustratingly limited. This is largely due to the complexity of metastasis, which is a multistep process that likely differs across cancer types and is greatly influenced by many aspects of the in vivo microenvironment. In this Review, we discuss the key variables to consider when designing assays to study metastasis: which source of metastatic cancer cells to use and where to introduce them into mice to address different questions of metastasis biology. We also examine methods that are being used to interrogate specific steps of the metastatic cascade in mouse models, as well as emerging techniques that may shed new light on previously inscrutable aspects of metastasis. Finally, we explore approaches for developing and using anti-metastatic therapies, and how mouse models can be used to test them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess D Hebert
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joel W Neal
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Monte M Winslow
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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16
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Fan Y, Hao Y, Zhu C, Hu B, Ma R, Liu Y, Li G. PLCε promotes the Warburg effect and tumorigenesis through AKT/GSK3β/Cdc25a in bladder cancer. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37018449 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2023.2199188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase C epsilon (PLCε) is a oncogene in various malignancies and regulates diverse cellular functions. But understanding of the relation between PLCε and glycolytic pathways has not been clearly identified. In the present study, we explored the effect of PLCε on the Warburg effect and tumorigenesis in bladder cancer (BCa). In our study, we showed that PLCε expression was elevated in BCa samples compared with matched adjacent nonmalignant bladder tissues. PLCε depletion using Lentivirus-shPLCε (LV-shPLCε) dramatically decreased cell growth, glucose consumption and lactate production, arresting T24 and BIU cells in the S phase of the cell cycle. We also observed that PLCε was correlated with the activation of protein kinase B (AKT) and cell division cycle 25 homolog A (Cdc25a) overexpression. In addition, we demonstrated that AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β)/Cdc25a signaling pathways are involved in the PLCε-mediated Warburg effect in BCa. Moreover, we showed that PLCε had an effect on tumorigenesis in in vivo experiments. In summary, our findings demonstrate that AKT/GSK3β/Cdc25a is critical for the effect PLCε on Warburg effect and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Fan
- Clinical Lab department, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanni Hao
- Clinical Lab department, Jiaocheng County maternal and Child Health and Family Planning Service Centre, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chunkai Zhu
- Clinical Lab department, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Biao Hu
- Clinical Lab department, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rufei Ma
- Clinical Lab department, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Clinical Lab department, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gang Li
- Clinical Lab department, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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17
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He F, Zhang F, Liao Y, Tang MS, Wu XR. Structural or functional defects of PTEN in urothelial cells lacking P53 drive basal/squamous-subtype muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Cancer Lett 2022; 550:215924. [PMID: 36195293 PMCID: PMC9813857 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) exhibits strong inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity that affects biological behaviors, therapeutic responses, and prognoses. Mutations that activate RTK-RAS-PI3K and inactivate P19-P53-P21 coexist in 60-70% of MIBC. By time-controlled ablation of Tp53 and Pten, singly or combined, in adult mouse urothelium, we found that Tp53 loss alone produced no abnormality. While Pten loss elicited hyperplasia, it synergized with Tp53 loss to trigger 100% penetrant MIBC that exhibited basal/squamous features that resembled its human counterpart. Furthermore, PTEN was inactivated in human MIBC cell lines and specimens primarily by hyperphosphorylation of the C-terminus. Mutated or tailless PTEN incapable of C-terminal phosphorylation demonstrated increased inhibition of proliferation and invasion than full-length PTEN in cultured MIBC cells. In xenograft and transgenic mice, tailless PTEN, but not full-length PTEN, prevented further growth in established tumors. Collectively, deficiencies of both PTEN and P53 drive basal/squamous subtype MIBC. PTEN is inactivated by C-terminal hyperphosphorylation, and this modification may serve as a biomarker for subtyping MIBC and predicting tumor progression. Tailless PTEN is a potential molecular therapeutic for tumors, such as bladder cancer (BC), that can be readily accessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Fenglin Zhang
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Yi Liao
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Moon-Shong Tang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
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18
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Tian K, Ma J, Wang K, Li D, Zhang J, Wang L, Wu Z. PTEN is recognized as a prognostic-related biomarker and inhibits proliferation and invasiveness of skull base chordoma cells. Front Surg 2022; 9:1011845. [PMID: 36211273 PMCID: PMC9537766 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.1011845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This work aimed to examine the function of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) in skull base chordoma (SBC) at the clinical and cellular levels. Methods Totally 65 paraffin-embedded and 86 frozen specimens from 96 patients administered surgery were analyzed. Immunohistochemical staining and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed, and the associations of PTEN expression with clinical features were assessed. At the cellular level, PTEN was knocked down by the siRNA approach in the UCH-1 cell line, and cell proliferation and invasion were detected by the CCK-8 and migration assays, respectively. Results At the protein level, PTEN expression was increased in non-bone-invasive tumor samples in comparison with bone-invasive specimens (p = 0.025), and elevated in soft SBCs in comparison with hard tumors (p = 0.017). Increased PTEN protein expression was associated with decreased risk of tumor progression (p = 0.002; hazard ratio = 0.981, 95% confidence interval: 0.969–0.993). At the gene expression level, the cut-off value was set at 10.5 after ROC curve analysis, and SBC specimens were divided into two groups: PTEN high group, ΔCt value below 10.5; PTEN low group, ΔCt value above 10.5. In multivariate regression analysis of PFS, the risk of tumor progression was increased in PTEN low group tumors in comparison with PTEN high group SBCs (p = 0.006). In the CCK-8 assay, in comparison with control cells, PTEN knockdown cells had increased absorbance, suggesting elevated cell proliferation rate. In the invasion assay, the number of tumor cells penetrating into the lower chamber was significantly increased in the PTEN knockdown group compared with control cells. Conclusions Decreased PTEN expression in SBC, at the protein and gene levels, is associated with reduced PFS. PTEN knockdown in chordoma cells led to enhanced proliferation and invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhen Wu
- Correspondence: Liang Wang Zhen Wu
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19
