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Shen Y, Lin SY, Harbin J, Amin R, Vassalotti A, Romanowski J, Schmidt E, Tierney A, Ellis RE. Rewiring the Sex-Determination Pathway During the Evolution of Self-Fertility. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msae101. [PMID: 38880992 PMCID: PMC11180601 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Although evolution is driven by changes in how regulatory pathways control development, we know little about the molecular details underlying these transitions. The TRA-2 domain that mediates contact with TRA-1 is conserved in Caenorhabditis. By comparing the interaction of these proteins in two species, we identified a striking change in how sexual development is controlled. Identical mutations in this domain promote oogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans but promote spermatogenesis in Caenorhabditis briggsae. Furthermore, the effects of these mutations involve the male-promoting gene fem-3 in C. elegans but are independent of fem-3 in C. briggsae. Finally, reciprocal mutations in these genes show that C. briggsae TRA-2 binds TRA-1 to prevent expression of spermatogenesis regulators. By contrast, in C. elegans TRA-1 sequesters TRA-2 in the germ line, allowing FEM-3 to initiate spermatogenesis. Thus, we propose that the flow of information within the sex determination pathway has switched directions during evolution. This result has important implications for how evolutionary change can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongquan Shen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering and Science, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Shin-Yi Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering and Science, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Jonathan Harbin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering and Science, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Richa Amin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering and Science, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Allison Vassalotti
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering and Science, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Joseph Romanowski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering and Science, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Emily Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering and Science, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Alexis Tierney
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering and Science, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Ronald E Ellis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering and Science, Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
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Abstract
Establishment of the hemochorial uterine-placental interface requires exodus of trophoblast cells from the placenta and their transformative actions on the uterus, which represent processes critical for a successful pregnancy, but are poorly understood. We examined the involvement of CBP/p300-interacting transactivator with glutamic acid/aspartic acid-rich carboxyl-terminal domain 2 (CITED2) in rat and human trophoblast cell development. The rat and human exhibit deep hemochorial placentation. CITED2 was distinctively expressed in the junctional zone (JZ) and invasive trophoblast cells of the rat. Homozygous Cited2 gene deletion resulted in placental and fetal growth restriction. Small Cited2 null placentas were characterized by disruptions in the JZ, delays in intrauterine trophoblast cell invasion, and compromised plasticity. In the human placentation site, CITED2 was uniquely expressed in the extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cell column and importantly contributed to the development of the EVT cell lineage. We conclude that CITED2 is a conserved regulator of deep hemochorial placentation.
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Covarrubias A, Aguilera-Olguín M, Carrasco-Wong I, Pardo F, Díaz-Astudillo P, Martín SS. Feto-placental Unit: From Development to Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1428:1-29. [PMID: 37466767 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32554-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The placenta is an intriguing organ that allows us to survive intrauterine life. This essential organ connects both mother and fetus and plays a crucial role in maternal and fetal well-being. This chapter presents an overview of the morphological and functional aspects of human placental development. First, we describe early human placental development and the characterization of the cell types found in the human placenta. Second, the human placenta from the second trimester to the term of gestation is reviewed, focusing on the morphology and specific pathologies that affect the placenta. Finally, we focus on the placenta's primary functions, such as oxygen and nutrient transport, and their importance for placental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambart Covarrubias
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health), Chillán, Chile
| | - Macarena Aguilera-Olguín
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Cellular Signalling and Differentiation Laboratory (CSDL), Medicine and Science Faculty, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ivo Carrasco-Wong
- Cellular Signalling and Differentiation Laboratory (CSDL), School of Medical Technology, Medicine and Science Faculty, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabián Pardo
- Metabolic Diseases Research Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Centre of Territorial Health Research (CIISTe), Biomedical Research Center (CIB), San Felipe Campus, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, San Felipe, Chile
| | - Pamela Díaz-Astudillo
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Sebastián San Martín
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Chile.
- Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health), Chillan, Chile.
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4
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Bartoszewska S, Collawn JF, Bartoszewski R. The Role of the Hypoxia-Related Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:4870. [PMID: 36230792 PMCID: PMC9562011 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite our understanding of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways, the crosstalk between the UPR and the complex signaling networks that different cancers utilize for cell survival remains to be, in most cases, a difficult research barrier. A major problem is the constant variability of different cancer types and the different stages of cancer as well as the complexity of the tumor microenvironments (TME). This complexity often leads to apparently contradictory results. Furthermore, the majority of the studies that have been conducted have utilized two-dimensional in vitro cultures of cancer cells that were exposed to continuous hypoxia, and this approach may not mimic the dynamic and cyclic conditions that are found in solid tumors. Here, we discuss the role of intermittent hypoxia, one of inducers of the UPR in the cellular component of TME, and the way in which intermittent hypoxia induces high levels of reactive oxygen species, the activation of the UPR, and the way in which cancer cells modulate the UPR to aid in their survival. Although the past decade has resulted in defining the complex, novel non-coding RNA-based regulatory networks that modulate the means by which hypoxia influences the UPR, we are now just to beginning to understand some of the connections between hypoxia, the UPR, and the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Bartoszewska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - James F. Collawn
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Rafal Bartoszewski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14a Street, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
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5
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Miwa T, Ohtani K, Inoue K, Sakamoto H. The germ cell-specific TAP-like protein NXF-2 forms a novel granular structure and is required for tra-2 3'UTR-dependent mRNA export in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genes Cells 2022; 27:621-628. [PMID: 35950937 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
TAP is a general mRNA export receptor and is highly conserved among eukaryotes. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has another TAP-like protein, NXF-2, but little is known about its function. In this study, we show that NXF-2 is specifically expressed in germ cells and forms a novel granular structure that is different from that of P granules and that NXF-2 granules are anchored to the nuclear periphery in the mitotic region of the hermaphrodite gonad. In contrast, NXF-2 granules are released within the whole cytoplasm in the meiotic region, where the feminization gene tra-2 starts to function. Both inhibition of XPO-1 (an ortholog of the export receptor CRM1) and mutation of the nuclear export signal of NXF-2 caused the release of NXF-2 granules from the nuclear periphery, indicating that anchoring of NXF-2 granules depends on XPO-1 function. Moreover, inhibition of NXF-2 resulted in a substantial nuclear accumulation of the reporter mRNA carrying the tra-2 3'UTR. These results suggest that, together with XPO-1, NXF-2 exports and anchors tra-2 mRNA to the nuclear periphery to avoid precocious translation until the germ cells reach the meiotic region, thereby contributing to the regulation of tra-2 mRNA expression. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Miwa
- Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Science Faculty of Science, Grad. Sch. Sci. Tech.1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe Hyogo, Japan
| | - Keigo Ohtani
- Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Science Faculty of Science, Grad. Sch. Sci. Tech.1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kunio Inoue
- Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Science Faculty of Science, Grad. Sch. Sci. Tech.1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakamoto
- Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Science Faculty of Science, Grad. Sch. Sci. Tech.1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe Hyogo, Japan
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6
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Garcés-Lázaro I, Kotzur R, Cerwenka A, Mandelboim O. NK Cells Under Hypoxia: The Two Faces of Vascularization in Tumor and Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:924775. [PMID: 35769460 PMCID: PMC9234265 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.924775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental conditions greatly shape the phenotype and function of immune cells. Specifically, hypoxic conditions that exist within tissues and organs have been reported to affect both the adaptive and the innate immune system. Natural killer (NK) cells belong to the innate immune system. They are among the first immune cells responding to infections and are involved in tumor surveillance. NK cells produce cytokines that shape other innate and adaptive immune cells, and they produce cytolytic molecules leading to target cell killing. Therefore, they are not only involved in steady state tissue homeostasis, but also in pathogen and tumor clearance. Hence, understanding the role of NK cells in pathological and physiological immune biology is an emerging field. To date, it remains incompletely understood how the tissue microenvironment shapes NK cell phenotype and function. In particular, the impact of low oxygen concentrations in tissues on NK cell reactivity has not been systematically dissected. Here, we present a comprehensive review focusing on two highly compelling hypoxic tissue environments, the tumor microenvironment (pathological) and the decidua (physiological) and compare their impact on NK cell reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Garcés-Lázaro
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, Mannheim Institute of Innate Immunosciences (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rebecca Kotzur
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adelheid Cerwenka
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, Mannheim Institute of Innate Immunosciences (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- *Correspondence: Adelheid Cerwenka, ; Ofer Mandelboim,
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
- *Correspondence: Adelheid Cerwenka, ; Ofer Mandelboim,
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7
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Ellis RE. Sex Determination in Nematode Germ Cells. Sex Dev 2022:1-18. [PMID: 35172320 PMCID: PMC9378769 DOI: 10.1159/000520872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal germ cells differentiate as sperm or as oocytes. These sexual fates are controlled by complex regulatory pathways to ensure that the proper gametes are made at the appropriate times. SUMMARY Nematodes like Caenorhabditis elegans and its close relatives are ideal models for studying how this regulation works, because the XX animals are self-fertile hermaphrodites that produce both sperm and oocytes. In these worms, germ cells use the same signal transduction pathway that functions in somatic cells. This pathway determines the activity of the transcription factor TRA-1, a Gli protein that can repress male genes. However, the pathway is extensively modified in germ cells, largely by the action of translational regulators like the PUF proteins. Many of these modifications play critical roles in allowing the XX hermaphrodites to make sperm in an otherwise female body. Finally, TRA-1 cooperates with chromatin regulators in the germ line to control the activity of fog-1 and fog-3, which are essential for spermatogenesis. FOG-1 and FOG-3 work together to determine germ cell fates by blocking the translation of oogenic transcripts. Key Messages: Although there is great diversity in how germ cell fates are controlled in other animals, many of the key nematode genes are conserved, and the critical role of translational regulators may be universal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald E Ellis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan University SOM, Stratford, New Jersey, USA
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8
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Jiang Y, Duan LJ, Fong GH. Oxygen-sensing mechanisms in development and tissue repair. Development 2021; 148:273632. [PMID: 34874450 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Under normoxia, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) α subunits are hydroxylated by PHDs (prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins) and subsequently undergo polyubiquitylation and degradation. Normal embryogenesis occurs under hypoxia, which suppresses PHD activities and allows HIFα to stabilize and regulate development. In this Primer, we explain molecular mechanisms of the oxygen-sensing pathway, summarize HIF-regulated downstream events, discuss loss-of-function phenotypes primarily in mouse development, and highlight clinical relevance to angiogenesis and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yida Jiang
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Li-Juan Duan
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Guo-Hua Fong
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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9
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The Impact of Hypoxia in Early Pregnancy on Placental Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189675. [PMID: 34575844 PMCID: PMC8466283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen levels in the placental microenvironment throughout gestation are not constant, with severe hypoxic conditions present during the first trimester. This hypoxic phase overlaps with the most critical stages of placental development, i.e., blastocyst implantation, cytotrophoblast invasion, and spiral artery remodeling initiation. Dysregulation of any of these steps in early gestation can result in pregnancy loss and/or adverse pregnancy outcomes. Hypoxia has been shown to regulate not only the self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation of trophoblast stem cells and progenitor cells, but also the recruitment, phenotype, and function of maternal immune cells. In this review, we will summarize how oxygen levels in early placental development determine the survival, fate, and function of several important cell types, e.g., trophoblast stem cells, extravillous trophoblasts, syncytiotrophoblasts, uterine natural killer cells, Hofbauer cells, and decidual macrophages. We will also discuss the cellular mechanisms used to cope with low oxygen tensions, such as the induction of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signals, regulation of the metabolic pathway, and adaptation to autophagy. Understanding the beneficial roles of hypoxia in early placental development will provide insights into the root cause(s) of some pregnancy disorders, such as spontaneous abortion, preeclampsia, and intrauterine growth restriction.