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Wang M, Chen X, Tan P, Wang Y, Pan X, Lin T, Jiang Y, Wang B, Xu H, Wang Y, Yang Y, Wang J, Zhao L, Zhang J, Zhong A, Peng Y, Du J, Zhang Q, Zheng J, Chen J, Dai S, Na F, Lu Z, Liu J, Zheng X, Yang L, Zhang P, Han P, Gong Q, Zhong Q, Xiao K, Yang H, Deng H, Zhao Y, Shi H, Man J, Gou M, Zhao C, Dai L, Xue Z, Chen L, Wang Y, Zeng M, Huang C, Wei Q, Wei Y, Liu Y, Chen C. Acquired semi-squamatization during chemotherapy suggests differentiation as a therapeutic strategy for bladder cancer. Cancer Cell 2022; 40:1044-1059.e8. [PMID: 36099882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin-based chemotherapy remains the primary treatment for unresectable and metastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancers (MIBCs). However, tumors frequently develop chemoresistance. Here, we established a primary and orthotopic MIBC mouse model with gene-edited organoids to recapitulate the full course of chemotherapy in patients. We found that partial squamous differentiation, called semi-squamatization, is associated with acquired chemoresistance in both mice and human MIBCs. Multi-omics analyses showed that cathepsin H (CTSH) is correlated with chemoresistance and semi-squamatization. Cathepsin inhibition by E64 treatment induces full squamous differentiation and pyroptosis, and thus specifically restrains chemoresistant MIBCs. Mechanistically, E64 treatment activates the tumor necrosis factor pathway, which is required for the terminal differentiation and pyroptosis of chemoresistant MIBC cells. Our study revealed that semi-squamatization is a type of lineage plasticity associated with chemoresistance, suggesting that differentiation via targeting of CTSH is a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of chemoresistant MIBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manli Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xuelan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ping Tan
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yiyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiangyu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Tianhai Lin
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yucen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiapeng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ailing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yiman Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiajia Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jianan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jingyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Siqi Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Feifei Na
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhenghao Lu
- Chengdu OrganoidMed Medical Laboratory, West China Health Valley, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiaonan Zheng
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ping Han
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qian Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Kai Xiao
- Laboratory of Non-Human Primate Disease Model Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hanshuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hongxin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hubing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jianghong Man
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Maling Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Chengjian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhihong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Musheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Yuquan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Chong Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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20
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Lázaro S, Lorz C, Enguita AB, Seller I, Paramio JM, Santos M. Pten and p53 Loss in the Mouse Lung Causes Adenocarcinoma and Sarcomatoid Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153671. [PMID: 35954335 PMCID: PMC9367331 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lung cancer is the world leading cause of cancer death. Therefore, a better understanding of the disease is needed to improve patient survival. In this work, we have deleted the tumor suppressor genes Pten and Trp53 in adult mouse lungs to analyze its impact on tumor formation. Double mutant mice develop Adenocarcinoma and Pulmonary Sarcomatoid Carcinoma, two different types of Non-Small Cell Carcinoma whose biological relationships are a matter of debate. The former is very common, with various models described and some therapeutic options. The latter is very rare with very poor prognosis, no effective treatment and lack of models reported so far. Interestingly, this study reports the first mouse model of pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma available for preclinical research. Abstract Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Among the Non-Small Cell Carcinoma (NSCLC) category, Adenocarcinoma (ADC) represents the most common type, with different reported driver mutations, a bunch of models described and therapeutic options. Meanwhile, Pulmonary Sarcomatoid Carcinoma (PSC) is one of the rarest, with very poor outcomes, scarce availability of patient material, no effective therapies and no models available for preclinical research. Here, we describe that the combined deletion of Pten and Trp53 in the lungs of adult conditional mice leads to the development of both ADC and PSC irrespective of the lung targeted cell type after naphthalene induced airway epithelial regeneration. Although this model shows long latency periods and incomplete penetrance for tumor development, it is the first PSC mouse model reported so far, and sheds light on the relationships between ADC and PSC and their cells of origin. Moreover, human ADC show strong transcriptomic similarities to the mouse PSC, providing a link between both tumor types and the human ADC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lázaro
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Ave Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.L.); (C.L.); (I.S.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Corina Lorz
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Ave Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.L.); (C.L.); (I.S.); (J.M.P.)
- CIBERONC—Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research Hospital “12 de Octubre” (imas12), Ave Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Enguita
- Pathology Department, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, 28041 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Iván Seller
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Ave Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.L.); (C.L.); (I.S.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Jesús M. Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Ave Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.L.); (C.L.); (I.S.); (J.M.P.)
- CIBERONC—Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research Hospital “12 de Octubre” (imas12), Ave Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mirentxu Santos
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Ave Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.L.); (C.L.); (I.S.); (J.M.P.)
- CIBERONC—Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research Hospital “12 de Octubre” (imas12), Ave Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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21
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Multiparametric Classification of Non-Muscle Invasive Papillary Urothelial Neoplasms: Combining Morphological, Phenotypical, and Molecular Features for Improved Risk Stratification. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158133. [PMID: 35897708 PMCID: PMC9330009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis and grading of non-invasive papillary urothelial tumors according to the current WHO classification poses some challenges for pathologists. The diagnostic reproducibility of separating low-grade and high-grade lesions is low, which impacts their clinical management. Whereas papillary urothelial neoplasms with low malignant potential (PUN-LMP) and low-grade papillary non-invasive carcinoma (LG-PUC) are comparable and show frequent local recurrence but rarely metastasize, high-grade papillary non-invasive carcinoma (HG-PUC) has a poor prognosis. The main objective of this work is to develop a multiparametric classification to unambiguously distinguish low-grade and high-grade tumors, considering immunohistochemical stains for p53, FGFR3, CK20, MIB-1, p16, p21 and p-HH3, and pathogenic mutations in TP53, FGFR3, TP53, ERCC2, PIK3CA, PTEN and STAG2. We reviewed and analyzed the clinical and histological data of 45 patients with a consensus diagnosis of PUN-LMP (n = 8), non-invasive LG-PUC (n = 23), and HG-PUC (n = 14). The proliferation index and mitotic count assessed with MIB-1 and P-HH3 staining, respectively correlated with grading and clinical behavior. Targeted sequencing confirmed frequent FGFR3 mutations in non-invasive papillary tumors and identified mutations in TP53 as high-risk. Cluster analysis of the different immunohistochemical and molecular parameters allowed a clear separation in two different clusters: cluster 1 corresponding to PUN-LMP and LG-PUC (low MIB-1 and mitotic count/FGFR3 and STAG2 mutations) and cluster 2, HG-PUC (high MIB-1 and mitosis count/CK20 +++ expression, FGFR3 WT and TP53 mutation). Further analysis is required to validate and analyze the reproducibility of these clusters and their biological and clinical implication.
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22
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Xu D, Wang L, Wieczorek K, Wang Y, Zhang X, Goodrich DW, Li Q. Ex Vivo Organoid Model of Adenovirus-Cre Mediated Gene Deletions in Mouse Urothelial Cells. J Vis Exp 2022:10.3791/63855. [PMID: 35604166 PMCID: PMC9768623 DOI: 10.3791/63855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is an understudied area, particularly in genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs). Inbred GEMMs with tissue-specific Cre and loxP sites have been the gold standards for conditional or inducible gene targeting. To provide faster and more efficient experimental models, an ex vivo organoid culture system is developed using adenovirus Cre and normal urothelial cells carrying multiple loxP alleles of the tumor suppressors Trp53, Pten, and Rb1. Normal urothelial cells are enzymatically disassociated from four bladders of triple floxed mice (Trp53f/f: Ptenf/f: Rb1f/f). The urothelial cells are transduced ex vivo with adenovirus-Cre driven by a CMV promoter (Ad5CMVCre). The transduced bladder organoids are cultured, propagated, and characterized in vitro and in vivo. PCR is used to confirm gene deletions in Trp53, Pten, and Rb1. Immunofluorescence (IF) staining of organoids demonstrates positive expression of urothelial lineage markers (CK5 and p63). The organoids are injected subcutaneously into host mice for tumor expansion and serial passages. The immunohistochemistry (IHC) of xenografts exhibits positive expression of CK7, CK5, and p63 and negative expression of CK8 and Uroplakin 3. In summary, adenovirus-mediated gene deletion from mouse urothelial cells engineered with loxP sites is an efficient method to rapidly test the tumorigenic potential of defined genetic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Xu
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Kyle Wieczorek
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - David W Goodrich
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center;
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23
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Thomas J, Sonpavde G. Molecularly Targeted Therapy towards Genetic Alterations in Advanced Bladder Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1795. [PMID: 35406567 PMCID: PMC8997162 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors and antibody-drug conjugates to the management of advanced urothelial carcinoma, the disease is generally incurable. The increasing incorporation of next-generation sequencing of tumor tissue into the characterization of bladder cancer has led to a better understanding of the somatic genetic aberrations potentially involved in its pathogenesis. Genetic alterations have been observed in kinases, such as FGFRs, ErbBs, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and Ras-MAPK, and genetic alterations in critical cellular processes, such as chromatin remodeling, cell cycle regulation, and DNA damage repair. However, activating mutations or fusions of FGFR2 and FGFR3 remains the only validated therapeutically actionable alteration, with erdafitinib as the only targeted agent currently approved for this group. Bladder cancer is characterized by genomic heterogeneity and a high tumor mutation burden. This review highlights the potential relevance of aberrations and discusses the current status of targeted therapies directed at them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Thomas
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Guru Sonpavde
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
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Huan J, Grivas P, Birch J, Hansel DE. Emerging Roles for Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Complexes in Bladder Cancer Progression and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1555. [PMID: 35326708 PMCID: PMC8946148 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway regulates important cellular functions. Aberrant activation of this pathway, either through upstream activation by growth factors, loss of inhibitory controls, or molecular alterations, can enhance cancer growth and progression. Bladder cancer shows high levels of mTOR activity in approximately 70% of urothelial carcinomas, suggesting a key role for this pathway in this cancer. mTOR signaling initiates through upstream activation of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (AKT) and results in activation of either mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) or mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). While these complexes share several key protein components, unique differences in their complex composition dramatically alter the function and downstream cellular targets of mTOR activity. While significant work has gone into analysis of molecular alterations of the mTOR pathway in bladder cancer, this has not yielded significant benefit in mTOR-targeted therapy approaches in urothelial carcinoma to date. New discoveries regarding signaling convergence onto mTOR complexes in bladder cancer could yield unique insights the biology and targeting of this aggressive disease. In this review, we highlight the functional significance of mTOR signaling in urothelial carcinoma and its potential impact on future therapy implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianya Huan
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (J.H.); (J.B.)
| | - Petros Grivas
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Jasmine Birch
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (J.H.); (J.B.)
| | - Donna E. Hansel
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (J.H.); (J.B.)
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25
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Jun T, Hahn NM, Sonpavde G, Albany C, MacVicar GR, Hauke R, Fleming M, Gourdin T, Jana B, Oh WK, Taik P, Wang H, Varadarajan AR, Uzilov A, Galsky MD. OUP accepted manuscript. Oncologist 2022; 27:432-e452. [PMID: 35438782 PMCID: PMC9177111 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment options have been historically limited for cisplatin-ineligible patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC). Given the need for alternatives to platinum-based chemotherapy, including non-chemotherapy regimens for patients with both impaired renal function and borderline functional status, in 2010 (prior to the immune checkpoint blockade era in metastatic UC), we initiated a phase II trial to test the activity of everolimus or everolimus plus paclitaxel in the cisplatin-ineligible setting. Methods This was an open-label phase II trial conducted within the US-based Hoosier Cancer Research Network (ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT01215136). Patients who were cisplatin-ineligible with previously untreated advanced UC were enrolled. Patients with both impaired renal function and poor performance status were enrolled into cohort 1; patients with either were enrolled into cohort 2. Patients received everolimus 10 mg daily alone (cohort 1) or with paclitaxel 80 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, and 15 of each 28-day cycle (cohort 2). The primary outcome was clinical benefit at 4 months. Secondary outcomes were adverse events, progression-free survival (PFS), and 1-year overall survival (OS). Exploratory endpoints included genomic correlates of outcomes. The trial was not designed for comparison between cohorts. Results A total of 36 patients were enrolled from 2010 to 2018 (cohort 1, N = 7; cohort 2, N = 29); the trial was terminated due to slow accrual. Clinical benefit at 4 months was attained by 0 (0%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0-41.0%) patients in cohort 1 and 11 patients (37.9%, 95% CI 20.7-57.7%) in cohort 2. Median PFS was 2.33 (95% CI 1.81-Inf) months in cohort 1 and 5.85 (95% CI 2.99-8.61) months in cohort 2. Treatment was discontinued due to adverse events for 2 patients (29%) in cohort 1 and 11 patients (38%) in cohort 2. Molecular alterations in microtubule associated genes may be associated with treatment benefit but this requires further testing. Conclusion Everolimus plus paclitaxel demonstrates clinical activity in cisplatin-ineligible patients with metastatic UC, although the specific contribution of everolimus cannot be delineated. Patients with both impaired renal function and borderline functional status may be difficult to enroll to prospective trials. (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01215136).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Jun
- Sema4, Stamford, CT, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Noah M Hahn
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guru Sonpavde
- University of Alambama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Constantine Albany
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gary R MacVicar
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL Illinois CancerCare, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Ralph Hauke
- Nebraska Cancer Specialists/ Nebraska Methodist Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Theodore Gourdin
- Medical University of South Carolina Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Bagi Jana
- University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - William K Oh
- Sema4, Stamford, CT, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Matthew D Galsky
- Corresponding author: Matthew D. Galsky, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA;
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Oda S, Fujisawa M, Chunning L, Ito T, Yamaguchi T, Yoshimura T, Matsukawa A. Expression of Spred2 in the urothelial tumorigenesis of the urinary bladder. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254289. [PMID: 34818323 PMCID: PMC8612556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the Ras/Raf/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase)-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway is involved in the progression of cancer, including urothelial carcinoma; but the negative regulation remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated pathological expression of Spred2 (Sprouty-related EVH1 domain-containing protein 2), a negative regulator of the Ras/Raf/ERK-MAPK pathway, and the relation to ERK activation and Ki67 index in various categories of 275 urothelial tumors obtained from clinical patients. In situ hybridization demonstrated that Spred2 mRNA was highly expressed in high-grade non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma (HGPUC), and the expression was decreased in carcinoma in situ (CIS) and infiltrating urothelial carcinoma (IUC). Immunohistochemically, membranous Spred2 expression, important to interact with Ras/Raf, was preferentially found in HGPUC. Interestingly, membranous Spred2 expression was decreased in CIS and IUC relative to HGPUC, while ERK activation and the expression of the cell proliferation marker Ki67 index were increased. HGPUC with membranous Spred2 expression correlated significantly with lower levels of ERK activation and Ki67 index as compared to those with negative Spred2 expression. Thus, our pathological findings suggest that Spred2 counters cancer progression in non-invasive papillary carcinoma possibly through inhibiting the Ras/Raf/ERK-MAPK pathway, but this regulatory mechanism is lost in cancers with high malignancy. Spred2 appears to be a key regulator in the progression of non-invasive bladder carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Oda
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Fujisawa
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Li Chunning
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Teizo Yoshimura
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsukawa
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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27
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Animal Models in Bladder Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121762. [PMID: 34944577 PMCID: PMC8698361 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer (urothelial cancer of the bladder) is the most common malignancy affecting the urinary system with an increasing incidence and mortality. Mouse models of bladder cancer should possess a high value of reproducibility, predictability, and translatability to allow mechanistic, chemo-preventive, and therapeutic studies that can be furthered into human clinical trials. OBJECTIVES To provide an overview and resources on the origin, molecular and pathological characteristics of commonly used animal models in bladder cancer. METHODS A PubMed and Web of Science search was performed for relevant articles published between 1980 and 2021 using words such as: "bladder" and/or "urothelial carcinoma" and animal models. Animal models of bladder cancer can be categorized as autochthonous (spontaneous) and non-autochthonous (transplantable). The first are either chemically induced models or genetically engineered models. The transplantable models can be further subclassified as syngeneic (murine bladder cancer cells implanted into immunocompetent or transgenic mice) and xenografts (human bladder cancer cells implanted into immune-deficient mice). These models can be further divided-based on the site of the tumor-as orthotopic (tumor growth occurs within the bladder) and heterotopic (tumor growth occurs outside of the bladder).