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10
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Marinello WP, Patisaul HB. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and placental function: Impact on fetal brain development. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2021; 92:347-400. [PMID: 34452690 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy is a critical time of vulnerability for the development of the fetal brain. Exposure to environmental pollutants at any point in pregnancy can negatively impact many aspects of fetal development, especially the organization and differentiation of the brain. The placenta performs a variety of functions that can help protect the fetus and sustain brain development. However, disruption of any of these functions can have negative impacts on both the pregnancy outcome and fetal neurodevelopment. This review presents current understanding of how environmental exposures, specifically to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), interfere with placental function and, in turn, neurodevelopment. Some of the key differences in placental development between animal models are presented, as well as how placental functions such as serving as a xenobiotic barrier and exchange organ, immune interface, regulator of growth and fetal oxygenation, and a neuroendocrine organ, could be vulnerable to environmental exposure. This review illustrates the importance of the placenta as a modulator of fetal brain development and suggests critical unexplored areas and possible vulnerabilities to environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Marinello
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.
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11
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Aplin JD, Jones CJP. Cell dynamics in human villous trophoblast. Hum Reprod Update 2021; 27:904-922. [PMID: 34125187 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Villous cytotrophoblast (vCTB) is a precursor cell population that supports the development of syncytiotrophoblast (vSTB), the high surface area barrier epithelium of the placental villus, and the primary interface between maternal and fetal tissue. In light of increasing evidence that the placenta can adapt to changing maternal environments or, under stress, can trigger maternal disease, we consider what properties of these cells empower them to exert a controlling influence on pregnancy progression and outcome. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE How are cytotrophoblast proliferation and differentiation regulated in the human placental villus to allow for the increasing demands of the fetal and environmental challenges and stresses that may arise during pregnancy? SEARCH METHODS PubMed was interrogated using relevant keywords and word roots combining trophoblast, villus/villous, syncytio/syncytium, placenta, stem, transcription factor (and the individual genes), signalling, apoptosis, autophagy (and the respective genes) from 1960 to the present. Since removal of trophoblast from its tissue environment is known to fundamentally change cell growth and differentiation kinetics, research that relied exclusively on cell culture has not been the main focus of this review, though it is mentioned where appropriate. Work on non-human placenta is not systematically covered, though mention is made where relevant hypotheses have emerged. OUTCOMES The synthesis of data from the literature has led to a new hypothesis for vCTB dynamics. We propose that a reversible transition can occur from a reserve population in G0 to a mitotically active state. Cells from the in-cycle population can then differentiate irreversibly to intermediate cells that leave the cycle and turn on genes that confer the capacity to fuse with the overlying vSTB as well as other functions associated with syncytial barrier and transport function. We speculate that alterations in the rate of entry to the cell cycle, or return of cells in the mitotic fraction to G0, can occur in response to environmental challenge. We also review evidence on the life cycle of trophoblast from the time that fusion occurs, and point to gaps in knowledge of how large quantities of fetal DNA arrive in maternal circulation. We critique historical methodology and make a case for research to re-address questions about trophoblast lifecycle and dynamics in normal pregnancy and the common diseases of pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction, where altered trophoblast kinetics have long been postulated. WIDER IMPLICATIONS The hypothesis requires experimental testing, moving research away from currently accepted methodology towards a new standard that includes representative cell and tissue sampling, assessment of cell cycle and differentiation parameters, and robust classification of cell subpopulations in villous trophoblast, with due attention to gestational age, maternal and fetal phenotype, disease and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Aplin
- Maternal and Fetal Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Carolyn J P Jones
- Maternal and Fetal Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
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12
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Wang XH, Xu S, Zhou XY, Zhao R, Lin Y, Cao J, Zang WD, Tao H, Xu W, Li MQ, Zhao SM, Jin LP, Zhao JY. Low chorionic villous succinate accumulation associates with recurrent spontaneous abortion risk. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3428. [PMID: 34103526 PMCID: PMC8187647 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23827-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated extravillous trophoblast invasion and proliferation are known to increase the risk of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA); however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Herein, in our retrospective observational case-control study we show that villous samples from RSA patients, compared to healthy controls, display reduced succinate dehydrogenase complex iron sulfur subunit (SDHB) DNA methylation, elevated SDHB expression, and reduced succinate levels, indicating that low succinate levels correlate with RSA. Moreover, we find high succinate levels in early pregnant women are correlated with successful embryo implantation. SDHB promoter methylation recruited MBD1 and excluded c-Fos, inactivating SDHB expression and causing intracellular succinate accumulation which mimicked hypoxia in extravillous trophoblasts cell lines JEG3 and HTR8 via the PHD2-VHL-HIF-1α pathway; however, low succinate levels reversed this effect and increased the risk of abortion in mouse model. This study reveals that abnormal metabolite levels inhibit extravillous trophoblast function and highlights an approach for RSA intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, State Key Lab of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, and Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sha Xu
- Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, State Key Lab of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, and Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Zhou
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, State Key Lab of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, and Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, State Key Lab of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, and Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei-Dong Zang
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Tao
- Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, State Key Lab of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, and Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Qing Li
- Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, State Key Lab of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, and Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Min Zhao
- Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, State Key Lab of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, and Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Ping Jin
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jian-Yuan Zhao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, State Key Lab of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, and Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Siragher E, Sferruzzi-Perri AN. Placental hypoxia: What have we learnt from small animal models? Placenta 2021; 113:29-47. [PMID: 34074553 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine hypoxia is a feature of pregnancy complications, both at high altitude and sea level. To understand the placental response to reduced oxygen availability, small animal models of maternal inhalation hypoxia (MIH) or reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) may be utilised. The aim of this review was to compare the findings of those studies to identify the role of oxygen availability in adapting placental structural and functional phenotypes in relation to fetal outcome. It also sought to explore the evidence for the involvement of particular genes and protein signalling pathways in the placenta in mediating hypoxia driven alterations. The data available demonstrate that both MIH and RUPP can induce placental hypoxia, which affects placental structure and vascularity, as well as glucose, amino acid, calcium and possibly lipid transport capacity. In addition, changes have been observed in HIF, VEGF, insulin/IGF2, AMPK, mTOR, PI3K and PPARγ signalling, which may be key in linking together observed phenotypes under conditions of placental hypoxia. Many different manipulations have been examined, with varied outcomes depending on the intensity, timing and duration of the insult. Some manipulations have detrimental effects on placental phenotype, viability and fetal growth, whereas in others, the placenta appears to adapt to uphold fetal growth despite the challenge of low oxygen. Together these data suggest a complex response of the placenta to reduced oxygen availability, which links to changes in fetal outcomes. However, further work is required to explore the role of fetal sex, altered maternal physiology and placental molecular mechanisms to fully understand placental responses to hypoxia and their relevance for pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Siragher
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Amanda N Sferruzzi-Perri
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.