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28
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Park S, Rong L, Owczarek TB, Bernardo MD, Shoulson RL, Chua CW, Kim JY, Lankarani A, Chakrapani P, Syed T, McKiernan JM, Solit DB, Shen MM, Al-Ahmadie HA, Abate-Shen C. Novel Mouse Models of Bladder Cancer Identify a Prognostic Signature Associated with Risk of Disease Progression. Cancer Res 2021; 81:5161-5175. [PMID: 34470779 PMCID: PMC8609963 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To study the progression of bladder cancer from non-muscle-invasive to muscle-invasive disease, we have developed a novel toolkit that uses complementary approaches to achieve gene recombination in specific cell populations in the bladder urothelium in vivo, thereby allowing us to generate a new series of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) of bladder cancer. One method is based on the delivery of adenoviruses that express Cre recombinase in selected cell types in the urothelium, and a second uses transgenic drivers in which activation of inducible Cre alleles can be limited to the bladder urothelium by intravesicular delivery of tamoxifen. Using both approaches, targeted deletion of the Pten and p53 tumor suppressor genes specifically in basal urothelial cells gave rise to muscle-invasive bladder tumors. Furthermore, preinvasive lesions arising in basal cells displayed upregulation of molecular pathways related to bladder tumorigenesis, including proinflammatory pathways. Cross-species analyses comparing a mouse gene signature of early bladder cancer with a human signature of bladder cancer progression identified a conserved 28-gene signature of early bladder cancer that is associated with poor prognosis for human bladder cancer and that outperforms comparable gene signatures. These findings demonstrate the relevance of these GEMMs for studying the biology of human bladder cancer and introduce a prognostic gene signature that may help to stratify patients at risk for progression to potentially lethal muscle-invasive disease. SIGNIFICANCE: Analyses of bladder cancer progression in a new series of genetically engineered mouse models has identified a gene signature of poor prognosis in human bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonbum Park
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Lijie Rong
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Tomasz B Owczarek
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Matteo Di Bernardo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Rivka L Shoulson
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Chee-Wai Chua
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jaime Y Kim
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Amir Lankarani
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Prithi Chakrapani
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Talal Syed
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - James M McKiernan
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - David B Solit
- Departments of Human Oncology and Pathogenesis and Medicine, Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Michael M Shen
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Hikmat A Al-Ahmadie
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Cory Abate-Shen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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Giacobbe A, Abate-Shen C. Modeling metastasis in mice: a closer look. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:916-929. [PMID: 34303648 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Unraveling the multifaceted cellular and physiological processes associated with metastasis is best achieved by using in vivo models that recapitulate the requisite tumor cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms at the organismal level. We discuss the current status of mouse models of metastasis. We consider how mouse models can refine our understanding of the underlying biological and molecular processes that promote metastasis, and we envisage how the application of new technologies will further enhance investigations of metastasis at single-cell resolution in the context of the whole organism. Our view is that investigations based on state-of-the-art mouse models can propel a holistic understanding of the biology of metastasis, which will ultimately lead to the discovery of new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Giacobbe
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Cory Abate-Shen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1130 Saint Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1130 Saint Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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30
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Danesh Pazhooh R, Rahnamay Farnood P, Asemi Z, Mirsafaei L, Yousefi B, Mirzaei H. mTOR pathway and DNA damage response: A therapeutic strategy in cancer therapy. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 104:103142. [PMID: 34102579 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a conserved serine/threonine-protein kinase, comprising two subunit protein complexes: mTORC1 and mTORC2. In response to insult and cancer, the mTOR pathway plays a crucial role in regulating growth, metabolism, cell survival, and protein synthesis. Key subunits of mTORC1/2 catalyze the phosphorylation of various molecules, including eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), ribosomal protein S6 kinase β-1 (S6K1). The DNA damage response (DDR) maintains genomic stability and provides an opportunity for treating tumors with defects caused by DNA damaging agents. Many mTOR inhibitors are utilized for the treatment of cancers. However, several clinical trials are still assessing the efficacy of mTOR inhibitors. This paper discusses the role of the mTOR signaling pathway and its regulators in developing cancer. In the following, we will review the interaction between DDR and mTOR signaling and the innovative therapies applied in preclinical and clinical trials for treating cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Liaosadat Mirsafaei
- Department of Cardiology, Ramsar Campus, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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31
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Xu T, Rao T, Yu WM, Ning JZ, Yu X, Zhu SM, Yang K, Bai T, Cheng F. Upregulation of NFKBIZ affects bladder cancer progression via the PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:109. [PMID: 33907827 PMCID: PMC8057294 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NF‑κB inhibitor ζ (NFKBIZ), a member of the IκB family that interacts with NF‑κB, has been reported to be an important regulator of inflammation, cell proliferation and survival. However, the role of NFKBIZ in bladder cancer (BC) remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the functions of NFKBIZ in BC. First, the expression levels of NFKBIZ and the associations between NFKBIZ expression and the clinical survival of patients were determined using BC tissue samples, BC cell lines and datasets from different databases. Two BC cell lines (T24 and 5637) were selected to overexpress NFKBIZ, and the proliferative, migratory and invasive abilities of cells were determined; additionally, tumor growth following transplantation in in vivo mouse models was analyzed using T24 cells overexpressing NFKBIZ. Subsequently, the association between NFKBIZ and PTEN was determined using data from databases and immunohistochemistry analysis of clinical and nude mice tumor tissues. Finally, the interactions between NFKBIZ, PTEN and the downstream PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway were evaluated using western blotting. In conclusion, the present results indicated that NFKBIZ expression was low in BC, and NFKBIZ inhibited the proliferation of BC cells through the PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, suggesting that NFKBIZ may represent a novel prognostic biomarker in BC and may provide a potential therapeutic tumor‑associated antigen for BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Ting Rao
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Ming Yu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Zhuo Ning
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xi Yu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Ming Zhu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Kang Yang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Tao Bai
- Department of Urology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Fan Cheng
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Extracellular matrix-related genes play an important role in the progression of NMIBC to MIBC: a bioinformatics analysis study. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:224101. [PMID: 32391563 PMCID: PMC7251326 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20194192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the 11th most common cancer in the world. Bladder cancer can be roughly divided into muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). The aim of the present study was to identify the key genes and pathways associated with the progression of NMIBC to MIBC and to further analyze its molecular mechanism and prognostic significance. We analyzed microarray data of NMIBC and MIBC gene expression datasets (GSE31684) listed in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. After the dataset was analyzed using R software, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of NMIBC and MIBC were identified. These DEGs were analyzed using Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment, KOBAS-Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis. The effect of these hub genes on the survival of bladder cancer patients was analyzed in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. A total of 389 DEGs were obtained, of which 270 were up-regulated and 119 down-regulated. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs were mainly involved in the pathway of protein digestion and absorption, extracellular matrix (ECM) receiver interaction, phantom, toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway, focal adhesion, NF-κB signaling pathway, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and other signaling pathways. Top five hub genes COL1A2, COL3A1, COL5A1, POSTN, and COL12A1 may be involved in the development of MIBC. These results may provide us with a further understanding of the occurrence and development of MIBC, as well as new targets for the diagnosis and treatment of MIBC in the future.