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Oliveira MDMS, Salgado CDM, Viana LR, Gomes-Marcondes MCC. Pregnancy and Cancer: Cellular Biology and Mechanisms Affecting the Placenta. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1667. [PMID: 33916290 PMCID: PMC8037654 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer during pregnancy is rarely studied due to its low incidence (1:1000). However, as a result of different sociocultural and economic changes, women are postponing pregnancy, so the number of pregnant women with cancer has been increasing in recent years. The importance of studying cancer during pregnancy is not only based on maternal and foetal prognosis, but also on the evolutionary mechanisms of the cell biology of trophoblasts and neoplastic cells, which point out similarities between and suggest new fields for the study of cancer. Moreover, the magnitude of how cancer factors can affect trophoblastic cells, and vice versa, in altering the foetus's nutrition and health is still a subject to be understood. In this context, the objective of this narrative review was to show that some researchers point out the importance of supplementing branched-chain amino acids, especially leucine, in experimental models of pregnancy associated with women with cancer. A leucine-rich diet may be an interesting strategy to preserve physiological placenta metabolism for protecting the mother and foetus from the harmful effects of cancer during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lais Rosa Viana
- Nutrition and Cancer Laboratory, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-862, Brazil; (M.d.M.S.O.); (C.d.M.S.)
| | - Maria Cristina Cintra Gomes-Marcondes
- Nutrition and Cancer Laboratory, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-862, Brazil; (M.d.M.S.O.); (C.d.M.S.)
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15
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Liu F, Simasotchi C, Vibert F, Zhu W, Gil S, Degrelle SA, Fournier T. Age and Sex-Related Changes in Human First-Trimester Placenta Transcriptome and Insights into Adaptative Responses to Increased Oxygen. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062901. [PMID: 33809345 PMCID: PMC8001632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological oxygen tension rises dramatically in the placenta between 8 and 14 weeks of gestation. Abnormalities in this period can lead to gestational diseases, whose underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We explored the changes at mRNA level by comparing the transcriptomes of human placentas at 8–10 gestational weeks and 12–14 gestational weeks. A total of 20 samples were collected and divided equally into four groups based on sex and age. Cytotrophoblasts were isolated and sequenced using RNAseq. Key genes were identified using two different methods: DESeq2 and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). We also constructed a local database of known targets of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) subunits, alpha and beta, to investigate expression patterns likely linked with changes in oxygen. Patterns of gene enrichment in and among the four groups were analyzed based on annotations of gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathways. We characterized the similarities and differences between the enrichment patterns revealed by the two methods and the two conditions (age and sex), as well as those associated with HIF targets. Our results provide a broad perspective of the processes that are active in cytotrophoblasts during the rise in physiological oxygen, which should benefit efforts to discover possible drug-targeted genes or pathways in the human placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulin Liu
- Pathophysiology & Pharmacotoxicology of the Human Placenta, Pre & Postnatal Microbiota, Université de Paris, INSERM, 3PHM, F-75006 Paris, France; (F.L.); (C.S.); (F.V.); (S.G.); (S.A.D.)
| | - Christelle Simasotchi
- Pathophysiology & Pharmacotoxicology of the Human Placenta, Pre & Postnatal Microbiota, Université de Paris, INSERM, 3PHM, F-75006 Paris, France; (F.L.); (C.S.); (F.V.); (S.G.); (S.A.D.)
- Fondation PremUp, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Françoise Vibert
- Pathophysiology & Pharmacotoxicology of the Human Placenta, Pre & Postnatal Microbiota, Université de Paris, INSERM, 3PHM, F-75006 Paris, France; (F.L.); (C.S.); (F.V.); (S.G.); (S.A.D.)
| | - Wencan Zhu
- UMR Applied Mathematics & Informatics, AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay, F-75005 Paris, France;
| | - Sophie Gil
- Pathophysiology & Pharmacotoxicology of the Human Placenta, Pre & Postnatal Microbiota, Université de Paris, INSERM, 3PHM, F-75006 Paris, France; (F.L.); (C.S.); (F.V.); (S.G.); (S.A.D.)
- Fondation PremUp, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Séverine A. Degrelle
- Pathophysiology & Pharmacotoxicology of the Human Placenta, Pre & Postnatal Microbiota, Université de Paris, INSERM, 3PHM, F-75006 Paris, France; (F.L.); (C.S.); (F.V.); (S.G.); (S.A.D.)
- Inovarion, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Thierry Fournier
- Pathophysiology & Pharmacotoxicology of the Human Placenta, Pre & Postnatal Microbiota, Université de Paris, INSERM, 3PHM, F-75006 Paris, France; (F.L.); (C.S.); (F.V.); (S.G.); (S.A.D.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Hirsch K, Taglauer E, Seedorf G, Callahan C, Mandell E, White CW, Kourembanas S, Abman SH. Perinatal Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Stabilization Preserves Lung Alveolar and Vascular Growth in Experimental Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 202:1146-1158. [PMID: 32551816 PMCID: PMC7560790 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202003-0601oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Antenatal inflammation with placental dysfunction is strongly associated with high bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) risk in preterm infants. Whether antenatal or postnatal HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) augmentation can preserve lung structure and function and prevent pulmonary hypertension after intrauterine inflammation is controversial.Objectives: To determine whether antenatal or postnatal prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor (PHi) therapy increases lung HIF expression, preserves lung growth and function, and prevents pulmonary hypertension in a rat model of chorioamnionitis-induced BPD caused by antenatal inflammation.Methods: Endotoxin (ETX) was administered to pregnant rats by intraamniotic injection at Embryonic Day 20, and pups were delivered by cesarean section at Embryonic Day 22. Selective PHi drugs, dimethyloxalylglycine or GSK360A, were administered into the amniotic space at Embryonic Day 20 or after birth by intraperitoneal injection for 2 weeks. Placentas and lung tissue were collected at birth for morphometric and Western blot measurements of HIF-1a, HIF-2a, VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), and eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) protein contents. At Day 14, lung function was assessed, and tissues were harvested to determine alveolarization by radial alveolar counts, pulmonary vessel density, and right ventricle hypertrophy (RVH).Measurements and Main Results: Antenatal PHi therapy preserves lung alveolar and vascular growth and lung function and prevents RVH after intrauterine ETX exposure. Antenatal administration of PHi markedly upregulates lung HIF-1a, HIF-2a, VEGF, and eNOS expression after ETX exposure.Conclusions: HIF augmentation improves lung structure and function, prevents RVH, and improves placental structure following antenatal ETX exposure. We speculate that antenatal or postnatal PHi therapy may provide novel strategies to prevent BPD due to antenatal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellen Hirsch
- Pediatric Heart Lung Center and,Medical Student Research Track, School of Medicine, and
| | - Elizabeth Taglauer
- Division of Neonatology, Boston Children’s Hospital–Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Gregory Seedorf
- Pediatric Heart Lung Center and,Pediatric Pulmonology Clinic, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado,Department of Pediatrics, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Carly Callahan
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Carl W. White
- Pediatric Pulmonology Clinic, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado,Department of Pediatrics, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Stella Kourembanas
- Division of Neonatology, Boston Children’s Hospital–Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Steven H. Abman
- Pediatric Heart Lung Center and,Pediatric Pulmonology Clinic, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado,Department of Pediatrics, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
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Zhao H, Narasimhan P, Kalish F, Wong RJ, Stevenson DK. Dysregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (Hif1α) expression in the Hmox1-deficient placenta. Placenta 2020; 99:108-116. [PMID: 32784053 PMCID: PMC7549641 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Severe hypoxia exists in placentas during early pregnancy, with reoxygenation during mid-gestation. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (Hif1α), an oxygen sensor, initiates placental vascular development. We have shown that the placental vasculature in Hmox1-deficient (Hmox1+/−, Het) pregnancies is impaired, with morphological defects similar to Hif1α-deficient placentas. Materials and methods Whole wild-type (WT) and Het mouse placentas were collected at E8.5 (1%–3% O2) and E9.5–15.5 (8%–10% O2). mRNA levels were determined using real-time RT-PCR or PCR arrays and protein levels using Western blot. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from WT, Het, and Hmox1 knockout (KO) mice, representing different Hmox1 cellular levels, were generated to study the role of Hmox1 on Hif1α ′s response to hypoxia-reoxygenation and gestational age-specific placental lysates. Results Hif1α was expressed in WT and Het placentas throughout gestation, with protein levels peaking at E8.5 and mRNA levels significantly upregulated from E9.5–E13.5, but significantly lower in Het placentas. Genes associated with angiogenesis (Vegfa, Vegfr1, Mmp2, Cxcl12, Angpt1, Nos3), antioxidants (Sod1, Gpx1), and transcription factors (Ap2, Bach1, Nrf2) were significantly different in Het placentas. In response to in vitro hypoxia-reoxygenation and to WT or Het placental lysates, Hif1α transcription was lower in Het and Hmox1 KO BMDMs compared with WT BMDMs. Discussion These findings suggest that deficiencies in Hmox1 underlie the insufficient placental Hif1α response to hypoxia-reoxygenation during gestation and subsequently impair downstream placental vascular formation. Therefore, a dysregulation of Hif1α expression caused by any genetic defect or environmental influence in early pregnancy could be the root cause of pregnancy disorders. Expression of Hif1α in wild-type (WT) placentas is gestational age-dependent. Hif1α expression is reduced in Hmox1-deficient placentas. Expression of angiogenic genes is altered in Hmox1-deficient placentas. Hypoxia-reoxygenation induces a differential expression of Hif1α in cells. Adding placental lysates dysregulates expression of Hif1α in Hmox1-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Purnima Narasimhan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Flora Kalish
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ronald J Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - David K Stevenson
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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18
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A hypoxia-induced Rab pathway regulates embryo implantation by controlled trafficking of secretory granules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:14532-14542. [PMID: 32513733 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000810117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantation is initiated when an embryo attaches to the uterine luminal epithelium and subsequently penetrates into the underlying stroma to firmly embed in the endometrium. These events are followed by the formation of an extensive vascular network in the stroma that supports embryonic growth and ensures successful implantation. Interestingly, in many mammalian species, these processes of early pregnancy occur in a hypoxic environment. However, the mechanisms underlying maternal adaptation to hypoxia during early pregnancy remain unclear. In this study, using a knockout mouse model, we show that the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 2 alpha (Hif2α), which is induced in subluminal stromal cells at the time of implantation, plays a crucial role during early pregnancy. Indeed, when preimplantation endometrial stromal cells are exposed to hypoxic conditions in vitro, we observed a striking enhancement in HIF2α expression. Further studies revealed that HIF2α regulates the expression of several metabolic and protein trafficking factors, including RAB27B, at the onset of implantation. RAB27B is a member of the Rab family of GTPases that allows controlled release of secretory granules. These granules are involved in trafficking MMP-9 from the stroma to the epithelium to promote luminal epithelial remodeling during embryo invasion. As pregnancy progresses, the HIF2α-RAB27B pathway additionally mediates crosstalk between stromal and endothelial cells via VEGF granules, developing the vascular network critical for establishing pregnancy. Collectively, our study provides insights into the intercellular communication mechanisms that operate during adaptation to hypoxia, which is essential for embryo implantation and establishment of pregnancy.
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de Mendonça RP, Chemelo GP, Mitre GP, Branco DC, da Costa NMM, Tuji FM, da Silva Kataoka MS, Mesquita RA, de Melo Alves Júnior S, de Jesus Viana Pinheiro J. Role of hypoxia-related proteins in adenoid cystic carcinoma invasion. Diagn Pathol 2020; 15:47. [PMID: 32386517 PMCID: PMC7210690 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-020-00967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among cancers affecting the oral cavity, adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a relatively common malignant neoplasm. It has high rates of metastasis and recurrence and is associated with significant morbidity. During the progression of ACC, the oxygen concentration is reduced in specific areas of the tumour microenvironment, leading to intratumoural hypoxia. The expression of NOTCH1, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 12 (ADAM-12), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α), and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) under hypoxic conditions has been implicated in invadopodia formation, tumour invasiveness, and metastasis. The aim of this study was to analyse the expression of these proteins to elucidate the mechanisms underlying ACC invasiveness. METHODS Fifteen ACC samples and 10 normal-looking salivary gland (SG) samples were used to investigate the expression of these proteins by immunohistochemistry. Primary antibodies against NOTCH1, ADAM-12, HIF-1α, and HB-EGF were used. RESULTS The immunoexpression of all proteins was higher in ACC samples than in SG samples (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS There was increased expression of proteins associated with hypoxia and tumour invasiveness in ACC samples, which indicates a possible role of these proteins in the biological behaviour of this tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raíssa Pinheiro de Mendonça
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Augusto Correa, 01, Belem, Para, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Giordanna Pereira Chemelo
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Augusto Correa, 01, Belem, Para, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Geovanni Pereira Mitre
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Augusto Correa, 01, Belem, Para, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Dimitra Castelo Branco
- Multiprofessional Residency Program, Universidade Estadual do Pará, Rua do Una, 156, Belem, Para, 66050-540, Brazil
| | - Natacha Malu Miranda da Costa
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, Subsetor Oeste, 11, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Mesquita Tuji
- Department of Oral Radiology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Augusto Correa, 01, Belem, Para, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Maria Sueli da Silva Kataoka
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Augusto Correa, 01, Belem, Para, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Alves Mesquita
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sérgio de Melo Alves Júnior
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Augusto Correa, 01, Belem, Para, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - João de Jesus Viana Pinheiro
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Augusto Correa, 01, Belem, Para, 66075-110, Brazil. .,School of Dentistry, Cell Culture Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Institute of Health Sciences, Avenida Augusto Correa, 01, Belem, PA, 66075-110, Brazil.
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Bartoszewska S, Collawn JF. Unfolded protein response (UPR) integrated signaling networks determine cell fate during hypoxia. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2020; 25:18. [PMID: 32190062 PMCID: PMC7071609 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-020-00212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During hypoxic conditions, cells undergo critical adaptive responses that include the up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible proteins (HIFs) and the induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR). While their induced signaling pathways have many distinct targets, there are some important connections as well. Despite the extensive studies on both of these signaling pathways, the exact mechanisms involved that determine survival versus apoptosis remain largely unexplained and therefore beyond therapeutic control. Here we discuss the complex relationship between the HIF and UPR signaling pathways and the importance of understanding how these pathways differ between normal and cancer cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Bartoszewska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - James F. Collawn
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
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21
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Dominguez JE, Krystal AD, Habib AS. Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Pregnant Women: A Review of Pregnancy Outcomes and an Approach to Management. Anesth Analg 2019; 127:1167-1177. [PMID: 29649034 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000003335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Among obese pregnant women, 15%-20% have obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and this prevalence increases along with body mass index and in the presence of other comorbidities. Prepregnancy obesity and pregnancy-related weight gain are certainly risk factors for sleep-disordered breathing in pregnancy, but certain physiologic changes of pregnancy may also increase a woman's risk of developing or worsening OSA. While it has been shown that untreated OSA in postmenopausal women is associated with a range of cardiovascular, pulmonary, and metabolic comorbidities, a body of literature is emerging that suggests OSA may also have serious implications for the health of mothers and fetuses during and after pregnancy. In this review, we discuss the following: pregnancy as a vulnerable period for the development or worsening of OSA; the associations between OSA and maternal and fetal outcomes; the current screening modalities for OSA in pregnancy; and current recommendations regarding peripartum management of OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew D Krystal
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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22
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Placental programming of neuropsychiatric disease. Pediatr Res 2019; 86:157-164. [PMID: 31003234 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0405-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The placenta is vital for fetal growth, and compromised function is associated with abnormal development, especially of the brain. Linking placental function to brain development is a new field we have dubbed neuroplacentology. Approximately 380,000 infants in the United States each year abruptly lose placental support upon premature birth, and more than 10% of pregnancies are affected by more insidious placental dysfunction such as preeclampsia or infection. Abnormal fetal brain development or injury can lead to life-long neurological impairments, including psychiatric disorders. The majority of research connecting placental compromise to fetal brain injury has focused on gas exchange or nutritional programming, neglecting the placenta's essential neuroendocrine role. We will review the current evidence that placental dysfunction, particularly endocrine dysfunction, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, or barrier breakdown may place many thousands of fetuses at risk for life-long neurodevelopmental impairments each year. Understanding how specific placental factors shape brain development and increase the risk for later psychiatric disorders, including autism, attention deficit disorder, and schizophrenia, paves the way for novel treatment strategies to maintain the normal developmental milieu and protect from further injury.
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Sriyanti R, Mose JC, Masrul M, Suharti N. The Difference in Maternal Serum Hypoxia-Inducible Factors-1α Levels between Early Onset and Late-Onset Preeclampsia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:2133-2137. [PMID: 31456839 PMCID: PMC6698114 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia can be divided into early (EOPE) and late (LOPE) onset preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is related to the failure of placentation. Accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF)-1α is commonly an acute and beneficial respond to hypoxia, while chronically elevated is associated with preeclampsia. AIM This study aims to evaluate the serum levels of HIF-1α in preeclampsia and normal pregnancy, and to compare the difference between early-onset and late-onset preeclampsia. METHODS A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted among a total of 69 pregnant women at ≥ 20 weeks of gestation, were recruited at obstetrics and gynaecology department at Dr M. Djamil Padang Hospital, network hospitals, health centres. They were divided into three groups early-onset preeclampsia, late-onset preeclampsia, and normal pregnancy. Preeclampsia was diagnosed using International Guidelines. Data were analysed by SPSS 24 program; data are presented as median and range or as mean ± standard deviation. One-way ANOVA test was used to determine the relationship between HIF-1α levels with the onset of preeclampsia. RESULTS The results showed that the mean maternal serum HIF-1α levels in early-onset preeclampsia (EOPE), late-onset preeclampsia (LOPE), and normal pregnancy were 1366.96 ± 733.40 pg/ml, 916.87 ± 466.06 pg/ml, and 716.77 ± 541.08 pg/ml. Serum HIF-1α levels were higher in early-onset preeclampsia (EOPE), and late-onset preeclampsia (LOPE) compared to normal pregnancy. Among preeclampsia patients, serum HIF-1α was higher in EOPE than LOPE women. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in mean maternal serum HIF-1α between early-onset preeclampsia, late-onset preeclampsia, and normal pregnancy (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study concluded that there is a significantly different level of HIF-1α between in early-onset preeclampsia, late-onset preeclampsia and normal pregnancy. Early-onset preeclampsia is the highest levels of serum HIF-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza Sriyanti
- Postgraduate Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Dr M. Djamil Central General Hospital, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Johanes C. Mose
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Hasan Sadikin Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Masrul Masrul
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Netti Suharti
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia
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Trophoblast-Specific Expression of Hif-1α Results in Preeclampsia-Like Symptoms and Fetal Growth Restriction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2742. [PMID: 30808910 PMCID: PMC6391498 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The placenta is an essential organ that is formed during pregnancy and its proper development is critical for embryonic survival. While several animal models have been shown to exhibit some of the pathological effects present in human preeclampsia, these models often do not represent the physiological aspects that have been identified. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (Hif-1α) is a necessary component of the cellular oxygen-sensing machinery and has been implicated as a major regulator of trophoblast differentiation. Elevated levels of Hif-1α in the human placenta have been linked to the development of pregnancy-associated disorders, such as preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. As oxygen regulation is a critical determinant for placentogenesis, we determined the effects of constitutively active Hif-1α, specifically in trophoblasts, on mouse placental development in vivo. Our research indicates that prolonged expression of trophoblast-specific Hif-1α leads to a significant decrease in fetal birth weight. In addition, we noted significant physiological alterations in placental differentiation that included reduced branching morphogenesis, alterations in maternal and fetal blood spaces, and failure to remodel the maternal spiral arteries. These placental alterations resulted in subsequent maternal hypertension with parturitional resolution and maternal kidney glomeruloendotheliosis with accompanying proteinuria, classic hallmarks of preeclampsia. Our findings identify Hif-1α as a critical molecular mediator of placental development and indicate that prolonged expression of Hif-1α, explicitly in placental trophoblasts causes maternal pathology and establishes a mouse model that significantly recapitulates the physiological and pathophysiological characteristics of preeclampsia with fetal growth restriction.