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Wezel F, Lustig J, Azoitei A, Liu J, Meessen S, Najjar G, Zehe V, Faustmann P, Zengerling F, John A, Martini T, Bolenz C, Günes C. Grainyhead-Like 3 Influences Migration and Invasion of Urothelial Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062959. [PMID: 33803949 PMCID: PMC8000182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive urothelial carcinomas of the bladder (UCB) characteristically show a loss of differentiation markers. The transcription factor Grainyhead-like 3 (GRHL3) plays an important role in the development and differentiation of normal urothelium. The contribution to UCB progression is still elusive. Differential expression of GRHL3 was assessed in normal human urothelium and in non-invasive and invasive bladder cancer cell lines. The contribution of GRHL3 to cell proliferation, viability and invasion in UCB cell lines was determined by gain- and loss-of-function assays in vitro and in an organ culture model using de-epithelialized porcine bladders. GRHL3 expression was detectable in normal human urothelial cells and showed significantly higher mRNA and protein levels in well-differentiated, non-invasive RT4 urothelial carcinoma cells compared to moderately differentiated RT112 cells. GRHL3 expression was absent in anaplastic and invasive T24 cells. Ectopic de novo expression of GRHL3 in T24 cells significantly impaired their migration and invasion properties in vitro and in organ culture. Its downregulation improved the invasive capacity of RT4 cells. The results indicate that GRHL3 may play a role in progression and metastasis in UCB. In addition, this work demonstrates that de-epithelialized porcine bladder organ culture can be a useful, standardized tool to assess the invasive capacity of cancer cells.
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Tran L, Xiao JF, Agarwal N, Duex JE, Theodorescu D. Advances in bladder cancer biology and therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2021; 21:104-121. [PMID: 33268841 PMCID: PMC10112195 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-00313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The field of research in bladder cancer has seen significant advances in recent years. Next-generation sequencing has identified the genes most mutated in bladder cancer. This wealth of information allowed the definition of driver mutations, and identification of actionable therapeutic targets, as well as a clearer picture of patient prognosis and therapeutic direction. In a similar vein, our understanding of the cellular aspects of bladder cancer has grown. The identification of the cellular geography and the populations of different cell types and quantifications of normal and abnormal cell types in tumours provide a better prediction of therapeutic response. Non-invasive methods of diagnosis, including liquid biopsies, have seen major advances as well. These methods will likely find considerable utility in assessing minimal residual disease following treatment and for early-stage diagnosis. A significant therapeutic impact on patients with bladder cancer is found in the use of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapeutics. These therapeutics have been shown to cure some patients with bladder cancer and significantly decrease adverse events. These developments provide patients with better monitoring opportunities, unique therapeutic options and greater hope for prolonged survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Tran
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jin-Fen Xiao
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neeraj Agarwal
- Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason E Duex
- Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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35
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Wullweber A, Strick R, Lange F, Sikic D, Taubert H, Wach S, Wullich B, Bertz S, Weyerer V, Stoehr R, Breyer J, Burger M, Hartmann A, Strissel PL, Eckstein M. Bladder Tumor Subtype Commitment Occurs in Carcinoma In Situ Driven by Key Signaling Pathways Including ECM Remodeling. Cancer Res 2021; 81:1552-1566. [PMID: 33472889 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Basal and luminal subtypes of invasive bladder tumors have significant prognostic and predictive impacts for patients. However, it remains unclear whether tumor subtype commitment occurs in noninvasive urothelial lesions or in carcinoma in situ (CIS) and which gene pathways are important for bladder tumor progression. To understand the timing of this commitment, we used gene expression and protein analysis to create a global overview of 36 separate tissues excised from a whole bladder encompassing urothelium, noninvasive urothelial lesions, CIS, and invasive carcinomas. Additionally investigated were matched CIS, noninvasive urothelial lesions, and muscle-invasive bladder cancers (MIBC) from 22 patients. The final stage of subtype commitment to either a luminal or basal MIBC occurred at the CIS transition. For all tissues combined, hierarchical clustering of subtype gene expression revealed three subtypes: "luminal," "basal," and a "luminal p53-/extracellular matrix (ECM)-like" phenotype of ECM-related genes enriched in tumor-associated urothelium, noninvasive urothelial lesions, and CIS, but rarely invasive, carcinomas. A separate cohort of normal urothelium from noncancer patients showed significantly lower expression of ECM-related genes compared with tumor-associated urothelium, noninvasive urothelial lesions, and CIS. A PanCancer Progression Panel of 681 genes unveiled pathways specific for the luminal p53-/ECM-like cluster, for example, ECM remodeling, angiogenesis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cellular discohesion, cell motility involved in tumor progression, and cell proliferation and oncogenic ERBB2/ERBB3 signaling for invasive carcinomas. In conclusion, this study provides insights into bladder cancer subtype commitment and associated signaling pathways, which could help predict therapy response and enhance our understanding of therapy resistance. SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates that CIS is the stage of commitment for determining MIBC tumor subtype, which is relevant for patient prognosis and therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Wullweber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Reiner Strick
- Translational Research Centre (TRC), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabienne Lange
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Danijel Sikic
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helge Taubert
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sven Wach
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernd Wullich
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simone Bertz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Veronika Weyerer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Stoehr
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Breyer
- Department of Urology, Caritas Hospital St. Josef, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Burger
- Department of Urology, Caritas Hospital St. Josef, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pamela L Strissel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Translational Research Centre (TRC), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Eckstein
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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36
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Shan G, Zhou X, Gu J, Zhou D, Cheng W, Wu H, Wang Y, Tang T, Wang X. Downregulated exosomal microRNA-148b-3p in cancer associated fibroblasts enhance chemosensitivity of bladder cancer cells by downregulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and upregulating PTEN. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2021; 44:45-59. [PMID: 33423167 PMCID: PMC7906940 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-020-00500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Exosomes derived from cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are known as important drivers of tumor progression. Previously, microRNA (miR)-148b-3p has been found to be upregulated in bladder cancers as well as in body fluids (blood, urine) of bladder cancer patients. Here, we aimed to explore the role of CAF-derived exosome miR-148b-3p in bladder cancer progression and chemosensitivity. Methods Transwell, MTT, flow cytometry and colony formation assays were applied to assess the effects of CAF-derived exosomes on bladder cancer cell metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and chemosensitivity. A dual luciferase reporter assay was employed to evaluate the targeting relationship between miR-148b-3p and PTEN. Gain- and loss- of function assays were conducted to explore the roles of miR-148b-3p and PTEN in the behavior of bladder cancer cells. The role of PTEN in the metastasis, EMT and chemosensitivity of bladder cancer cells was assessed both in vivo and in vitro. Results We found that CAF-derived exosomes promoted the metastasis, EMT and drug resistance of bladder cancer cells. We also found that CAF-derived exosomes could directly transport miR-148b-3p into bladder cancer cells. In a xenograft mouse model we found that CAF-derived exosomes increased miR-148b-3p expression levels and promoted tumor proliferation, metastasis and drug resistance. PTEN was validated as a target of miR-148b-3p. Concordantly, we found that PTEN overexpression inhibited EMT, metastasis and chemoresistance in bladder cancer cells, reversing the tumor promoting effects of miR-148b-3p via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Conclusions Our results suggest that miR-148b-3p downregulation in CAF-derived exosomes, thereby inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and promoting PTEN expression, may offer potential opportunities for bladder cancer treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s13402-020-00500-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Shan