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A molecular mechanism of mouse placental spongiotrophoblast differentiation regulated by prolyl oligopeptidase. ZYGOTE 2019; 27:49-53. [PMID: 30714556 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199418000655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryIn eutherian mammals, the placenta plays a critical role in embryo development by supplying nutrients and hormones and mediating interaction with the mother. To establish the fine connection between mother and embryo, the placenta needs to be formed normally, but the mechanism of placental differentiation is not fully understood. We previously revealed that mouse prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) plays a role in trophoblast stem cell (TSC) differentiation into two placental cell types, spongiotrophoblasts (SpT) and trophoblast giant cells. Here, we focused on SpT differentiation and attempted to elucidate a molecular mechanism. For Ascl2, Arnt, and Egfr genes that are indispensable for SpT formation, we found that a POP-specific inhibitor, SUAM-14746, significantly decreased Ascl2 expression, which was consistent with a significant decrease in expression of Flt1, a gene downstream of Ascl2. Although this downregulation was unlikely to be mediated by the PI3K-Akt pathway, our results indicated that POP controls TSC differentiation into SpT by regulating the Ascl2 gene.
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Köstlin-Gille N, Dietz S, Schwarz J, Spring B, Pauluschke-Fröhlich J, Poets CF, Gille C. HIF-1α-Deficiency in Myeloid Cells Leads to a Disturbed Accumulation of Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSC) During Pregnancy and to an Increased Abortion Rate in Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:161. [PMID: 30804946 PMCID: PMC6370686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abortions are the most important reason for unintentional childlessness. During pregnancy, maternal immune cells are in close contact to cells of the semi-allogeneic fetus. Dysregulation of the maternal immune system leading to defective adaptation to pregnancy often plays a role in pathogenesis of abortions. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are myeloid cells that suppress functions of other immune cells, especially T-cells, thereby negatively affecting diseases such as cancer, sepsis or trauma. They seem, however, also necessary for maintenance of maternal-fetal tolerance. Mechanisms regulating MDSC expansion and function during pregnancy are only incompletely understood. In tumor environment, hypoxia is crucial for MDSC accumulation and activation. Hypoxia is also important for early placenta and embryo development. Effects of hypoxia are mediated through hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). In the present study we aimed to examine the role of HIF-1α in myeloid cells for MDSC accumulation and MDSC function during pregnancy and for pregnancy outcome. We therefore used a mouse model with targeted deletion of HIF-1α in myeloid cells (myeloid HIF-KO) and analyzed blood, spleens and uteri of pregnant mice at gestational day E 10.5 in comparison to non-pregnant animals and wildtype (WT) animals. Further we analyzed pregnancy success by determining rates of failed implantation and abortion in WT and myeloid HIF-KO animals. We found that myeloid HIF-KO in mice led to an abrogated MDSC accumulation in the pregnant uterus and to impaired suppressive activity of MDSC. While expression of chemokine receptors and integrins on MDSC was not affected by HIF-1α, myeloid HIF-KO led to increased apoptosis rates of MDSC in the uterus. Myeloid-HIF-KO resulted in increased proportions of non-pregnant animals after positive vaginal plug and increased abortion rates, suggesting that activation of HIF-1α dependent pathways in MDSC are important for maintenance of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefanie Dietz
- Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Julian Schwarz
- Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Bärbel Spring
- Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Christian F Poets
- Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Gille
- Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
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Skalis G, Katsi V, Miliou A, Georgiopoulos G, Papazachou O, Vamvakou G, Nihoyannopoulos P, Tousoulis D, Makris T. MicroRNAs in Preeclampsia. Microrna 2019; 8:28-35. [PMID: 30101723 DOI: 10.2174/2211536607666180813123303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) continues to represent a worldwide problem and challenge for both clinicians and laboratory-based doctors. Despite many efforts, the knowledge acquired regarding its pathogenesis and pathophysiology does not allow us to treat it efficiently. It is not possible to arrest its progressive nature, and the available therapies are limited to symptomatic treatment. Furthermore, both the diagnosis and prognosis are frequently uncertain, whilst the ability to predict its occurrence is very limited. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs discovered two decades ago, and present great interest given their ability to regulate almost every aspect of the cell function. A lot of evidence regarding the role of miRNAs in pre-eclampsia has been accumulated in the last 10 years. Differentially expressed miRNAs are characteristic of both mild and severe PE. In many cases they target signaling pathway-related genes that result in altered processes which are directly involved in PE. Immune system, angiogenesis and trophoblast proliferation and invasion, all fundamental aspects of placentation, are controlled in various degrees by miRNAs which are up- or downregulated. Finally, miRNAs represent a potential therapeutic target and a diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Skalis
- Department of Cardiology, Helena Venizelou Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Katsi
- Cardiology Department, Hippokration Hospital, National Health System, Athens, Greece
| | - Antigoni Miliou
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Georgia Vamvakou
- Department of Cardiology, Helena Venizelou Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Nihoyannopoulos
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tousoulis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Makris
- Department of Cardiology, Helena Venizelou Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Multi-modal regulation of C. elegans hermaphrodite spermatogenesis by the GLD-1-FOG-2 complex. Dev Biol 2018; 446:193-205. [PMID: 30599151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Proper germ cell sex determination in Caenorhabditis nematodes requires a network of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and their target mRNAs. In some species, changes in this network enabled limited XX spermatogenesis, and thus self-fertility. In C. elegans, one of these selfing species, the global sex-determining gene tra-2 is regulated in germ cells by a conserved RBP, GLD-1, via the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of its transcript. A C. elegans-specific GLD-1 cofactor, FOG-2, is also required for hermaphrodite sperm fate, but how it modifies GLD-1 function is unknown. Germline feminization in gld-1 and fog-2 null mutants has been interpreted as due to cell-autonomous elevation of TRA-2 translation. Consistent with the proposed role of FOG-2 in translational control, the abundance of nearly all GLD-1 target mRNAs (including tra-2) is unchanged in fog-2 mutants. Epitope tagging reveals abundant TRA-2 expression in somatic tissues, but an undetectably low level in wild-type germ cells. Loss of gld-1 function elevates germline TRA-2 expression to detectable levels, but loss of fog-2 function does not. A simple quantitative model of tra-2 activity constrained by these results can successfully sort genotypes into normal or feminized groups. Surprisingly, fog-2 and gld-1 activity enable the sperm fate even when GLD-1 cannot bind to the tra-2 3' UTR. This suggests the GLD-1-FOG-2 complex regulates uncharacterized sites within tra-2, or other mRNA targets. Finally, we quantify the RNA-binding capacities of dominant missense alleles of GLD-1 that act genetically as "hyper-repressors" of tra-2 activity. These variants bind RNA more weakly in vitro than does wild-type GLD-1. These results indicate that gld-1 and fog-2 regulate germline sex via multiple interactions, and that our understanding of the control and evolution of germ cell sex determination in the C. elegans hermaphrodite is far from complete.
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Natale BV, Mehta P, Vu P, Schweitzer C, Gustin K, Kotadia R, Natale DRC. Reduced Uteroplacental Perfusion Pressure (RUPP) causes altered trophoblast differentiation and pericyte reduction in the mouse placenta labyrinth. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17162. [PMID: 30464252 PMCID: PMC6249310 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35606-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study characterized the effect of the reduced utero-placental perfusion pressure (RUPP) model of placental insufficiency on placental morphology and trophoblast differentiation at mid-late gestation (E14.5). Altered trophoblast proliferation, reduced syncytiotrophoblast gene expression, increased numbers of sinusoidal trophoblast giant cells, decreased Vegfa and decreased pericyte presence in the labyrinth were observed in addition to changes in maternal blood spaces, the fetal capillary network and reduced fetal weight. Further, the junctional zone was characterized by reduced spongiotrophoblast and glycogen trophoblast with increased trophoblast giant cells. Increased Hif-1α and TGF-β-3 in vivo with supporting hypoxia studies in trophoblast stem (TS) cells in vitro, support hypoxia as a contributing factor to the RUPP placenta phenotype. Together, this study identifies altered cell populations within the placenta that may contribute to the phenotype, and thus support the use of RUPP in the mouse as a model of placenta insufficiency. As such, this model in the mouse provides a valuable tool for understanding the phenotypes resulting from genetic manipulation of isolated cell populations to further understand the etiology of placenta insufficiency and fetal growth restriction. Further this study identifies a novel relationship between placental insufficiency and pericyte depletion in the labyrinth layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony V Natale
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Reproductive Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Prutha Mehta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Reproductive Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Priscilla Vu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Reproductive Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Christina Schweitzer
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Katarina Gustin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Reproductive Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ramie Kotadia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Reproductive Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - David R C Natale
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Reproductive Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Sayed A, Valente M, Sassoon D. Does cardiac development provide heart research with novel therapeutic approaches? F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30450195 PMCID: PMC6221076 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15609.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic heart progenitors arise at specific spatiotemporal periods that contribute to the formation of distinct cardiac structures. In mammals, the embryonic and fetal heart is hypoxic by comparison to the adult heart. In parallel, the cellular metabolism of the cardiac tissue, including progenitors, undergoes a glycolytic to oxidative switch that contributes to cardiac maturation. While oxidative metabolism is energy efficient, the glycolytic-hypoxic state may serve to maintain cardiac progenitor potential. Consistent with this proposal, the adult epicardium has been shown to contain a reservoir of quiescent cardiac progenitors that are activated in response to heart injury and are hypoxic by comparison to adjacent cardiac tissues. In this review, we discuss the development and potential of the adult epicardium and how this knowledge may provide future therapeutic approaches for cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliqua Sayed
- Cellular, Molecular, and Physiological Mechanisms of Heart Failure, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), European Georges Pompidou Hospital (HEGP), INSERM U970, F-75737 Paris Cedex 15, Paris, France
| | - Mariana Valente
- Cellular, Molecular, and Physiological Mechanisms of Heart Failure, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), European Georges Pompidou Hospital (HEGP), INSERM U970, F-75737 Paris Cedex 15, Paris, France
| | - David Sassoon
- Cellular, Molecular, and Physiological Mechanisms of Heart Failure, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), European Georges Pompidou Hospital (HEGP), INSERM U970, F-75737 Paris Cedex 15, Paris, France
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31
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Haag ES, Fitch DHA, Delattre M. From "the Worm" to "the Worms" and Back Again: The Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Nematodes. Genetics 2018; 210:397-433. [PMID: 30287515 PMCID: PMC6216592 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.300243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the earliest days of research on nematodes, scientists have noted the developmental and morphological variation that exists within and between species. As various cellular and developmental processes were revealed through intense focus on Caenorhabditis elegans, these comparative studies have expanded. Within the genus Caenorhabditis, they include characterization of intraspecific polymorphisms and comparisons of distinct species, all generally amenable to the same laboratory culture methods and supported by robust genomic and experimental tools. The C. elegans paradigm has also motivated studies with more distantly related nematodes and animals. Combined with improved phylogenies, this work has led to important insights about the evolution of nematode development. First, while many aspects of C. elegans development are representative of Caenorhabditis, and of terrestrial nematodes more generally, others vary in ways both obvious and cryptic. Second, the system has revealed several clear examples of developmental flexibility in achieving a particular trait. This includes developmental system drift, in which the developmental control of homologous traits has diverged in different lineages, and cases of convergent evolution. Overall, the wealth of information and experimental techniques developed in C. elegans is being leveraged to make nematodes a powerful system for evolutionary cellular and developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Haag
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | | | - Marie Delattre
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007, France
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Yang Y, Abdulhasan M, Awonuga A, Bolnick A, Puscheck EE, Rappolee DA. Hypoxic Stress Forces Adaptive and Maladaptive Placental Stress Responses in Early Pregnancy. Birth Defects Res 2018; 109:1330-1344. [PMID: 29105384 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on hypoxic stress and its effects on the placental lineage and the earliest differentiation events in mouse and human placental trophoblast stem cells (TSCs). Although the placenta is a decidual organ at the end of pregnancy, its earliest rapid growth and function at the start of pregnancy precedes and supports growth and function of the embryo. Earliest function requires that TSCs differentiate, however, "hypoxia" supports rapid growth, but not differentiation of TSCs. Most of the literature on earliest placental "hypoxia" studies used 2% oxygen which is normoxic for TSCs. Hypoxic stress happens when oxygen level drops below 2%. It decreases anabolism, proliferation, potency/stemness and increases differentiation, despite culture conditions that would sustain proliferation and potency. Thus, to study the pathogenesis due to TSC dysfunction, it is important to study hypoxic stress below 2%. Many studies have been performed using 0.5 to 1% oxygen in cultured mouse TSCs. From all these studies, a small number has examined human trophoblast lines and primary first trimester placental hypoxic stress responses in culture. Some other stress stimuli, aside from hypoxic stress, are used to elucidate common and unique aspects of hypoxic stress. The key outcomes produced by hypoxic stress are mitochondrial, anabolic, and proliferation arrest, and this is coupled with stemness loss and differentiation. Hypoxic stress can lead to depletion of stem cells and miscarriage, or can lead to later dysfunctions in placentation and fetal development. Birth Defects Research 109:1330-1344, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Mohammed Abdulhasan
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Awoniyi Awonuga
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Alan Bolnick
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Elizabeth E Puscheck
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Daniel A Rappolee
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Institutes for Environmental Health Science, Wayne state University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
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Soares MJ, Iqbal K, Kozai K. Hypoxia and Placental Development. Birth Defects Res 2018; 109:1309-1329. [PMID: 29105383 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hemochorial placentation is orchestrated through highly regulated temporal and spatial decisions governing the fate of trophoblast stem/progenitor cells. Trophoblast cell acquisition of specializations facilitating invasion and uterine spiral artery remodeling is a labile process, sensitive to the environment, and represents a process that is vulnerable to dysmorphogenesis in pathologic states. Hypoxia is a signal guiding placental development, and molecular mechanisms directing cellular adaptations to low oxygen tension are integral to trophoblast cell differentiation and placentation. Hypoxia can also be used as an experimental tool to investigate regulatory processes controlling hemochorial placentation. These developmental processes are conserved in mouse, rat, and human placentation. Consequently, elements of these developmental events can be modeled and hypotheses tested in trophoblast stem cells and in genetically manipulated rodents. Hypoxia is also a consequence of a failed placenta, yielding pathologies that can adversely affect maternal adjustments to pregnancy, fetal health, and susceptibility to adult disease. The capacity of the placenta for adaptation to environmental challenges highlights the importance of its plasticity in safeguarding a healthy pregnancy. Birth Defects Research 109:1309-1329, 2017.© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Soares
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Fetal Health Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Khursheed Iqbal
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Keisuke Kozai
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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Abstract
The spectrum of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) ranges from mild snoring to obstructive sleep apnea, the most severe form of SDB. Current recommendations are to treat these women with continuous positive airway pressure despite limited data. SDB in early and mid-pregnancy is associated with preeclampsia and gestational diabetes. Pregnant women with a diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea at delivery were at significantly increased risk of having cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, pulmonary embolism, and in-hospital death. These effects were exacerbated in the presence of obesity. Postpartum, these women are at risk for respiratory suppression and should be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Dominguez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Obstetric Anesthesiology, Division of Women's Anesthesia, Duke University Medical Center, Mail Sort #9, DUMC Box 3094, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Linda Street
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of OB/GYN, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, BA-7410, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Judette Louis
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of OB/GYN, University of South Florida, 2 Tampa General Circle Suite 6050, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
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Albers RE, Selesniemi K, Natale DRC, Brown TL. TGF- β induces Smad2 Phosphorylation, ARE Induction, and Trophoblast Differentiation. Int J Stem Cells 2018; 11:111-120. [PMID: 29699384 PMCID: PMC5984065 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc17069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling has been shown to control a large number of critical cellular actions such as cell death, differentiation, and development and has been implicated as a major regulator of placental function. SM10 cells are a mouse placental progenitor cell line, which has been previously shown to differentiate into nutrient transporting, labyrinthine-like cells upon treatment with TGF-β. However, the signal transduction pathway activated by TGF-β to induce SM10 progenitor differentiation has yet to be fully investigated. Materials and Methods In this study the SM10 labyrinthine progenitor cell line was used to investigate TGF-β induced differentiation. Activation of the TGF-β pathway and the ability of TGF-β to induce differentiation were investigated by light microscopy, luciferase assays, and Western blot analysis. Results and Conclusions In this report, we show that three isoforms of TGF-β have the ability to terminally differentiate SM10 cells, whereas other predominant members of the TGF-β superfamily, Nodal and Activin A, do not. Additionally, we have determined that TGF-β induced Smad2 phosphorylation can be mediated via the ALK-5 receptor with subsequent transactivation of the Activin response element. Our studies identify an important regulatory signaling pathway in SM10 progenitor cells that is involved in labyrinthine trophoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee E Albers
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA
| | - Kaisa Selesniemi
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA
| | - David R C Natale
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Thomas L Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA
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Dominguez JE, Habib AS, Krystal AD. A review of the associations between obstructive sleep apnea and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and possible mechanisms of disease. Sleep Med Rev 2018; 42:37-46. [PMID: 29929840 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is prevalent among pregnant women in the United States; 15-20% of obese pregnant women have obstructive sleep apnea. The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea increases along with body mass index, age and in the presence of other co-morbidities. Untreated obstructive sleep apnea in women is associated with a range of cardiovascular, pulmonary and metabolic co-morbidities; recent studies suggest that women with obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy may be at significantly greater risk of entering pregnancy with chronic hypertension and/or of developing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: gestational hypertension; preeclampsia; or eclampsia. This has serious public health implications; hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are a major cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality and are associated with a greater lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms that associated obstructive sleep apnea with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy have not been defined, but several pathways are scientifically plausible. In this review, we will present a comprehensive literature review of the following: the associations between obstructive sleep apnea and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; the proposed mechanisms that may connect obstructive sleep apnea and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; and the effectiveness of treatment at mitigating these adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashraf S Habib
- Duke Department of Anesthesiology, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Andrew D Krystal
- Duke Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Durham, NC 27710, USA; University of California, San Francisco Department of Psychiatry, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Pham J, Arul Nambi Rajan K, Li P, Parast MM. The role of Sirtuin1-PPARγ axis in placental development and function. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 60:R201-R212. [PMID: 29467141 PMCID: PMC8584848 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Placental development is important for proper in utero growth and development of the fetus, as well as maternal well-being during pregnancy. Abnormal differentiation of placental epithelial cells, called trophoblast, is at the root of multiple pregnancy complications, including miscarriage, the maternal hypertensive disorder preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. The ligand-activated nuclear receptor, PPARγ, and nutrient sensor, Sirtuin-1, both play a role in numerous pathways important to cell survival and differentiation, metabolism and inflammation. However, each has also been identified as a key player in trophoblast differentiation and placental development. This review details these studies, and also describes how various stressors, including hypoxia and inflammation, alter the expression or activity of PPARγ and Sirtuin-1, thereby contributing to placenta-based pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Pham
- Department of PathologyUniversity of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kanaga Arul Nambi Rajan
- Department of PathologyUniversity of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ping Li
- Department of PathologyMedical School of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mana M Parast
- Department of PathologyUniversity of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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38
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Dutta A, Khramtsova G, Brito K, Alexander D, Mueller A, Chinthala S, Adu D, Ibigbami T, Olamijulo J, Odetunde A, Adigun K, Pruitt L, Hurley I, Olopade O, Ojengbede O, Rana S, Olopade CO. Household air pollution and chronic hypoxia in the placenta of pregnant Nigerian women: A randomized controlled ethanol Cookstove intervention. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:212-220. [PMID: 29149745 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Household air pollution (HAP) is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. OBJECTIVES Investigate impact of in-utero HAP exposure on placental development and chronic hypoxia. METHODS Markers of chronic placental hypoxia [Hofbauer cells (HBC), syncytial knots (SK), chorionic vascular density (cVD) and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)] were stained by hematoxylin-eosin and/or immunohistochemically in placenta samples collected from firewood-/kerosene-users (A,n=16), and ethanol-users (B,n=20) that participated in a randomized controlled intervention trial in Ibadan, Nigeria. A third group of non-smoking and presumed natural gas-using Chicago women (C,n=12) were included in this exploratory pilot to assess for possible differences in placenta histology between similar racial groups. All patients had uncomplicated pregnancies and delivered at term. RESULTS HBC, SK and cVD were significantly increased among firewood-/kerosene-users compared to ethanol-users and natural gas-using Chicago women (HBC medians 5.5, 3.5, and 2.0, respectively; SK means 55.6, 41.8 and 30.1; cVD means 8.8, 6.2, and 5.2; all p<0.01). HIF expression was significantly higher in Group A compared to B and C (all p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS In-utero exposure to HAP is associated with pathologic changes and HIF expression consistent with chronic hypoxia in placenta of firewood/kerosene-users compared to ethanol-users with less HAP exposure and Chicago women with no presumed HAP exposure. Presence of chronic hypoxic signature in placenta of women exposed to HAP has implications for adverse pregnancy complications and future growth and development of the young children. Future larger studies need to focus on HAP exposure and placental disorders like preeclampsia and long-term health impact of in-utero exposure to HAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Dutta
- Center for Global Health, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Galina Khramtsova
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Katherine Brito
- Center for Global Health, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Donee Alexander
- Center for Global Health, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ariel Mueller
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sireesha Chinthala
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Damilola Adu
- Healthy Life for All Foundation, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Abayomi Odetunde
- Institute for Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Kehinde Adigun
- Department of Family Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Liese Pruitt
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ian Hurley
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Olufunmilayo Olopade
- Center for Global Health, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Oladosu Ojengbede
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Centre for Population and Reproductive Health, College of Medicine/University College Hospital, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Sarosh Rana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Christopher O Olopade
- Center for Global Health, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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39
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Blastocyst-Derived Stem Cell Populations under Stress: Impact of Nutrition and Metabolism on Stem Cell Potency Loss and Miscarriage. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 13:454-464. [PMID: 28425063 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Data from in vitro and in vivo models suggest that malnutrition and stress trigger adaptive responses, leading to small for gestational age (SGA) blastocysts with fewer cell numbers. These stress responses are initially adaptive, but become maladaptive with increasing stress exposures. The common stress responses of the blastocyst-derived stem cells, pluripotent embryonic and multipotent placental trophoblast stem cells (ESCs and TSCs), are decreased growth and potency, and increased, imbalanced and irreversible differentiation. SGA embryos may fail to produce sufficient antiluteolytic placental hormone to maintain corpus luteum progesterone secretion that provides nutrition at the implantation site. Myriad stress inputs for the stem cells in the embryo can occur in vitro during in vitro fertilization/assisted reproductive technology (IVF/ART) or in vivo. Paradoxically, stresses that diminish stem cell growth lead to a higher level of differentiation simultaneously which further decreases ESC or TSC numbers in an attempt to functionally compensate for fewer cells. In addition, prolonged or strong stress can cause irreversible differentiation. Resultant stem cell depletion is proposed as a cause of miscarriage via a "quiet" death of an ostensibly adaptive response of stem cells instead of a reactive, violent loss of stem cells or their differentiated progenies.
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40
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Abstract
Large-scale phenotyping efforts have demonstrated that approximately 25-30% of mouse gene knockouts cause intra-uterine lethality. Analysis of these mutants has largely focussed on the embryo but not the placenta, despite the critical role of this extra-embryonic organ for developmental progression. Here, we screened 103 embryonic lethal and subviable mouse knockout lines from the Deciphering the Mechanisms of Developmental Disorders programme (https://dmdd.org.uk) for placental phenotypes. 68% of lines that are lethal at or after mid-gestation exhibited placental dys-morphologies. Early lethality (E9.5-E14.5) is almost always associated with severe placental malformations. Placental defects strongly correlate with abnormal brain, heart and vascular development. Analysis of mutant trophoblast stem cells and conditional knockouts suggests primary gene function in trophoblast for a significant number of factors that cause embryonic lethality when ablated. Our data highlight the hugely under-appreciated importance of placental defects in contributing to abnormal embryo development and suggest key molecular nodes governing placentation.
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41
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Ravera S, Podestà M, Sabatini F, Fresia C, Columbaro M, Bruno S, Fulcheri E, Ramenghi LA, Frassoni F. Mesenchymal stem cells from preterm to term newborns undergo a significant switch from anaerobic glycolysis to the oxidative phosphorylation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:889-903. [PMID: 28975370 PMCID: PMC11105169 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2665-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the energy metabolism of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) isolated from umbilical cord (UC) of preterm (< 37 weeks of gestational age) and term (≥ 37 weeks of gestational age) newborns, using MSC from adult bone marrow as control. A metabolic switch has been observed around the 34th week of gestational age from a prevalently anaerobic glycolysis to the oxidative phosphorylation. This metabolic change is associated with the organization of mitochondria reticulum: preterm MSCs presented a scarcely organized mitochondrial reticulum and low expression of proteins involved in the mitochondrial fission/fusion, compared to term MSCs. These changes seem governed by the expression of CLUH, a cytosolic messenger RNA-binding protein involved in the mitochondria biogenesis and distribution inside the cell; in fact, CLUH silencing in term MSC determined a metabolic fingerprint similar to that of preterm MSC. Our study discloses novel information on the production of energy and mitochondrial organization and function, during the passage from fetal to adult life, providing useful information for the management of preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ravera
- Stem Cell Laboratory and Cell Therapy Center, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Marina Podestà
- Stem Cell Laboratory and Cell Therapy Center, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federica Sabatini
- Stem Cell Laboratory and Cell Therapy Center, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Fresia
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marta Columbaro
- SC Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Bruno
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ezio Fulcheri
- Laboratory Medicine and Diagnostic Services, Division of Perinatal Pathology, Department of Translational Research, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Frassoni
- Stem Cell Laboratory and Cell Therapy Center, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147, Genoa, Italy
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42
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Hypoxia Signaling and Placental Adaptations. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 29330799 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7665-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Oxygen is an essential nutrient for cells. Oxygen is delivered to tissues via red blood cells through the vasculature. Molecular mechanisms mediating cellular responses to low oxygen tension have been identified. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are activated by low oxygen and promote transcriptional regulation of downstream effector genes, which lead to cellular adaptations. Controlled hypoxia exposure is utilized as an experimental tool to investigate biological processes, regulating cellular adaptations. Here we describe detailed protocols for hypoxia exposure of pregnant rodent models and low oxygen exposure of trophoblast stem cells, utilizing gas-regulated chamber systems. The presentation also includes phenotypic analyses of the manipulated animal models and cells.
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43
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Placental hypoxia-regulating network in relation to birth weight and ponderal index: the ENVIRONAGE Birth Cohort Study. J Transl Med 2018; 16:2. [PMID: 29316938 PMCID: PMC5761191 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIF1α, miR-210 and its downstream targets ISCU, COX-10, RAD52 and PTEN are all part of the placental hypoxia-responsive network. Tight regulation of this network is required to prevent development of maternal-fetal complications such as fetal growth restriction. HIF1α expression is increased in preeclamptic placentae, but little is known about its association with birth weight in normal pregnancies. METHODS We measured placental levels of HIF1α, miR-20a, miR-210, ISCU, COX-10, RAD52 and PTEN in 206 mother-newborn pairs of the ENVIRONAGE birth cohort. RESULTS Placental HIF1α gene expression was inversely associated with the ponderal index (PI): for a doubling in placental HIF1α expression, PI decreased by 6.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3 to 12.0%, p = 0.01). Placental RAD52 expression also displayed an inverse association with PI, a doubling in gene expression was associated with a 6.2% (CI 0.2 to 12.1% p = 0.04) decrease in PI. As for birth weight, we observed a significant association with placental miR-20a expression only in boys, where a doubling in miR-20a expression is associated with a 54.2 g (CI 0.6 to 108 g, p = 0.05) increase in birth weight. CONCLUSIONS The decrease in fetal growth associated with expression of hypoxia-network members HIF1a, RAD52 and miR-20a indicates that this network is important in potential intrauterine insults.