- Department of Urology, RenMin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xike Zhou
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Nanjing Medical University, 1215 Guangrui Road, Jiangsu, 214000, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, The Medical School of Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, 214000, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Gu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Nanjing Medical University, 1215 Guangrui Road, Jiangsu, 214000, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, The Medical School of Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, 214000, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Daoping Zhou
- Center for Precision Medicine, Anhui No.2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, 230041, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Center for Precision Medicine, Anhui No.2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, 230041, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaiguo Wu
- Center for Precision Medicine, Anhui No.2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, 230041, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueping Wang
- Center for Precision Medicine, Anhui No.2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, 230041, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Science, Massachusetts University, MA, 02125, Boston, USA
| | - Tian Tang
- Center for Precision Medicine, Anhui No.2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, 230041, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, RenMin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, 430060, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuedong Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, The Medical School of Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, 214000, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.
- Center for Precision Medicine, Anhui No.2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, 230041, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
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37
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Li CF, Liang PI, Chan TC, Shiue YL. Molecular biology of urothelial carcinoma. JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/jcrp.jcrp_1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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38
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Wang Z, Shang J, Li Z, Li H, Zhang C, He K, Li S, Ju W. PIK3CA Is Regulated by CUX1, Promotes Cell Growth and Metastasis in Bladder Cancer via Activating Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Front Oncol 2020; 10:536072. [PMID: 33344221 PMCID: PMC7744743 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.536072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PIK3CA is a key component of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway that its involvement in tumorigenesis has been revealed by previous research. However, its functions and potential mechanisms in bladder cancer are still largely undiscovered. Tissue microarray (TMA) with 66 bladder cancer patients was surveyed via immunohistochemistry to evaluate the level of PIK3CA and CUX1 and we found upregulation of PIK3CA in bladder cancer tissue and patients with higher level of PIK3CA presented with poorer prognosis. Overly expressed PIK3CA promoted growth, migration, invasion, and metastasis of bladder cancer cells and knockdown of PIK3CA had the opposite effect. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies showed that PIK3CA expression was facilitated by CUX1, leading to activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), accompanied by upregulated expression of Snail, β-catenin, Vimentin and downregulated expression of E-cadherin in the bladder cancer cell lines. Besides, over-expressed CUX1 could restore the expression of downregulated Snail, β-catenin, Vimentin and E-cadherin which was induced by PIK3CA knockdown. These results revealed that PIK3CA overexpression in bladder cancer was regulated by the transcription factor CUX1, and PIK3CA exerted its biological effects by activating EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Wang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Shang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiqin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chufan Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai He
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shikang Li
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wen Ju
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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39
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Minoli M, Kiener M, Thalmann GN, Kruithof-de Julio M, Seiler R. Evolution of Urothelial Bladder Cancer in the Context of Molecular Classifications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5670. [PMID: 32784716 PMCID: PMC7461199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease that is not depicted by current classification systems. It was originally classified into non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive. However, clinically and genetically variable tumors are summarized within both classes. A definition of three groups may better account for the divergence in prognosis and probably also choice of treatment. The first group represents mostly non-invasive tumors that reoccur but do not progress. Contrarily, the second group represent non-muscle invasive tumors that likely progress to the third group, the muscle invasive tumors. High throughput tumor profiling improved our understanding of the biology of bladder cancer. It allows the identification of molecular subtypes, at least three for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (Class I, Class II and Class III) and six for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (luminal papillary, luminal non-specified, luminal unstable, stroma-rich, basal/squamous and neuroendocrine-like) with distinct clinical and molecular phenotypes. Molecular subtypes can be potentially used to predict the response to treatment (e.g., neoadjuvant chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors). Moreover, they may allow to characterize the evolution of bladder cancer through different pathways. However, to move towards precision medicine, the understanding of the biological meaning of these molecular subtypes and differences in the composition of cell subpopulations will be mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Minoli
- Department of BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (M.M.); (M.K.); (G.N.T.); (M.K.-d.J.)
| | - Mirjam Kiener
- Department of BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (M.M.); (M.K.); (G.N.T.); (M.K.-d.J.)
| | - George N. Thalmann
- Department of BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (M.M.); (M.K.); (G.N.T.); (M.K.-d.J.)
- Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marianna Kruithof-de Julio
- Department of BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (M.M.); (M.K.); (G.N.T.); (M.K.-d.J.)
- Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roland Seiler
- Department of BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (M.M.); (M.K.); (G.N.T.); (M.K.-d.J.)
- Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
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40
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Leblond MM, Tillé L, Nassiri S, Gilfillan CB, Imbratta C, Schmittnaegel M, Ries CH, Speiser DE, Verdeil G. CD40 Agonist Restores the Antitumor Efficacy of Anti-PD1 Therapy in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer in an IFN I/II-Mediated Manner. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:1180-1192. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Assessment of Luminal and Basal Phenotypes in Bladder Cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9743. [PMID: 32546765 PMCID: PMC7298008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66747-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic profiling studies have demonstrated that bladder cancer can be divided into two molecular subtypes referred to as luminal and basal with distinct clinical behaviors and sensitivities to frontline chemotherapy. We analyzed the mRNA expressions of signature luminal and basal genes in bladder cancer tumor samples from publicly available and MD Anderson Cancer Center cohorts. We developed a quantitative classifier referred to as basal to luminal transition (BLT) score which identified the molecular subtypes of bladder cancer with 80–94% sensitivity and 83–93% specificity. In order to facilitate molecular subtyping of bladder cancer in primary care centers, we analyzed the protein expressions of signature luminal (GATA3) and basal (KRT5/6) markers by immunohistochemistry, which identified molecular subtypes in over 80% of the cases. In conclusion, we provide a tool for assessment of molecular subtypes of bladder cancer in routine clinical practice.