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Chang CW, Wakeland AK, Parast MM. Trophoblast lineage specification, differentiation and their regulation by oxygen tension. J Endocrinol 2018; 236:R43-R56. [PMID: 29259074 PMCID: PMC5741095 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Development of the early embryo takes place under low oxygen tension. Under such conditions, the embryo implants and the trophectoderm, the outer layer of blastocyst, proliferate, forming the cytotrophoblastic shell, the early placenta. The cytotrophoblasts (CTBs) are the so-called epithelial 'stem cells' of the placenta, which, depending on the signals they receive, can differentiate into either extravillous trophoblast (EVT) or syncytiotrophoblast (STB). EVTs anchor the placenta to the uterine wall and remodel maternal spiral arterioles in order to provide ample blood supply to the growing fetus. STBs arise through CTB fusion, secrete hormones necessary for pregnancy maintenance and form a barrier across which nutrient and gas exchange can take place. The bulk of EVT differentiation occurs during the first trimester, before the onset of maternal arterial blood flow into the intervillous space of the placenta, and thus under low oxygen tension. These conditions affect numerous signaling pathways, including those acting through hypoxia-inducible factor, the nutrient sensor mTOR and the endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced unfolded protein response pathway. These pathways are known to be involved in placental development and disease, and specific components have even been identified as directly involved in lineage-specific trophoblast differentiation. Nevertheless, much controversy surrounds the role of hypoxia in trophoblast differentiation, particularly with EVT. This review summarizes previous studies on this topic, with the intent of integrating these results and synthesizing conclusions that resolve some of the controversy, but then also pointing to remaining areas, which require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wen Chang
- Department of PathologyUniversity of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Anna K Wakeland
- Department of PathologyUniversity of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mana M Parast
- Department of PathologyUniversity of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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45
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Souza CA, Silva JF, Silva CL, Ocarino NM, Serakides R. Thyroid hormones affect decidualization and angiogenesis in the decidua and metrial gland of rats. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000900017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of thyroid hormone on the decidua and metrial gland of rats and to examine the expression of angiogenic factors. 72 adult, female rats were divided into hypothyroid, T4-treated2, and control groups. At 10, 14 and 19 days of gestation (DG), the decidua and metrial gland were collected for histomorphometric and immunohistochemical evaluation of the expression of VEGF, Flk-1 and Tie-2. Hypothyroidism reduced the area of the decidua at 10 and 19 DG. Furthermore, VEGF was increased at 10 and 14 DG, and Flk-1 only at 14 DG, but both was reduced at 19 DG in the metrial gland without significantly changing the area occupied by blood vessels. Rats treated with T4 showed an increase in the decidua blood vessels at 10 and 19 DG. However, at 10 DG, excess T4 resulted in increased of Flk-1 in the decidua and metrial gland. Hypothyroidism increased the Tie-2 at 10 and 19 DG in the decidua and metrial gland. In conclusion, hypothyroidism reduces the area of the decidua and increases the expression of VEGF, Tie-2 and Flk-1. The excess of T4 promotes tissue angiogenesis by increasing the number of vessels in the decidua because of the increased expression of Flk-1.
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46
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Xie Y, Lowry WE. Manipulation of neural progenitor fate through the oxygen sensing pathway. Methods 2017; 133:44-53. [PMID: 28864353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells hold significant promise in a variety of clinical settings. While both the brain and spinal cord harbor endogenous neural progenitor or stem cells, they typically are not capable of repopulating neural populations in case of injury or degenerative disease. In vitro systems for the culture of neural progenitors has come a long ways due to advances in the method development. Recently, many groups have shown that manipulation of the oxygen-sensing pathway leading to activation of hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) that can influence the proliferation, differentiation or maturation of neural progenitors. Moreover, different oxygen concentrations appear to affect lineage specification of neural progenitors upon their differentiation in vitro. Here we summarize some of these studies in an attempt to direct effort towards implementation of best methods to advance the use of neural progenitors from basic development towards clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, United States
| | - William E Lowry
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine, UCLA, United States; The Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, United States; The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, United States; Department of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, United States.
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47
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Abstract
Although it is generally believed that oxidative phosphorylation and adequate oxygenation are essential for life, human development occurs in a profoundly hypoxic environment and "normal" levels of oxygen during embryogenesis are even harmful. The ability of embryos not only to survive but also to thrive in such an environment is made possible by adaptations related to metabolic pathways. Similarly, cancerous cells are able not only to survive but also to grow and spread in environments that would typically be fatal for healthy adult cells. Many biological states, both normal and pathological, share underlying similarities related to metabolism, the electron transport chain, and reactive species. The purpose of Part I of this review is to review the similarities among embryogenesis, mammalian adaptions to hypoxia (primarily driven by hypoxia-inducible factor-1), ischemia-reperfusion injury (and its relationship with reactive oxygen species), hibernation, diving animals, cancer, and sepsis, with a particular focus on the common characteristics that allow cells and organisms to survive in these states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Thiele
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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48
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49
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He N, Lim SJ, Moreira de Mello JC, Navarro I, Bialecka M, Salvatori DCF, van der Westerlaken LAJ, Pereira LV, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM. At Term, XmO and XpO Mouse Placentas Show Differences in Glucose Metabolism in the Trophectoderm-Derived Outer Zone. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:63. [PMID: 28680878 PMCID: PMC5478694 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic mouse model (39,XO) for human Turner Syndrome (45,XO) harboring either a single maternally inherited (Xm) or paternally inherited (Xp) chromosome show a pronounced difference in survival rate at term. However, a detailed comparison of XmO and XpO placentas to explain this difference is lacking. We aimed to investigate the morphological and molecular differences between XmO and XpO term mouse placentas. We observed that XpO placentas at term contained a significantly larger area of glycogen cells (GCs) in their outer zone, compared to XmO, XX, and XY placentas. In addition, the outer zone of XpO placentas showed higher expression levels of lactate dehydrogenase (Ldha) than XmO, XX, and XY placentas, suggestive of increased anaerobic glycolysis. In the labyrinth, we detected significantly lower expression level of trophectoderm (TE)-marker keratin 19 (Krt19) in XpO placentas than in XX placentas. The expression of other TE-markers was comparable as well as the area of TE-derived cells between XO and wild-type labyrinths. XpO placentas exhibited specific defects in the amount of GCs and glucose metabolism in the outer zone, suggestive of increased anaerobic glycolysis, as a consequence of having inherited a single Xp chromosome. In conclusion, the XpO genotype results in a more severe placental phenotype at term, with distinct abnormalities regarding glucose metabolism in the outer zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan He
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeiden, Netherlands
| | - Shujing J Lim
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Injerreau Navarro
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeiden, Netherlands
| | - Monika Bialecka
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeiden, Netherlands
| | - Daniela C F Salvatori
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeiden, Netherlands.,Central Laboratory Animal Facility, Leiden University Medical CenterLeiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Lygia V Pereira
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Susana M Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeiden, Netherlands.,Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University HospitalGhent, Belgium
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50
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Tai-Nagara I, Yoshikawa Y, Numata N, Ando T, Okabe K, Sugiura Y, Ieda M, Takakura N, Nakagawa O, Zhou B, Okabayashi K, Suematsu M, Kitagawa Y, Bastmeyer M, Sato K, Klein R, Navankasattusas S, Li DY, Yamagishi S, Kubota Y. Placental labyrinth formation in mice requires endothelial FLRT2/UNC5B signaling. Development 2017; 144:2392-2401. [PMID: 28576770 DOI: 10.1242/dev.149757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The placental labyrinth is the interface for gas and nutrient exchange between the embryo and the mother; hence its proper development is essential for embryogenesis. However, the molecular mechanism underlying development of the placental labyrinth, particularly in terms of its endothelial organization, is not well understood. Here, we determined that fibronectin leucine-rich transmembrane protein 2 (FLRT2), a repulsive ligand of the UNC5 receptor family for neurons, is unexpectedly expressed in endothelial cells specifically in the placental labyrinth. Mice lacking FLRT2 in endothelial cells exhibited embryonic lethality at mid-gestation, with systemic congestion and hypoxia. Although they lacked apparent deformities in the embryonic vasculature and heart, the placental labyrinths of these embryos exhibited aberrant alignment of endothelial cells, which disturbed the feto-maternal circulation. Interestingly, this vascular deformity was related to endothelial repulsion through binding to the UNC5B receptor. Our results suggest that the proper organization of the placental labyrinth depends on coordinated inter-endothelial repulsion, which prevents uncontrolled layering of the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikue Tai-Nagara
- Department of Vascular Biology, The Sakaguchi Laboratory, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshikawa
- Department of Vascular Biology, The Sakaguchi Laboratory, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Naoko Numata
- Department of Vascular Biology, The Sakaguchi Laboratory, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Ando
- Department of Vascular Biology, The Sakaguchi Laboratory, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okabe
- Department of Vascular Biology, The Sakaguchi Laboratory, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Plastic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuki Sugiura
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaki Ieda
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takakura
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Osamu Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Price Center 420, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Koji Okabayashi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuko Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Zoological Institute, Cell- and Neurobiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Kohji Sato
- Department of Organ and Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Rüdiger Klein
- Department Molecules - Signaling - Development, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried 82152, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (Synergy), Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Sutip Navankasattusas
- Department of Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Dean Y Li
- Department of Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.,ARUP Laboratories, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.,Department of Cardiology, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.,Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Satoru Yamagishi
- Department of Organ and Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kubota
- Department of Vascular Biology, The Sakaguchi Laboratory, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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