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42
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Matuszczak M, Salagierski M. Diagnostic and Prognostic Potential of Biomarkers CYFRA 21.1, ERCC1, p53, FGFR3 and TATI in Bladder Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093360. [PMID: 32397531 PMCID: PMC7247579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The high occurrence of bladder cancer and its tendency to recur in combination with a lifelong surveillance make the treatment of superficial bladder cancer one of the most expensive and time-consuming. Moreover, carcinoma in situ often leads to muscle invasion with an unfavorable prognosis. Currently, invasive methods including cystoscopy and cytology remain a gold standard. The aim of this study was to explore urine-based biomarkers to find the one with the best specificity and sensitivity, which would allow optimizing the treatment plan. In this review, we sum up the current knowledge about Cytokeratin fragments (CYFRA 21.1), Excision Repair Cross-Complementation 1 (ERCC1), Tumour Protein p53 (Tp53), Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 (FGFR3), Tumor-Associated Trypsin Inhibitor (TATI) and their potential applications in clinical practice.
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Masuda N, Murakami K, Kita Y, Hamada A, Kamada M, Teramoto Y, Sakatani T, Matsumoto K, Sano T, Saito R, Okuno Y, Ogawa O, Kobayashi T. Trp53 Mutation in Keratin 5 (Krt5)-Expressing Basal Cells Facilitates the Development of Basal Squamous-Like Invasive Bladder Cancer in the Chemical Carcinogenesis of Mouse Bladder. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1752-1762. [PMID: 32339497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The biological processes of urothelial carcinogenesis are not fully understood, particularly regarding the relationship between specific genetic events, cell of origin, and molecular subtypes of subsequent tumors. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN)-induced mouse bladder cancer is widely accepted as a useful model that recapitulates the pathway of human bladder tumorigenesis from dysplasia to invasive cancer via carcinoma in situ. However, the long and variable time of tumorigenesis often hinders efficient preclinical or translational research. We hypothesized that Trp53 mutation in specific types of urothelial cells facilitates efficient development of clinically relevant bladder cancer. Using lineage tracing, we showed that Trp53 mutation in Krt5-expressing cells resulted in more efficient tumorigenesis of mouse muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) with squamous differentiation compared with Trp53 mutation in Upk2-expressing cells, or wild-type or hemizygous Trp53 in the entire urothelium. Mouse MIBC that developed at 24 weeks of BBN treatment showed morphologic and genetic similarities to the basal squamous subtypes of human MIBC, irrespective of pre-induction of Trp53 mutation or whether the cell of origin was Krt5- or Upk2-expressing cells. Our findings suggest that intermediate cells as well as basal cells also can give rise to basal-like MIBC, with pre-induction of Trp53 mutation accelerating MIBC. Thus, in BBN chemical carcinogenesis, pre-induction of Trp53 mutation in basal cells facilitates efficient modeling of the basal squamous subtype of human MIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Masuda
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaoru Murakami
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Kita
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hamada
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kamada
- Department of Biomedical Data Intelligence, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Teramoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toru Sakatani
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiyu Matsumoto
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sano
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Saito
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okuno
- Department of Biomedical Data Intelligence, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Ogawa
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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44
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Hamada A, Kita Y, Murakami K, Matsumoto K, Sakatani T, Sano T, Ogawa O, Kobayashi T. Enhancement of transduction efficiency using Adeno-associated viral vectors by chemical pretreatment to mice bladder urothelium. J Virol Methods 2020; 279:113854. [PMID: 32198026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have been recognized as promising tools for gene delivery. The bladder is a seemingly ideal organ for virus transfer, with easy access through the urethra enabling organ-specific delivery. However, achieving adequate transduction efficiency in the urothelium has been a major challenge because of the barrier function of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer. We investigated optimal pretreatments of the bladder urothelium to maximize transduction efficiency by AAV vectors in vivo. Murine bladders were pretreated with five different chemical agents followed by transurethral instillation with an AAV2 vector encoding a tdTOMATO reporter. After 7 days, transduction efficiency of the urothelium was evaluated. Bladder urothelia pretreated with HCl showed clear evidence of AAV infection and gene delivery. Mice treated with 0.1 N HCl for 4 min showed significantly higher survival rates (nearly 80 %) compared with mice receiving other pretreatment regimens. AAV vector transduction in the urothelium was observed in seven of 20 mice (35 %), and the mean transduction efficiency in these mice was 14.5 %. Thus, HCl pretreatment enhanced transduction efficiency of the mice bladder urothelium by an AAV vector in vivo. Pretreatment with 0.1 N HCl for 4 min was the optimal condition to maximize survival and transduction efficiency of the urothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Hamada
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Yuki Kita
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Kaoru Murakami
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Keiyu Matsumoto
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Toru Sakatani
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Takeshi Sano
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Osamu Ogawa
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan.
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
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45
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Li H, Zhang Q, Shuman L, Kaag M, Raman JD, Merrill S, DeGraff DJ, Warrick JI, Chen G. Evaluation of PD-L1 and other immune markers in bladder urothelial carcinoma stratified by histologic variants and molecular subtypes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1439. [PMID: 31996725 PMCID: PMC6989654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Although advanced bladder cancer overall has a poor prognosis, a subset of patients demonstrate durable response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Evidence shows that the response to checkpoint inhibitors may be associated with type and degree of immune infiltration in the tumor microenvironment. Here, we evaluated immune markers stratified by molecular subtypes and histologic variants. The study utilized a series of urothelial carcinomas (UCs) by tissue microarray, on which histologic variants and molecular subtypes had previously been established. PD1, CD3, CD8 and CD68 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in tumor infiltrating immune cells, while PD-L1 expression in the tumor microenvironment was assessed. Each marker was scored semi-quantitatively (score 0–3). Tumors were clustered by marker scores using agglomerative methods, and associations among markers, histologies, and molecular subtypes were analyzed. PD-L1 expression in the tumor microenvironment significantly correlated with presence of CD3, CD8 and chronic inflammation. Urothelial carcinoma may be classified as either immune high or low based on marker expression. The immune high group is enriched in higher CD3, PD-L1, and genomically-unstable molecular subtype, suggesting it may respond to checkpoint inhibitors. We also identified a degree of intratumoral heterogeneity in immune markers in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Li
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Qingzhao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Lauren Shuman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Kaag
- Department of Surgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jay D Raman
- Department of Surgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Suzanne Merrill
- Department of Surgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - David J DeGraff
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Joshua I Warrick
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Guoli Chen
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA.
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46
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Advances in Diagnostic Procedures and Their Applications in the Era of Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1244:37-50. [PMID: 32301009 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41008-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic procedures play critical roles in cancer immunotherapy. In this chapter, we briefly discuss three major diagnostic procedures widely used in immunotherapy: immunohistochemistry, next-generation sequencing, and flow cytometry. We also describe the uses of other diagnostic procedures and preclinical animal models in cancer immunotherapy translational research.
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47
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Seyer AK, Lehman HL, DeGraff DJ. Modeling Tumor Heterogeneity in Bladder Cancer: The Current State of the Field and Future Needs. Bladder Cancer 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/blc-199009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Seyer
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Heather L. Lehman
- Department of Biology, Millersville University, Millersville, PA, USA
| | - David J. DeGraff
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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48
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Long Noncoding RNA GATA3-AS1 Promotes Cell Proliferation and Metastasis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Suppression of PTEN, CDKN1A, and TP53. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 2019:1389653. [PMID: 31871924 PMCID: PMC6913283 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1389653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been known to play important roles in the progression of various types of human cancer. LncRNA GATA3 antisense RNA 1, GATA3-AS1, has been reported to be associated with T-cell development and differentiation. However, the expression pattern and function of GATA3-AS1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unknown. METHODS Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay was conducted to detect GATA3-AS1 expression levels in 80 cases of pairs HCC tissues and matched normal tissues. Chi-squared (χ 2) test was used to analyze the correlation between GATA3-AS1 expression and clinicopathologic variables. Survival curves were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method and were compared via the log-rank test. The cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and wound scratch assays were applied to detect the effect of GATA3-AS1 knockdown and overexpression on cell growth and migration of HCC. RT-qPCR was performed for the detection of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A), and tumor protein p53 (TP53) expression in HCC cells after GATA3-AS1 knockdown and overexpression. RESULTS GATA3-AS1 was significantly upregulated in HCC tissues compared with matched normal tissues. The high expression of GATA3-AS1 was significantly correlated with larger tumor size, advanced TNM stage, and more lymph node metastasis. High GATA3-AS1 expression was markedly correlated with shorter overall survival times of HCC patients. Furthermore, knockdown of GATA3-AS1 obviously inhibited Hep3B and HCCLM3 cell growth and migration, whereas overexpression of GATA3-AS1 had the opposite effects. In addition, GATA3-AS1 knockdown resulted in upregulated expression levels of tumor-suppressive genes, PTEN, CDKN1A, and TP53, in Hep3B and HCCLM3 cells, while restoration of GATA3-AS1 decreased PTEN, CDKN1A, and TP53 expression levels. CONCLUSION Our data suggested that GATA3-AS1 promotes cell proliferation and metastasis of HCC by suppression of PTEN, CDKN1A, and TP53.
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Nuclear Factor-κB Overexpression is Correlated with Poor Outcomes after Multimodality Bladder-Preserving Therapy in Patients with Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111954. [PMID: 31766169 PMCID: PMC6912291 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate prognostic molecular targets for selecting patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer undergoing bladder-preserving therapy. Pretreatment biopsy samples from patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer receiving trimodality bladder-preserving therapy were analyzed for expression levels of p53, p16, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (Her-2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB; p65), E-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), meiotic recombination 11 homolog (MRE11), programmed death-1 ligand (PD-L1), and mismatch repair proteins (MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6) by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. The correlations between these molecular markers with local progression-free survival (LPFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), and overall survival (OS) were explored. Biopsy samples from 41 out of 60 patients were evaluated using IHC. Univariate analysis revealed that the high expression of NFκB is associated with significantly worse LPFS, DMFS, and OS, and low expression of p16 is associated with significantly lower LPFS. Upon further multivariate analysis including sex, age, stage, and selected unfavorable factors in the model, NFκB and p16 independently remained significant. The investigational in vitro study demonstrated that irradiation induces up-regulation of NFκB signaling. Irradiated bladder cancer cells showed increased invasion capability and clonogenic survival; inhibition of NFκB signaling by an NFκB inhibitor, SC75741, or RNA interference reversed the observed increases. NFκB expression (p65) is associated with prognostic significance for both LPFS and DMFS in patients treated with bladder-preserving therapy, with consistent impact on cell viability of bladder cancer cells. NFκB may be a putative molecular target to help with outcome stratification.
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50
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Braicu C, Buiga R, Cojocneanu R, Buse M, Raduly L, Pop LA, Chira S, Budisan L, Jurj A, Ciocan C, Magdo L, Irimie A, Dobrota F, Petrut B, Berindan-Neagoe I. Connecting the dots between different networks: miRNAs associated with bladder cancer risk and progression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:433. [PMID: 31665050 PMCID: PMC6819535 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer (BC) is a common urothelial malignancy, characterized by a high recurrence rate. The biology of bladder cancer is complex and needs to be deciphered. The latest evidence reveals the critical role of the non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNAs (miRNAs), as vital regulatory elements in cancer. METHOD We performed a miRNAs microarray using paired tissues (tumor and adjacent normal bladder tissue), followed by the validation with qRT-PCR of five selected transcripts. Additional next-generation sequencing investigation established the interconnection among the altered miRNAs and mutated genes. Based on the overlapping between TCGA data and data obtained in the study, we focused on the systematic identification of altered miRNAs and genes mutated involved in bladder cancer tumorigenesis and progression. RESULTS By overlapping the miRNAs expression data, the two patient cohorts, we identified 18 miRNAs downregulated and, 187 miRNAs upregulated. qRT-PCR validation was completed using a selected panel of two downregulated (miR-139-5p and miR-143-5p) and three up-regulated miRNAs (miR-141b, miR-200 s or miR-205). Altered miRNAs patterns are interrelated to bladder tumorigenesis, allowing them to be used for the development of novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Three EMT-related upregulated miRNAs have an essential role in the molecular mechanisms, specifically key processes underlying tumorigenesis, invasion and metastasis. Using the Ampliseq Cancer Panel kit and Ion Torrent PGM Next-Generation Sequencing an increased mutation rate for TP53, FGFR3, KDR, PIK3CA and ATM were observed, but the mutational status for only TP53 was correlated to the survival rate. The miRNAs pattern, along with the gene mutation pattern attained, can assist for better patient diagnosis. CONCLUSION This study thereby incorporates miRNAs as critical players in bladder cancer prognosis, where their altered gene expression profiles have a critical biological function in relationship with tumor molecular phenotype. The miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks identified in BC are ripe for exploitation as biomarkers or targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Braicu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Rares Buiga
- Department of Pathology, "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta" Oncology Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Pathology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Roxana Cojocneanu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihail Buse
- MedFuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lajos Raduly
- Research Center for Functional Genomics Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Laura Ancuta Pop
- Research Center for Functional Genomics Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sergiu Chira
- Research Center for Functional Genomics Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Liviuta Budisan
- Research Center for Functional Genomics Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ancuta Jurj
- Research Center for Functional Genomics Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina Ciocan
- MedFuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lorand Magdo
- Research Center for Functional Genomics Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Irimie
- Department of Surgery, "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta" Oncology Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Surgical Oncology and Gynecological Oncology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Florentin Dobrota
- Department of Urology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bogdan Petrut
- Department of Urology, "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta" Oncology Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. .,Department of Urology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,MedFuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta" Oncology Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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